Radical : - A charged atom or groups of atoms which participates in chemical reactions.

Cu(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
Base Acid salt
Cu
2+
SO
4
2
Basic radical Acidic radical
* Positive radical Basic radical
* Negative radical Acid radical
Valency - The magnitude of charge on a radical.
IDENTIFICATION OFACIDIC RADICALS
Group I : This group consists of radical which are detected by dilute H
2
SO
4
or dilute HCl.
These are (i) Carbonate, (ii) Sulphite, (iii) Sulphide, (iv) Acetate and (v) Nitrite
Group II: This group consists of radicals which are detected by concentrated H
2
SO
4
.
These are (i) Chloride, (ii) Bromide, (iii) Iodide, (iv) Nitrate and (v) Oxalate
Group III : The radicals which do not give any characteristic gas with dilute and concentrated H
2
SO
4
.
These are (i) Sulphate, (ii) Phosphate, (iii) Borate and (iv) Fluoride.
(A) Observation of Dil. HCl / H
2
SO
4
+ little amount of substance on slow heating.
Radical Test/Observation/Analysis Reaction
(1) CO
3
2
(i) Sharp bubbling of colourless gas (CO
2
) CaCO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
(Carbonate) (ii) Gas truns milky to lime water. CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
! (Milky) + H
2
O
(iii) On passing excess gas through lime CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2
water, milky colour disappears. (soluble)
(i) Colourless gas (SO
2
) in which very CaSO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+H
2
O + SO
2
|
unpleasant smell of burnt sulphur
(2) SO
3
2
(ii) Gas turns green to moist acidic K
2
Cr
2
O
7
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 3SO
2

(Sulphite) paper K
2
SO
4
+ Cr(SO
4
)
3
(green) + H
2
O
(iii) Sulphite gives white ppt. with BaCl
2
, which Na
2
SO
3
+ BaCl
2
2NaCl + BaSO
3
!
is soluble in dil. HCl
(3) S
2
(i) Colourless gas with rotten egg smell (H
2
S) CaS + H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ H
2
S |
(Sulphide) (ii) Gas turns black to lead-acetate paper (CH
3
COO)
2
Pb+H
2
SPbS(black) 2CH
3
COOH
(iii) Sulphide turns violet colour to Na
2
S+Na
2
[FeNO(CN)
5
] Na
4
[Fe(NOS)(CN)
5
Sodiumnitroprusside soln. (violet)
(i) Vinegar smell, acetate may be (CH
3
COO)
2
Ca+H
2
SO
4
2CH
3
COOH +CaSO
4
(Vinegar smell)
(4)CH
3
COO

(ii) Acetate gives blood red colour with neutral 3(CH

3
COO)
2
Ca +2FeCl
3
(Acetate) FeCl
3
soln. 2Fe(CH
3
COO)
3
+ 3CaCl
2
(i) Red, brown NO
2
vapour comes out. 2KNO
2
+ H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ 2HNO
2
Nitrite may be 3HNO
2
HNO
3
+ 2NO| + H
2
O
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
|
(5) NO
2

(i) Gas turns blue to acidic KI strach paper 2KI + 2NO

2
2KNO
2
+ I
2
|
(Nitrite) Starch + I
2
blue colour
72
salt analysis
BY MUKESH SHARMA
(B) Observation of Conc. H
2
SO
4
+ little amount of substance of slow heating
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
(6) Cl

(i) Colourless fuming gas (HCl) with fast smell 2NaCl + H

2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl |
(Chloride) (ii) Chloride gives white ppt. with AgNO
3
, which NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl ! + NaNO
3
is soluble in NH
4
OH (white)
AgCl + 2NH
4
OH Ag(NH
3
)
2
Cl + 2H
2
O
(iii) Chromyl chloride test (v.imp.) (Soluble)
(a) Sodium chloride when heated with K
2
Cr
2
O
7
4NaCl + K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ 3H
2
SO
4

