Eia North Guwahati 07.07.12

REPORT
ON
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION AT
NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT, ASSAM

OF
INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED
cxtxw U
PROJECTS & DEVELOPMENT INDIA LIMITED

(A Govt. of India Undertaking) PO: Sindri - 828122, Dist: Dhanbad (Jharkhand)
PDIL JOB NO: 9609
JUNE, 2012
9609-EIA--ENV-161 PROJECTS & DEVELOPMENT INDIA LTD. DOCUMENT NO. SHEET 1 OF 3
1 REV
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT & RISK ASSESSMENT
FOR
INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION
NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT, ASSAM
AT
OF
INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED
1 June, 2012 REPORT 0 May, 2012 REPORT REV DATE PURPOSE FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2
PREPARED
REVIEWED
APPROVED All rights reserved
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL
9609-ENV-161 1 DOCUMENT NO. REV SHEET 2 OF 3
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 DESCRIPTION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION PROJECT DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE) ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM RISK ANALYSIS DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN ADDITIONAL STUDIES BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN PAGE # I-X 01 - 07 08 - 13 14 - 104 105 - 113 114 - 114 115 - 115 116 - 152 153 - 175 176 - 177 178 - 178 179 - 186
LIST OF PLATES
SL. NO. 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 DESCRIPTION OF PLATE LOCATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT ON GOOGLE LAYOUT OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT MAP SHOWING LAND USE/ LAND COVER MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF SOIL SAMPLING STATIONS SOIL TEXTURE DIAGRAM MAP SHOWING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM FOR NOVEMBER, 2011 MAP SHOWING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM FOR DECEMBER, 2011 MAP SHOWING WIND ROSE DIAGRAM FOR JANUARY, 2012 MAP SHOWING SEASONAL WIND ROSE DIAGRAM (NOV.'11 TO JAN'12) MAP SHOWING AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS MAP SHOWING WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS MAP SHOWING NOISE MONITORING STATIONS PLATE NO. 1.1 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10
LIST OF ANNEXURE
SL. NO.
Annexure-I Annexure-II Annexure-III Annexure-IV Annexure-VA Annexure-VB Annexure-VI Annexure-VII Annexure-VIII
DESCRIPTION OF ANNEXURE Process Details and design details Request letter submitted to DC, Kamrup Letter for NOC from PCCF PESO Approval for Cylinder Storage Capacity Consent to Operate for the year 2011-12 Letter to SPCB for NOC for installation of proposed MB OISD - 150 Tabular Chart indicating point-wise compliance of the TOR Approved TOR from MoEF
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03 01 01 02 01 02 27 05 04
All rights reserved
FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2
9609-ENV-161 1 DOCUMENT NO. REV SHEET 3 OF 3
ATTACHMENT
DESCRIPTION
Drg. No. 2A Drg. No. 2B Drg. No. 2C Drg. No. 3 Drg. No. 4 Drg. No. 5 Drg. No. 6 Drg. No. 7 Drg. No. 8 Drg. No. 9 Drg. No. 10 Drg. No. 11 Drg. No.12 Drg. No. 13 Drg. No.14 Drg. No.15 ISO-RISK CONTOUR FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI ISO-RISK CONTOUR FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI F-N CURVE FOR IBP, NORTH GUWAHATI THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG MOUNDED BULLET OUTLET LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG MOUNDED BULLET OUTLET LINE 20% CSA FAILURE (2F CONDITION) THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG HORTON SPHERE OUTLET LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG HORTON SPHERE OUTLET LINE 20% CSA FAILURE (2F CONDITION) THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG PUMP DISCHARGE LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR LPG PUMP DISCHARGE LINE FULL BORE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR UNLOADING ARM FAILURE (2F CONDITION) OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR CAROUSAL LINE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR CAROUSAL LINE FAILURE (2F CONDITION) THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG PUMP MECHANICAL SEAL FAILURE (2F CONDITION) OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR LPG PUMP MECHANICAL SEAL FAILURE (2F CONDITION) THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE FOR LPG PUMP GASKET FAILURE (2F CONDITION) OVERPRESSURE DISTANCES FOR LPG PUMP GASKET FAILURE (2F CONDITION)
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FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2
All rights reserved
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
BACKGROUND Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) is a premier public sector company in the Oil & Gas Sector and is engaged in the business of refining and retailing of petroleum products including LPG in the country. It is the leading Indian corporate in the Fortune 'Global 500' listing, ranked at the 98th position in the year 2011. IOCL is having about 90 LPG bottling plants which serve every nook and corner of the country. Indane (the trade name of LPG of IOCL) is supplied to the consumers through a network of about 5456 distributors (51.8% of the industry).The growth in demand of LPG for domestic purpose is increasing at a rapid pace everywhere in the country including North-Eastern (NE) states. To cope-up with the increasing demand, Public Sector Oil Companies are setting up new bottling plants as well as augmenting their existing capacities. Accordingly, IOCL has also initiated the process of setting up new plants as well as augmenting their existing facilities. IOCL has installed 10 nos. of LPG bottling plants in six North-Eastern states of India. In Kamrup district of Assam, IOCLs LPG Bottling Plant is at North Guwahati at a distance of about 25 km from Guwahati. The plant was commissioned in the year 1994 with bottling capacity of 88 TMTPA with an objective to supply LPG in Guwahati and adjoining districts of Assam. The main activities of the plant include receipt of bulk LPG, storage, bottling and distribution of the filled cylinders throughout the state of Assam. Presently, an average of about 17 nos. of bulk LPG tankers of 18 MT capacity are unloaded at this plant and about 68 nos. of filled cylinder trucks are dispatched to different part of Assam. The bulk LPG is received through tank trucks from IPP- Haldia, NRL- Numaligarh, IOCL Refinery at Noonmati (Guwahati), Bongaigaon and Barauni. The present available storage capacity of 1320 MT at North Guwahati plant provides a coverage of 03 days only which is very low considering hilly terrains of the area, poor road conditions and considerable distance from source locations. Very frequently, the plant becomes dry due to low tankage, disruption of road traffic etc. As a result, the bottling operation becomes standstill. In order to meet the requirement of LPG as well as to meet the requirement during abnormal situations in the area, IOCL proposes to augment the storage capacity of North Guwahati plant by installing 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each. This will enhance the total storage capacity to 2520 MT and the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift bottling operation). As per EIA Notification, published in Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part-II, Section-3, subsection (ii) of Ministry of Environment & Forest dated 14.09.2006 & subsequent amendments, the proposed project falls in Activity 6(b), Category-B of List of Projects or Activities Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance. As per the above notification, proposed project will have to obtain environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) or State Environmental Appraisal Committee (SEAC). In the absence of duly constituted SEIAA or SEAC, a Category-B project shall be treated as Category-A project and shall require environmental clearance from MoEF. M/s IOCL has appointed Projects & Development India Limited (PDIL), a Government of India Undertaking, for preparation of EIA/ RA Reports for proposed project in order to seek environmental clearance. PDIL is a QCI-NABET accredited EIA consultancy organisation (Sl. No.: 73, List A as per notification dated 30.09.2011 issued by MoEF vide letter no.: JProjects & Development India Limited, Sindri
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11013/77/2004-IA II(I)) for Isolated storage & handling of Hazardous chemicals (As per threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended 2000). STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT The EIA report has been prepared and reviewed as per Generic Structure of EIA/EMP/RA Report required by the MoEF, Govt. of India as per the general condition stipulated in the EIA notification. The salient features of the report have been projected by identifying the environmental and ecological stressors. The impact assessment has been reviewed by making compliance with the threshold limit of the environmental and ecological stressors and other norms available through government or non-government agencies. PROJECT PROPOSAL The project proposal relates to installation of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each within the premises of existing bottling plant at North Guwahati. PROJECT LOCATION The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The bottling plant is spread over an area of 83 acres of land with licensed area of 25.56 acres, provided by the Government of Assam. Geographically, the plant is located at longitude 91042'24.05" East and latitude 26011'44.71" North at an altitude of about 52 m above mean sea level. The plant is located at a distance of about 25 km from Dispur, the state capital of Assam. Amingaon, the nearest human settlements, is in south-eastern direction at a distance of about 2.5 km from bottling plant. The plant is surrounded by paddy fields in all directions except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati is located at a distance of about 1.5 km. Brahmaputra River, the only major surface water body, is located in southern direction at a distance of about 2.0 km. Some of the villages within a radius of 5 km are Abhoypur, Kota Bazar, Morkatal, Radhala, Rudreswar, Kalbari, Madhupur, Gharamara etc. The study area comprises few industrial units, namely M/s Laxkhmi Narayan Food & Beverage Pvt. Ltd, M/s Silver Drop Rice Mills, M/s Brahmaputra Iron Ispath Pvt Ltd and M/s Top Cements etc. These are all small scale industries. No major or medium scale industry is located within the study area. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH-37 are at a distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south respectively from the plant. The nearest railway station at Guwahati is at a distance of about 30 km and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International (LGBI) Airport is at a distance of about 16 km from bottling plant. BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PROJECT The proposed project shall yield following benefits: Maintain continuity in supply of LPG gas cylinders to the consumers through distributors. Ease in availability of filled LPG cylinders. Increase the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift bottling operation). Help to overcome the scarcity of bulk LPG due to landslide, hilly terrain and poor road conditions etc By adding 2x600 MT Mounded Bullets, risk profile of the existing plant will not be enhanced. Increase safety measures for hazard detection and prevention system.
Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri
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Discourage deforestation with reduction in use of fire wood and fossil fuels.
OBJECTIVE OF EIA STUDY The objective of the EIA study is to identify and evaluate the potential impacts (beneficial and adverse), and preparation of impact statement in accordance with existing guidelines of MoEF. The study would provide information on the environmental implications, which could be used for environmental safeguards. The EIA report shall be a document for getting environmental clearances from MoEF and other statutory agencies. The EIA report will also present the existing environmental setting vis--vis contribution of pollutants and other factors from the proposed facilities. SCOPE OF EIA STUDY The scope of this EIA study includes detail characterization of pre-project status of environment in an area of 5 Km radius: To undertake environmental monitoring so as to establish the baseline environmental status of the environmental components; To identify existing pollution loads due to various activities; To evaluate and predict the impacts on the various environmental attributes in the study area by using widely accepted environmental impact assessment methodologies. Risk Analysis Study To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining the measures for improving the environmental quality and for environmentally sustainable development. To prepare post project monitoring plan to monitor the changes in the environmental quality after the implementation of the project.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION Existing Storage North Guwahati Bottling Plant has been provided with a total storage capacity of about 600 MT of LPG. The details of facilities are summarized below in Table - E.1. Table - E.1 Existing Facilities Storage Unloading Bay No. of Carousel LPG Pumps LPG Vapour Compressor Air Compressor Air Drying Unit Fire Water Storage Fire Water pumps Jockey Pumps Fixed Sprinkler System Hydrants & Monitors DG Sets Proposed Facilities LPG Storage
Quantity/Capacity 2 x 660 MT (Horton Spheres) 8 Nos. 2 x 24 Gun Filling Machine 2 x 84 m3/hr 4 x 646 Nm3/hr 4 x 272 m3/hr 1 x 540 Nm3/hr 2 x 5500 m3 7 Nos. (4x615 m3/hr + 3x410 m3/hr) (Diesel engine driven) 2 x 25 m3/hr At all operating areas As per OISD-144 1x100 KVA+2 x 250 KVA Quantity/Capacity 02 x 600 MT Mounded Bullets
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Fire protection facilities are designed to cope up with one major fire as per OISD-144. Existing water storage capacity and fire pumps are adequate to meet the requirement of the plant post-augmentation. Safety distances between facilities are provided as per PESO/ OISD norms. Also, fire water tanks and pumps are located at a minimum distance of 60 m from risk area (including proposed bullets) as stipulated by OISD 144. Required number of firewater pumps and jockey pump are provided to take care of the fire hydrants. Four hours pumping capacity are provided as fire water storage in two tanks of 5500 m3 each. There is a well laid out ring main system around the hazardous area which is provided with fire hydrant points and monitors as per requirements of OISD. In addition, adequate numbers of portable fire extinguishers of dry chemical type are also provided. The proposed bullets will also be provided with a fire hydrant system all around and water sprinkler system as required. Mock fire drills are conducted at regular intervals and the observations are recorded. Personnel intended to operate the plant are well qualified and well trained. Plant operations are supervised by a responsible Officer. The working personnel are well informed and well trained for fire hazards and fire fighting systems. Bottling Plant security system has been so envisaged to ensure strict compliance of safety requirements and to take up prompt and proper action in case of any emergency.
PROCESS DESCRIPTION LPG is being received from IPP Halida, IOCLs Refinery at Barauni, Noonmati (Guwahati) and NRL Numaligarh through 18 MT capacity road tankers and stored in 02 nos. of Horton Spheres (2x660MT). The storage vessels are provided with a single liquid inlet/outlet line at bottom, one vapour inlet/outlet line connected with LPG vapour compressor at the top. At present, the no. of days cover for LPG is 03 days only. The capacity augmentation would increase the no. of days cover from 03 to 6-7 days. LPG is filled in the cylinders up to 14.2 kg weight in the integrated carousel machine and Filled cylinders after leak testing, weight testing and fixing safety caps are stacked in the filled cylinder shed near the delivery end as per rules laid down by OISD/Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981. Filled cylinders are delivered only to the authorized LPG distributors. Drivers of the trucks carrying LPG are having valid license and are having training in safety & fire fighting procedures. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT & IDENTIFICATION OF ANTICIPATED IMPACT Description of baseline environmental status and the impact on the existing environment after construction and operation of the proposed project have been detailed with respect to the following components of the environment. The existing status of important environmental components and impact of project activities on them is summarized below: Land Environment The proposed Mounded Bullets shall be installed in an area of 2770.53 m2 (50.1 m x 55.3 m) available within the existing licensed premises 25.56 acres. As the existing plant has been allotted by the State Govt. to IOCL for installation of the bottling plant, hence there is no change in existing land use pattern. As per the satellite imagery obtained from NorthEastern Space Applications Centre, Shillong the existing land-use / land cover data of 5 km area around North Guwahati plant is as under:
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Land Use/Land Cover Categories Area (Acres) Percent Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Kharif Crop 6746.97 34.76 Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Rabi Crop 697.90 3.6 Agricultural Land-Plantation-Agriculture Plnt. 2448.35 12.62 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen-Dense/Closed 3685.41 18.98 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen-Open 1146.92 5.91 Forest-Scrub Forest 495.31 2.55 Tree Clad Area-Open 2929.78 15.1 Water bodies-River/Stream-Dry 160.12 0.83 Water bodies-River/Stream-Perennial 452.13 2.33 Wet lands-Inland Natural 644.71 3.32 Total 19407.61 100.00 There is no solid and hazardous waste generation due to the proposed project and consequently any adverse impact on land is not envisaged. Thus, there will be no change in the soil characteristics, land use pattern and landscape due to the construction & operation of the proposed facilities. Level of Nitrogen as N ranged between 117.2 and 131.9 Kg/ha Level of Phosphorous as P2O5 ranged between 6.66 & 8.98 Kg/ha Level of Potassium as K2O ranged between 39.25 & 42.12 Kg/ha
SL. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Climate & Meteorology A temporary weather monitoring station was installed for recording hourly wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall measurements on the roof of Administrative Building of the bottling plant. No deviation has been recorded with the secondary data related to meteorology and micro-climatic conditions. Besides this, the proposed project is a non-polluting developmental project and hence, no adverse impact on the existing climate is envisaged. Air Environnent Existing Ambient Air Quality The baseline ambient air quality status in the study area is characterized using the following sources of data: Ambient air quality monitoring at four sampling locations within the study area. Meteorological data collected during the study period
To evaluate the baseline ambient air quality status, one season data was generated at four locations in and around the bottling plant including residential & rural area for a period of three months from November, 2011 to January, 2012. During the monitoring period the concentration of air pollutants namely PM10, SO2, NOx, VOCs, Methane & Non-methane Hydrocarbon in ambient were measured. The highlights of the results are as below:
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Pollutants
3 PM10,g/m 3 SO2, ,g/m 3 NOx, ,g/m
SA1 Min.
30 10.1 13.0 1.12 2.01
SA2 Max.
44 17.5 23.9 1.51 <<0.1 2.38
SA3 Max.
36 11.6 17.9 1.22 <<0.1 1.94
SA4 Max.
41 13.6 19.6 1.49 <<0.1 2.24
Min.
24 7.5 11.2 1.06 1.56
Min.
27 8.0 13.2 1.10 1.69
Min.
25 8.4 11.6 1.11 1.95
Max.
37 12.1 18.9 1.49 <<0.1 2.16
MHC, ppm NMHC, ppm VOCs, mg/m

