HEAT TRANSFER

A. CONDUCTION The transfer of heat as a result of the direct contact of rapidly moving atoms through a medium to another, without movement of the media. As one molecule is heated it begins to move and shake rapidly. As it does so, it passes some of its heat energy to other molecule around it. Through this process, all the molecule of an object passes heat from one to another until they are all hot. Can only take place within an object or material, or between two objects that are in direct or indirect contact with each other. Heat flows within and through the body itself. The word conduction is often to describe three different kinds of behavior: Heat Conduction (or Thermal Conduction) the conduction of heat through direct contact, such as when you touch the handle of a hot metal skillet. Electric Conduction the conduction of electrical current, such as through the wires in your house. Sound Conduction (Acoustic Conduction) the conduction of sound waves, such as feeling the vibrations of music through a wall. Examples: As the hotdog cooks, the fire heats the end of the hanger. If we leave the hanger on the fire long enough, eventually the end we are holding will become too hot for us to handle. This happens despite the fact that this end was never placed into the flames. Heat was transferred from the flame to the metal, and then from molecule in the hanger via conduction until it reached your sensitive fingers. Touching a metal spoon that is sitting in a pot of boiling water. When we hold or clutch an ice cube, our hands serves as the carrier of heat. Touching a stove and being burned

B. CONVECTION The heat transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids. This type of heat transfer usually occurs in liquids and gases through circulation current. There currents are called convection currents. The transference of heat by way of the motion in air or water moving away from the heat source. It takes place when heated molecules move from one place to another, taking the heat with them. Convection is common in both the atmosphere as well as in the oceans. EXAMPLES: A pot of water being heated to boil. As the water heats at the bottom. The hot water rises and the cooler water at the top falls to the bottom which heats and rises thus causing a circular motion. Heat air in our atmosphere expands, becoming less dense. Because it is less dense, it rises upward. Cooler air rushes in to replace the air that lifted up. As warm air rises and cool air falls, a giant circular pattern is cheated. Eventually the warmer air cools and begins to fall again. How the inside of a greenhouse works.

C. RADIATION Thermal energy is transferred from an object (solid, liquid, or gas) by converting its heat energy into electromagnetic energy. The transfer of heat from waves through space. Dull black surfaces are better than white shining ones at absorbing radiated heat.

Examples: The energy traveling from the sun to our skin. We can feel our skin getting warmer as energy is absorbed.

A light bulb filament become very hot as electric current passes through it. Heat from the sun warming your face Heat from fire

James Prescott Joule

English physicist He studied the nature of heat and discover its relationship to mechanical work. In his experiment, he made the joule apparatus, a descending weight attached to a string caused a paddle immersed in water to rotate and heat the water. Joule supposed that the gravitational potential energy lost by the weight in descending was equal to the thermal energy (heat) gained by the water by friction with paddle-wheel of the body of water. The temperature change of the water and the height of the fall of the weight m (in g) were recorded. Using these values, joule was able to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat.

The Joule Apparatus