& conc. H
2
SO
4
then orange red vapour of 2CrO
2
Cl
2
+ 2Na
2
SO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 3H
2
O
chromyl chloride CrO
2
Cl
2
comes out. (orange red)
(b) This vapour when passed with NaOH gives CrO
2
Cl
2
+ 4NaOH
yellow solution (Na
2
CrO
4
) Na
2
CrO
4
+ 2NaCl + 2H
2
O
(c) Acidic solution of Na
2
CrO
4
gives yellow ppt. Na
2
CrO
4
+ (CH
3
COO)
2
Pb
with (CH
3
COO)
2
Pb 2CH
3
COONa + PbCrO
4
! (yellow ppt)
(7) Br (i) Brown vapour comes out of (Br
2
)Br

or NO
3

2NaBr + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr
may be 2HBr + H
2
SO
4
Br
2
| + 2H
2
O + SO
2
|
(Bromide) (ii) Bromides gives light yellow ppt. with NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr ! + NaNO
3
AgNO
3
which is partially soluble in NH
4
OH. (light yellow)
(iii) Brown vapour of Br
2
when passed with H
2
O
gives brown colouration wheras NO
2
vapour
dont give any colour with NO
2
vapour
(8) I

(i) Dark violet fume of I

2
comes out. 2NaI + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HI
(Iodide) 2HI + H
2
SO
4
I
2
| + 2H
2
O + SO
2
|
(violet)
(ii) Gives blue colouration with starch . I
2
+ starch Blue colour (complex)
(iii) Iodides gives yellow ppt. with AgNO
3
which NaI + AgNO
3
AgI + NaNO
3
is insoluble in NH
4
OH (yellow)
(iv) Iodine with chloroform gives violet coloured 2KI + Cl
2
(water) 2KCl + I
2
chloroform I
2
+ chloroform violet coloured chloroform
(9) NO
3

(i) Brown smoke comes out (NO

2
) NaNO
3
H
2
SO
4
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3
(Nitrate) 4HNO
3
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4NO
2
!
(ii) Ring test (v. imp.) NaNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
NaHSO
4
+ HNO
3
aq. solution of salt is mixed in fresh FeSO
4
6FeSO
4
+ 2HNO
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4

and conc. H
2
SO
4
is passed through corners 3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
of test tube, brown ring is formed. FeSO
4
+ NO [Fe(NO)]SO
4
(brown ring of nitrosoferrous sulphate)
BY MUKESH SHARMA
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
(10) C
2
O
4
2
(i) Colourless gas (CO + CO
2
) comes out. Na
2
C
2
O
4
+H
2
SO
4
H
2
O+CO + CO
2
+Na
2
SO
4
(Oxalate)
(ii) These gases burns with blue flame on the 2CO + O
2
2CO
2
moutn of test tube.
(ii) Oxalate solution gives
(a) White ppt. with CaCl
2
(a) Na
2
C
2
O
4
+ CaCl
2
CaC
2
O
4
! + 2NaCl
(b) This ppt. is soluble in H
2
SO
4
(b) CaC
2
O
4
+H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+H
2
C
2
O
4
(V. imp.)
(c) This ppt. decolourise KMnO
4
soln. (c) 2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
+ 5H
2
C
2
O
4