3
From the monitoring results, it may be concluded that the concentration of the air pollutants, as stated above, are well within the limits specified under NAAQS for industrial, rural and residential areas. Source of Air Pollution Operation of the bottling plant involves only storage and handling of LPG which does not lead to process specific emission of air pollutants into atmosphere. The entire operation of receipt, storage and filling in cylinders is carried out under closed circuit and leak proof system so as to restrict any emission of hydrocarbon vapours into the atmosphere. However, intermittent sources of air pollutants are limited to DG Sets and fire Water pumps which are operated only in case of power failure during working hours and during mock fire drills only (once in a month) respectively. Hence, installation of proposed Mounded Bullets shall not impart any adverse impact on existing air environment. NOISE ENVIRONMENT Noise monitoring was conducted at 04 locations within the study area, 08 locations inside the bottling plant and 04 locations around boundary walls representing industrial, rural and residential areas. The noise monitoring results reveals that the noise levels vary from 42.4 dB(A) to 54.7 dB(A) during night and day time respectively. The variation in the noise level may be attributed to the movement of vehicles on the PWD road & National Highways (NH31 & 37) around the plant. A little increase in the noise level during construction phase has been envisaged. The duration of construction activities shall be 8 to 12 hours with maximum incremental noise level equivalent to 10 dB(A) which will correspond to 3 to 4 dB(A) during day and night. There will be no additional noise generation during operation phase. Hence, impact on the noise quality shall be practically insignificant due to proposed project activities. WATER ENVIRONMENT To evaluate the existing water quality, 02 nos. of surface water samples and 03 nos. of ground water samples were collected from the sources around the bottling plant and characterized for relevant parameters. Summary of the observations are as below:
Parameters Total Dissolved Solids Alkalinity total as CaCO3 Hardness total as CaCO3 Chloride as Cl Iron as Fe
Ground Water (mg/l) Min. 170 54 106 34 0.04 Max. 260 84 204 66 0.8
Surface Water (mg/l) Min. 130 36 70 24 0.04 Max. 150 48 102 36 0.04
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The characteristics of the samples collected within the study area were found well within the permissible limits of Drinking Water Standards (IS: 10500). Water Consumption Existing average water consumption of bottling plant is 66.0 m3/day. The project proposal is only for installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets to augment the storage capacity. Hence, the water requirement shall remain same. Wastewater Generation The quantity of existing waste water generation under normal operation of the plant is 36.0 m3/day. As per existing practice, sanitary waste water (8.0 m3) is being disposed off through septic tanks to soak pits and rest of the non-sanitary waste water (i.e. due to Mock drill, once in a month) 3.0 m3/day is discharged into natural drainage system of the area after passing through vapour trap. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT The proposed facilities shall be installed in the vacant land available within the existing premises of bottling plant. There is no point and non-point source of emission or discharge of pollutants hence, no adverse impact on the biological environment is envisaged due to the proposed project activities and operation. Moreover, a considerable area of the plant has already been brought under green belt which provides food and habitat for birds and smaller mammalian species. Thus, significant positive impact on fauna is foreseen. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT The development due to proposed project will have temporary impacts on local socioeconomic condition of the people residing in the area. The construction of Mounded Bullets would provide temporary employment, which may consist of locals too. This would improve the socio-economic condition of the local population. The operation of the proposed project would result in positive impacts such as industrial and economic development and generation of indirect employment opportunity. ANALAYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE (TECHNOLOGY & SITE) IOCL has mastered the art and technology of construction of Mounded Bullets. The Engineering & Project Division of IOCL has well established LPG Bottling Plants. The technology adopted by IOCL for installation of Mounded Bullets for storage of LPG is a failsafe technology and as such no alternative technology was considered for providing such facilities. Since, the proposed bullets shall be annexed to the existing plant and already vacant space is available hence, alternate site selection is not relevant. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME A monitoring schedule with respect to Ambient Air Quality, Waste Water Quality, Noise Quality, prepared in consultation with Assam State Pollution Control Board, shall be maintained and the monitoring job shall be assigned to a laboratory accredited by ASPCB/CPCB. ADDITIONAL STUDIES No additional study is envisaged due to following reasons: Impact on local infrastructure such as road network etc. Presently, about 17 nos. of LPG road tankers of 18 MT capacity are being received in bottling plant daily from different supply sources. Post-augmentation of storage facilities, it is
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envisaged that the number of bulk LPG tankers may rise upto 25-26. The increase in number of road tankers shall be only for initial few days unless the storage level of LPG of 2520 MT is achieved at North Guwahati Bottling Plant. Thereafter, there will no increase in traffic load on NH-31. Thus, the traffic density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per hour whereas the traffic density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per hour which shall increase marginally only for few days. Since, the bottling capacity of the plant shall remain same, there would not be any increase in dispatch of filled cylinders truck from the plant and hence, no impact is envisaged on traffic network. Compensation package for the people affected by the proposed project. The installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets for storage of bulk LPG shall be carried out within the premises of existing North Guwahati bottling plant. Hence, the proposed project does not involve any issue with respect to displacement & rehabilitation and does not come under purview of RR Policy. Proposed Plan to handle the socio-economic influence on local community For installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets about 40-50 construction workers would be required to carry out construction related jobs. For unskilled jobs, it would be ensured that only local workers are engaged for carrying out construction jobs. This would impart positive impact on the socio-economic condition of the local area. For skilled jobs, only marginal number of workers is likely to be engaged. In view of the size of population residing within 5 km radius, no additional study is required to assess the impact of marginal number of workers coming from outside area. RISK ANALYSIS Risk Assessment for the proposed project has also been carried out and necessary safeguard measures have been discussed in Chapter-7. The proposal is for installation of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullet (600 MT capacity each) which is considered to be intrinsically safe. The installation of the Mounded Bullets will not enhance the risk profile of the plant. Following failure cases have been considered for evaluation of consequence analysis: - Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Mounded Bullets (Proposed) - Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Horton sphere - LPG pump discharge line full bore failure - Road tanker failure - LPG pump mechanical seal failure - LPG Pump Outlet Line Gasket failure - Road Tanker unloading arm failure - Filled cylinder failure - Safety valve failure of Horton sphere - Safety valve failure for Mounded Bullet - Carousel line failure - LPG vapour compressor outlet line Full bore failure - Catastrophic Failure of Horton sphere QRA reveals that the damage distances for various credible scenarios are confined within the plant premises. Acceptable individual risk level of 1x10-6/Year is also confined mainly within the plant premises. Based on above study, the following preventive measures have been suggested for implementation:
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a) Safety valves located on the Mounded Bullet and other places must be tested regularly. The block valves before safety valve must always be kept in open condition when safety valves are in position. It is desirable to provide a chain and lock to ensure that the block valve is not inadvertently kept closed when safety valve is in position. b) Automatic water sprinkler system along with heat detectors shall be provided and checked regularly for timely actuation of the safety system. c) Gas Monitoring System (GMS) consisting of gas sensors at potential leakage points, audio-visual annunciation panel for detection of LPG at 20% LEL at the control room should be installed. The above system shall be able to detect the exact location of the leakages on real-time basis so that corrective action can be taken without any loss of time. d) The existing fire protection system is already in pressurized condition with automatic pressurized medium velocity (MV) spray system based on automatic heat detection system through thermal fuse/quartz bulb. Sensors are installed at all critical places wherever MV spray system which should be extended to MV storage area as per OISD144. e) Interlocking Shut-down Device (ILSD) is already installed for automatic emergency shutdown of equipments by tripping of main power supply (barring the emergency power), closure of ROVs to avert Hazard which should be extended to MV area as per OISD-144. ILSD should trigger the following actions: 1. Opening of deluge valve of the affected zone as well as adjacent zone 2. Audio-visual alarms indicating the affected zone at the fire pump house and main control panel. The control panel shall also have status indications for deluge valve with facility for actuation. 3. Fire siren of 1 Km range 4. Closure of all Remote Operated Valves (ROVs) in affected facility 5. Tripping of main power supply barring the emergency power supply 6. The water spray from all nozzles of the affected zones within 30 seconds. 7. The fire water pumps shall start based on their set pressure to supplement/maintain the fire water pressure in the ring main. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Construction Phase During construction phase, all precautionary measures shall be taken for dust suppression, prevention of soil erosion and noise reduction. The effect due to construction will be temporary in nature and will have no permanent effect on the environment. Since, the proposed facilities would be installed within IOCLs own land, there will be no change in land-use pattern and soil characteristics of the area. Operation Phase As the bullets will be mounded and the operation will be confined in closed, leak proof system, no impact is envisaged on the soil during operation phase. Air Emissions There is no continuous source of air pollution from the operation of bottling plant. The sources of air pollution are limited to the DG Sets and the Fire water pumps. These sources of air pollution are intermittent. During operation, when the DG set is operated, emissions of SO2 and NOx shall be within the threshold limit. The stack height of the DG set shall be as per prescribed standard.
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Waste water Generation There is no waste water generation from operation of proposed mounded bullets. The existing sources of waste water generation are as follows: a) Sanitary waste water from toilets, wash-rooms and canteen. b) Non-sanitary waste water from mock drills. Sanitary waste water from toilets, canteen and wash rooms are treated in septic tanks and disposed off through soak pits. Non-sanitary waste water generated from Mock Fire drill that too once in a month, shall be passed through vapour trap and discharged into natural drainage system of the area. Green-Belt Development Trees and plants are well known for trapping particulate matters, attenuation of noise and absorption of gaseous pollutants and also in controlling soil erosion. About 33% of the total area (83 acres) has been brought under green belt development program. Only native species of trees, observed to prosper well in the area, have been planted. However, efforts would be made to develop lawns and gardens in available vacant space within the campus for trapping carbon, sulphur and nitrogen compounds. Preventive Maintenance / Planned Inspection Preventive maintenance and planned inspection of the facilities will be done in accordance with OISD and as per schedule. Record keeping for jobs done would be maintained. The intermittent inspection and maintenance schedule would be prepared as per directive and procedures laid down by OISD. In addition to above management plan, the project will emphasize the following programs to catalyze the green economy of the nation: Green Light Program It involves installation of energy efficient lighting system which indirectly reduces generation of oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur. However, there shall not be any compromise with respect to required illumination at working places. Golden Carrot Program This program involves super efficient refrigeration cooling system and installation without the use of CFC. (No CFC) Energy Star Program Use of energy efficient electrical appliances including computer etc shall be encouraged. IOCL shall pay proper attention to improve the working environment by adopting the principle of Ergonomics in the following line of action: In order to maximise the working and skill capability of the workmen, the Environmental Management Plan considers the strategy and goal of Ergonomics. The application of ergonomics will reduce the Muscular Skeletal Disorder (MSD). Attempts shall be made to make the Working Environment to fit the Workmen instead of forcing a workman to adopt the Working Environment. Compliance of Terms of Reference (TOR) The compliance against the points of TOR prescribed by EAC of MoEF has been complied and presented as Annexure-VII.
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CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL INTRODUCTION
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), the project proponent, is one of the highest ranked Indian companies in the prestigious Fortune 'Global 500' listing, having 98th position in 2011. IOCL is engaged in production and marketing of petroleum products. The company is India's largest commercial enterprise and has earned a net profit of Rs.7,445 crore in the financial year 2010-11, and has crossed Rs. 3.0 lakh crore marked earlier, by clocking Rs. 3.29 lakh crore turnover in financial year 2010-11. The demand of LPG for domestic purposes is increasing day by day. To cope up with increasing demand, Public Sector Oil Companies are setting up new bottling plants as well as augmenting their existing capacity. Accordingly, IOCL has also initiated the process of setting up new plants as well as augmenting their existing facilities in various region of India. IOCL has installed 10 nos. of LPG bottling plants in six North-Eastern states of India. In Kamrup district of the State of Assam, the LPG Bottling Plant of IOCL is located at North Guwahati which is at a distance of about 25 km from Guwahati. The plant was commissioned in the year 1994 with an objective to supply LPG in Kamrup, adjoining districts of Assam and adjoining States. The plant is equipped with LPG receipt, storage and bottling facilities (on the basis of double shift bottling operation) for dispatch of the filled cylinders to the LPG distributors throughout the state of Assam. The present storage capacity of the plant is 1320 MT with bottling capacity of 88 TMTPA. The LPG is being stored in 2 nos. of Horton Spheres of 660 MT capacity each. Presently, about 17 nos. of bulk LPG tankers having 18 MT capacity each, are being unloaded in this plant every day, while about 68 nos. of filled cylinder trucks (306 cylinders of 14.2Kg each / truck) are dispatched per day. The bottling plant receives bulk LPG through tank trucks from the sources namely IPP- Haldia, NRL- Numaligarh, IOCL Refinery at Noonmati (Guwahati), Bongaigaon and Barauni. The present available storage at North Guwahati plant provides a coverage of 03 days only, which is very low considering hilly terrain,
PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri
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poor road conditions and considerable distance from source locations. Very frequently, the plant becomes dry due to low tankage, disruption of road traffic etc. As a result, the bottling operation becomes standstill. In order to meet the requirement of LPG as well as to meet the requirement during abnormal situations in the area, IOCL proposes to augment the storage capacity of North Guwahati plant by installing 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each. Installation of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullets will enhance the total storage capacity to 2520 MT and the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift bottling operation). As per EIA Notification, published in Gazette of India, Extraordinary Part-II, Section-3, sub-section (ii) of Ministry of Environment & Forest dated 14.09.2006 & subsequent amendments, the proposed project falls in Activity 6(b), CategoryB of List of Projects or Activities Requiring Prior Environmental Clearance. As per the above notification, proposed project will have to obtain environmental clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) or State Environmental Appraisal Committee (SEAC). In the absence of duly constituted SEIAA or SEAC, a Category-B project shall be treated as Category-A project. M/s IOCL has appointed M/s Projects & Development India Limited (PDIL), a Government of India Undertaking, for preparation of EIA/ EMP Reports for proposed project in order to seek environmental clearance. PDIL is one of the oldest engineering and consultancy organization in India and has vast experience in handling projects in the field of Fertilizers & Chemicals, Petrochemicals and Oil Industry. It is a QCI-NABET accredited EIA consultancy organisation (Sl. No.: 73, List A as per notification dated 30.09.2011 issued by MoEF vide letter no.: J-11013/77/2004-IA II(I)) for Isolated storage & handling of Hazardous chemicals (As per threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3 of schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended 2000).
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1.2
PROJECT PROPOSAL IOCL proposes to install 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each in the existing bottling plant at North Guwahati as per OISD-144 and OISD-150. The estimated cost of the proposed project is Rs. 28.48 Crores.
1.3 1.3.1
PROJECT LOCATION AND JUSTIFICATION Project Location The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The bottling plant is spread over an area of 83 acres of land with licensed area of 25.56 acres, provided by the Government of Assam. Geographically, the plant is located at longitude 91042'24.05" East and latitude 26011'44.71" North at an altitude of about 52 m above mean sea level. The plant is located at a distance of about 25 km from Dispur, the state capital of Assam. Amingaon, the nearest human settlements, is in south-eastern direction at a distance of about 2.5 km from bottling plant. The plant is surrounded by paddy fields in all directions except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati is located at a distance of about 1.5 km. Brahmaputra River, the only major surface water body, is located in southern direction at a distance of about 2.0 km. Some of the villages within a radius of 5 km are Abhoypur, Kota Bazar, Morkatal, Radhala, Rudreswar, Kalbari, Madhupur, Gharamara etc. The study area comprises few industrial units, namely M/s Laxkhmi Narayan Food & Beverage Pvt. Ltd, M/s Silver Drop Rice Mills, M/s Brahmaputra Iron Ispath Pvt Ltd and M/s Top Cements etc. These are all small scale industries. No major or medium scale industry is located within the study area. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH-37 are at a distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south respectively from the plant. The nearest railway station at Guwahati is at a distance of about 30 km and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International (LGBI) Airport is at a distance of about 16 km from bottling plant. The location of the bottling plant at North Guwahati on Google has been shown in Plate-1.1.
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1.3.2
JUSTIFICATION OF PROPOSED PORJECT The bottling capacity of North Guwahati plant is 88 TMTPA on double shift basis. Bulk LPG is stored in 2 nos. of Horton Spheres of 660 MT capacity each. LPG storage at North Guwahati bottling plant provides coverage of only 03 days, which is inadequate. Movement of bulk LPG tankers are prone to disruption due to frequent landslide, hilly terrain and poor road conditions, resulting in interrupted supply leading to bulk dry-out situation in the bottling plant. As a result, the bottling operation becomes standstill which in turn, leads to scarcity of filled LPG cylinders in the region. In order to maintain the continuity of LPG supply to distributors/consumers, IOCL proposes to augment the storage capacity of North Guwahati plant by installing 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each. This will enhance the total storage capacity to 2520 MT. This, in-turn, will also increase the no. of days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on basis of double shift bottling operation). Hence, as an operational necessity, to ensure sustainable days cover, and maintain continuity in supply status, there is no other alternative but to go for augmentation of existing storage capacity of North Guwahati bottling plant.
1.4
BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PROJECT Capacity augmentation of the LPG bottling plant at North Guwahati shall yield following benefits: Maintain continuity in supply of LPG gas cylinders to the consumers through distributors. Ease in availability of filled LPG cylinders. Increase the days cover from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift bottling operation). Help to overcome the scarcity of bulk LPG due to landslide, hilly terrain and poor road conditions etc By adding 2x600 MT Mounded Bullets, risk profile of the existing plant will not be enhanced. Increase safety measures for hazard detection and prevention system.
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1.5 1.5.1
Discourage deforestation with reduction in use of fire wood and fossil fuels.
SCOPE & METHODOLOGY Scope of EIA Study An area of 5 km radius of the LPG bottling plant has been considered as the general study area for conducting detailed studies / baseline data generation. The scope of the study is as follows: To undertake environmental monitoring so as to establish the baseline environmental status of the environmental components; To identify existing pollution loads due to various anthropogenic activities; To evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes in the study area by using widely accepted environmental impact assessment methodologies. To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining the measures for improving the environmental quality and for environmentally sustainable development. To prepare post project monitoring plan to monitor the changes in the environmental quality after the implementation of the project.
1.5.2
Methodology for EIA Study To assess the baseline status of environment, monitoring locations were selected, keeping in mind the micro-meteorology, season and existing sources of pollution in the area. Different environmental attributes for their various parameters were monitored and analyzed during the study period (November, 2011 - January, 2012). Secondary data collected from different Govt., Semi-Govt. Agencies and other agencies were compiled, interpreted and presented. Land Environment: The satellite imagery obtained from North-Eastern Space Applications Centre (NESAC), Shillong has been used for evaluation of land use pattern. Details of geology were collected from different secondary sources. To characterize the nature of soil, samples from three locations in different directions within the study area were collected and characterized.
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Air Environment: To evaluate the baseline status with respect to air quality, a network of 04 nos. of ambient air quality monitoring stations were established within study area in consultation with IOCL officials. The selection of sampling locations was based on location of human settlements, availability of electricity, dominant wind direction etc. Samples were collected with a frequency of 2 days/week/location. The following air pollution parameters were monitored: Particulate Matter (PM10) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Methane & Non-methane Hydrocarbon, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Water Environment To evaluate the baseline status with respect to water quality, 03 nos. of ground water samples and 2 nos. of surface water samples were collected from the study area and characterized for relevant parameters. Noise Environment To determine the baseline status with respect to noise level, 04 locations were identified for in the study area. The monitoring locations were selected to represent the bottling plant and its surrounding, commercial, residential and sensitive areas. The measurements were made with a frequency of one day per season. Hourly average noise pressure levels (Leq values) were determined continuously to represent the 24 hours period at each of the monitoring locations. Ecology Baseline status of terrestrial and aquatic ecology was assessed through field samplings, reconnaissance surveys and secondary sources. Important flora and fauna species of terrestrial and aquatic eco-systems have been enumerated. Socio-economic Environment: Information about baseline status of socio-economic environment has been collected from 2001 Census report as well as from sample survey. The information includes demographic profile, literacy, employment pattern, cropping pattern, etc.
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PLATE- 1.1 LOCATION OF NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT ON GOOGLE MAP
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CHAPTER-2
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.0
2.1
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
BACKGROUND
The installed storage capacity of the North Guwahati Bottling plant is 1320 MT with bottling capacity of 88 TMTPA with double shift bottling operation. The LPG storage facility is provided with 2 nos. of Horton Spheres of 660 MT capacity each.
2.2
LOCATION AND LAYOUT The proposed Mounded Bullets shall be installed in an area of 2770.53 m2 (50.1m x 55.3m) available within the existing licensed premises of 25.56 acres. The layout of the bottling plant has been prepared strictly as per prescribed OISD-144 standard and guidelines. The safety distances are maintained as per the standard guidelines. The road network is designed to ensure smooth movement of LPG trucks. Layout plan of the bottling plant including proposed facilities have been presented in Plate - 2.1.
2.3
PLANT FACILITIES The facilities at the LPG bottling plant, North Guwahati are as follows: Facility Storage Unloading Bay No. of Carousel LPG Pumps LPG Vapour Compressor Air Compressor Air Drying Unit DG Sets Safety interlocks Check scale for filled cylinders Scaling Unit for Filled cylinders Leak test & repairing of cylinders. Weigh Bridge for tank lorries Vapour extraction in carousel area Quantity/Capacity 2 x 660 MT (Horton Spheres, Existing) 2 x 600 MT Mounded Bullets (Proposed) 8 Nos. 2 x 24 Filling points 2 x 84 m3/hr 4 X 646 Nm3/hr (Reciprocating) 4 x 272 m3/hr 1 x 540 Nm3/hr 1x100 KVA+2 x 250 KVA Thermal fuse, ILSD, ROV, Product movement control Provided Provided Provided Provided Provided
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Facility FIRE FIGHTING FACILITIES Fire Water Storage Jockey Pumps Fire Water pumps Control panel Fixed Sprinkler System
Quantity/Capacity 2 x 5500 m3 2 x 25 m3/hr 7 Nos. (4x615 m3/hr + 3x410 m3/hr) Provided At all relevant places (will be converted to auto sprinkler system supported by PLC based ILSD) As per OISD-144 As per OISD-144 As per OISD-144 (Proposed) As per OISD-144 (Proposed)
DCP & CO2 fire extinguishers Hydrants & Monitors Gas Monitoring System ILSD
2.4 2.4.1
PROCESS DESCRIPTION LPG Receipt & Storage LPG is being received from IPP Halida, IOCLs Refinery at Barauni, Noonmati (Guwahati) and NRL Numaligarh through 18 MT capacity road tankers and stored in 02 nos. of Horton Spheres (2x660MT). The storage vessels are provided with a single liquid inlet/outlet line at bottom, one vapour inlet/outlet line connected with LPG vapour compressor at the top. 02 nos. of safety valves have been provided on the top of each storage vessel. All the storage vessels are provided with level gauges.
2.4.2
Unloading LPG in road tankers is unloaded in TLD shed comprising 08 nos. of unloading bays. The road tankers are connected to liquid and vapour lines from Horton Spheres by unloading arm provided with excess flow check valve and isolation valve. Road tankers are provided with Roto gauges. Flow indicators are provided in the liquid line leading to Horton Spheres. Vapour line is connected to the compressor through a four way valve. LPG is unloaded from the road tanker by differential pressure method. During LPG unloading, vapour from one storage bullet/Horton sphere is sucked at 7.0 Kg/cm2a (max) and is compressed in LPG compressor to 13.0 Kg/cm2 (max) pressure. The compressed LPG vapour is fed to bulk tanker to pressurize it and LPG (Liquid) is transferred from the road tanker to the Horton Sphere.
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After LPG unloading, the compressor suction is reversed by changing the four way valve position and LPG vapour is recovered from road tanker through the same compressor and discharged to Horton Sphere till the suction pressure of compressor falls from an initial value of 11.6 Kg/cm2 to 2 Kg/cm2. 2.4.3 LPG Pump House LPG Pumps LPG pumps will take suction from bottom of Horton Spheres and deliver liquid to carousal for filling in empty cylinders. LPG Vapour Compressors Four nos. of LPG vapour compressors have been provided. The compressor is used for unloading of LPG from road tankers by pressurization and thereafter for recovery of LPG vapour from the road tankers when unloading is complete. The compressor is equipped with a suction receiver (knock out drum) to trap any condensed liquid.
2.4.4
Air Compressor & Air Drying Unit Four nos. of non lubricated screw type Air compressor are provided for supply of compressed air for plant requirement as well as for preparation of instrument air at a press of 7 Kg/Cm2a Compressed air shall be generally required as plant air/service air and a part of the compressed air passes through air drying unit for generation of instrument air at 7 Kg/Cm2a and relative humidity at -15oC. Instrument air is required for LPG handling & filling system, operation of instruments including ROVs and thermal fuse bulbs etc. The air compressor and air drying unit are located at a sufficient distance from LPG handling facilities.
2.4.5
LPG Cylinder filling and associated facilities Empty cylinders from empty cylinder storage shed are drawn in the filling shed by chain conveyer. LPG is filled by means of rotary machines called "Carousel". The carousel consists of a turnable frame with running wheels and corresponding rail, a central column for gas and air and a hydraulic driving unit, which rotates the carousel frame. The speed of the driving unit is variable so that the rotation of the
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carousel can be adapted to various filling capacities. The two numbers of carousel frames are equipped with 24 filling guns. LPG filling machine mounted on the carousel works on gross weighing principle. The machine is preset for the net filling required in the cylinders. The cylinders are placed on the machine and the filling head is connected to the cylinder valve and LPG supply valve opens. The filling machine is adjusted for the respective tare weight of the cylinders. The filling gets automatically cut off when the total gross weight reaches. Checking of weight and Leak testing After filling, every cylinder is checked for its weight on a check weighing scale and the cylinders having less or more weight are segregated. The cylinders are checked for valve leakage by Automatic Valve Testing Station and then checking for body & bung leaks by totally submerging cylinders under water as per prevailing practice. After leak testing, the cylinders are sent to filled cylinder storage shed by means of chain conveyers for loading in the trucks. Air removal from cylinders and LPG vapour filling - Purging Unit This unit is required to fill LPG vapour in cylinders (new and repaired) after sucking the air from cylinders by vacuum pumps. This operation is highly essential to eliminate the possibility of forming explosive mixture with air. Vacuum is created upto 300 mm of Hg inside the cylinder and then LPG vapour is injected into the cylinder up to a pressure of 1.5 to 2 kg/cm2g before using them for filling. Evacuation of leaky cylinders LPG is taken out from leaky cylinders and defective valve is replaced in the repairing shed. This unit consists of one LPG vapour compressor, two evacuation vessels and cylinder stand to keep the leaky cylinders in inverted position. Transfer of LPG from leaky cylinders is done by differential pressure method. The liquid collected in a vessel is transferred to Horton Sphere by pressurization. Leaky cylinders are further evacuated and thereafter depressurized through cold flare unit before sending for cold repair.
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Storage of filled cylinders & transportation Filled cylinders after leak testing, weight testing and fixing safety caps are stacked in the filled cylinder shed near the delivery end as per rules laid down by OISD/Gas Cylinder Rules, 1981. Filled cylinders are delivered only to the authorized LPG distributors. Drivers of the trucks carrying LPG are having valid license and are having training in safety & fire fighting procedures.
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CHAPTER-3
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
3.0
3.1
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
INTRODUCTION
The baseline environmental studies help in assessing the existing environmental conditions of the study area and identifying the critical environmental attributes. This would facilitate the comparison of the resultant environmental conditions in the post project scenario with the present day conditions and would help in preserving the environment without any sensible, irreversible deterioration and safeguarding the interests of the area. An area of 5 Km radius from the proposed site was considered as the study area. This chapter comprises the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental components. The existing environmental setting is considered to judge the baseline conditions which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, ecology, socio-economic profile, land-use pattern, places of archaeological importance etc. This report presents the primary data generated during the period from 1st November, 2011 to 31st January, 2012 and the secondary data collected from various Government and semi-Government organisations. Secondary data, from various scientific studies conducted in the study area by various organizations, has also been collected, assimilate and interpreted.
3.2
GENERAL ENVIRONMENT
The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The bottling plant is spread over an area of 83 acres of land with licensed area of 25.56 acres, provided by the Government of Assam. Geographically, the plant is located at longitude 91042'24.05" East and latitude 26011'44.71" North at an altitude of about 52 m above mean sea level. The plant is surrounded by paddy fields in all directions except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati is located at a distance of about 1.5 km. Brahmaputra River, the only major surface water body, is located in southern direction at a distance of about 2.0 km. The study area comprises few industrial units, namely M/s Laxkhmi Narayan
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Food & Beverage Pvt. Ltd, M/s Silver Drop Rice Mills, M/s Brahmaputra Iron Ispath Pvt Ltd and M/s Top Cements etc. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH37 are at a distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south respectively from the plant.
3.3
LAND ENVIRONMENT
The baseline status of the land environment has been established with respect to the soil quality and land use pattern of the study area. The main objective of the study is to assess the impact of proposed Mounded Bullets of LPG on the existing land use pattern.
3.3.1
Land Use Pattern of proposed Site

The proposed Mounded Bullets shall be installed within the existing LPG Bottling Plant and hence, there will be practically no change in existing land use pattern of the area.
3.3.2
Land Use Pattern (5 km) As per Satellite Imagery

The land-use/land-cover map of the study area is usually generated through the digital image processing. The data with respect to land use / land cover of the study area has been presented in Table - 3.3.1. Table - 3.3.1 AREA STATISTICS OF LAND USE /LAND COVER AROUND 5 KM RADIUS OF IOCL BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI Area (in SL. Percent Land Use/Land Cover Categories Acres) No. 1 Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Kharif Crop 6746.97 34.76 2 Agricultural Land-Crop Land-Rabi Crop 697.90 3.6 3 Agricultural Land-Plantation-Agriculture Plnt. 2448.35 12.62 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen4 3685.41 18.98 Dense/Closed 5 Forest-Evergreen / Semi Evergreen-Open 1146.92 5.91 6 Forest-Scrub Forest 495.31 2.55 7 Tree Clad Area-Open 2929.78 15.1 8 Water bodies-River/Stream-Dry 160.12 0.83 9 Water bodies-River/Stream-Perennial 452.13 2.33 10 Wet lands-Inland Natural 644.71 3.32 Total 19407.61 100.00
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3.3.3
Land Use / Land cover

The land use / land cover classification standardized by the Department of Space, for mapping different agro-climatic zones has been presented in Table3.3.2. The present classification system has following four major classes: (1) (2) Built-Up Land: This comprises land covered by structures. Agricultural Land: This comprises areas primarily used for raising agricultural crops, vegetables and plant material of medicinal and commercial values. (3) Forest: Forest is defined as all land bearing vegetative association dominated by trees of any size, exploited or not, capable of producing wood or other forest products and exerting an influence on climatic or water regimes, or providing shelter for wildlife and live stock. (4) Wasteland: Land having potential for development of vegetation cover but not being used due to constraints which include salt affected land, eroded land and water logged area. (5) Water bodies: This comprises area persistently covered by water such as rivers/ streams/ reservoirs/ tanks, lakes/ ponds and canals. (6) Others: This class includes shifting cultivation, grass land / grazing land and snow covered / glacial land.
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Table - 3.3.2 LAND USE/ LANDCOVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

1. Built-up Land 1.1 2.1 2. Agricultural Land 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 Built-Up Land Crop Land I. II. III. Kharif Rabi Kharif + Rabi
3.
Forest
4.
Waste Land
5. 6.
Water Bodies Others
Fallow Land Plantation Evergreen / Semi-green Forest Deciduous Forest Degraded or Scrub Forest Forest Blank Forest Plantation Mangroves Salt Affected Land Waterlogged Land Marshy / Swampy Land Gullied / Ravinous Land Land without scrub Sandy Area (Coastal & Desertic) Barren Rocky/Stony waste/Sheet rock Area River Stream Lake / Reservoir/ Tank/ Canal Shifting Cultivation Grass Land/ Grazing Land Snow covered/ Glacial Land
The land use/ land cover classification as per satellite imagery indicates that the total area covered by agricultural land is about 9893.22 acres which is about 50.98% of total 5 km area, forest area is about 8257.42 acres equivalent to 42.54% of total area and the area covered by water bodies is about 612.25 acres which is equivalent to about 3.16% of total area. The LU/LC map obtained from North Eastern Space Applications Centre, Shillong has been presented in Plate3.1.
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Plate-3.1
LU/LC MAP
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3.3.4
Topography
The district is bisected from east to west by the Brahmaputra River. The northern portion runs in a strip of land from the north bank of the Brahmaputra, right to the Bhutan border. The district is generally a great plain comprising a few elevated tracts lying along the Bhutan hills in the north and the Khasi hills in the south. In the north of the district, the ground undulates considerably so much that the edge of the plain is not easily defined. In the south of the Brahmaputra, the plain is broken up by hills. All the hills are covered with grass, bamboos and forests among them Sal is the most dominant species. The study area falls under Brahmaputra valley. The Brahmaputra valley is an alluvial plain which is about 720 km long and about 80 km broad.
3.3.5
Geological Succession
Geologically, the area is covered by quaternary alluvial sediments consisting of clay, sand-stones and grits conglomerated with pieces of fossil wood and lignite. The numerous low hills of Dhubri, Goalpara, Guwahati and Tejpur are actually outlying portions of the Shillong metamorphic complex and composed of the most part of gneiss. The surrounding plains have been formed by the alluvial material brought down by the Brahmaputra and its tributaries. The flat ground is largely occupied by clayey alluvium. Guwahati city is located in an area, where the Shillong Plateau and the flood plains of the Brahmaputra confront each other. Land-forms within the city are therefore unique with dissected hills (originally part of the Shillong Plateau), plain areas and natural lakes (the Beels), swamps and the mighty river Brahmaputra. The hills on the southern boundary of the district and isolated hills on both banks of the Brahmaputra are composed of gneissic rocks of Archaean age. This group is represented by a complex of older and younger gneissic being intimately mixed up, banded, folded and later intruded by granites, apolites and quartz vein of comparatively younger age.
3.3.6
Drainage Pattern
The natural drainage system of Guwahati is towards Bharalu river, a tributary of the Brahmaputra and its inter-linkages to the Beels and to the Brahmaputra river.
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3.4
SOIL OF KAMRUP DISTRICT