2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O + 10CO
2
(11) SO
4
2
Small amount of substance + conc. HNO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HNO
3
2NaNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
(Sulphate) mixtures is heated & now adding BaCl
2
white ppt H
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
! + 2HCl
comes which is insoluble in acid or base sulphate (white)
confirmed
(12) PO
4
2
(b) Small amount of substance + conc. HNO
3
(a) Na
3
PO
4
+ 3HNO
3
3NaNO
3
+ H
3
PO
4
(Phosphate) mixture is heated &
(b) Ammonium molybdate is mixed, yellow ppt. (b) H
3
PO
4
+ 12(NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
+ 21HNO
3
comes which confirms the presence of phosphate (NH
4
)
3
.PO
4
12MoO
3
!+ 12H
2
O + 21NH
4
NO
3
[ammonium phosphomolybdate (yellow ppt)]
BY MUKESH SHARMA
TEST OF BASIC RADICALS
Group I Group IV
Redicals : Pb
2+
, Ag
+,
Hg
2
2+
(ous) Radicals : Ni
+2
, Co
+2
, Mn
+2
, Zn
+2
Group reagent : Dil HCl Group reagent : H
2
S gas in presence of NH
4
Cl & NH
4
OH
Group II Group V
Redicals : Hg
2+,
Pb
+2
, Br
3+
, Cu
2+
, Cd
2+
Group II A Radicals : Ba
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ca
2+
As
3+
, Sb
3+
, Sn
2+
, Sn
4+
Group IIB
Group reagent : H
2
S gas in presence of dil. HCl Group reagent : (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
in presence of NH
4
OH
Group III Group VI
Radicals : Fe
3+
, Al
3+
, Cr
3+
Radical : Mg
+2
Group reagent : NH
4
OH + NH
4
Cl Group reagent : Na
2
HPO
4
in presence of NH
4
OH
Group No./
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
I group / In solution of substance mixting dil. HCl 2HgNO
3
+ 2HCl HgCl
2
! + 2HNO
3
Hg
+2
,Ag
+
,Pb
+2
white ppt. comes out which confirms the AgNO
3
+ HCl AgCl + HNO
3
presence of Hg
+
, Ag
+
or Pb
+2
Pb(NO
3
) + 2HCl PbCl
2
! +2HNO
3
Imp. PbCl
2
is soluble in hot water (but insoluble in cold water)
Whereas insoluble in both AgCl & HgCl
2
(1) Pb
+2
Pb
+2
ion gives yellow ppt. with K
2
CrO
4
& PbCl
2
+ K
2
CrO
4
PbCrO
4
(yellow)!+ 2KCl
KI soln. separately. PbCl
2
+ 2KI PbI
2
!(yellow) + 2KCl
(2) Hg
2
+2
Hg
2
+2
gives black ppt. with NH
3
Hg
2
Cl
2
+ 2NH
4
OH Hg(NH
2
)Cl + Hg !
+ NH
4
Cl + 2H
2
O
(3) Ag
+
(i) AgCl is soluble in NH
4
OH AgCl + 2NH
4
OH [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl + 2H
2
O
(ii) Ag
+
ion gives yellow ppt. with KI Ag
+
+ I

AgI ! (yellow)
II group/ Passing H
2
S in presence of HCl these
Hg
+2
,Ag
+2
,Pb
+2
gives ions
Cd
+2
,Bi
+3
(IIA)
As
+3
,Sb
+3
(Sn
+2
)
Sn
+4
(IIB)
Cd
+2
,As
+3
,Sn
+4
Yellow ppt. (CdS, As
2
S
3
, SnS
2
)
Orange ppt. (Sb
2
S
3
)
Brown ppt. (SnS)
Sb
+3
Black ppt.
Sn
+2
(HgS, PbS, Bi
2
S
3
, CuS)
Hg
+2
, Pb
+2
, Bi
+3
Cu
+2
Note : Obtained ppt. is differentiated by the reaction of (NH
4
)
2
S which is insoluble in the ppt. obtained of IIA
and soluble in II B ppt.
BY MUKESH SHARMA
Radical Test/ observation/ Analysis Reaction
IIA group/
(4) Hg
+2
Adding Hg
+2
ion white ppt. obtained which 2Hg
+2
+ SnCl
2
+ Sn
+4
Sn
+4
+ Hg
2
Cl
2
!
turns black (white)
HgCl
2
+ SnCl
2
SnCl
4
+ 2Hg !
(black)
(5) Pb
+2
(i) In solution, Pb
+2
gives white ppt. with H
2
SO
4
Pb
+2
+ H
2
SO
4
PbSO
4
! + 2H
+
(white)
(ii) In solution Pb
+2
ion gives yellow ppt. Pb
+2
+ Cr
2
O
4
2
PbCrO
4
! (yellow)
with K
2
CrO
4
& KI Pb
+2
+ 2I

PbI
2
! (yellow)
(6) Cu
+2
(i) These ion gives dark blue colour with Cu
+2
+ NH
4
OH [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
+2
+ H
2
O
excess NH
4
OH (dark blue colour)
(ii) Cu
+2
ion gives chocolate colour with 2Cu
+2
+ K
4
Fe(CN)
6
Cu
2
[Fe(CN)
6
] ! + 4k
K
4
Fe(CN)
6
(chocolate or red brown ppt.)
(7) Bi
+3
Bi
+3
ion gives white ppt. while adding water BiCl
3
+ H
2
O BiOCl ! + 2HCl
In HCl soln. (white bismuth oxychloride)
BiCl
3
+ 3Na
2
SnO
2
+ 6NaOH
(sodium stanite)
2Bi ! + 3Na
2
SnO
3
+ 6NaCl + 3H
2
O
(black sodium stanate)
(8) Cd
+2
(i) The yellow precipitate is dissolved in 50% 3Cds + 8HNO
3
3Cd(NO
3
)
2
+ 4H
2
O+2NO +3S
HNO
3
. To the resulting solution, NH
4
OH is (50%)
added slowly. A white ppt. appears which Cd(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NH
4
OH 2NH
4
NO
3
+ Cd(OH)
2
!
dissolve in excess of NH
4
OH. white ppt.
Cd(OH)
2
+ 2NH
4
OH + 2NH
4
NO
3

[Cd(NH
3
)
4
](NO
3
)
2
aq. + 4H
2
O
(ii) When H
2
S gas is passed in this solution [Cd(NH
3
)
4
](NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
S
a yellow ppt. a pears CdS ! 2NH
4
NO
3
+ 2NH
3
(yellow ppt.)
IIB group/
(9) As
+3
In solution As
+3
ion turns yellow ppt. with As
+3
3
HNO

As
+5
(as H
3
AsO
4
)
ammonium molybdate and HNO
3
H
3
AsO
4
+ 12(NH
4
)
2
MoO
4
+ 21HNO
3

(NH
4
)
3
AsO
4
+ 12MoO
3
! 21NH
4
NO
3
+ 12H
2
O
(10) Sn
+2
Sn
+2
ion in solution gives white ppt. in form of SnCl
2
+ 2HgCl
2
SnCl
4
+ HgCl
2
!
SnCl
2
with HgCl
2
, which frequently turns black Hg
2
Cl
2
+ SnCl
2
SnCl
4
+ 2Hg ! (back)
(11) Sn
+4
Al turns Sn
+4
to Sn
+2
After it Sn
+2
is SnCl
4
+ HgCl
2
No reaction
examined by HgCl
2
3SnCl
4
+ 2Al 2AlCl
3
+ 3SnCl
2
(12) Sb
+3
On adding water in solution, Sb
+3
ion SbCl
3
+ H
2
O SbOCl ! (white) + 2HCl
forms white ppt. in the form of SbCl
3
III group/
Fe
+3
, Cr
+3
& Al
+3
These ion precipts in the form of hydroxide Fe
+3
+ 3OH