Kamrup District falls in the Eastern Himalayan region. This region as a whole has high forest cover and practice of shifting cultivation. The variation in soil characteristics are mainly dependent on lithology, topography, latitude, climate and vegetation cover. Most of the properties related to soil morphology are inherited from the parent rock types and their mineralogical assemblage. The nature of the soil is clayey and sandy. It is mostly composed of sandy to silty loams and acidic in nature. On the river banks it is less acidic and sometimes neutral or slightly alkaline. The soil lacks in profile development and is deficient in phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium and humus. Soil structure of the district is mainly alluvial in nature.
3.4.1
Soil Characteristics in the Study Area In order to assess the physico-chemical characteristics of soil in the study area, three sampling locations were selected to represent various land use conditions in the study area. Out of three locations, one was selected within project site and two locations were selected from the villages located around the LPG Bottling Plant. A map showing soil sampling locations has been presented in Plate - 3.2 and a brief description of the same is presented in Table - 3.4.1.
Table - 3.4.1 DETAILS OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Location Code SS1 SS2 SS3 Sampling Location Proposed site- Bottling plant North Guwahati Abhoypur village- Agricultural land Madhupur village- Agricultural land With respect to proposed site Distance Direction 0.0 Km 0.5 Km 0.6 Km E NE
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Rationale behind Sampling The main aim of the soil characterisation is to assess the soil quality of the area in order to predict the pre & post project status of soil characteristics. This in turn, would help to select proper species of plants and trees for green belt and afforestation as an anti pollution measure. Keeping the above objective in view, three sampling locations were selected so as to represent the entire study area. Sampling & Analytical Methods The soil samples were collected by ramming a core-cutter into the soil up to a depth of 90 cm. At each location, soil samples were collected from three depths, viz. 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and 60-90 cm below the surface and mixed together. The mixed samples were analysed for their physico-chemical characteristics. From each location, samples were collected with a frequency of once per season during the study period. The samples were brought to the laboratory and air dried for a few days. The air-dried samples were then grounded in agate mortar with the help of a wooden hammer and passed through 2-mm (10 mesh) sieve. The coarser materials were rejected and the sieved material was sampled by the standard 'conning and quartering' method and the processed samples were analyzed for the different parameters according to the standard methods and procedures. For analysis of metals, atomic absorption spectroscope was used. The processed samples were analyzed for the following parameters according to the standard methods briefly described below: pH: The pH of the soil suspension (1:2, Soil : Water ratio) was determined with the help of glass calomel electrode pH Meter. Electrical Conductivity: The conductivity of the soil suspension (as above) was determined with the help of a Conductivity Meter and the results expressed in mille mho/cm. Phosphorous: Following methods were followed for extraction of available Phosphorous in soil, namely (a) Bray & Kurtzs (for acid soils) in which dilute acid fluoride solution was used, and (b) Olsens (for alkaline soils) in which sodium bicarbonate solution was used. After extraction, the Phosphorous concentration was determined colorimetrically by Chloro-stannous Reduced Molybdo22 of 186
Phosphoric Blue Colour method. Potassium: Potassium as K was extracted by neutral, normal ammonium acetate solution and determined by flame photometric method. Nitrogen: Nitrogen as N was determined following alkaline potassium permanganate distillation method. Organic Carbon: Organic carbon in soil was determined titrimetrically by the Chromic acid - wet oxidation method of Walkley & Black and the results expressed as percent of C in the soil. Grain Size: Grain size distribution was performed by sieving method and the results have been expressed as percent of sand, silt and clay in the soil. Bulk Density: 100 mm diameter undisturbed soil sample has been collected during boring operation in 45 mm long specially designed tube sampler attached with a cutting shoe at its lower end with desired ratio. After sampling, the ends of sample have been trimmed off. From the above obtained undisturbed sample, the volume and the weight was found. The ratio between the weight and volume gives bulk density. Water Holding Capacity of Soil: 10 grams of soil sample was weighed and put in a funnel already filled with filter papers. Funnel was kept on a conical flask. 50ml of water was poured on the sample. It was kept for one hour to complete the filtration. The amount of water filtered in conical flask was measured. The greater, the quantity of water collected, the lesser the water holding capacity or greater porosity of the soil sample.
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The results of characterization have been presented in Tables 3.4.3 to 3.4.5. The highlights of the observations are as follows: Soil texture Percentage of sand content Percentage of silt content Percentage of clay content pH of the soil Bulk density of the soil Infiltration rate Electrical conductivity Organic carbon Nitrogen as N Phosphorous as P2O5 Potash as K2O : Sandy Clay : 50 to 56% : 06 to 14% : 36 to 40% : 6.5 and 6.8 : 1.31 to 1.42 g/cm3 : 2.74 to 4.40 cm/hr : 0.24 to 0.32 milli mho/cm : 0.50 to 0.81% : 117.2 and 131.9 Kg/ha : 6.66 & 8.98 Kg/ha : 39.25 & 42.12 Kg/ha
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TABLE - 3.4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL Period: November, 2011 to January, 2012 Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Parameters Soil Texture Grain Size,% a) Sand b) Silt content c) Clay content Porosity, % Bulk Density, g/cm3 pH
Elect. Conductivity (m-mhos/cm at 20OC) Location: LPG Bottling Plant, North-Guwahati
Observed Value SS1 (0-30cm) (30-60cm) (60-90cm) Sandy Clay Sandy Clay Sandy Clay 52 10 38 36.2 1.31 6.5 0.25 36 Non plastic Non plastic 3.22 6.8 0.81 25.69 0.78 0.39 48.40 131.9 8.98 39.25 50 14 36 35.4 1.32 6.6 0.26 38 Non plastic Non plastic 2.93 6.7 0.80 26.12 0.65 0.40 47.52 130.7 8.45 39.89 50 12 38 35.1 1.32 6.5 0.26 38 Non plastic Non plastic 2.74 6.7 0.80 26.78 0.59 0.40 48.40 130.6 8.11 40.23
Water holding capacity % Liquid Limit (%) Plastic Limit (%) Infiltration Rate (cm/hr.) Field Capacity (%) Wilting Co-efficient (%) Available Magnesium, as MgO Kg/ha Organic Carbon % Sodium Adsorption Ratio Cation Exchange Capacity, Cmol(+)/kg Nitrogen as N, kg/ha Phosphorous as P2O5, kg/ha Potash as K2O, kg/ha
Soil Fertility Quality Standard w.r.t C:N:P:K Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 PARAMETERS Organic Carbon % Nitrogen as N, kg/ha Phosphorus as P2O5, kg/ha Potash as K2O, kg/ha Poor <0.5 <280 <23 <133 QUALITY STATUS Medium 0.5 to 0.75 280 to 560 23 to 57 133 to 337 Fertile >0.75 >560 >57 >337
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TABLE - 3.4.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL Period: November, 2011 to January, 2012 Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Parameters Soil Texture Grain Size,% a) Sand b) Silt content c) Clay content Porosity, % Bulk Density, g/cm3 pH
Elect. Conductivity(m-mhos/cm at 20OC)
Location: Abhoypur Village - Agricultural land Observed Value SS2 (30-60cm) (60-90cm) Sandy Clay Sandy Clay 56 6 38 32.7 1.39 6.8 0.24 34 Non plastic Non plastic 4.18 6.2 0.74 30.12 0.71 0.42 49.32 126.1 7.12 41.96 56 8 36 32.2 1.40 6.8 0.25 34 Non plastic Non plastic 4.40 6.1 0.73 30.68 0.63 0.41 46.82 125.8 7.01 42.12
(0-30cm) Sandy Clay 54 10 36 32.7 1.39 6.7 0.24 36 Non plastic Non plastic 3.86 6.2 0.74 29.32 0.81 0.41 46.81 126.5 7.86 41.36
Water holding capacity % Liquid Limit (%) Plastic Limit (%) Infiltration Rate (cm/hr.) Field Capacity (%) Wilting Co-efficient (%) Available Magnesium, as MgO Kg/ha Organic Carbon % Sodium Adsorption Ratio Cation Exchange Capacity, Cmol(+)kg Nitrogen as N, kg/ha Phosphorous as P2O5, kg/ha Potash as K2O, kg/ha
Soil Fertility Quality Standard w.r.t C:N:P:K Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 PARAMETERS Organic Carbon % Nitrogen as N, kg/ha Phosphorus as P2O5, kg/ha Potash as K2O, kg/ha QUALITY STATUS Medium 0.5 to 0.75 280 to 560 23 to 57 133 to 337
Poor <0.5 <280 <23 <133
Fertile >0.75 >560 >57 >337
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TABLE 3.4.4 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL Period: November, 2011 to January, 2012 Location: Madhupur Village- Agricultural Land Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Parameters Soil Texture Grain Size,% a) Sand b) Silt content c) Clay content Porosity, % Bulk Density, g/cm3 pH
Elect. Conductivity(m-mhos/cm at 20OC)
(0-30cm) Sandy Clay 52 12 36 31.4 1.42 6.7 0.31 32 Non plastic Non plastic 3.68 6.0 0.71 31.56 0.69 0.52 46.80 118.6 7.10 40.32
Observed Value SS3 (30-60cm) (60-90cm) Sandy Clay Sandy Clay 52 10 38 31.9 1.41 6.8 0.32 34 Non plastic Non plastic 3.42 6.1 0.72 32.33 0.56 0.48 49.40 117.8 6.89 40.95 54 6 40 31.4 1.42 6.7 0.32 32 Non plastic Non plastic 3.98 6.0 0.71 32.98 0.50 0.50 50.11 117.2 6.66 41.65
Water holding capacity % Liquid Limit (%) Plastic Limit (%) Infiltration Rate (cm/hr) Field Capacity (%) Wilting Co-efficient (%) Available Magnesium, as MgO Kg/ha Organic Carbon % Sodium Adsorption Ratio Cation Exchange Capacity, Cmol(+)kg Nitrogen as N, kg/ha Phosphorous as P2O5, kg/ha Potash as K2O, kg/ha
Soil Fertility Quality Standard w.r.t C:N:P:K Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 PARAMETERS Organic Carbon % Nitrogen as N, kg/ha Phosphorus as P2O5, kg/ha Potash as K2O, kg/ha QUALITY STATUS Medium 0.5 to 0.75 280 to 560 23 to 57 133 to 337
Poor <0.5 <280 <23 <133
Fertile >0.75 >560 >57 >337
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SOIL TEXTURE DIAGRAM
100% clay ( 2 microns )

90 80 70 60 Clay
40 30 20 10
cla y
nt rce Pe
Pe rce nt
50 Sandy Clay Clay loam
Silty Clay Silty Clay loam
50
40
60
t sli
30 20 10
Loam Sandy loam Silt loam Slit

90
Loamy sand Sand
80
Sandy clay loam
70
100 % sand
100%
Slit
30
50
70
60
80
40
90
10
20
Percent Sand
PLATE - 3.3
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3.5
3.5.1
CLIMATE & METEOROLOGY

Climate The climate of the state is characterized by a warm and humid feeling. As the tropic of cancer runs through the state, the climate is temperate but pleasant. The monsoon brings heavy rains to the area of study. The study area has four well-defined seasons viz. summer, monsoon, winter and spring. Normally, the climate of Guwahati is mildly sub-tropical with warm, dry summers from April to late May, a strong monsoon from June to September and cool, dry winters from late October to March. December, January and February are the coldest and June, July, August and September are the hottest. Extreme high level of humidity is observed in summers leading to discomfort. Climatological normal data of Guwahati (Borjhar) IMD observatory are available for comparatively longer period of time. Climatological normal data for this observatory have been presented through Tables - 3.5.1 to 3.5.6 to represent the area.
3.5.2
Rainfall and Humidity Climatological Normal Data on rainfall, humidity and cloudiness for Guwahati (Borjhar) Meteorological Station for the period 1951-1980 are presented in Table - 3.5.1. The annual average rainfall is 1717.7 mm received during south-west monsoon period from June to September. Maximum rainfall in a single day is reported to be 194.3 mm on 5th June, 1956. Kamrup district experienced annual rainfall ranged between 1500 mm to 2600 mm. Relative Humidity is high throughout the year. The daily average relative humidity values are in the range of 73 to 80%.The seasonal average humidity value is found to be 76.5%.
3.5.3
Temperature Climatological normal data on monthly mean values of daily maximum and minimum temperatures, highest and lowest values in the different months, and extremes of temperature for the period 1951-1980 for Guwahati (Borjhar) Meteorological Station have been presented in Table - 3.5.2. Ambient temperature varies from the minimum of 9.80C to 32.10C. Amongst the extremes of temperatures recorded during the 30 years period, the highest temperature of
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40.30C was recorded on 1st May, 1960 and the lowest temperature of 3.00C was recorded on 30th January, 1964. 3.5.4 Wind Flow Pattern Climatological normal data on wind flow pattern for Guwahati (Borjhar) Observatory have been presented in Table - 3.5.3. The winds are generally moderate and blow from North-East. Between January and March the winds continue to be moderate. The maximum number of calm periods observed is in the month of December and January. Percentage frequency distribution of dominant wind during the study period has been presented in Tables-3.5.8 to 3.5.11. 3.5.5 Special Weather Phenomenon Climatological normal data on special weather phenomenon at Guwahati (Borjhar) Observatory have been presented in Table - 3.5.4. It is very interesting to note that the annual mean data for thunder, Hail, Dust storm, Squall and Fog is 101.2 days, 1.2 days, 0.9 days, 7.3 days and 42.0 days respectively.
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Table - 3.5.1 CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMAL DATA - RAINFALL & HUMIDITY

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual Total / Mean I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II Rainfall Monthly No. of Total, mm rainy days 11.4 12.8 57.7 142.3 248.0 350.1 353.6 269.9 166.2 79.2 19.4 5.1 1717.7 1.2 1.3 4.6 9.0 14.3 16.1 16.8 13.9 10.3 5.3 1.5 0.4 94.7 Relative Humidity, % 86 72 73 55 65 48 71 58 79 71 84 79 85 80 84 81 83 82 83 82 84 82 87 80 80 73 Cloud Amount (Octas of Sky) All Clouds 2.2 2.8 1.9 2.8 2.4 3.2 3.7 3.9 5.6 4.5 6.6 6.2 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.2 5.9 5.9 4.5 4.2 3.3 3.0 2.5 2.7 4.4 4.3 Low Clouds 1.0 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.4 2.0 2.1 3.3 2.6 4.0 3.4 4.3 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.4 2.1 1.5 1.3 0.9 2.5 2.3
Source: Climatological Normal Table for Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication).
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Table - 3.5.2 CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMAL DATA TEMPERATURE Air Temperature, Mean, 0C Month Dry Bulb Wet Bulb Daily Max Daily Min Highest in Month Lowest in Month 6.8 7.6 11.2 15.9 19.1 22.2 23.7 23.5 22.6 18.2 12.6 8.5 6.5 Extremes, 0 C High 28.4 32.4 38.6 39.5 40.3 38.5 36.7 36.3 35.9 34.5 32.5 30.9 40.3 Low 3.0 5.3 8.5 10.3 16.4 20.6 21.6 22.3 21.2 13.8 10.0 4.9 3.0
I 15.4 14.0 23.6 9.8 26.0 II 18.7 15.8 I 18.0 15.2 February 26.4 11.5 30.4 II 22.5 16.9 I 22.4 18.1 30.2 15.5 35.2 March II 26.8 19.3 I 25.4 21.5 April` 31.5 20.0 36.3 II 28.6 22.4 I 26.5 23.8 May 31.0 22.5 35.5 II 28.9 24.7 I 27.8 25.7 June 31.4 24.7 34.9 II 29.0 26.2 I 28.4 26.3 July 31.8 25.5 34.7 II 29.4 26.7 I 28.6 26.4 August 32.1 25.5 34.8 II 29.2 26.6 I 28.2 25.9 31.7 24.6 34.5 September II 28.3 25.9 I 26.0 23.8 October 30.1 21.8 32.9 II 26.6 24.3 I 21.5 19.7 November 27.4 16.4 29.9 II 22.6 20.5 I 17.1 15.7 December 24.6 11.5 27.0 II 19.1 17.1 Annual Total / I 23.8 21.3 29.3 19.1 37.0 Mean II 25.8 22.2 Source: IMD Observatory at Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication). January * Highest Temperature 40.30C on 1st May 1960. ** Lowest Temperature 3.00C on 30th January 1964.
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Table 3.5.3 METEOROLOGICAL NORMAL DATA - WIND FLOW PATTERN

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual Total/ Mean I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II I II N 3 3 6 6 7 10 11 11 13 10 11 10 11 6 8 5 8 5 7 4 7 2 3 2 8 6 Percentage no. of days of wind blowing from* NE E SE S SW W NW Calm 14 5 2 3 2 1 1 69 9 3 1 5 4 3 2 70 18 9 2 7 3 2 1 52 13 4 1 4 3 10 8 51 31 15 2 4 3 4 2 32 18 4 1 4 6 15 10 32 41 16 1 3 4 4 3 17 30 10 2 3 8 9 8 19 35 14 3 4 4 4 4 19 32 10 2 4 4 7 9 22 29 10 1 5 4 6 6 28 18 6 3 8 10 11 8 26 27 9 1 4 5 8 8 27 12 5 3 11 14 15 11 23 25 12 2 5 5 7 4 32 13 4 5 11 16 13 6 27 26 11 2 6 4 6 5 33 10 6 4 8 11 11 4 40 30 14 2 3 4 3 2 35 11 5 2 4 4 5 3 62 27 11 1 2 0 1 1 50 10 5 1 3 1 0 0 78 16 6 1 2 1 0 0 71 8 4 1 3 2 1 0 79 27 11 2 4 3 4 3 38 15 6 2 6 7 8 6 44 Mean Wind Speed Km/hr 2.5 3.7 5.1 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 3.7 3.4 2.9 2.3 4.1
Source: IMD Observatory at Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication).
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Table - 3.5.4
CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMAL DATA SPECIAL WEATHER PHENOMENA Month January February March April May June July August September October November December No. of days with DustSquall Storm 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 2.7 2.5 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0
Thunder 0.7 2.1 5.8 13.8 16.5 14.4 12.7 16.1 13.3 4.5 1.0 0.3
Hail 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Fog 11.1 1.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.0 9.4 16.5 42.0
Annual Total/ 101.2 1.2 0.9 7.3 Mean Source: IMD Observatory at Guwahati (Borjhar) (IMD Publication).
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Table 3.5.5
PERCENTAGE FREQUENCIES OF GROUND BASED INVERSIONS WITH VARIOUS TOP HEIGHTS (GUWAHATI) Time: 00.00 GMT Range, m 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1000 1001-1250 1251-1500 Above 1500 Jan 0 6 11 24 10 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Feb 1 2 8 23 11 15 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 1 3 5 14 7 5 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 Apr 4 1 3 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 1 0 1 3 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 June 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 July 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 1 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sept 2 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oct 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nov 0 8 1 12 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dec 1 4 10 29 15 8 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Time: 12.00 GMT Range, m 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1000 1001-1250 1251-1500 Above 1500 Jan 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 June 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 July 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sept 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oct 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dec 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Table 3.5.6 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCIES OF ELEVATED INVERSIONS WITH VARIOUS BASE HEIGHTS (GUWAHATI) Time: 00.00 GMT Range, m 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1000 1001-1250 1251-1500 Above 1500 Jan 3 23 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 13 12 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 31 9 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Apr 18 3 1 1 3 3 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 May 8 0 1 0 3 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 June 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 July 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sept 3 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 Oct 9 7 1 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 Nov 5 27 1 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Dec 2 17
0
0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Time : 12.00 GMT Range, m 0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 601-700 701-800 801-900 901-1000 1001-1250 1251-1500 Above 1500 Jan 0 5 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Feb 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 3 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Apr 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 May 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 June 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 July 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Aug 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sept 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 Oct 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Nov 3 5 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 Dec 1 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
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3.5.6
MICROMETEOROLOGY The micrometeorological data generated during the study period are very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information and provides an input for prediction models for air pollutant dispersion. The transport and diffusion of the pollutants in the atmosphere are governed by meteorological factors. Factors like wind velocity, wind direction and atmospheric stability are known as primary/basic meteorological parameters since the dispersion and diffusion of pollutants depend mainly on these factors. Factors like ambient temperature, humidity, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, etc. are known as secondary meteorological parameters as these factors control the dispersion of the pollutants indirectly by affecting the primary factors. Thus, to assess the air pollution impact it becomes imperative to collect the above mentioned micrometeorological parameters in the study area.
3.5.7
On Site Meteorological conditions Wind speed and direction at the project site was monitored with a mechanical wind monitor. Monitoring was carried out during the month of November 2011 to January 2012. The wind rose for the study period has been shown in Plate - 3.4 to 3.7. The predominant wind direction was North-East, followed by North. The wind speed in the range of <1-12.5 km/hr was blowing for most of the time during the study period.
3.5.8
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Generally, moderate to high winds prevailed throughout the season. Winds were light particularly during the morning hours. During the afternoon hours the winds were stronger. Wind speed readings were ranging from <1 km/hr to 12.5 km/hr The analysis of wind pattern during the season showed that the wind was predominant blowing from North-East with frequency of 13.06% followed by North with frequency of 6.45 %. The calm conditions prevailed 39.20%. The wind speeds of 1-5 km/hr, 5-11 km/hr and above 11 km/hr were recorded for 36.69%, 20.53% and 3.58% of the total time respectively. During the month of November, 2011, calm conditions prevailed about 35.60%. The dominant wind direction was North-East with frequency of 13.11%. The wind
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speeds ranging from 1-5 km/hr, 5-11 km/hr and 11-19 km/hr were recorded as 38.18%, 21.62% and 4.60% of the total occupancy respectively. During the month of December, 2011, calm conditions prevailed about 43.50%. The dominant wind direction was North-East with frequency of 12.29%.The wind speeds ranging from 1-5 km/hr, 5-11 km/hr and 11-19 km/hr were recorded as 34.62%, 19.11% and 2.77% of the total occupancy respectively. During the month of January 2012, calm conditions prevailed about 38.50%. The dominant wind direction was North-East with frequency of 14.04%.The wind speeds ranging from 1-5 km/hr, 5-11 km/hr and 11-19 km/hr were recorded as 37.25%, 21.11% and 3.14% of the total occupancy respectively. The ambient temperature, relative humidity and rainfall recorded during the study period have been summarized in Table-3.5.12 to 3.5.14. TABLE-3.5.7 SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL DATA Relative Humidity Temperature (0C) Total Rainfall, Month (%) (mm) Min. Max. Min. Max. November, 2011 14.0 29.3 26.0 95.0 1.60 December, 2011 10.2 28.6 37.0 93.0 1.70 January, 2012 8.2 25.2 24.0 91.0 11.20 The minimum temperature during the study period was recorded as 8.20C and the maximum ambient temperature was recorded as 29.30C. The minimum value of relative humidity was recorded as 24% whereas the maximum value has been recorded as 95%. The maximum rainfall recorded during the study period was 11.20 mm in the month of January, 2012.
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Table 3.5.8 SEASONAL WIND ROSE PATTERN Period: November, 2011- January, 2012 Direction N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Calm TOTAL Frequency (%) of Wind in Speed ranges, Km/Hr 1.0-5.0 5.0-11.0 11.0 Total 4.11 2.34 0.00 6.45 1.55 0.91 0.03 2.49 6.67 4.49 1.90 13.06 1.77 0.59 0.00 2.36 3.57 1.89 0.37 5.83 0.47 0.15 0.00 0.62 1.25 0.78 0.00 2.03 0.92 0.42 0.00 1.34 3.42 1.62 0.37 5.41 2.06 0.94 0.00 3.00 1.27 0.74 0.00 2.01 1.67 0.74 0.14 2.55 3.45 1.88 0.29 5.62 1.28 0.76 0.00 2.04 1.96 1.06 0.25 3.27 1.27 1.22 0.23 2.72 39.20 39.20 39.20 36.69 20.53 3.58 100.00 1.0
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Table - 3.5.9 MONTHLY WIND ROSE PATTERN Period: November- 2011 Direction N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Calm TOTAL Frequency (%) of Wind in Speed ranges, Km/Hr 1.0-5.0 5.0-11.0 11.0 Total 4.36 2.35 0.00 6.71 1.84 0.56 0.00 2.40 6.35 4.41 2.35 13.11 2.35 1.21 0.00 3.56 4.56 2.35 0.56 7.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.23 0.56 0.00 1.79 1.25 0.51 0.00 1.76 3.52 1.33 0.66 5.51 2.32 1.14 0.00 3.46 1.23 1.11 0.00 2.34 1.52 0.56 0.00 2.08 3.56 1.56 0.52 5.64 1.32 1.21 0.00 2.53 1.52 1.26 0.51 3.29 1.25 1.50 0.00 2.75 35.60 35.60 35.60 38.18 21.62 4.60 100.00 1.0
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Table 3.5.10 MONTHLY WIND ROSE PATTERN Period: December- 2011 Direction N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Calm TOTAL Frequency (%) of Wind in Speed ranges, Km/Hr 1.0-5.0 5.0-11.0 11.0 Total 3.65 2.56 0.00 6.21 1.25 0.96 0.10 2.31 6.52 4.56 1.21 12.29 1.54 0.56 0.00 2.10 2.62 1.20 0.56 4.38 1.42 0.46 0.00 1.88 1.12 1.23 0.00 2.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.52 2.12 0.45 6.09 2.45 0.56 0.00 3.01 1.32 0.52 0.00 1.84 1.14 0.42 0.00 1.56 3.52 1.52 0.00 5.04 1.11 0.56 0.00 1.67 2.23 0.56 0.00 2.79 1.21 1.32 0.45 2.98 43.50 43.50 43.50 34.62 19.11 2.77 100.00 1.0
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Table 3.5.11 MONTHLY WIND ROSE PATTERN Period: January- 2012 Direction N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW Calm TOTAL Frequency (%) of Wind in Speed ranges, Km/Hr 1.0-5.0 5.0-11.0 11.0 Total 4.32 2.12 0.00 6.44 1.56 1.21 0.00 2.77 7.14 4.76 2.14 14.04 1.41 0.00 0.00 1.41 3.52 2.11 0.00 5.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.41 0.54 0.00 1.95 1.52 0.74 0.00 2.26 3.21 1.41 0.00 4.62 1.42 1.12 0.00 2.54 1.25 0.58 0.00 1.83 2.35 1.23 0.41 3.99 3.26 2.57 0.35 6.18 1.41 0.52 0.00 1.93 2.13 1.35 0.24 3.72 1.34 0.85 0.00 2.19 38.50 38.50 38.50 37.25 21.11 3.14 100.00 1.0
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TABLE 3.5.12 MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA Period: November, 2011

Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Date 01-11-2011 02-11-2011 03-11-2011 04-11-2011 05-11-2011 06-11-2011 07-11-2011 08-11-2011 09-11-2011 10-11-2011 11-11-2011 12-11-2011 13-11-2011 14-11-2011 15-11-2011 16-11-2011 17-11-2011 18-11-2011 19-11-2011 20-11-2011 21-11-2011 22-11-2011 23-11-2011 24-11-2011 25-11-2011 26-11-2011 27-11-2011 28-11-2011 29-11-2011 30-11-2011 Temperature, 0C Minimum Maximum 19.2 17.3 18.5 19.6 18.6 17.4 16.2 16.2 17.3 16.3 15.2 17.5 16.3 17.0 16.0 17.2 17.1 16.1 14.3 15.5 15.5 14.1 15.3 15.7 15.0 14.0 16.3 16.1 16.3 17.1 26.0 26.0 29.2 29.2 29.1 27.5 28.6 29.0 29.0 28.3 29.0 22.9 22.8 26.1 26.1 24.5 22.4 25.0 25.3 27.0 28.0 28.2 27.1 29.3 28.3 25.1 28.4 28.4 27.5 27.1 Relative Humidity, % Minimum Maximum 26.0 30.0 43.0 59.0 45.0 53.0 44.0 38.0 43.0 54.0 31.0 76.0 77.0 64.0 54.0 70.0 71.0 62.0 60.0 58.0 45.0 42.0 51.0 42.0 41.0 64.0 42.0 48.0 49.0 48.0 95.0 94.0 93.0 92.0 90.0 89.0 87.0 88.0 80.0 94.0 95.0 95.0 95.0 94.0 94.0 92.0 92.0 88.0 92.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 93.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 92.0 90.0 90.0 90.0 Rainfall, mm 0.6 1.0 -
SUMMARY
Values Minimum Maximum Temperature ( C) 14.0 29.3
0
Relative Humidity (%) 26.0 95.0
Total Rainfall (mm) 1.60
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TABLE - 3.5.13 MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA Period: December, 2011

Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Date 01-12-2011 02-12-2011 03-12-2011 04-12-2011 05-12-2011 06-12-2011 07-12-2011 08-12-2011 09-12-2011 10-12-2011 11-12-2011 12-12-2011 13-12-2011 14-12-2011 15-12-2011 16-12-2011 17-12-2011 18-12-2011 19-12-2011 20-12-2011 21-12-2011 22-12-2011 23-12-2011 24-12-2011 25-12-2011 26-12-2011 27-12-2011 28-12-2011 29-12-2011 30-12-2011 31-12-2011 Temperature, 0C Minimum Maximum 15.3 28.0 14.6 28.6 15.5 28.1 17.6 26.4 17.2 27.5 16.3 27.2 15.6 27.7 16.2 27.2 16.1 28.5 16.1 24.6 14.5 24.4 14.0 23.8 11.0 24.1 12.0 24.1 13.3 22.0 12.2 22.0 14.1 23.6 14.5 24.0 12.1 24.3 13.6 24.0 11.4 22.2 11.5 18.2 11.0 17.1 11.0 15.5 11.3 24.6 10.2 23.1 11.0 25.2 14.1 28.2 12.2 27.3 11.0 27.4 11.3 26.1 Relative Humidity, % Minimum Maximum 39.0 93.0 51.0 90.0 51.0 93.0 74.0 91.0 44.0 89.0 48.0 93.0 44.0 93.0 60.0 93.0 44.0 93.0 62.0 91.0 60.0 90.0 76.0 93.0 45.0 93.0 53.0 93.0 59.0 93.0 72.0 93.0 59.0 93.0 43.0 93.0 44.0 93.0 51.0 93.0 61.0 93.0 87.0 93.0 86.0 93.0 88.0 93.0 46.0 93.0 55.0 93.0 41.0 93.0 44.0 93.0 37.0 93.0 39.0 89.0 43.0 93.0 Rainfall, mm 1.0 0.3 0.4 -
SUMMARY
Values Minimum Maximum Temperature ( C) 10.2 28.6
0
Relative Humidity (%) 37.0 93.0
Total Rainfall (mm) 1.70
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TABLE - 3.5.14 MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA Period: January, 2012

Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Date 01-01-2012 02-01-2012 03-01-2012 04-01-2012 05-01-2012 06-01-2012 07-01-2012 08-01-2012 09-01-2012 10-01-2012 11-01-2012 12-01-2012 13-01-2012 14-01-2012 15-01-2012 16-01-2012 17-01-2012 18-01-2012 19-01-2012 20-01-2012 21-01-2012 22-01-2012 23-01-2012 24-01-2012 25-01-2012 26-01-2012 27-01-2012 28-01-2012 29-01-2012 30-01-2012 31-01-2012 Temperature, 0C Minimum Maximum 12.0 22.3 14.2 17.0 15.0 21.0 14.1 21.3 13.2 23.0 12.0 21.6 11.3 21.3 11.5 24.3 13.1 18.4 12.2 23.5 11.2 23.6 11.0 22.8 14.0 18.1 12.3 21.6 8.6 21.5 8.2 20.8 12.5 20.8 13.0 21.3 12.2 16.6 12.1 20.2 12.4 18.5 11.4 19.3 10.2 22.6 12.1 22.3 11.3 22.0 11.0 22.0 11.0 25.3. 12.3 24.1 11.2 23.3 9.1 25.2 10.1 25.1 Relative Humidity, % Minimum Maximum 61.0 91.0 87.0 91.0 57.0 88.0 59.0 88.0 59.0 86.0 63.0 87.0 50.0 89.0 43.0 87.0 86.0 86.0 53.0 91.0 61.0 91.0 59.0 88.0 74.0 87.0 55.0 88.0 40.0 87.0 52.0 88.0 52.0 86.0 53.0 86.0 89.0 87.0 65.0 91.0 90.0 91.0 79.0 91.0 49.0 86.0 47.0 86.0 46.0 87.0 55.0 86.0 30.0 89.0 43.0 88.0 40.0 86.0 37.0 87.0 24.0 85.0 Rainfall, mm 0.3 2.0 0.2 0.5 1.2 7.0 -
SUMMARY
Values Minimum Maximum Temperature (0C) 8.2 25.2 Relative Humidity (%) 24.0 91.0 Total Rainfall (mm) 11.20
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3.6
AIR ENVIRONMENT
The LPG bottling plant of IOCL is at College Nagar near Abhoypur village, under Sila Sundari Ghopa Tehsil of Kamrup district in the State of Assam. The plant is at a distance of about 25 km from Dispur, the state capital of Assam. Amingaon, the nearest human settlements, is in south-eastern direction at a distance of about 2.5 km from bottling plant. The plant is surrounded by paddy fields in all directions except south direction where the boundary of IIT, Guwahati is located at a distance of about 1.5 km. The National Highways, NH-31 & NH-37 are at a distance of about 3 km on the west and 5 km on the south respectively from the plant.
3.6.1
Methodology adopted for the Study

The baseline status with respect to ambient air quality has been established through a scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network based on the following considerations: Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale; Topography of the study area; Representatives of background air quality; and Representatives of likely impact areas.
Air Quality monitoring was conducted at four sampling locations during the study period from November, 2011 to January, 2012.
3.6.2
Sampling Period & Parameters

The following air pollutants were monitored on 24-hourly basis for consecutive two days in a week for a period of twelve weeks: Particulate matter(PM10) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) Hydrocarbons (Methane & Non-Methane HC) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
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3.6.3
Sampling & Analytical Procedure

A brief description of the sampling and analytical procedures followed during the ambient air quality monitoring is as follows: PM10: The sampling of ambient air for evaluating PM10 levels were performed with a RDS Sampler fitted with a cyclone separator for separation of particles larger than 10 microns diameter. Air exiting the separator is drawn at a measured rate through pre-weighed glass fiber filter sheets of 20 cm x 25 cm sizes. The PM10 concentrations were computed from the average air flow rate, sampling period and the mass of particulate matter collected over the filter surface. SO2: The sampling of ambient air for evaluating the gaseous pollutants were performed with a Multigas Sampler, using the vacuum created by the RDS Sampler for drawing the air samples through the impingers. For SO2, air was drawn at a measured and controlled rate of 400 to 500 ml/min through a solution of potassium tetrachloromercurate. After completion of the sampling, the used absorbing reagent was treated with dilute solutions of sulfamic acid, formaldehyde and para-rosaniline hydrochloride. The absorbance of the intensely coloured para-rosaniline methyl sulphonic acid was measured at 560 nm wavelength of light on spectrophotometer and the amount of SO2 in the sample was computed. The ambient SO2 concentrations were computed from the total SO2 absorbed in the impingers, overall efficiency of the impinger and the volume of air sampled. NOx: Air was drawn at a measured and controlled rate of about 200 ml/minute through an orifice-tipped impinger containing solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium arsenite. After completion of the sampling, suitable aliquot of the used absorbing solution was treated with solutions of H2O2, sulphanilamide and NEDA. The nitrite ion present in the impinger was calculated by measuring the absorbance of the resulting solution at 540 nm wavelength of light on spectrophotometer. The ambient NOx concentrations were computed from the total nitrite ion present in the impingers, overall efficiency of the impinger and the volume of air sampled.
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HC: Hydrocarbon concentration was measured by Gas Chromatograph fitted with a FID detector after grab sampling. VOC: VOC concentration was measured by Gas Chromatography technique.
3.6.4
Brief description of the sampling locations

An RDS was installed at a height of minimum 3 m from ground level to evaluate the concentration of pollutants. The location of air sampling stations has been presented in Plate - 3.8. A brief description of the sampling locations is presented hereunder: Admn. Building, LPG BOTTLING PLANT (SA-1) This sampling station is located inside the Bottling Plant and is selected to assess the concentration of pollutants in the immediate vicinity of the proposed site. Madhupur Village (SA-2) This sampling station has been selected to assess the concentration of pollutants in upwind direction and is located at a distance of about 0.5 Km towards NorthEastern direction of the LPG Bottling Plant. The RDS was installed on the roof of a private house. This location is selected to assess the background concentration of pollutants in rural and residential area. Amingaon Village (SA-3) This sampling station is located at a distance of about 2.1 Km in South - Western direction of the LPG Bottling Plant. This station lies in downwind direction with respect to the Bottling Plant. The sampling was performed by installing an RDS on the portico of a private house. Ghoramara Village (SA-4) This sampling station is located at a distance of about 0.6 Km towards South direction of the proposed site. The sampling was performed by installing an RDS on the portico of a private house.
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TABLE - 3.6.1 DETAILS OF MONITORING STATIONS

Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. 04. Location Name Location code Direction (from Plant) Distance (Km)
Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village
SA - 1 SA - 2 SA - 3 SA - 4
NE SW S
0.5 2.1 0.6
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3.6.5
Methodology for measurement

The Methodology used for measurement of pollutants may be summarized as under: TABLE - 3.6.2 MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Parameters PM10 SO2 NOx Hydrocarbon Code of Practice IS: 5182 (Part-IV) IS: 5182 (Part-V) IS: 5182 (Part-V) IS: 5182 (Part-XI) Sampler RDS Sampler with Cyclone Separator RDS Sampler RDS Sampler Bladder & Aspirator Instruments used for Analysis Balance, Desiccator Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometer Gas Chromatograph
3.6.6
Air Quality Standards

The Ambient Air Quality Standards notified by the Central Pollution Control Board [the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II - Section 3 sub-section (ii) dated May 20, 1994], in exercise of its powers conferred under section 16(2)(b) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (4 of 1981) & subsequent amendment Rules, 2009 have been presented in Table -3.6.8.
3.6.7
Observation
The summary of the observations made during the monitoring has been presented through Table 3.6.3 to 3.6.7 wherein minimum, maximum, 24 hourly average and 98th percentile values of PM10, SO2, NOx, Hydrocarbon and VOC concentration have been computed. The detailed observation made for ambient air quality during the study period has been presented in Table 3.6.9 to Table 3.6.12.
PM10 Salient features of the observations made with respect to PM10 during the study period are summarized in Table - 3.6.3 as under:
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TABLE - 3.6.3 SUMMARY OF PM10 CONCENTRATIONS (g/m3)

Sampling Location Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village Min. Max. Average 98th Percentile Permissible Limits (24-Hrs Average) as per NAAQS Industrial, Res. 100 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 100 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 100 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 100 & Rural Area
30 24 27 25
44 36 41 37
36.8 31.0 34.6 30.8
43.5 35.5 41.0 36.5
The concentrations of PM10 in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations were observed in the range of 24 to 44 g/m3. The data analysis of the observation reveals that the average values ranged between 30.8 to 36.8g/m3. The minimum value of 24g/m3 have been observed at Madhupur Village (SA-2), whereas the maximum value of 44g/m3 was observed at Admn. Building, Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between 35.5 to 43.5g/m3. The concentration of PM10 was observed well below the NAAQS. Sulphur Dioxide Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been presented in Table - 3.6.4 as under. TABLE - 3.6.4 SUMMARY OF SO2 CONCENTRATIONS (g/m3)
Sampling Location Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village Min. 10.1 7.5 8.0 8.4 Max. 17.5 11.6 13.6 12.1 Average 13.8 9.3 10.5 10.2 98th Percentile 17.5 11.5 13.4 12.1 Permissible Limits (24-Hrs Average) as per NAAQS Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area
The concentrations of SO2 in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations have been observed in the range of 7.5 to 17.5g/m3. The data analysis of the observation reveals that the average values were observed in the range of 9.3 to
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13.8 g/m3. The minimum concentration of SO2 was recorded at Madhupur village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was observed at Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between 11.5 to 17.5g/m3. The observed SO2 concentrations were well below the NAAQS.
Nitrogen Dioxide (NOX)

Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been presented in Table - 3.6.5 as under:
Table - 3.6.5
SUMMARY OF NOX CONCENTRATIONS (g/m3)
Sampling Location Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village Min. 13.0 11.2 13.2 11.6 Max. 23.9 17.9 19.6 18.9 Average 18.3 14.2 16.5 15.2 98th Percentile 23.8 17.9 19.1 18.2 Permissible Limits (24-Hrs Average) as per NAAQS Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area Industrial, Res. 80 & Rural Area
The concentrations of NOx in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations have been observed in the range of 11.2 to 23.9g/m3. The data analysis of the observation reveals that the average values were observed in the range of 14.2 to 18.3g/m3. The minimum concentration of NOx was observed at Madhupur Village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was observed at Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between 17.9 to 23.8g/m3. The observed NOx concentrations were well below NAAQS. Hydrocarbons (Methane) (HC) Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been presented in Table - 3.6.6 as under:
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Table - 3.6.6
SUMMARY OF HC (Methane) CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)
Sampling Location Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village Min. 1.12 1.06 1.10 1.11 Max. 1.51 1.22 1.49 1.49 Average 1.38 1.14 1.41 1.40 98th Percentile 1.50 1.22 1.48 1.48 Description Industrial, Res. & Rural Area Industrial, Res. & Rural Area Industrial, Res. & Rural Area Industrial, Res. & Rural Area
The concentrations of HC in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations have been observed in the range of 1.06 to 1.51 ppm. The average values ranged between 1.14 to 1.41 ppm. The minimum concentration of HC was observed at Madhupur Village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was observed at Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between 1.22 to 1.50 ppm. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Salient features of the observations made during the study period have been presented in Table - 3.6.7 as under:
Table - 3.6.7 SUMMARY OF VOC CONCENTRATIONS (mg/m3)