Fe(OH)
3
(red ppt.)
on adding NH
4
Cl & NH
4
OH Cr
+3
+ 3OH

Cr(OH)
3
(green ppt.)
Al
+3
+ 3OH

Al(OH)
3
(white ppt.)
Note : In the analysis of III group, some drops of conc. HNO
3
are also added before oxidising Fe
+2
to Fe
+3.
(13) Al
+3
White ppt. of Al(OH)
3
is soluble in NaOH Imp. Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(sodium metaaluminate)
(14) Cr
+3
ppt. of Cr(OH)
3
is soluble in NaOH + Br
2
water Br
2
+ H
2
O 2HBr + O
soln. in this soln. when BaCl
2
is added yellow 2Cr(OH)
3
+ 4NaOH + 3O 2Na
2
CrO
4
+ 5H
2
O
ppt. is obtained Na
2
CrO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaCrO
4
! (yellow ppt.) + 2NaCl
BY MUKESH SHARMA
(15) Fe
+3
(i) (a) Brown ppt. of Fe(OH)
3
is soluble Fe(OH)
3
+ 3HCl FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O
in HCl FeCl
3
+ 3KCNS Fe(CN)S
3
+ 3KCl
(b) When KCNS is added in this soln. (ferric thiocyanate)
soln. blood red colouration is obtained (blood red)
(ii) In this soln., on adding K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
], 4FeCl
3
+ 3K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
Fe
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]
3
+ 12KCl
prussian blue colour is obtained (ferric ferrocyanide prussian blue)
IV group/ These ions in presence of NH
4
OH preciptitate MCl
2
+ H
2
S MS ! + 2HCl
Zn
+2
, Mn
+2
on passing H
2
S.
Co
+2
, Ni
+2
Black (CoS, Nis)
Co
+2
, Ni
+2
Ppt., (soluble in aquaragia)
Zn
+2
White (ZnS) (soluble in HCl)
Mn
2
Pink or buff (MnS), soluble in HCl
(16) Ni
+2
In presence of NH
4
OH, Ni salt on reaction V. Imp. CH
3
C=NOH + NiCl
2
+ 2NH
4
OH
|
with dimethyl glyoxime (DMG) turns red CH
3
C=NOH
ppt. of nickel dimethyl glyxoime Nickel dimethyl glyoxime (red ppt)
(17) Co
+2
Cobalt salt turns blue colouration with CoCl
2
+ 4NH
4
CNS
NH
4
CNS (NH
4
)
2
[Co(CNS)
4
] + 2NH
4
Cl
(ammonium cobalt thiocyanate)
(blue colour)
(18) Zn
+2
In solution, Zn
+2
ion turns white ppt. with V. Imp
NaOH which is soluble in excess NaOH Zn
+2
+ 2NaOH Zn(OH)
2
! (white) + 2Na
Zn(OH)
2
+ 2NaOH Na
2
ZnO
2
+ 2H
2
O
(19) Mn
+2
(a) Mn
+2
ion gives pink ppt. with NaOH V. Imp
(b) On heating turns black or brown Mn
+2
+ 2NaOH Mn(OH)
2
! + 2Na
(Pink)
Mn(OH)
2
+ O
A
MnO
2
+ H
2
O
(brown and black)
V group/ On adding (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
, these precipitates in M
+2
+ (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
MCO
3
+ 2NH
4
+
Ba
+2
, Sr
+2
, the form of carbonates. BaCO
3
, CaCO
3
, SrCO
3
(white)
Ca
+2
soluble in CH
3
COOH
(20) Ba
+2
Gives Ba
+2
ion in solution
(i) Yellow ppt. with K
2
CrO
4
Ba
+2
+ K
2
CrO
4
BaCrO
4
! ( yellow) + 2K
(ii) white ppt. with (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Ba
+2
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
!(white) + 2NH
4
+
(iii) white ppt. with (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
Ba
+2
+ (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
BaC
2
O
4
!(white)+ 2NH
4
+
(21) Sr
+2
Sr
+2
ion with (i) (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
gives white Sr
+2
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
SrSO
4
! + 2NH
4
+
precipitate (white ppt.)
(22) Cr
+2
Ca
+2
ion gives white ppt. only with Ca
+2
+ (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
CaC
2
O
4
! +2NH
4
+
(NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
(white)
Sr
+2
+ (NH
4
)
2
C
2
O
4
SrC
2
O
4
! +2NH
4
+
(white ppt.)
BY MUKESH SHARMA
Note : The order of that is same as above Ba
+2
, Sr
+2
, Ca
+2
VI Group /
(23) Mg
+2
ion gives white ppt. with NH
4
OH Mg
+2
+ (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
+ NH
4
OH
Mg
+2
(NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
MgNH
4
PO
4
! (white) + 2NH
4
+
+ H
2
O
Zero group/
(24) (i) (a) All ammonium salts on reacting (a) NH
4
Cl + NaOH NaCl + NH
3
| +H
2
O
NH
4
+
with base like (NaOH), gives smell
of NH
3
(b) Gas evolved (NH
3
) gives white fume (b) NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl | (white fume)
with HCl
(c) On passing NH
3
in Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
, blakc (c) Hg
2
(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NH
3