Sampling Location Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village Min. 2.01 1.56 1.69 1.95 Max. 2.38 1.94 2.24 2.16 Average 2.27 1.81 2.05 2.08 98th Percentile 2.37 1.94 2.23 2.15 Description Industrial, Res. & Rural Area Industrial, Res. & Rural Area Industrial, Res. & Rural Area Industrial, Res. & Rural Area
The concentrations of VOCs in the study area w.r. to the four sampling locations were observed in the range of 1.56 to 2.38 mg/m3. The average values ranged between 1.81 to 2.27 mg/m3. The minimum concentration of VOCs were observed at Madhupur Village (SA-2), while the maximum concentration was observed at Admn. Building, LPG Bottling Plant (SA-1). The 98th percentile values ranged between 1.94 to 2.37 mg/m3.
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3.6.8
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS The Ambient Air Quality Standards notified by Ministry of Environment & Forest [the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-II - Section 3 sub-section (i) dated November 16, 2009], in exercise of its powers conferred by section 6 and section 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1981), Seventh Amendment Rules, 2009 have been presented in Table - 3.6.8. While formulating the standards, it has been presumed that the State Pollution Control Boards would, on the basis of land use and other factors, classify the various areas of the state into two categories: A) B) Industrial, Residential, rural and other areas, and Sensitive areas.
Category (A) will become self-evident from the intensity of industrial and anthropogenic activity in the area and is bound to have somewhat inferior quality of air compared to category (B).
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TABLE - 3.6.8 ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) SEVENTH AMENDMENT RULES, 2009 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Time weighted average Annual* 24-hours** Annual* 24-hours** Annual* 24-hours** Annual* 24-hours** 8 hours** 1 hour** Annual* Lead (Pb), g/m
3
Pollutants
Concentration in ambient air Industrial, Ecologically Residential, Sensitive areas rural & other (Notified by Central areas Government) 50 80 40 80 60 100 40 60 100 180 0.50 1.0 02 04 100 400 20 80 30 80 60 100 40 60 100 180 0.50 1.0 02 04 100 400 -
Method of Measurement
Sulphur dioxide, 3 (SO2)g/m Nitrogen dioxides 3 (NO2), g/m Particulate Matter (Size less than 10m) or PM10 3 g/m Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5m) or PM2.5 3 g/m Ozone (O3), g/m
3
Improved West & Gaeke Method Ultraviolet Fluorescence Modified Jacob & Hochheiser (Sodium Arsenite) Method Chemiluminescence Gravimetric TEOM Beta Attenuation Gravimetric TEOM Beta Attenuation UV photometric Chemiluminescence Chemical Method AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 as equivalent filter paper ED-XRF using Teflon filter Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR) spectroscopy Chemiluminescence Indophenol blue method Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer Adsorption and desorption followed by GC analysis Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis. AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 as equivalent filter paper AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 as equivalent filter paper
24-hours** Carbon Monoxide 3 (CO), mg/m Ammonia (NH3), 3 g/m Benzene (C6H6), 3 g/m Benzo () Pyrene (BaP) - Particulate phase only, ng/m3 Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 8 hours** 1 hour* Annual* 24-hours**
Annual*
05
05
Annual*
01
01
Annual*
06
06 -
Annual*
20
20
Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
**
24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year, 2% of the time; they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
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Table - 3.6.9 AIR QUALITY DATA Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Admn. Building, Bottling Plant (SA1)
CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS HC (ppm) SO2 NOx 3 3 Methane Non- Methane (g/m ) (g/m ) (ppm) (ppm)
WEEK
DATE 01/02/11.11 02/03/11.11 08/09/11.11 09/10/11.11 15/16/11.11 16/17/11.11 22/23/11.11 23/24/11.11 29/30/12.11
30/01/11/12.11
PM10 (g/m3)
VOC (mg/m3)
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
06/07/12.11 07/08/12.11 13/14/12.11 14/15/12.11 20/21/12.11 21/22/12.11 27/28/12.11 28/29/12.11 03/04/01.12 04/05/01.12 10/11/01.12 11/12/01.12 17/18/01.12 18/19/01.12
41 38 44 43 32 32 41 37 35 32 41 37 43 35 37 34 41 40 35 32 31 30 35 36 PM 10 (g/m3) 30 44 36.8 43.5
17.5 14.3 15.0 16.3 11.2 10.4 13.6 12.0 11.0 13.4 14.4 15.5 17.3 15.8 17.5 16.8 15.8 13.2 11.2 14.5 11.0 10.1 11.8 12.5 SO2 (g/m3) 10.1 17.5 13.8 17.5
21.7 18.6 21.4 21.8 13.0 14.9 17.6 16.1 15.7 16.3 18.4 21.1 23.7 21.6 23.9 21.0 19.6 16.0 14.7 19.9 15.1 14.9 15.6 16.7
1.38 1.39 1.40 1.40 1.36 1.48 1.51 1.36 1.24 1.29 1.28 1.35 1.42 1.35 1.40 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.48 1.48 1.44 1.12 1.33 1.48
0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.07
2.22 2.24 2.32 2.27 2.01 2.11 2.27 2.20 2.36 2.22 2.38 2.34 2.32 2.36 2.25 2.31 2.36 2.31 2.34 2.24 2.32 2.15 2.34 2.25
SUMMARY
Observations Minimum Conc. Max. Conc. Average 98th percentile NOx (g/m3) 13 23.9 18.3 23.8 HC (ppm) Methane Non-Methane 1.12 0.05 1.51 0.10 1.38 0.07 1.50 0.10 VOC (mg/m3) 2.01 2.38 2.27 2.37
NOTE: VOC= Volatile Organic Compound
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Table - 3.6.10 AIR QUALITY DATA Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Madhupur Village (SA2)
WEEK DATE 01/02/11.11 02/03/11.11 08/09/11.11 09/10/11.11 15/16/11.11 16/17/11.11 22/23/11.11 23/24/11.11 29/30/12.11
30/01/11/12.11
PM10 (g/m3)
CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS HC (ppm) SO2 NOx 3 3 (g/m ) (g/m ) Methane Non- Methane
VOC (mg/m3)
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
06/07/12.11 07/08/12.11 13/14/12.11 14/15/12.11 20/21/12.11 21/22/12.11 27/28/12.11 28/29/12.11 03/04/01.12 04/05/01.12 10/11/01.12 11/12/01.12 17/18/01.12 18/19/01.12
34 32 31 28 24 28 33 28 29 24 31 29 34 33 34 32 30 28 34 36 32 28 35 32
8.6 7.6 11.2 9.4 7.6 8.9 10.4 8.3 10.5 8.1 11.6 9.2 8.1 10.9 9.4 10.7 11.2 9.4 8.4 7.6 8.5 7.5 8.4 11.4
13.4 12.6 16.1 12.5 11.2 13.9 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.8 17.9 14.6 12.8 15.6 13.9 16.8 17.9 13.7 14.0 12.9 13.8 12.2 14.9 16.0
1.11 1.12 1.13 1.13 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.18 1.13 1.10 1.17 1.15 1.15 1.20 1.13 1.15 1.21 1.13 1.22 1.13 1.12 1.06 1.13 1.13
0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06
1.77 1.79 1.80 1.81 1.56 1.81 1.83 1.89 1.80 1.76 1.87 1.84 1.84 1.92 1.80 1.84 1.93 1.81 1.94 1.80 1.73 1.66 1.81 1.81
SUMMARY
Observations Minimum Conc. Max. Conc. Average 98th percentile (g/m3) 24 36 31.0 35.5
PM10
SO2 (g/m3) 7.5 11.6 9.3 11.5
NOx (g/m3) 11.2 17.9 14.2 17.9
HC (ppm) Methane Non-Methane 1.06 0.05 1.22 0.07 1.14 0.06 1.22 0.07
VOC (mg/m3) 1.56 1.94 1.81 1.94
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Table - 3.6.11 AIR QUALITY DATA Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Amingaon Village (SA3)
WEEK I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII DATE 01/02/11.11 02/03/11.11 08/09/11.11 09/10/11.11 15/16/11.11 16/17/11.11 22/23/11.11 23/24/11.11 29/30/12.11
30/01/11/12.11
PM10 (g/m3)
CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS HC (ppm) SO2 NOx (g/m3) (g/m3) Methane Non- Methane
VOC (mg/m3)
06/07/12.11 07/08/12.11 13/14/12.11 14/15/12.11 20/21/12.11 21/22/12.11 27/28/12.11 28/29/12.11 03/04/01.12 04/05/01.12 10/11/01.12 11/12/01.12 17/18/01.12 18/19/01.12
41 34 32 30 28 33 36 37 34 30 36 33 37 41 38 32 40 36 37 38 32 27 31 38
10.1 9.2 11.5 10.4 8.0 9.5 10.4 13.6 11.4 10.6 8.4 10.3 9.6 12.6 11.7 11.4 12.2 10.2 9.3 12.1 9.0 8.2 10.3 13.1
17.7 16.2 15.2 17.2 13.2 14.2 17.8 18.4 17.7 19.6 14.6 17.0 14.8 18.5 17.2 16.7 15.0 17.6 16.7 17.0 14.8 14.2 16.0 17.6
1.39 1.40 1.45 1.42 1.10 1.24 1.42 1.38 1.47 1.39 1.49 1.46 1.45 1.47 1.41 1.44 1.47 1.44 1.46 1.40 1.45 1.41 1.46 1.41
0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08
2.07 2.08 2.09 2.11 1.69 2.21 2.24 2.04 1.86 1.93 1.92 2.03 2.13 2.03 2.09 2.03 2.03 2.11 2.21 2.21 2.16 1.74 2.00 2.21
SUMMARY
PM10
SO2 (g/m3) 8.0 13.6 10.5 13.4
NOx (g/m3) 13.2 19.6 16.5 19.1
VOC (mg/m3) 1.69 2.24 2.05 2.23
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Table - 3.6.12 AIR QUALITY DATA Period: November, 2011 - January, 2012 Location: Ghoramara Village (SA4)
WEEK I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII DATE 01/02/11.11 02/03/11.11 08/09/11.11 09/10/11.11 15/16/11.11 16/17/11.11 22/23/11.11 23/24/11.11 29/30/12.11
30/01/11/12.11
PM10 (g/m3)
CONCENTRATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS HC (ppm) SO2 NOx (g/m3) (g/m3) Methane Non- Methane
VOC (mg/m3)
06/07/12.11 07/08/12.11 13/14/12.11 14/15/12.11 20/21/12.11 21/22/12.11 27/28/12.11 28/29/12.11 03/04/01.12 04/05/01.12 10/11/01.12 11/12/01.12 17/18/01.12 18/19/01.12
34 28 33 32 26 27 36 32 37 29 32 34 26 28 36 31 35 31 31 33 25 26 25 31
9.3 8.4 11.2 10.7 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.0 9.2 10.8 11.6 9.3 10.5 8.4 10.7 8.7 11.2 12.1 10.6 9.2 11.6 8.9 9.1 10.6
13.2 14.2 16.9 14.5 14.9 15.8 16.8 18.9 14.0 13.9 17.4 14.0 16.4 14.0 15.5 13.5 16.5 15.4 16.2 14.3 13.6 11.6 16.6 17.2
1.38 1.47 1.38 1.45 1.11 1.23 1.46 1.38 1.45 1.44 1.47 1.34 1.42 1.46 1.45 1.46 1.38 1.40 1.44 1.49 1.42 1.32 1.44 1.45
0.07 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.08
2.05 2.14 2.00 2.11 2.00 2.11 2.13 2.00 2.11 2.10 2.14 1.95 2.06 2.13 2.11 2.13 2.00 2.03 2.10 2.16 2.06 2.01 2.10 2.11
SUMMARY
PM10
SO2 (g/m3) 8.4 12.1 10.2 12.1
NOx (g/m3) 11.6 18.9 15.2 18.2
VOC (mg/m3) 1.95 2.16 2.08 2.15
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3.7
WATER ENVIRONMENT
General The fresh water system can be broadly classified under the following three headings: (a) (b) (c) Ground water system of wells and aquifers. Lentic system of ponds and lakes, and Lotic system of rivers and streams
Water quality of ground water resources within the study area has been studied for assessing the present status of hydro environment and to evaluate anticipated impact due to the plant activities. Physico-chemical characterisation of water is essential in preparation of EMP and to identify critical issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures and to safe guard the ecosystem. The purpose of this study is devoted to: Assessment of water quality with reference to relevant parameters; Evaluate the present status of water on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, creational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity ; and Prediction of impact on water quality due to the plant activities by assessing the receptive and assimilative power of the local water bodies. The information required has been collected through Primary survey and Secondary sources of information. 3.7.1 Methodology Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized based on: Drainage Pattern; Location of residential areas representing different activities/likely impact areas; and Likely areas, which can represent baseline conditions.
Water quality in the study area were characterised with respect to physicochemical parameters, heavy metals and biological contaminants in order to assess the impact of industrial and other activities on water resources. The samples were collected and analyzed as per the procedures specified in
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Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water published by American Public Health Association (APHA) 21st edition, year 2005. Water samples were collected in polyethylene containers. Samples collected for determination of metal content were acidified with 1 ml. HNO3. Samples for biological analysis were collected in sterilized glass bottles. Selected physicochemical and biological parameters have been analyzed for projecting the existing water quality status in the study area. Parameters like temperature, Dissolved oxygen and pH were analyzed at the time of sample collection. 3.7.2 Water Sampling Locations To evaluate the characteristics of water system, five numbers of sampling locations were fixed. Two nos. of surface water samples and three nos. of ground water samples were collected from selected locations and were analyzed for different parameters. The analytical results of the ground water samples are presented in Table 3.7.5 and surface water samples are presented in Table 3.7.7. The water sampling locations have been shown Plate - 3.9. The sampling locations and reference codes are presented below: 3.7.3 Sampling Locations for Ground Water To assess the quality of drinking water in and around the project area, the samples were collected from the following locations: TABLE - 3.7.1 Sampling Location for Ground Water Sl. No 01. 02. 03. Name of Sampling Locations
Bore Well, LPG Bottling Plant Hand Pump, Madhupur Village Hand Pump, Abhoypur Village
Frequency Once in a season Once in a season Once in a season
Location Code GW1 GW2 GW3
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3.7.4
Sampling Locations for Surface Water

To assess the quality of lotic system (surface water), samples were collected from the following locations: TABLE - 3.7.2 Sampling Location for Surface Water Sl. No 01. 02. Name of Sampling Locations Brahmaputra River Pond Water, Near LPG BP Main Gate Frequency Once in a season Once in a season Location Code SW1 SW2
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3.7.5
STANDARD FOR DRINKING WATER The test characteristics for Drinking water as specified under IS: 10500 is appended below: TABLE - 3.7.4 TEST CHARACTERISTICS FOR DRINKING WATER (IS: 10500) (Wherever not specified, characteristics are expressed in mg/l)
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Characteristics Colour, H Unit, max. Odour Taste Turbidity, NTU, max. pH value Total Hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l, max. Iron (as Fe), mg/l, max. Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. Residual, free Chlorine, mg/l, min. Dissolved Solids, mg/l, max. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l, max. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l, max. Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, max. Sulphate (as SO4), mg/l, max. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l, max. Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max. Phenolic Compounds (as C6H5OH), mg/l, max. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max. Selenium (as Se), mg/l, max. Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max. Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. Anionic detergents (as MBAS), mg/l, max. 6+ Chromium (as Cr ), mg/l, max. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (as PAH), g/l, max. Mineral oil, mg/l, max. Pesticides, mg/l, max. Radioactive materials: (a) Alpha emitters, Bq/l, max. (b) Beta emitters, pci/l, max. Alkalinity, mg/l, max Aluminium (as Al), mg/l, max. Boron, mg/l, max
Method of Test or Ref. of IS:3025 4 5 (Note-1) 7 10 11 21 32 32 26 16 40 36 35 24 34 23 54 Note-2 Note-2 28 37 27 Note-2 39 Note-3 38 Note-4 58 13 31 29
Requirement (Desirable / permissible Limit) 5 / 25 Unob.. Agreeable 5 / 10 6.5-8.5 300 / 600 0.3 / 1.0 250 / 1000 0.2 500 / 2000 75 / 200 30 0.05 / 1.5 0.1 / 0.3 200 / 400 45 / 100 1.0 / 1.5 0.001 / 0.002 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 5.0 / 15.0 0.2 / 1.0 0.05 0.01 / 0.03 Absent / 0.001 - / 0.1 - / 1.0 200 / 600 0.03 / 0.2 1.0 / 5.0
Undesirabl e effects Note-1 Note-1 Note-2 Note-4 Note-6 Note-8 Note-3 Note-4 Note-5 Note-7 Note-9 Note-10 Note-11 Note-12 Note-13 Note-13 Note-13 Note-13 Note-13 Note-13 Note-14 Note-15 Note-16 Note-16 Note-17 Toxic Note-18 Note-19 -
Desirable or Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable Desirable
Remarks a b c g d e e e e e f e e e e -
Notes, Methods of Test 1. (a) Test cold and when heated (b) Test at several dilutions. 2. Automatic absorption spectrophotometric method may be used. 3. Methylene Blue Extraction method (Limits and methods of test are under study). 4. Gas chromatographic method.
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Notes, Undesirable effects outside desirable limits

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Above 5, consumer acceptance decreases. Beyond specified range, the water will affect the mucus membrane and / or water supply system. Beyond specified limit, palatability decreases and may cause gastro-intestinal irritation. Encrustation in water supply structure and adverse effects on domestic use. Astringent taste, discolouration and corrosion of pipes, fittings and utensils will be caused beyond specified limit. Beyond specified limit, taste/appearance is affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures, and promotes iron bacteria. Beyond specified limit, taste/appearance are affected, has adverse effect on domestic uses and water supply structures. Beyond specified limit, taste, corrosion and palatability are affected. Beyond specified limit, it causes gastro-intestinal irritation when magnesium or sodium is present. Beyond specified limit, methaemoglobinemia takes place. Fluoride may be kept as low as possible. High fluoride may cause fluorosis. Beyond specified limit, it may cause objectionable taste and odour. Beyond specified limit, the water becomes toxic. Beyond specified limit, it can cause astringent taste and opalescence in water. Beyond specified limit, it can cause a light froth in water. May be carcinogenic above specified limit. Beyond specified limit, undesirable taste and odour after chlorination takes place. Beyond specified limit, taste becomes unpleasant. Cumulative effect is reported to cause dementia. May be extended to 25 only if toxic substances are not suspected, in absence of alternate sources. (i) Test cold and when heated (ii) Test at several dilutions. Test to be conducted only after safety has been established. May be extended up to 400, provided magnesium (as Mg) does not exceed 30. To be tested when pollution is suspected. To be tested when pollution / plumbo-solvency is suspected. To be applicable only when water is chlorinated. Tested at consumer end. When protection against viral infection is required, it should be minimum 0.5 mg/l.
Remarks
3.7.6
CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUND WATER The physico-chemical characteristics of three nos. of ground water samples collected from three different locations have been presented hereunder:
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Table - 3.7.5
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER SAMPLES Date of Sample Collection: 07-01-2012
(Results are expressed in mg/l, unless otherwise stated)

Sl. No. Parameters Analysis Results Hand Pump, Hand Pump, Bore Well, Madhupur Abhoypur LPG Bottling Village Village Plant (GW1) (GW2) (GW3) 7.3 24.2 <2 Unobj. Agreeable 6 14 220 NIL 74 44 32 1.9 <0.4 160 102 58 6 1 18 0.8 <0.05 BDL BDL 0.44 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NT NT <20 7.6 25.1 <2 Unobj. Agreeable <5 3 260 NIL 84 66 34 2.2 <0.4 204 126 78 6 1 16 0.4 <0.05 BDL BDL 0.41 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NT NT <20 7.6 25.3 <2 Unobj. Agreeable 5 3 170 NIL 54 34 18 1.5 <0.4 106 58 48 8 1 16 0.04 <0.05 BDL BDL 0.38 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NT NT <20 Desirable/ Permissible Limits (IS:10500) 6.5-8.5 5/25 Unobj. Agreeable 5/10 500/2000 200/600 250/1000 200/400 45/100 1.0/1.5 300/600 75/200* 30** 0.3/1.0 0.1/0.3 0.05 0.05 5.0/15 0.01 0.05/1.5 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.01/0.03 0.001/0.002 -
PHYSICAL 1 pH 2 Temperature (OC) 3 Colour, HU (True) 4 Odour 5 Taste 6 Turbidity (NTU) 7 Total Suspended Solid 8 Total Dissolved Solids CHEMICAL 1 P- Alkalinity as CaCO3 2 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 3 Chloride as Cl 4 Sulphate as SO4 5 Nitrate as NO3 6 Fluoride as F 7 Total Hardness as CaCO3 8 Calcium Hardness as CaCO3 9 Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 10 Sodium as Na 11 Potassium as K 12 Silica as SiO2 13 Iron as Fe HEAVY METALS 1 Manganese as Mn 2 Total Chromium as Cr 3 Lead as Pb 4 Zinc as Zn 5 Cadmium as Cd 6 Copper as Cu 7 Nickel as Ni 8 Arsenic as As 9 Selenium as Se OTHERS 1 Oil & Grease 2 Phenolic Compound as C6H5OH Coliform Organisms 3 (MPN/100ml)
Note: 1) BDL Below Detection Limit
2) NT- Not Traceable
*Calcium as Ca & **Magnesium as Mg

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3.7.7
Results & Discussion The physico-chemical characteristics of the ground water samples showed great resemblance with respect to the characteristics like temperature, turbidity, pH, colour, odour, chloride, sulphate, total alkalinity, total hardness, TDS and heavy metals, etc. The range of concentrations of drinking water parameters were observed as follows: TABLE - 3.7.6 Ground Water Quality at a Glance in Comparison to IS: 10500
Range of recorded Concentration (Results expressed in mg/l except pH) Desirable/Permissible Maximum Minimum Limits as per IS: 10500
Parameters
pH Total Suspended Solid Total Dissolved Solids Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 Total Hardness, as CaCO3 Chloride as Cl Sulphate as SO4 Nitrate as NO3 Iron as Fe
7.3 3 170 54 106 34 18 1.5 0.04
7.6 14 260 84 204 66 34 2.2 0.8
6.5-8.5 500 / 2000 200 / 600 300 / 600 250 / 1000 200 / 400 45/ 100 0.3 / 1.0
From the results presented in Table- 3.7.6, the Physico-chemical characteristics of the ground water samples were in good agreement with IS: 10500. All the parameters are within the limits specified under Drinking Water Standard (IS: 10500). As regards heavy metals, only Mn and Zn have been recorded with lower concentration & rest were not traceable. The ground water can safely be used for potable purposes.
3.7.8
CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER The physico-chemical characteristics of two nos. of surface water samples collected from two locations have been presented hereunder:
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Table - 3.7.7
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATER SAMPLES Date of Sample Collection: 07-01-2012
(Results are expressed in mg/l, unless otherwise stated)

Analysis Results Sl. No. Parameters
Brahmaputra River (SW1)

7.1 19.1 5 Unobjectionable 6 12 150 NIL 48 36 14 1.6 <0.4 102 70
Pond Water, Near LPG BP

(SW2) 7.4 21.9 5 Unobjectionable 10 22 130 NIL 36 24 12 2.6 <0.4 70 38
Desirable/ Permissible Limits (IS:10500) 6.5-8.5 5/25 Unobjectionable 5/10 500/2000 200/600 250/1000 200/400 45/100 1.0/1.5 300/600 75/200* 30** 0.3/1.0 0.1/0.3 0.05 0.05 5.0/15 0.01 0.05/1.5 0.01 0.05 0.01
0.01/0.03 0.001/0.002 -
PHYSICAL
pH 1 Temperature (OC) 2 Colour, HU (True) 3 4 Odour Turbidity (NTU) 5 Total Suspended Solids 6 Total Dissolved Solids 7 CHEMICAL 1 P- Alkalinity as CaCO3 2 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 3 Chloride as Cl 4 Sulphate as SO4 5 Nitrate as NO3 6 Fluoride as F 7 Total Hardness as CaCO3 8 Calcium Hardness as CaCO3 9 Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 10 Dissolved Oxygen 11 COD 12 Sodium as Na 13 Potassium as K 14 Silica as SiO2 15 Iron as Fe HEAVY METALS 1 Manganese as Mn 2 Total Chromium as Cr 3 Lead as Pb 4 Zinc as Zn 5 Cadmium as Cd 6 Copper as Cu 7 Nickel as Ni 8 Arsenic as As 9 Selenium as Se OTHERS 1 Oil & Grease 2 Phenolic Compound as C6H5OH 3 Coliform Organisms(MPN/100ml)
32
7.2 10 6 1 12 0.04
32
6.9 14 6 1 8 0.04
<0.05
BDL BDL 0.32 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NT 2.0 x 103
<0.05
BDL BDL 0.30 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NT 2.0 x 103
Note: 1) BDL Below Detectable Level. *Calcium as Ca & **Magnesium as Mg

2) NT- Not Traceable
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3.7.9
Results & Discussion The physico-chemical characteristics of the surface water sample collected from the two locations have shown great resemblance with Drinking Water Standard. The range of concentrations of important parameters of surface water characteristics have been presented hereunder: TABLE - 3.7.8 Surface Water at a Glance Range of recorded Concentration Parameters pH Total Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solids Total Hardness, as CaCO3 Total Alkalinity, as CaCO3 Chloride as Cl Sulphate as SO4 Nitrate as NO3 Iron as Fe *Calcium as Ca & **Magnesium as Mg
(Results expressed in mg/l except pH) Min Max
Desirable/Permissible Limits as per IS: 10500
7.1 12 130 70 36 24 12 1.6 0.04
7.4 22 150 102 48 36 14 2.6 0.04
6.5-8.5 500 / 2000 300 / 600 * 75/200 250 / 1000 200 / 400 45/ 100 0.3 / 1.0
From the results presented in Table- 3.7.8, it may safely be concluded that the physico-chemical characteristics of the surface water sample had a good resemblance with IS: 10500. As regards heavy metals, except Mn and Zn, all the other were not traceable.
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3.8 3.8.1
NOISE ENVIRONMENT General

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general is unwanted/un-desired sound, which is composed of many frequency components of various loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise scales have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different loudness levels. The most common and
universally accepted scale is the A weighted scale which is measured as dB(A). This is more suitable for audible range of 20 to 20,000 Hz. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of a human ear. The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on: Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or
continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as one, which is continuously varying in loudness; The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas, are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance; and The location of the noise source, with respect to sensitive land use, which determines the loudness. The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. The impact of noise generating from the LPG Bottling Plant can be undertaken by considering various factors like potential damage to hearing, physiological responses, annoyance and general community responses. In environmental noise, one is usually concerned with sound propagation through air. Noise has an adverse impact on human beings and their environment, including land, structures and domestic animals. It can also disturb natural wild life and ecological system. The increase in noise level to which urban and industrial population is exposed has lead to increasing awareness amongst the public, welfare organisations and the Government/ Statutory agencies. Many standards have been prescribed for the noise level to which the different communities
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should be exposed and steps are being taken by the industries and the manufacturers of noise generating machines and equipment to keep the level of noise generation as low as possible.
3.8.2
Sources of Noise
The main sources of noise generation during operation of the Plant are DG sets, Fire Water pumps & Compressors.
3.8.3
Existing Ambient Noise Level

To evaluate the existing noise level, measurements were made at four locations in the villages located around the LPG Bottling Plant. An Integrated Sound Level Meter, Type-2225, make B&K Denmark, was used in all the measurements. The instrument was calibrated with Pistaphone/sound Level Calibrator (Make-B&K, Denmark) before using in the field. The measurements were carried out to obtain noise level at different locations continuously for 24 Hours. The noise monitoring locations have been shown in Plate-3.10 and the observed values of noise levels, measured during day and night have been presented in the Table 3.8.2(A) & 3.8.2 (B). The detailed descriptions of the monitoring locations are presented below in Table-3.8.1. Table - 3.8.1 NOISE LEVEL MONITORING LOCATIONS Sl. No 1 2 3 4 Location Code SN1 SN2 SN3 SN4 Name of Monitoring location Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village Abhoypur Village Direction NE SW S E Distance 0.5 2.1 0.6 0.5
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3.8.4
Results
The day and night noise levels at all the locations are observed to be well below the prescribed limits specified for different categories. The results of measurements made during the study period have been presented in Table 3.8.2 (A) & (B). Summary of observations made during the study at four locations within the study area has been summarized in Table-3.8.5, for eight locations inside the Bottling Plant in Table- 3.8.3 and for four locations around boundary walls in Table- 3.8.4 as under:
Table - 3.8.2(A)
AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA DURING DAY TIME Time (Hrs) 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 Minimum Maximum Average Leq (Day) SN1 45.2 46.4 47.1 49.5 52.2 53.6 55.4 56.1 55.7 53.5 51.2 50.6 49.3 48.4 47.6 46.7 45.2 56.1 50.5 51.9 Noise Level, Leq, dB(A) SN2 SN3 46.1 44.1 47.4 45.2 49.5 46.2 50.7 47.2 52.4 48.2 54.5 50.2 56.6 52.2 58.1 52.2 58.5 53.2 57.7 52.2 56.5 51.3 56.2 50.0 54.2 49.9 53.6 48.1 50.4 47.5 48.5 46.3 46.1 44.1 58.5 53.2 53.2 49.0 54.7 49.8 SN4 46.5 47.4 48.6 50.7 51.8 52.9 53.7 54.5 55.6 53.7 52.5 51.6 50.7 49.3 47.8 46.9 46.5 55.6 50.9 51.7
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Table 3.8.2(B)
AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA DURING NIGHT TIME Time (Hrs) 22.00 23.00 24.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 Minimum Maximum Average Leq (Night) SN1 46.5 45.6 43.7 41.5 39.8 40.7 41.4 42.1 39.8 46.5 42.7 43.3 Noise Level, Leq, dB(A) SN2 SN3 47.3 45.5 46.2 44.4 44.9 42.1 42.8 40.2 40.5 39.9 41.1 40.6 41.5 41.2 42.3 41.3 40.5 39.9 47.3 45.5 43.3 41.9 44.0 42.4 SN4 45.2 44.4 43.6 43.7 39.5 40.6 42.7 43.6 39.5 45.2 42.9 43.2
TABLE 3.8.3
AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA INSIDE BOTTLING PLANT Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Name of Location IOCL, LPG Bottling Plant Main gate Admn. Building Office DG Set Room Truck Parking Area LPG Pump/Compressor House TLD Fire Water Pump House Cylinder Filling Shed Noise Level, dB(A) Day 61.5 58.4 71.2 55.4 65.4 59.4 55.7 66.5 Night 55.4 51.2 65.4 51.2 60.5 51.6 51.4 58.4
TABLE 3.8.4
AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL DATA - AROUND BOUNDARY WALLS Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Name of Location Eastern Boundary Western Boundary Northern Boundary Southern Boundary Noise Level, dB(A) Day Night 55.3 48.5 61.3 55.2 53.4 47.6 54.6 48.1
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Table - 3.8.5
AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL
Sampling Locations 24-hrs Avg Leq Value dB(A) Day time Leq Value dB(A) Night time Leq Value dB(A) Prescribed Limits in dB(A) as per NAAQS Category of Day Night Area Time Time Residential Area Residential Area Residential Area Residential Area
Madhupur Village Amingaon Village Ghoramara Village Abhoypur Village From the results, it
50.4 53.1 48.4 50.3
51.7 54.7 49.8 51.7
43.3 44.0 42.4 43.2
55 55 55 55
45 45 45 45
is evident that observed values are in good compliance with
the noise level standards for Residential Areas.
3.8.5
STANDARD FOR NOISE

The Government of India, in exercise of its power under section 16(2)(h) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, notified the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise (which has been included as an air pollutant under section 20 of the Amended Air Act of 1987) as follows. Area Category of Area Limits in Decibels, dB (A) Day Time A B C D NOTE: 1. Day Time is reckoned between 6 AM and 10 PM. 2. Night Time is reckoned between 10 PM and 6 AM. 3. Silence Zone is defined as area up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority. Industrial Area Commercial Area Residential Area Silence Zone 75 65 55 50 Night Time 70 55 45 40
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dB (A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is related to human hearing. A, in dB (A), denotes the frequency weighing in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.
Receptor Oriented Standards The Central Pollution Control Board, in exercise of its power under section 16(2) (h) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, notified the ambient air quality standards in respect of noise (Which has been included as an air pollutant under section 20 of the Amended Air Act of 1987) as hereunder:
Table - 3.8.6
Permissible Noise Exposure for Industrial Workers Exposure Time, hr/day 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.063 0.031 or less . Limit dB(A) 90 93 96 99 102 105 108 111 114
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3.9 3.9.1
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Natural ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of nature. Its components exist in harmony and survive by inter-dependence. Ecosystems have selfsustaining ability and control the number of organisms at any level by cybernetic rules. The effects are such that an ecosystem does not become imbalanced. The middle of the 18th century saw birth of industrialization, which increased during 19th & 20th century and exploded in 21st century. The resources produced over and sustained for thousands of years were exploited and squandered for the luxuries of few humans. An unsustainable exploitation of resources has exploded pollution, so was the inevitable result. Thus, a chain of events of exploitationconsumption-pollution-depletion and further exploitation started responding the imbalance and determination of ecological system.
3.9.2
Objectives Objectives of the study are: To generate baseline data from field observations; To compare the data so generated with authentic past records to understand changes; To characterize the environmental components like land, water, flora and fauna; To understand the present biodiversity; To identify susceptible sensitive and critical areas (environmental hotspots); To understand impact of industrial activities on the flora and fauna; To predict changes as a result of impact in the composition and functioning of components of the ecosystem;
3.9.3
Different Methods Adopted for the Study The study area for the ecological studies covers the area within 5 Km radius from the LPG Bottling Plant. To accomplish above objectives, a general ecological survey covering the study area was carried out in the study area. The Survey Includes: Reconnaissance survey for the selection of sampling site: Compilation of secondary data;
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Generation of data from local villagers about importance and status of plants and animals; and Observation of symptoms and assessment of impacts.
3.9.4
Vegetation Pattern
The forest in this region comprises of Tropical Moist Deciduous type forests. This forest is further divided into Sal forest and mixed deciduous forest. In these forests, Sal grows in association with Ajar (Lagerstoemia Species), Ghugra (Schima Wallichii), Paruli (Stereosperman prsonatum), Haldu (Adina cordifolia), Sam (Artocarpus Sp.), Bor (Ficus Sp.), Uraim (Bischofia javanica), Gomari (Gmelina arborea), Teeta Champa (Michelia champa), Poma (Toona ciliate). The Sila Reserve Forest falls within the study area. The significant commercial crop of the study area is Bamboo. The common bamboo observed are Muli bamboo (Mealoocanna), Gati bamboo (bambusa tulda) and Bhaluka bamboo (Bambusa balcooa) etc. The other significant commercial crops in the study area are banana, papaya etc. The major agricultural crops of the study area are paddy and the other agricultural crops produced in the area are maize, wheat, oil seed, fibre crops, etc.
3.9.5
Baseline Status
Flora The list of flora identified during the survey is presented in Table - 3.9.1
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Sl. No. TREES 01. 02. 03. 04. 05. 06. 07. 08. 09. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.
Table - 3.9.1 LIST OF FLORA IN THE STUDY AREA BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME Ajhar, Jharul. Aman, Lali Aam Amlokhi Amra amra Atha-bor Autha-dimaru Amaltash Banbagari Bandardima Bar Bettle Nut Barun Bel Bhagilla Bhela Bhomra, Bahera Bola Dhopabar Dimaru Dukoha Gaborhitha, Samsuku Gamari Gohora Gular Haldu, taraksopa Harumoin Helok, Poreng Hilikha Juglo Jam Jari- Udal Jaribar Jobha, Lewa Jamun Kadam Kanchan Kathal Khonkon Koroi Kum Kurial Kurila Lagerstroomia flosreginac Amora Wallichil. Magnifera indica Embica officinalis Spondias pinnata Ficus elastica Ficus roxburghii Crassia fistula Zizyphus rugosus Dysoxylum binectariferum Ficus bengalensis Areca catechu Creataeva nurvala Aeglo mamoloa Oroxylum indicum Semicarpuis anacardium Terminalia belerica Morus laevigala Ficus mysoronsis Ficus hispida Dryptes assamica Pavetta indica Gmelina arborea Premna bengalensis Ficus glomerata Adina cordifolia Randia fasciculate Elaeocarpus robustus Terminalia chebula Macaranga indica Syzygium cumini Fermiana colorata Ficus gobbosa Engelhardtia spicata Eugenia jambolana Anthocephalus cadamba Bauhinia sp. Artocarpus heterophyllus Duabanga grandiflora Albizzia procera Careya arborea Bauhinia purpurea Brassiopsis speciosa
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Sl. No. COMMON NAME TREES 45. Makri sal 46. Moj 47. Nagini 48. Nahaor 49. Palas 50. Phulgamari 51. Raman-bih 52. Sal 53. Satiana 54. Sagun, Teak 55. Silubar 56. Simul 57. Sirish 58. Sonaru 59. Tengabor 60. Tetuli 61. Uriam SHRUBS & HERBS 01. Agra 02. Akalbih 03. Bhang 04. Bhokuri 05. Bhit-tita 06. Biyonihaputa 07. Bogitora 08. Boriala 09. Daridiga, Bonmedelua 10. Haru- manimuni 11. Kana dimaru 12. Karuikata 13. Mesaki 14. Narasimha 15. Paniphuti CLIMBERS 01. Bakal bih 02. Bokul-lata 03. Bon-marich 04. Chagallata, Gorapohal 05. Ghahelewa 06. Helolokha 07. Kharika-lata 08. Kolilata 09. Kuchal, kuchlalata 10. Kukualata 11. Lata-dimaru
BOTANICAL NAME Scima wallichii Albizzia lucida Elaeocarpus aristatus Mesua ferrea Butea monosperma Endospermum chinense Aesculus panduana Shorea robusta Alstonia scholaris Tectona grandis Ficus retusa Salmalia malabarica Albizzia lebbeck Cassia fistula Ficus infectoria Tamarindus indica Bischolia javanica Urena lobata Clerodendron indicum Cannabis sativa Solamum indicum Solanum torvum Desmodium laburnifolium Alpinia allughas Suda caroubufolia Cassia tora Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Ficus heterophylla Mimisa himalayana Sarcohlamys pulcherrima Murrya koonigii Vibrnum colobrookianum Derris clliptica Embelia ribes Clematis cadmia Narnvolla zoylanica Croton caudatus Millettia auriculata Jasminum coarctatum Merrerina umbellate Acacia pinnata Thunbergia grandiflora Ficus scandons
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Sl. No. COMMON NAME CLIMBERS 12. Lataguti 13. Loti-sorot 14. Nakkatilewa BAMBOOS 01. Bans
BOTANICAL NAME Caesalpinia crista Cnosmono javanica Bauhinia vahlii Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb) Nees.ex Munro Mealoocanna Bambusa tulda Bambusa balcooa Saceharum spontaneum, Linn Vetivaria Zizaniodes, Nash Cynodon dactylon, Pers Apuda mutica, Linn
02. Muli bamboo 03. Gati bamboo 04. Bhaluka bamboo GRASSES 01. Kansh 02. Khash 03. Dubh 04. Phooli (Phulhara)
3.9.6
Fauna
Assam state supports rich faunal biodiversity ranging from Indo-Chinese species to peninsular Indian species. Diverse types of fauna ranging from mammals, avian species to reptiles were recorded/ reported. The existing aquatic ecology supports rich diversity due to existence of lotic and lentic water bodies. Mammals Macaca (Rhesus macaque), Golden langur (Trachypithecus geei), Bay bamboo rat (Connomys badius), Spotted Deer (Curvus axis), Otter (Aonyx congica), Indian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) were reported in the forests of Guwahati. Only four mammalian species were physically seen and rest was based on secondary information and information procured from the forest department. The study of Fauna was undertaken at the site and within the area of 5 km radius. The land is mostly dominated by rural setting. Consequently, among fauna species especially avifauna is rich and diversified. Also animals observed/reported are mainly House rat, Bat, Jungle Cat, and Leopard Cats, squirrels, monkey, Python and other variety of snakes. The most common birds in this region are Hill maina, green pigeon, Emarlad, Dove, Parrots, etc. The domestic fauna in the area consists of Cow, Bullock, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Horse, Ponies and Pig among the live stock and Duck, Drake, Hen, Fowl. During
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the study period, it is observed that a wide variety of birds of 40 species were common to the area, whereas four species of mammals and four species of reptiles were found in the area. Avifauna The avi-fauna of the division is richer than the animals. The birds come across are tree-pie, bulbul, magpie robin, black drongo, hill maina, munia, house sparrow, humming bird, wood pecker, hoopoe, cuckoo, blue0jay, parakeet, kingfisher, owl, vulture, green pegion, dove, jungle fowl, patrdgo, cormorant, adjutant strok, cattle egrot, pond horn etc. Mammals and other species Among the larger sized animals, about 34 species have been listed by the Forest Department. Many types of butterflies, dragonflies, honeybees, observed during the study period. The area is inhabited by elephants, which move about and dwell in the forest. It is not an uncommon site for wild group of elephants crossing one's pathway amongst the vegetation and hilly area of tea estate. Fisheries It is very important to assess the fishing potential of the fresh water ecosystem of the region to ascertain the likely impacts that may arise due to proposed development. Fishing is considered as one of the key small scale industries in the district and number of people depend for their livelihood on fishing. Fisheries in the district are of two types i.e. beel fisheries and river fisheries. The fauna observed/reported during the study period are described below in the Table 3.9.2.
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Table - 3.9.2 LIST OF FAUNA SURROUNDING THE SUTDY AREA SL. COMMON NAME NO. MAMMALS 01. Spotted deer 02. Swamp deer 03. Clouded leopard 04. Golden langur 05. Indian mongoose 06. Bay bamboo rat 07. Hog badger 08. Rhesus macaque 09. Hoary bamboo rat 10. Otter 11. Ganges river dolphin 12. Wild dog 13. Goat 14. Horse 15. House Mouse AVI-FAUNA 01. Common maina 02. Blue rock pigeon 03. House crow 04. Black drango 05. White breasted kingfisher 06. Pariah kite 07. House sparrow 08. Spotted dove 09. House swift 10. Common sandpiper 11. Lark 12. Jungle Crow 13. Indian Grey hornbill 14. Hair-crested Drongo 15. Paddy field pipit 16. Indian Chat 17. Indian Roller 18. Green Bee Eater 19. Pond heron 20. Red vented bulbul 21. Red wattled lapwing 22. Little egret 23. Indian pond heron 24. Cattle egret ZOOLOGICAL NAME Axis axis Rucervus duvaucelii Neofelis nebulosa Trachypithecus geei Herpestes javanicus Cannomys badius Arctonyx collaris Macaca mulatta Rhizomys pruinosus Lutra perspicillata Platanista gangetica Cuon alimus Capra sp. Equus Caballus Mus musculus Acridotheres tristis Columba livia Corvus splendens Dicrurus adsimilis Haleyon smyrensis Milvus migrans Passer domesticus Streptopelia chinensis Apus affinis Tringa hypoleucos Mirafra assamica Corvus macrorhynchos Ocyceros birostris Dicrurus hottentottus Anthus rufulus Cercomela fusca Coracias enghalensis Merops orientalis Ardeola gravii Turdoides striata Vanellus indicus Egretta garzetta Ardeola grayigrayi Bubulcus ibis
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SL. NO. COMMON NAME 25. Jungle babbler 26. Bank myna 27. Pied myna 28. Rose ring parakeet 29. Hoopoe REPTILES 01. Common house gecko 02. Agama 03. Green tree Snake 04. Wall lizard 05. Garden lizard 06. Chamelion FISHES (AQUATIC FAUNA) 01. Lata 02. Sole 03. Chang 04. Rohu 05. Catla 06. Mrigal 07. Silver carp 08. Common carp 09. Tilapia 10. Parse 11. Magur 12. Singi 13. Tangra 14. Koi 3.9.7 Aquatic Ecosystem
ZOOLOGICAL NAME Turdoides striata Acridotheres ginginianus Gracupica contra Psittacula kramen Upupa epops Hemidactylus gleadoviimaculatus Agama tuberculata Dryophis species Memicactylus species Calotesversicolor Calotes versicolor Channa punctatus Channa striatus Channa gachua Labeo rohita Catla catla Cirrhinus mrigala Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Cyprinus carpio Tilapia mozambica Liza parsia Clarias batrachus Heteropneustes fossillis Mystas gulio Anabas testudineus
Brahmaputra river originates in south-western Tibet, flows down from upper Assam and finally drains into Bay of Bengal forming a delta (Sunderban Delta) with the Ganga river. As per information collected from the local people in the study area, it was reported that the water recedes nearly 200 m from the south bank and more than 100 m from the north bank during post monsoon period. During the pre monsoon season, it was reported that the water was found only in the centre of river bed, where the water has maximum depth. Heavy siltation was also reported by the people of the area along the two banks of the river during this period. The major invertebrates present in Brahmaputra river during the study period are described below in the Table 3.9.3.
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Table - 3.9.3 MAJOR INVERTEBRATES PRESENT IN BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER

Groups Scientific Name Zooplanktons a] Copepoda b] Cladocera A. c] Rotifiers d] Mysis e] Protozoa B. C. Sponges Molluscs Diaptomus sp. Cyclopina sp. Prendodiaptomus sp. Daphnia sp. Moina dubia Cesiodaphnia sp. Brachionus sp. Asplanchana sp. Mesopodopsis sp. Diffugia sp. Absent Bellamya bengalensis Pila globosa Thiara tuberculata Thiara lineata Gyraulus convexiculus Macrobrachium rude M. maicomerii Peneaus monodon P. indica Acetus indicus Paratelphusa spinigera P. hydrodronus Haliptus angustifrons Dineutus unidentatus Amphiops mirabillis Corika sp. Micronecta albifrons Culex sp. Chironomus sp Mansonia sp.
D.
Crustaceans
E. F. G. H.
Crabs Insects (Coleoptera) Hemipterans Dipterans
3.9.8
Biodiversity
The Assam region bears rich diversity of flora and fauna. The study area also comprises floral richness of varieties of shrubs, herbs and grasses bearing attractive coloured flowers laden with scented nectar to attract and support butterflies. Each butterfly is plant specific and visits specific species of plants for nectar. The floral biodiversity itself indicates the species of butterflies that can be predicated in that area. All the species were common and none of them are listed as endangered (IWPA, 1972). Butterfly species. Table: 3.9.4 given below shows the list of
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Table - 3.9.4
BUTTERFLIES RECORDED DURING THE STUDY PERIOD Sl. No. Common Name PAPILIONIDAE 1. Glassy bluebottle 2. Lime 3. Common Mormon PIERIDAE 4. Indian Cabbage White 5. Common Albatross 6. Small Grass Yellow 7. Common Brimstone LYCAENIDAE 8. Sorrel Sapphire 9. Pale Grass Blue NYPHALDAE 10. Common Wall 11. Common Leopard 12. Blue Pansy 13. Lemon pansy 14. Chocolate Pansy 15. Indian Red Admiral 16. Painted Lady 17. Yellow Coster 18. Plain Tiger 19. Common Sergeant Scientific Name Graphium cloanthus Papilio demoleus Papilio polytes Pieris canidia Appias albina Eurema libythea Goneoteryx rhamni Heliophorus sena Pseudozizeeria maha Pararge schakra Phalanta phalantha Junonia orithya Junonia lemonias Junonia iphita Vanessa indica Cynthia cardui Pareba vesta Danaus chrysippus Pantoporia perius
3.9.8
Conclusion
From the descriptions mentioned above, it may be concluded that the vegetations grown around the Bottling Plant contains common form of woody and herbaceous flora species and no endangered plant species are recorded within the study area.
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3.10
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Kamrup District is bounded by Udalguri and Baksa districts in the north, Meghalaya in the south, Darrang and Kamrup Metropolitan in the east and Goalpara and Nalbari district in the west. It has a total geographical area of 4,34,500 acres. Historically, present Assam was referred to as Kamrup in many of the ancient Indian literature. Till the Ahom conquest, Kamrup district was known as Pragjyotispur due to the astrology (Jyotish Shashtra) practices that prevailed in this part of the country. The mythologies of ancient Assam reveal that the word Kamrup means the land where Kamdev regained his Rupa (form). During Ahom reign, Guwahati became an important strategic point and saw the famous battle of Saraighat between Ahom and Mughals, and since then Guwahati as well as Kamrup district continue to play the Political, Social, Economic and intellectual leadership of the state.
3.10.1
Cultural Profile
Assam is very rich in natural, tangible and intangible heritage of songs, dance, music, theatre, handloom, etc. Assam's culture has a rich tapestry infused with the yarns of fairs and festivals, dance and music, languages, arts and crafts and delicious cuisines. The people of Assam have given a distinguished shape to it by retaining their age old traditions, rituals and celebrations. The state has a large number of tribes, each unique in its tradition, culture, dresses and exotic way of life. Diverse tribes like Bodo, Kachari, Karbi, Miri, Mishimi, Rabha, etc coexist in Assam; most tribes have their own languages though Assamese is the principal language of the state. The Gamocha is one of the most easily recognizable cultural symbols of the Assamese people besides the tamol-paan (areca nut & betel leaf) which is an integral part of almost all socio-religious ceremonies. Bihu is the most popular folk dance of Assam. Bihu dances are performed by young boys and girls during the Bihu festivities which represent youthful passion, reproductive urge and joy. The dances are accompanied by musical instruments like dhol (dholak), penpa, gagana, banhi (flute) etc.
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Tourist Spots within Kamrup District are as under:
Kamakhya Temple
Guwahati tourism is particularly famous for its Kamakhya temple located atop the Nilachal hill, at a distance of 10 km from the railway station. Known to be the most revered among the tantrik shrines of Shakti worship in the world, Kamakhya, was built in the 10th century by the Koch king, Naranarayan. Dirgheswari Temple : Dirgheswari Temple is located on the north bank of the Brahmaputra and linked by metalled road, this shrine is considered as one of the supreme Devi Tirthas. Isolated and lying at the foot of a range of hills, it has several rock cut images which can be traced to the 11th to 12th century AD. This is one of the few temples where buffalo sacrifice is being practice (during Durga Puja).
3.10.2
Demographic Profile
In view of the size and operations within the Project, the study of demographic profile has been limited to an area within a radius of 5 km. The study area covers 17 villages, under North Guwahati Sub-Division in Kamrup district. The total population of the entire villages under study area was 42,928 (District Census handbook - 2001). Under the category of sex ratio, the number of females per 1000 males is 904. Total population of Scheduled Caste is 23.4% and total population of Scheduled Tribe is 3.17%. The literacy rate in the study area was 70.8%, out of which the literacy rate in male category is higher (56.9%) whereas the literacy rate is only 43.1% in female category. The Salient features of the demography profile of the study area presented in Table 3.10.1 and the demographic profile of the area is presented in Tables 3.10.3 and 3.10.4.
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Table -3.10.1 Salient Features of Demographic Profile Particulars Features within 05-km radius Population, Total 42,928 Population, Males 22,541 Population, Females 20,387 Females per 1000 Males 904 Population 6 years, Total 5376 Scheduled castes (SC), Total Population 10,052 SC, Male Population 5114 SC, Female Population 4938 SC, Total as % of total population 23.4 SC, Females/1000 SC Males 965 Scheduled tribes (ST), Total Population 4444 ST, Males Population 2266 ST, Females Population 2178 ST Total as % of total population 10.3 ST Females/1000 ST Males 961 Literates, Total Population 30,426 Literates, Males Population 17,321 Literates, Females Population 13,105 Total Literates as % of Total Population 70.8 Males Literates as % of Total Male 56.9 Population Females Literates as % of Total Female 43.1 Population Source: District Census handbook 2001
3.10.3
Economy and Occupation

The occupational pattern of the area is presented in Tables 3.10.5 and 3.10.6. The economy of the area is dependent on cultivation, agriculture, household industries and other sector with their percentage as 8.5%, 3.3%, 8.0% and 86.1% respectively. The Salient features of the Economy profile of the study area presented in Table 3.10.2.
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Table- 3.10.2 Silent feature of Demographic profile Features within 5-Km Particulars radius Population, Total 42,928 Total Workers 12,704 Total Workers as % of total population 29.5 Main Workers, Total 11,161 Main Workers, Males 9709 Main Workers, Females 1452 Total Main workers as % of Total Population 25.9 Marginal workers, Total 1543 Marginal workers, Males 1023 Marginal workers, Females 520 Total Marginal Workers as % of Total Population 3.6 Main Cultivators, Total 943 Main Agricultural Labourers, Total 361 Main Household Workers, Total 248 Main Other workers, Total 9609 Main Cultivators as % of Total Main Workers 8.5 Main Agric. Labourers as % of Total Main Workers 3.3 Main Household workers as % of Total Main 2.2 Workers Main Other workers as % of Total Main Workers 86.1 Source: District Census handbook 2001
3.10.4
Amenities
Developmental work has been recorded in the district during the past few decades. The numbers of schools have increased considerably and more buses and cycles are plying on the roads as compared to pre-independence period. Education has tended to change the social outlook. The number of medical facilities is also fast increasing. As a result of the increased transport facilities, people have begun to travel more frequently. There is a perceptible change from the traditional pattern to the adoption of modern style of living. Aspirations of the people are high. The community development program has created an urge for better living among the people. Within the study area, all the settlements are electrified and connected with metalled roads. Facilities for primary education and medical treatment available in all the settlements are adequate.
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The Salient features of the Amenities profile of the study area is presented in Table 3.10.7.
3.10.5
Agriculture
Only 0.3 to 0.5% of the non-working persons were engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture, though an established tradition and main stay of the people, is not a major occupation in the study region. It was also found by the survey that agriculture as an occupation is fading away due to the lucrative jobs in factories and industries. It is found that some agricultural activities like, growing rice crops, are carried out near the site by cultivators who are said to be not from the North Guwahati. However, this is a temporary activity and during monsoon, rice crops are generally destroyed. The largest portion of the cultivable area is put to cultivation of rice. The principal crops cultivated are rice, maize, wheat, oil seed, fibre crops, etc.
3.10.6
Pisciculture
To promote pisciculture in the district, 9 nos. of fish seed farming centres were set up in Kamrup district including 1 under the tribal sub plan. Under the plan, assistance to pisciculturists for reclamation and inputs were provided. Assistance to tribals were also provided and training in fisheries was organised. Pig-cum-fish and fish-cum-duck culture were also started and derelict water bodies reclaimed. To help fisherman, a National Welfare Fund for Fisherman was established in the district.
3.10.7
Sericulture
Sericulture is an age-old rural industry in Assam. It is as old as the Assamese tradition. It provides large scale part time occupation to the rural people in their off agriculture seasons. The popular, costly, world famous and durable endi and munga of Assam are the products of this industry. There are 489 seri villages in the district. 270 villages are earmarked for Eri, 114 villages under Muga and 105 villages earmarked for Mulberry. The number of families engaged in sericulture is 10,494 out of which, 7105 families are engaged in Eri, 3051 families in Muga and 338 families in Milberry. The study area includes Sialkuchi which is famous for Muga and Eri products and these products also exported outside India.
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3.10.8
Education
The educational level of the population of the district is abysmally low. Of the total population with some educational attainment 2.12% receive education below primary level, 19.41%, attain education up to primary level and 17.12% complete middle level schooling. Of the total educated only 29% complete their matric/higher secondary/diploma courses. The percentage of graduates in the district is only 10.5%. The poor educational attainment in the district also reflects the poor quality of employable human resource and low work status for the vast majority of the workforce.
3.10.9
Health
The project area is located about 25 km from Guwahati, the state capital of Assam. Medical facilities in the form of hospitals and dispensaries operated by the state government as well as private practitioners are adequate. The NRHM (National Rural Health Mission) guarantees better health outcomes for millions of people in rural areas, especially those belonging to marginalized and vulnerable communities. The Village Health and Nutrition Day (VHND) promises to be an effective platform for providing first-contact primary health care. The State Health Mission (SHM) & District Health Missions (DHM) are constituted. DHM will control, guide and manage all Public Health Institution and prepare District Health Plan. Village Health Committee (VHC) will prepare Village Health Plan.
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TABLE-3.10.3 VILLAGE-WISE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No Name of Village Total No. of House hold Population Total Male Female Scheduled Castes Male Female Scheduled Tribes Male
Female
DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK 01. Bamuni Gaon 176 02. Sila 298 03. Dhobartari 430 04. Silbharal 375 05. Niz sundari ghopa 317 06. Karaibari 164 07. Kali Pahar 182 08. Gauripur 114 09. Rangmahal 483 10. Abhaypur 528 11. Tiling Gaon 41 12. Namati Jalah 320 13 Amin Gaon 1268 North Guwahati 14. (TC) 3179 15. Sila Grant 7 16. Ghora Jan 28 17. Rudreswar 369 TOTAL 8279
949 1605 2251 1973 1584 829 791 619 2799 2840 189 1588 6512 16286 43 121 1949
42928
446 822 1124 1047 817 474 397 319 1410 1445 97 839 3477 8750 23 63 991
22541
503 783 1127 926 767 355 394 300 1389 1395 92 749 3035 7536 20 58 958
20387
0 6 394 419 12 1 0 3 2 86 22 352 1176 2633 0 5 3