colour is obtained Hg + Hg(NH

2
)NO
3
+ NH
4
NO
3
(black)
(b) Brown ppt. is obtained with (d) 2K
2
HgI
4
+ 4KOH + NH
4
Cl
nesselers reagent (Nesselers reagent)
NH
2
Hg
O
Hg
I
+ 7KI + KCl. 3H
2
O
(Iodide solution brown ppt.)
BY MUKESH SHARMA
BORAX BEAD TEST
On heating borax the colourless glass bead fromed consists of sodium metaborate and boric anhydride.
Na
2
B
4
O
7
. 10H
2
O
Heat

Na
2
B
4
O
7
Heat

2 2 3
Glassy bead
2NaBO B O +

On heating with a coloured salt, the glassy bead froms a coloured metaborate in oxidising flame.
CuSO
4
CuO + SO
3
CuO + B
2
O
3
Cu(BO
2
)
2
Copper metaborate
(Blue)
Metal Oxidising - flame Reducing - flame
Hot Cold Hot Cold
Copper Green Blue Colourless Brown-red
Iron Brown-yellow Pale-yellow Bottle green Bottle green
Chromium Green Green Green Green
Cobalt Blue Blue Blue Blue
Nickel Violet Brown Grey Grey
Physical Appearance or inorganic salt
S.No. Inorganic Salt Colour
1. Cu
+2
Blue
2. Cr
+3
, Cr
+6
Dark green
3. Fe
+3
Green
4. Fe
+2
Yellow or Brown
5. Mn
+2
Light Pink
6. Co
+2
Pink
7. Ni
+2
Green or Blue
8. HgO, HgI
2
, Pb
3
O
4
Red
9. Pb, Hg and Ba salts Comparatively heavy
BY MUKESH SHARMA
ACTION OF HEAT
1. Except (Na, K, Rb and Cs) all carbonates on heating decomposes to give CO
2
.
LiCO
3
A

Li
2
O + CO
2
|
MgCO
3
A

MgO + CO
2
|
2. Generally all bicarbonates decomposes to give carbonates and CO
2
2NaHCO
3
A

Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
3. Generally halides are stable on heating but some halides decomposes.
2FeCl
3
A

2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
MgCl
2
. 6H
2
O
A

MgO + 2HCl + 5H
2
O
Hg
2
Cl
2
A

HgCl
2
+ Hg
NH
4
Cl
A

NH
3
+ HCl
4. Nitrates decomposes on heating.
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
O + 2H
2
O
2MnO
3
2MnO
2
+ O
2
(except Li)
2LiNO
3
Li
2
O + 2NO
2
+
1
2
O
2
imp.
2Mg(NO
3
)
2
2MgO + 4NO
2
+ O
2Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
} (except Hg all bivalent nitrates)
Hg(NO
3
)
2
Hg + 2NO
2
+ O
2
5. Silver salts on heating gives Ag.
Ag
2
CO
3
2Ag + CO
2
+
1
2
O
2
2AgNO
3
2Ag + 2NO
2
+ O
2
CHARACTERISTIC FLAME COLOUR
(1) Pb yeallow, green (2) Cu salt, BO
3
3
Blue or green
(3) Li red (4) Na golden red
(5) K violet (6) Rb boilet red
(7) Cs voilet blue (8) Ca brick red
(9) Sr krimson red (10) Ba apple green
Imp. Note ; (1) Be & Mg dont give flame test
(2) Colourless white salt dont possess Cu, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr etc.
(3) White substances which swells are alum, borate and phosphate.
SUBLIMATION ACTION OF A SUBSTANCE AND COLOUR
White HgCl
2
, Hg
2
Cl
2
, As
2
O
3
, Sb
2
O
3
Yellow AlCl
3
and NH
3
halides
Brown HgO, Hg(NO
3
)
2
Blue, Balck and Voilet Iodides
Black As, Sb, Hg sulphides and iodides.