5114
0 4 393 393 13 0 0 2 3 84 21 315 1104 2596 0 8 2

4938
0 279 2 17 427 141 0 166 133 482 14 9 163 211 23 38 161

2266
0 274 3 13 386 142 1 160 127 478 11 7 178 173 20 34 171

2178
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TABLE - 3.10.4 VILLAGE WISE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No. Population Name of Village Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Literates Illiterates Population (0-6 year)
DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK 01. Bamuni Gaon 949 446 02. Sila 1605 822 03. Dhobartari 2251 1124 04. Silbharal 1973 1047 Niz sundari 05. ghopa 1584 817 06. Karaibari 829 474 07. Kali Pahar 791 397 08. Gauripur 619 319 09. Rangmahal 2799 1410 10. Abhaypur 2840 1445 11. Tiling Gaon 189 97 12. Namati Jalah 1588 839 13 6512 3477 Amin Gaon North Guwahati 14. (TC) 16286 8750 15. Sila Grant 43 23 16. Ghora Jan 121 63 17. Rudreswar 1949 991
503 783 1127 926 767 355 394 300 1389 1395 92 749 3035 7536 20 58 958 20387
343 585 921 774 602 299 240 238 1180 1187 80 576 2407 6998 16 25 850 17321
296 450 793 545 468 215 173 191 993 990 56 400 1618 5175 12 14 716 13105
103 237 203 273 215 175 157 81 230 258 17 263 1070 1752 7 38 141 5220
207 333 334 381 299 140 221 109 396 405 36 349 1417 2361 8 44 242 7282
152 269 260 285 227 156 157 94 279 309 31 207 916 1807 4 26 197 5376
TOTAL
42928
22541
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TABLE - 3.10.5 VILLAGE WISE ECONOMIC PROFILE IN STUDY AREA

Sl. No. Name of Village Total Population Total Worker Total Main Workers Male Female Marginal Workers Male Female Non Workers Male Female
DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK 01. Bamuni Gaon 949 02. Sila 1605 03. Dhobartari 2251 04. Silbharal 1973 Niz sundari 05. ghopa 1584 06. Karaibari 829 07. Kali Pahar 791 08. Gauripur 619 09. Rangmahal 2799 10. Abhaypur 2840 11. Tiling Gaon 189 12. Namati Jalah 1588 13 6512 Amin Gaon North Guwahati 14. (TC) 16286 15. Sila Grant 43 16. Ghora Jan 121 17. Rudreswar 1949
288 666 627 487 368 360 361 167 780 749 51 459 1908 4857 10 46 520 12704
200 400 446 392 257 201 175 105 653 623 38 409 1616 3716 8 34 436 9709
23 259 46 48 14 31 20 8 78 82 8 27 137 617 2 1 51 1452
35 5 114 33 83 67 44 39 40 35 3 21 130 339 0 6 29 1023
30 2 21 14 14 61 122 15 9 9 2 2 25 185 0 5 4 520
211 417 564 622 477 206 178 175 717 787 56 409 1731 4695 15 23 526 11809
450 522 1060 864 739 263 252 277 1302 1304 82 720 2873 6734 18 52 903 18415
TOTAL
42928
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TABLE - 3.10.6 VILLAGE-WISE WORK FORCE PATTERN IN STUDY AREA

Sl. Total Name of village No. Workers DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK 01. Bamuni Gaon 288 02. Sila 666 03. Dhobartari 627 04. Silbharal 487 05. Niz sundari ghopa 368 06. Karaibari 360 07. Kali Pahar 361 08. Gauripur 167 09. Rangmahal 780 10. Abhaypur 749 11. Tiling Gaon 51 12. Namati Jalah 459 13 1908 Amin Gaon North Guwahati 14. (TC) 4857 15. Sila Grant 10 16. Ghora Jan 46 17. Rudreswar 520 Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household Industry Others Worker
32 219 118 76 46 18 12 8 161 84 1 12 57 33 0 1 65 943
83 20 45 18 20 9 52 4 44 19 0 4 6 32 0 1 4 361
3 21 9 2 6 6 2 13 32 10 2 8 24 98 0 1 11 248
105 399 320 344 199 199 129 88 494 592 43 412 1666 4170 10 32 407 9609
TOTAL
12704
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TABLE 3.10.7 VILLAGE WISE BASIC & CIVIC AMENITIES IN STUDY AREA
Sl. No. Name of Village Educational Medical Drinking Water Post & Telegraph Communicat ion Approac h to the Village
DISTRICT KAMRUP CHAMARIA DEVLOPMENT BLOCK P,M 01. Bamuni Gaon P,M 02. Sila P,M 03. Dhobartari P,M 04. Silbharal P,M 05. Niz sundari ghopa P,M 06. Karaibari P,M 07. Kali Pahar P,M,S 08. Gauripur P,M 09. Rangmahal P,M,S 10. Abhaypur P,M 11. Tiling Gaon P,M 12. Namati Jalah P,M 13 Amin Gaon North Guwahati P,M,S 14. (TC) P,M 15. Sila Grant P,M 16. Ghora Jan P,M 17. Rudreswar
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
W,HP W,HP W,HP W,HP W,HP W,HP W W,HP W,HP W,T, HP W,HP W,HP W,HP W,T,HP W,HP W,HP W,HP
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR KR,PR
Legend 1 2 3 P M S KR PR = = = = = = = = (0-5) - Facility available within 5 KM (5-10) - Facility available within 5 KM (>10) - Facility available above 10 KM Primary School T = Tap Middle School TW = Tube Well Secondary School Kutcha Road Pucca Road
W HP
= Well = Hand Pump
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3.11
TRAFFIC STUDY The traffic study has been conducted to know the existing traffic scenario and assess the impact of increase in traffic due to the proposed project. This study would help to assess the adequacy of the existing roads for the increased traffic and subsequent pollution load. The traffic study was conducted at one location for 24 hours during study period.
3.11.1
Road Network The transportation network near the Bottling Plant area is very predominantly road oriented. The road based transportation system meets a large proportion of travel demand generated by both inter-urban and intra-urban traffic. There are two national highways in the study area. NH-37 connecting Guwahati and Tinskuia is running at the South-Eastern direction of the existing Bottling Plant whereas NH-31 connecting Guwahati and Rangia is on the Western side of the Bottling Plant.
3.11.2
Monitoring of Traffic Density A study related to monitoring of traffic density was conducted during the study period. Training of counting techniques was provided to local workers engaged for the monitoring. Standard pro-forma was supplied to the trained personnel for recording the data. To evaluate the traffic density along LPG Bottling Plant, traffic counts were made at IIT College Nagar Chowk - Near NH-31. The traffic monitoring study was carried out by counting the vehicles plying in both directions continuously on the above NH-31. The vehicles were counted every hour and recorded under respective categories. The vehicles were categorized under different heads like Trucks, Tankers, Buses, Cars, three wheelers, two wheelers etc.
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Table No - 3.11.1 Traffic Density on NH-31 near IIT, College Nagar Chowk (To & Fro) Time 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 TOTAL Tanker 3 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 31 Bus 3 2 4 5 4 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 39 Trucks 10 12 15 20 21 26 5 7 11 14 4 5 2 2 0 2 5 0 2 8 7 6 5 4 193 2/3 Wheelers 31 33 35 28 26 22 18 15 16 17 15 13 8 7 6 5 6 6 4 5 6 4 8 11 345 Car/Jeep 15 21 25 26 31 32 15 18 9 14 16 9 8 6 2 0 1 0 2 0 0 5 6 6 267
OBSERVATION The traffic density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per hour whereas the traffic density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per hour. CONCLUSION It may be concluded from the observations that the LPG Bottling Plant does not have any adverse impact on demographic profile, basic amenities, social structure, transport system, occupational pattern etc. The LPG Bottling Plant facility produces some tangible beneficial impact on the life quality and socioeconomic status of the area.
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CHAPTER- 4
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION MEASURES
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION MEASURES
4.0
4.1
ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & MITIGATION MEASURES

INTRODUCTION
One of the important elements of Environmental Impact Assessment study is the identification of impacts, as it helps in quantification and evaluation of impacts. Although, in general, a number of impacts have been identified while describing the baseline environmental status, it is necessary at this stage to identify the critical impacts positive/negative on various components of the environment that are likely due to installation of proposed Mounded Bullets. Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary impacts are attributed directly to project activities whereas secondary impacts are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities due to the proposed project activities. The construction and operational phase of the proposed Mounded Bullets comprises various activities each of which may have either positive or negative impact on some or other environmental attributes. The proposed project activities would impart impact on the environment in two distinct phases: During construction phase which may be regarded as temporary or short term and reversible effect; and During operational phase which may have long term effects.
The evaluation of environmental impacts due to installation of mounded bullets considering the baseline status within a radius of 5 Km around the LPG bottling plant and the mitigation measures are as under: 4.2 Identification of Impacts The likely impacts due to proposed activities are described for the following environmental components: a) Topography; b) Climate; c) Air Quality; d) Noise Levels; e) Water Quality; f) Solid Waste Generation;
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g) Terrestrial Ecology; and h) Aquatic Ecology. The impact of the proposed activities on each of the above environmental components is discussed in following paragraphs. 4.2.1 4.2.1.1 Impact on Topography Construction Phase The installation activities include excavation of soil from the proposed site. The excavated loose soil will be utilized for levelling of low lying areas inside the plant. Thus, the impact on topography during construction phase is insignificant. 4.2.1.2 Operation Phase As the bullets will be mounded with earth/sand and the operation will be confined in closed, leak proof system, no impact is envisaged on the topography during operation phase. 4.2.2 Impact on Climate As the proposal relates to installation of Mounded Bullets only, no impact on the present climatic condition is envisaged during construction or operation phase. The proposed site is almost plain and devoid of vegetation. Hence, it would not alter the present climatic condition and no impact is foreseen on the present climatic condition. 4.2.3 Impact on Air Quality The impact on ambient air quality is assessed considering the baseline air quality. The ambient air quality parameters monitored around the bottling plant at North Guwahati are observed to be well within the NAAQS applicable for Industrial/Residential/Rural Areas. 4.2.3.1 Construction Phase The insignificant emission during construction period will include fugitive dust due to excavation of soil, movement of heavy construction equipments/ vehicles, site clearing and other activities. This type of fugitive dust is expected to result in change in the baseline air quality specifically during the construction phase. However, the construction activities will be for temporary period and hence, its impact on the existing ambient air quality as well as
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vegetation will be reversible. Dust emissions are likely to be confined within the limited area. 4.2.3.2 Operation Phase No emission is envisaged during the storage & handling of LPG in the Mounded Bullets. There would be no fugitive emission during unloading of bulk LPG in Mounded Bullets and hence no impact is envisaged. 4.2.4 4.2.4.1 Impact on Noise Levels Construction Phase The noise generation during construction phase may have insignificant impact on the existing ambient noise levels. The major works associated with installation/ construction activities would be carried out during day time. The construction equipment may result in high noise levels, which may affect the personnel in the work zone. However, use of personal protective equipments such as earplugs, ear muffs will mitigate any adverse impact of the noise on working personnel. The noise likely to be generated during excavation of earth, loading/unloading and transportation of construction materials etc will be in the range of about 80 to 90 dB(A) and this will occur only when all the equipments operate simultaneously. There is remote possibility of such occurrence. The workers engaged in construction activities, in general, are likely to be exposed to an equivalent noise level of 70-75 dB(A). Therefore, use of protective equipments in the form of ear muffs/ earplugs in high noise level areas shall mitigate any adverse impact. 4.2.4.2 Operation Phase The existing average ambient noise level at the boundary walls of the bottling plant, as monitored during baseline data generation are in the range of 42.4 to 54.7dB(A). As the proposed Mounded Bullets shall be operated in closed circuit, it is envisaged that noise environment would remain unaffected during operation of the proposed facilities. 4.2.5 Impact on Water Quality The existing water quality around bottling plant has been assessed by conducting water quality monitoring from November 2011 to January 2012. Two nos. of surface water samples and three nos. of ground water samples
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were collected to assess the water quality and presented in Chapter-3. The physico-chemical characteristics of ground as well as surface water quality were found well within acceptable limits as specified in Drinking Water Standard IS: 10,500. 4.2.5.1 Water Requirement The raw and potable water requirement of the bottling plant is being met by drawing water from a deep tube well. Water is required mainly for fire fighting, service water, washing, potable purposes and irrigation of afforested areas. The average water consumption of bottling plant is about 66.0 m3/day. BASIS FOR CALCULATION OF POTABLE WATER REQUIREMENT Drinking Flushing Washing Waste Total : : : : : 10 Litres/Person 20 Litres/Person 25 Litres/Person 25 Litres/Person 80 Litres/day/person
About 150 persons are working during operation of the bottling plant including security, truck crews & contract workers. Total Domestic Consumption for 150 persons =150 x 80L = 12,000L = 12m3 Table-4.1 WATER CONSUMPTION Sl. No. a) b) c) Quantity (m3/day) Particulars Domestic (Drinking, Sanitary etc.) Washing/water bath/Miscl. plant operation Mock Drill (170 m3 once in a month) Total
Existing Postaugmentation
12.0 49.0 5.0 66.0
12.0 49.0 5.0 66.0
The project proposal is only for installation of two nos. of Mounded Bullets for augmentation of storage facilities. Hence, the water requirement shall remain unchanged.
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Table-4.2 Waste Water Generation & Disposal Sl. No. a) b) c) Particulars Water bath/washings/service water Sanitary waste water Mock drill Total Quantity (m3/day) Existing 25.0 8.0 3.0 36.0
Post- Augmentation
25.0 8.0 3.0 36.0
The quantity of waste water generation shall remain unchanged during normal operation of the plant after installation of the proposed Mounded Bullets. The sanitary waste water (8.0 m3) shall be disposed off through septic tanks and soak pits and rest of the waste water shall be passed through vapour trap and discharged into existing drainage system. 4.2.5.2 4.2.5.2.1 Impact on Surface Water Construction Phase During construction phase, about 90-100 labourers would be engaged by the contractors. Potable & water for construction shall be arranged by the contractor. About 14 m3/day of construction water is required for a period of about 15 months i.e. during the construction phase only. 4.2.5.2.2 Operation Phase As discussed above, the quantity of raw water requirement shall remain same. Since, water requirement of the plant is met through deep tube well located inside the plant premises; no impact is envisaged on surface water body during operation of proposed Mounded Bullets. 4.2.5.3 Impact on Ground Water Reserve and Quality The bottling activity does not envisage generation/ disposal of any hazardous or toxic materials, which could leach down to water table. Hence, impact on the ground water quality is not envisaged during construction phase as well as operation phase of the proposed project.
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4.2.6 4.2.6.1
Impact due to Solid / Hazardous Waste Generation Construction Phase Solid Waste Generation of solid waste in the form of excavated earth is envisaged during the construction period. There will be temporary piling of excavated earth and shall be utilized for levelling of the low lying area in the bottling plant. During construction of Mounded Bullets, some solid materials are expected to be generated. The gas cylinders used for welding shall be returned back to the supplier. Cement bags, plastic buckets, coal tar drums, damaged tools and other containers are used during construction and discarded as solid wastes. Hazardous Waste The hazardous materials used during the construction may include diesel, welding gas and paints, etc. These have to be disposed carefully.
4.2.6.2
Operation Phase Except spent oil from DG Set, no solid waste is envisaged to be generated during the operation phase.
4.2.7 4.2.7.1 4.2.7.1.1
Impact on Ecology Terrestrial Ecology Construction Phase The initial construction work at the project site involves land clearance, cutting/ felling of negligible number of shrubs and back-filling /levelling. The site for installation of Mounded Bullets is almost barren and devoid of vegetation. The construction activities involve removal of shrubs and scrubs only.
4.2.7.1.2
Operation Phase The probability and consequences of significant ecological impacts occurring as a result of the operation of the Mounded Bullets/facility are considered to be almost negligible. The risk of any leakage is almost negligible owing to stringent leak prevention technologies.
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4.2.7.2 4.2.7.2.1
Aquatic Ecology Construction Phase Only a small amount of sanitary waste water would be generated during construction phase. The waste water so generated shall be disposed off through septic tanks and soak pits. Hence, no impact is envisaged on aquatic ecology of any surface water source.
4.2.7.2.2
Operation Phase In normal condition, no waste water is discharged from bottling plant to any surface water body. During rainy season, the rain water is discharged through properly designed storm water drain after passing through vapour trap. Hence, no impact is envisaged on aquatic ecology from the operation of facilities.
4.2.8
Impact on Land Environment The bullets will be mounded with earth/sand and hence there will not be any adverse impact on the land environment. The construction activities would attract a sizeable number of construction workers deployed for establishment of bullets. Due to this, marginal influx of population is likely to take place which would result in temporary camps consisting of hutments. However, these would be confined to limited period of construction only. Hence, impact is temporary in nature and reversible. Efforts would be made to engage construction workers from local adjoining areas to mitigate this impact.
4.2.9
Impact on Socio-economic Environment The development due to proposed project will have marginal impacts on local socio-economic condition of the people residing in the area. The construction of Mounded Bullets would provide temporary employment, which may consist of locals too. This would improve the socio-economic condition of the local population. The operation of the proposed project would result in positive impacts such as industrial and economic development and generation of employment opportunity.
4.2.10
Impact of Earthquake All districts of Assam lie in Seismic Zone-V.
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4.2.11
Transport System The National Highway, NH-31 which links Guwahati to other North-Eastern States is at a distance of about 3.0 Km from the bottling plant. This highway is the main road for receiving bulk LPG as well as carrying filled cylinders to designated locations. Traffic density on the NH-31 is moderate and at present every hour approximately 100-120 vehicles are passing through it.
Presently, about 17 bulk LPG road tankers coming from different supply sources are unloaded everyday at the bottling plant. Post-augmentation, about 25-26 road tankers shall be unloaded daily at the bottling plant. The increase in number of road tankers shall be only for initial few days unless the storage level of LPG of 2520 MT is achieved at North Guwahati bottling plant. Thereafter, there will be no increase in traffic load on NH-31 & 37. In view of the traffic on the road, density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per hour whereas the traffic density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per hour. Thus, viewing the density as well as the preventive measures (approach road and lorry parking area), the bottling plant activities may impart insignificant impact on the traffic for a few days. 4.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF IMPACTS Overall evaluation of impacts due to proposed project on various environmental parameters is illustrated in the following Table:
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Table-4.3 EVALUATION OF IMPACTS Negative Effect Positive Effect Environmental No Effect Impact Environmental Area Soil characteristics Natural drainage Conformity to Regional Plans Air quality Ground water Surface water Noise Wild Life Endangered Species Natural vegetation Exotic vegetation Demography Recreation Health & safety Regional economy National economy Public Facilities Public services Transportation 4.4 CONCLUSION In view of the above facts and figures, it may be concluded that LPG Bottling Plant at North Guwahati shall not impart any adverse impact on physical features, water, noise and air environment. The proposed project shall generate additional indirect employment and indirect service sector enhancement in the region and would help in the socio-economic up-liftment of the state as well as the local area.
Problematic

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Irreversible
Reversible
Short-term
Long-term
Beneficial
Adverse
CHAPTER- 5
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)
5.0
5.1
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)

Alternative Technology
The project proposal relates to installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each for storage of LPG. IOCL has mastered the art and technology for installation of Mounded Bullets. The LPG department of Marketing Division of IOCL has earned a good credential for installation of Mounded Bullets. The above expertises of IOCL are well proven and working efficiently at different locations of the country including North-Eastern states without fail. IOCL is having excellent track record and progressive outlook in regularly updating its technology. The technology adopted by IOCL for installation of Mounded Bullets for storage of LPG is a fail-safe.
5.2
Alternative Site
Since, the proposed bullets shall be annexe to the existing plant and already vacant space is available hence, alternate site selection is not relevant.
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CHAPTER- 6
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ENVIORNMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
6.0
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

Environmental monitoring plays a key role for establishment of Environmental Management Plan. Environmental monitoring helps to ascertain the status and performance of equipment and record the emission levels. In general, the frequency of regular monitoring depends on process technology, type of process equipment, stability of the process and reliability of the analytical method. A monitoring schedule, prepared in consultation with Assam State Pollution Control Board (ASPCB), shall be maintained for the following components: Ambient air quality: Monitoring of ambient PM10, SO2 & NOx shall be carried out by a laboratory accredited by ASPCB/CPCB. The measurements shall be conducted at regular intervals to evaluate the concentrations of the above pollutants as per statutory guidelines. Waste water: Monitoring of waste water shall cover all the parameters specified by ASPCB, with special emphasis on pH, Suspended solids, Dissolve Oxygen, Oil and Grease etc. and shall be conducted by a laboratory accredited by ASPCB/CPCB. Ambient Noise level: Noise generated by different sources and noise level within work zone & near boundary walls shall be measured once in every three months by a laboratory accredited by ASPCB/CPCB or as per guidelines provided by ASPCB.
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CHAPTER- 7
RISK ANALYSIS
Risk Analysis
7.0
RISK ANALYSIS
LPG Bottling Plant of M/s IOCL North Guwahati mainly poses fire and explosion hazards due to handling/storage/dispatch operation of LPG. These operations may lead to unwanted and accidental releases of LPG. IOCL proposes installation of additional 2 Nos. of mounded bullet (Cap. 600 MT each) in the existing bottling plant premises at North Guwahati. This section deals with listing of various failure cases leading to various hazard scenarios, analysis of failure modes and consequence analysis. Consequence analysis is basically a quantitative study of the hazard due to various failure scenarios to determine the possible magnitude of damage effects and to determine the distances up to, which the damage may occur. The reason and purpose of consequence analysis are manifolds like: For computation of risk. For evaluating damage and protection of other plants. To ascertain damage potential to public and evolve protection measures. For preparation of effective emergency planning both ON-SITE and OFF-SITE. For formulating safe design criteria of equipment and protection systems.
The results of consequence analysis are useful for getting information about all known and unknown effects that are of importance when some failure occurs. It also gives information to deal with the possible catastrophic events and an understanding of hazard potential and remedial measures to plant authorities, workers and the public living outside in the vicinity of the plant. Scope of risk analysis study includes the following: Identify vulnerable sections of the plant, which are likely to cause damage to the plant, operating staff and the surrounding communities in case of any accidental release of LPG from the plant facilities. Assess overall damage potential of the hazardous events in relation to Plant and environment. Assessment of total individual risk at various locations around the plant premises
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Risk Analysis
The present study is based on the information made available by M/s IOCL to PDIL before undertaking Risk Analysis Study. The study does not take into account the risk from any deliberate mal-operations or any act of sabotage. Risk analysis of the plant includes identification of various credible and non credible failure scenarios and consequences of those scenarios leading to dispersion, pool fire, jet fire, vapour cloud explosion, etc. Frequency of the failure cases, magnitude of hazards and hazard distances have also been dealt with. The principal conclusions drawn from the risk analysis and recommendations based thereon are summarized hereunder.
7.1
PROPERTIES OF LPG
LPG is a mixture of commercial propane and commercial butane, which may also contain small quantity of unsaturated hydrocarbons. LPG marketing in India is governed by IS 4576 and test methods by IS-1448. LPG being highly inflammable may cause fire and explosion. It, therefore, calls for special attention during its handling.
7.1.1
Physical properties
a) Density LPG at atmospheric pressure and temperature is a gas, which is 1.5 to 2.0 times heavier than air. It gets easily liquefied under moderate pressure. The density of liquid is approximately half that of water and ranges from 0.525 to 0.58 Te/m3. Since LPG vapour is heavier than air, it normally settles down at ground level/low lying areas. This accumulation of LPG vapour gives rise to potential fire and explosion hazards. b) Vapour Pressure The pressure inside a LPG storage vessel corresponds to the temperature in the storage vessel. This vapour pressure is dependent on temperature as well as the percentage composition of the mixture of hydrocarbons present in LPG. Beyond liquid full condition in cylinders any further expansion of the liquid will increase the cylinder pressure by 7-8 kg/Cm2 for each degree
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Risk Analysis
centigrade rise in temperature. This clearly indicates the hazardous situation, which may arise due to overfilling of cylinders or any storage vessel. c) Flammability LPG has an explosive limit range of 1.8% to 9.5% by volume of the gas in air. This is considerably narrower than other common gaseous fuel. d) Auto-ignition temperature The auto-ignition temperature of LPG is around 410oC-548oC and will not ignite on its own at normal temperature.
e)
Combustion Combustion of LPG increases the volume of products in addition to generation of heat. LPG requires about 24 to 30 times its own volume of air for complete combustion and yields 3-4 times of its own volume of CO2. The heat of combustion is about 10,900 Kcal/kg.
f)
Colour LPG is colourless both in liquid and vapour phase. During leakage, vapourisation of LPG cools the atmosphere and condenses the water vapour contained in it forming a white fog. This makes possible to see an escape of LPG.
g)
Viscosity LPG has a low viscosity (around 0.3 CS at 45oC) and can leak when other petroleum products cannot. This property demands a high degree of integrity in the pressurized systems handling LPG to avoid leakage.
h)
Odour LPG has a very faint smell and as such for detecting leakage of LPG, ethyl mercaptan is generally added in the ratio approx. 1 Kg of mercaptan per 100 m3 of liquid LPG (20 ppm).
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Risk Analysis
i)
Toxicity LPG is slightly toxic. Although it is not poisonous in vapour phase, it suffocates when present in large concentrations due to displacement of oxygen. IDLH value of LPG is generally taken as 19000 ppm.
j)
Pyrophoric Iron Highly inflammable pyrophoric iron sulphide is formed due to reaction of loose iron/iron oxide with sulphur or its compounds. Formation of pyrophoric iron sulphide is prevented by totally eliminating H2S, limiting the total volatile sulphur to 0.2% by mass and reducing loose iron oxide by thoroughly cleaning the storage vessels internally during outage. However, pyrophoric iron sulphide will not spontaneously ignite in a Sphere or a cylinder due to high concentration of LPG, which is much above the upper flammable limit. When these vessels are aired (during opening to atmosphere or air entrapped condition) to within or below the range, it will ignite spontaneously unless steam/water is used to cut the sulphur iron reaction. Similar type of precaution is needed while opening the strainers of LPG pumps or any other location where loose iron oxide is expected.
7.2 7.2.1
HAZARDS OF LPG SPILLAGE/ESCAPE FROM CONTAINMENT General

When LPG is released from a storage vessel or a pipeline, a fraction of LPG vaporizes immediately and the other portion forms a pool if the released liquid quantity is significant. LPG from the pool vaporizes rapidly entrapping some liquid as droplets as well as considerable amount of air, forming a gas cloud. The gas cloud is relatively heavier than air and forms a thin layer on the ground. The cloud flows into trenches and depressions and in this way travels a considerable distance. As the cloud formed in the area of spill moves downwind under influence of wind, it gets diluted. A small spark within the flammability limit can cause flash fire, explosion and if the liquid pool still exists and remains in touch of cloud under fire it can ignite the whole mass of liquid. However in case of non existence of any source of fire there will be no occurrence of hazardous event and the cloud may
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Risk Analysis
get diluted to such a level that the mixture is no longer explosive. But it can cause asphyxiation due to displacement of oxygen. The various phenomena that may likely to take place are discussed as hereunder.
7.2.2
Jet Fire
Escaping jet of LPG from pressure vessels/piping, if ignited, causes a jet flame. The jet flame direction and tilt depend on prevailing wind direction and velocity. Damage, in case of such type of jet fires, may be restricted within the plant boundary. However, the ignited jet can impinge on other vessels and equipment carrying LPG and can cause domino effect.
7.2.3
Pool Fire
The liquid pool, if ignited, causes a "Pool Fire". In the pool fire, LPG burns with long smoky flame throughout the pool diameter radiating intense heat, which creates severe damage to the adjoining buildings, structures, other vessels and equipment causing secondary fires. The flame may tilt under influence of wind and may get propagated / blown several pool diameters down wind. Damage, in case of such fires, may be restricted within the plant area and near the source of generation except causing phenomena, called BLEVE, which will be discussed and detailed below. However, in case of plants having a good layout maintaining safe separation distances and other precautionary measures, the damage may be restricted to minimum distance.
7.2.4
Vapour Cloud Explosion (VCE)

Clouds of LPG vapour mixed with air (within flammability limit) may cause propagating flames when ignited. In certain cases flame may take place within seconds. The thermal radiation intensity is severe depending on the total mass of LPG in the cloud and may cause secondary fires. When the flame travels very fast it explodes causing high overpressures or blast effects causing heavy damage at considerable distance from the release point. Such explosions are called unconfined vapour cloud explosion and is most common cause of such industrial accidents.
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Risk Analysis
7.2.5
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE)

This phenomenon occurs when pressure inside a storage vessel increases above the design pressure due to receipt of heat radiation from fire in the adjacent area. Due to impingement of flame or due to radiant heat, temperature in the vapour portion of the storage vessel increases rapidly compared to the portion filled with liquid. Increase in temperature weakens the shell. With the rise in vapour pressure and inadequate vapour space for expansion, the shell of storage tank bursts causing fragments of the shell flying like projectiles with release of whole mass of pressurised boiling liquid. The released liquid flashes and atomises immediately often resulting a large fire ball in contact with an ignition source. Although the fire ball lasts only a few seconds, its effect is
devastating due to flame contact and intense thermal radiation. This phenomenon is called BLEVE. The effect of BLEVE may extend beyond the plant boundary in case of catastrophic failure of large pressurised storage vessels but occurrence of such phenomena is very rare and this is considered to be incredible in nature.
7.3
7.3.1
PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS

The plant handles LPG, which is highly inflammable and explosive. The hazards involved in the plant are: Large scale release of LPG from bulk storage system leading to dispersion/fire/explosion. Leakage of LPG in unloading area due to unloading arm failure. Equipment failure/malfunction like relief valve failure, flange gasket failure, pump mechanical seal failure etc. resulting in leakage of LPG to atmosphere. Accidents due to overfilled cylinders or fire in the vicinity. Lack of adequate fire protection facilities available at different places of LPG unloading, loading and usage. Lack of experience level of personnel involved and their capacity to cope with emergency situation. Apart from the above, accidents due to maloperation, negligence and sabotage are also not ruled out.
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Risk Analysis
7.4 7.4.1
RISK ANALYSIS Quantitative Risk Analysis

Quantitative Risk Analysis has been carried out with help world renowned SOFTWARE i.e. PHAST RISK Micro, Version-6.70 (Latest) of M/s DNV Technica(UK).
7.4.2
Damage Criteria
The damage effects are different for different types of failure scenarios .The physical effects of ignition of LPG vapours, e.g. blast wave, thermal radiation and BLEVE due to release of LPG from the containment are discussed below: i) LPG vapours released accidentally will normally spread out in the direction of the wind. If it comes into contact with an ignition source
before being dispersed below the lower flammability limit (LFL), a flash fire is likely to occur and the flame may travel back to the source of leak. Any person caught in the flash fire is likely to suffer from severe burn injury. Therefore, in consequence analysis, the distance to LFL value is usually taken to indicate the area, which may be affected by flash fires. Any other combustible material within the flash fire is likely to catch fire and may cause secondary fires. In the area close to the source of leakage of LPG there is a possibility of Oxygen depletion since the LPG vapour is heavier than air. A minimum of 19.5% Oxygen in air is considered essential for human lives. ii) Thermal radiation due to pool fire, jet flame or fire ball may cause various degrees of burn on human bodies. Also its effects on inanimate objects like equipment, piping, building and other objects need to be evaluated. The damage effect with respect to thermal radiation intensity is elaborated in Table - 7.1. Damage due to various level of incident thermal radiation, overpressure and thermal dose level have been given in table 7.1, 7.2 & 7.3
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Risk Analysis
Table - 7.1 DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT THERMAL RADIATION INTENSITY Incident Thermal Radiation Intensity, KW/m2 37.5 25 12.5 4.5 Observed effect Sufficient to cause damage to process equipment Minimum energy required to ignite wood at indefinitely long exposure ( Non pilotwd) Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood, melting of plastic tubing etc. 1st degree burn, Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach cover within 20 sec; however blistering of skin is likely. Will cause no discomfort for long exposure
1.5
Table - 7.2 DAMAGE EFFECTS OF BLAST OVERPRESSURE Blast Overpressure. (Bar) 0.30 0.10 0.03 iii) Damage Type Major damage to structures (assumed fetal to the people inside structure) Repairable Damage Window Breakage
In the event of dispersion of LPG vapour cloud, the cloud comes into contact with an ignition source between its upper and lower flammability limit an explosion may occur. The resultant blast wave may have damaging effect on the equipment, buildings, structures etc. The collapse of buildings & structures may cause injury or fatality. Damaging effect of blast overpressures are illustrated in the table 7.2.
iv)
In the case of fireball from LPG storage tanks, the effect will be similar to that of thermal radiation. Those who are located within fireball distance are likely to suffer fatal burn injury. Those who are beyond fireball diameter will be subjected to different levels of thermal radiation, which has been mentioned earlier in Table-7.1.
In case of transient fires like fire ball, doses of thermal radiation (total incident energy) are also used to estimate threshold damage levels on human bodies. Table 7.3 shows the damage effects due to various dose levels.
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Risk Analysis
Table - 7.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THERMAL DOSE LEVEL Dose Threshold (KJ/m2) 375 250 125 65 1st Degree Burn 2nd Degree Burn 3rd Degree Burn Effect Third degree burn Second degree burn First degree burn Threshold of pain, no reddening or blistering of skin is caused Involves only epidermis. Sunburn is an example. Blisters may occur. Whole epidermis along with some portion of dermis is affected. Involves whole of epidermis and dermis. Sub-cutaneous tissues may also be affected.
Dispersion and Stability Class

In calculation of effects due to release of hydrocarbons dispersion of vapour plays an important role as indicated earlier. The factors which govern dispersion are mainly Wind Velocity, Stability Class, Temperature as well as surface roughness. One of the characteristics of atmosphere is stability, which plays an important role in dispersion of pollutants. Stability is essentially the extent to which it allows vertical motion by suppressing or assisting turbulence. It is generally a function of vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere. The stability factor directly influences the ability of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants emitted into it from sources in the plant. In most dispersion problems relevant atmospheric layer is that nearest to the ground. Turbulence induced by buoyancy forces in the atmosphere is closely related to the vertical temperature profile. Temperature of the atmospheric air normally decreases with increase in height. The rate of decrease of temperature with height is known as the Lapse Rate. It varies from time to time and place to place. This rate of change of temperature with height under adiabatic or neutral condition is approximately 1oC per 100 metres. The atmosphere is said to be stable, neutral or unstable according to the lapse rate is less than, equal or greater than dry adiabatic lapse rate i.e. 1oC per 100 metres.
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Risk Analysis
Pasquill has defined six stability classes ranging from A to F

A B C D E F = = = = = = Extremely unstable Moderately unstable Slightly unstable Neutral Stable Highly stable
7.4.3
Failure Case Listing

The mode of approach adopted for consequence analysis is to first select the failure cases and then to conduct the consequence analysis of the selected failure cases. The failure cases selected are listed in Table - 7.4.
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Risk Analysis
Table - 7.4 SELECTED FAILURE CASES Sl. No. 1. Failure Case Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Mounded Bullets Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Horton Sphere LPG pump discharge line full bore failure Road tanker failure Failure Mode Random Failure Random Failure Random failure Random failure Mech. seal failure Gasket failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Consequence Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, fire ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, jet fire. Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, fire Ball, BLEVE Dispersion Dispersion Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion,vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, fire Ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE Dispersion, fire Ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE
2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
LPG pump mechanical seal failure LPG Pump Outlet Line Gasket failure Road Tanker unloading arm failure Filled cylinder failure(Domino) Safety valve failure Horton Sphere Safety valve failure Mounded Bullet Carousel line failure LPG vapour compressor outlet line Full bore failure Catastrophic Failure of a Single Horton Sphere Domino Effects Of Horton Sphere for for
9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
14.
The purpose of listing of failure cases as given in Table-7.4 above is to examine the consequence of the failure individually or in combination. The frequency of occurrence of failure varies and can be estimated by "Fault tree" or "Event tree" methods. Adoption of such methods for failure frequency estimation need use of reliability indices of equipment and components of the system under study, such reliability indices are expected to be furnished by the manufacturers, which is seldom the case in practice. Generic data could be used as an
alternative.
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Risk Analysis
However, besides such data not being available for every component, their use may sometimes give an erroneous picture if not used judiciously. It is seen that the guillotine failure of pipelines of higher sizes has a lower frequency of occurrence. Also catastrophic failure of LPG storage tanks, road tankers etc. may occur rarely and failures of such equipment may be considered incredible as these may contribute small risk because of low frequency of occurrence. On the other hand failure frequencies of small bore pipelines up to say 50 mm pipe size. Pump mechanical seal, gaskets etc. are relatively high and may be considered "foreseeable" or "credible" and may contribute higher risk.
7.5
7.5.1
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS SCENARIOS

Full Bore/20% CSA Failure of the LPG Outlet Line of Proposed Mounded Bullets The Mounded Bullets have been provided with an outlet line of 150 mm size. In case, full bore/20% CSA failure of the outlet line, LPG will flow out from the storage vessel as jet. The outflow of LPG is large and needs to be stopped at the shortest possible time to avoid a catastrophes. Features of Mounded Bullets are as following: Capacity Storage Temperature Liquid outlet line : : : 2 x 600 MT Ambient 150mm
The failure is downstream of ROV, presence of gas detector near ROV in outlet line may raise alarm or actuate closure of ROV and avoid larger LPG losses. However, the failure frequency of full bore and 20% CSA for pipe dia. of 150 mm are 1.5 x 10-7 /m/year and 3.3 x 10-7 /m/year, which indicates that chances of such failure are very remote. Therefore, this scenario may be considered as non - credible in nature. Release Rate (Kg/sec) Full bore/20% CSA : 95.15/19.35
The consequence of 1 minute spill of LPG due to guillotine/20% CSA failure may be the following: i) The out coming liquid in the form of jet may catch fire in presence of any source of ignition resulting in jet fire.
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Risk Analysis
ii) The LPG which has come out may not catch fire. In that event it shall evaporate forming vapour cloud which may disperse safely beyond its lower flammability limit (LFL) in the direction of the wind, if there is no ignition source between its upper and lower flammability limits. iii) The dispersing vapour cloud may come in contact with an ignition source between its flammability limits. In that event flash fire shall occur and vapour cloud explosion shall result. Anything coming within the fire zone shall be severely affected. The hazard distance for the above mentioned cases are given in tabular form here below
i) The hazard distance to LFL value of LPG has been calculated for wind speed of 2B, 3D & 5D (Day condition) and 2F, 3D & 5D (Night condition) are presented in table no- 7.5 Table - 7.5 MAXIMUM HAZARD DISTANCE TO LFL Sl. Wind Speed (m/sec) No. FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2 02. 3 03. 5 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2 02. 3 03. 5 Stability Class DAY NIGHT B D D B D D F D D F D D Distances (m) DAY NIGHT 258 261 263 111 114 116 281 259 263 138 114 114
It will be evident from the above table that hazard distance to LFL may extend upto a max distance of 281 m and 138 m for full bore and 20% CSA failure respectively.
ii) This scenario envisages full bore / 20% CSA failure of Mounded Bullet outlet line resulting damage distance due to jet fire. The hazard distances have been mentioned in table no- 7.6
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Risk Analysis
Table - 7 .6 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 37.5 02. 12.5 03. 4.5 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 37.5 02. 12.5 03. 4.5 Sl. No. Distance (m) from centre of the jet DAY NIGHT 3D 5D 2F 3D 123 150 190 61 73 93 113 140 182 56 69 88 132 159 199 65 78 97 123 150 190 61 73 93
2B 132 158 198 65 78 97
5D 113 140 182 56 69 88
It is evident from the above table that the hazard distance to 1st degree burn for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 in case of full bore failure may extend upto a max distance of 199m and may reach TLD shed, pump house, Horton sphere storage area, Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed. While in case of 20% CSA failure hazard distance to 1st degree burn for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max distance of 97m and may reach near Horton sphere storage area.
iii)
Vapour Cloud Explosion: The hazard distance for overpressure of 0.3 bar,
0.1 bar and 0.03 bar due to explosion are given here below: Table - 7.7 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Wind Speed Stability m/sec Class (Day/Night) (Day/Night) FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 02. 3/3 D/D 03. 5/5 D/D 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 02. 3/3 D/D 03. 5/5 D/D Sl. No. Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 Bar 0.1 Bar 0.03 Bar Day Night Day Night Day Night 556 526 435 236 234 193 484 535 435 194 234 193 613 582 491 255 259 217 541 592 491 211 258 217 776 734 640 315 326 282 735 742 640 295 324 282
It is evident from the above table that the hazard distances to overpressure of 0.3 bar (heavy damage) may extend upto a max distance of 556 m and may go
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Risk Analysis
beyond plant premises in case of full bore failure of outlet line of Mounded Bullet. While hazard distance to overpressure of 0.3 bar (heavy damage) may extend upto a max distance of 236 m and may reach TLD Shed, Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed, Pump House and Horton sphere storage area due to 20% CSA failure of Mounded Bullet outlet line. This failure may cause damage to the storage vessels and other equipment / structure. Hence utmost care should be taken to prevent such failure. Hence, periodic NDT is suggested which may be helpful to assess the health of the pipeline.
7.5.2
Horton Sphere Outlet Line Full Bore/ 20% C.S.A Failure

The existing LPG storage facilities comprise 2 Nos. of Horton Sphere (capacity 2 x 660 MT) with outlet line size of 200 mm. In case of Full Bore/ 20% CSA failure of the outlet line, LPG will flow out as jet. The outflow of LPG is large and needs to be stopped at shortest possible time to avoid a catastrophe. However, the failure frequency of full bore pipe / 20% CSA for pipe dia. of 200 mm is 11 x 108
/m/year and 2.5 x 10-7/m/year respectively, which indicates that chances of such
failure are very remote. Therefore this scenario may be considered as non credible in nature. Release Rate (Kg/sec) Full bore/20% CSA i) 145.15/37.88
The hazard distances to LFL value of LPG has been calculated and presented in Table 7.8: Table - 7.8 MAXIMUM HAZARD DISTANCE TO LFL
Sl. Wind Speed No. (m/sec) FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2 02. 3 03. 5 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2 02. 3 03. 5
Stability Class DAY NIGHT B D D B D D F D D F D D
Distances (m) DAY NIGHT 235 235 252 99 97 91 266 235 252 105 97 91
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Risk Analysis
It is evident from the above table that hazard distance to LFL may extend upto a max distance of 252 m respectively. ii) The scenario envisages damage distance due to jet fire. The same has been presented in table 7.9: Table - 7.9 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 37.5 02. 12.5 03. 4.5 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 37.5 02. 12.5 03. 4.5 Sl. No. Distance (m) from centre of the jet DAY NIGHT 3D 5D 2F 3D 148 181 230 81 99 125 136 170 220 75 93 120 159 192 241 88 106 132 148 181 230 81 99 125 and 105 m due to full bore and 20% CSA failure
2B 159 191 239 87 105 131
5D 136 170 220 75 93 120
From the above table it is evident that hazard distance for jet fire due to Full Bore Failure may extend upto a max distance of 241 m and may reach TLD Shed, Pump House, Mounded Bullet Storage area, Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed. While in case of 20% CSA hazard distance to 1st degree burn i.e. for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max distance of 132 m and may reach near TLD Shed, Pump House & Mounded Bullet storage area.
iii) Hazard distance to over pressure due to vapour cloud explosion for full bore / 20 % CSA failure of outlet line of Horton Sphere are given in the following table.
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Table - 7.10 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Wind Stability Speed Class M/sec. (Day/Night) (Day/Night) FULL BORE FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 02. 3/3 D/D 03. 5/5 D/D 20% CSA FAILURE 01. 2/2 B/F 02. 3/3 D/D 03. 5/5 D/D Sl. No. Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 Bar 0.1 Bar 0.03 Bar Day 595 575 504 265 266 234 Night 509 585 504 258 266 234 Day 651 632 558 291 292 258 Night 569 642 558 287 292 258 Day 802 782 705 361 363 324 Night 730 792 704 364 363 324
It is evident from the above table that the hazard distance to 0.3 bar overpressure (heavy damage) may extend upto a max distance of 595 m and may go beyond plant premises due to Horton Sphere outlet line full bore failure. While the hazard distance to 0.3 bar overpressure (heavy damage) may extend upto a max distance of 266 m and may reach TLD Shed, Pump House, Mounded Bullet Storage area, Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed due to 20% CSA failure of Horton sphere outlet line. But this failure may cause damage to the storage vessels and other equipment / structure. Hence utmost care should be taken to prevent such failure. This scenario may cause damage to the plant installations. Hence outlet line of Horton sphere should be maintained in good condition. Hence, periodic NDT is suggested which may be helpful to assess the health of the pipeline.
7.5.3
LPG Pump Discharge Line Full Bore Failure

The LPG pump takes its suction from the Bullet and pumps it to the filling shed for filling of empty LPG cylinders. For consequence analysis, release duration of 3 min has been considered. The details of the pump are as follows:
No. Of pumps Type of pump Capacity Suction/Discharge pressure Suction/Discharge line size
: : : : :
2 Centrifugal 1400 LPM 8/12 Kg/cm2g 150/100 mm

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Risk Analysis
Following scenario has been envisaged for consequence analysis: 1) The out flow liquid does not catch fire but evaporates forming a vapour cloud and disperse 2) safely to beyond its LFL.
The out coming liquid in form of jet may catch fire in presence of any source of ignition resulting in jet fire.
3) The evaporating vapour cloud may come in contact with an ignition source between its flammability limit resulting in flash fire and vapour cloud explosion. i) Hazard distances to LFL due to pump discharge line full bore failure are given in table 7.11: Table - 7.11 HAZARD DISTANCES TO LFL Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed m/sec. 2 3 5 Stability Class Day Night B F D D D D Maximum Distance to LFL (m) Day Night 70 75 69 69 69 69
From the above table it is evident that the LFL concentration may extend up to a maximum distance of 75 meters and may create a hazardous situation if a source of ignition is found within this distance. ii) Jet Fire - The hazard distances to different thermal radiation levels are given in Table-7.12. Table - 7.12 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Distance (m) from centre of the jet Day Night 3D 5D 2F 3D 49 45 53 49 60 56 64 60 75 72 79 75
2B 53 63 78
5D 45 56 72
From the above Table, it is evident that the hazard distance due to thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max distance of 79 meter in case of full bore failure in pump discharge line. It is also evident that hazard distance to 1st degree burn i.e. 4.5 KW/m2 remains confined within the factory boundary.
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Risk Analysis
iii) This scenario states that the dispersing vapour cloud comes in contact with an ignition source resulting in vapour cloud explosion. The hazard distances to over pressure of 0.3 bar, 0.1 bar & 0.03 bar are presented below in Table 7.13 for wind speed of 2B, 3D & 5D (day condition) and 2F, 3D & 5D (night condition). Table - 7.13 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed m/sec 2 3 5 Stability Class Day/Night B/F D/D D/D Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N 176 199 192 219 237 271 166 166 183 183 228 228 146 146 162 162 205 205
From the above table it is evident that the distance to heavy damage i.e. for over pressure of 0.3 bar may extend upto a max distance of 199 meters and may reach TLD Shed, Horton Sphere storage area, Mounded Bullet Storage Area Empty Cylinder Cum LPG Filling Shed & Filled Cylinder Shed for full bore failure of LPG pump discharge line. Since failure frequency of 100 mm dia pipeline is 2.2 x 10-7/m/year, which is very low so, full bore failure of such line is noncredible (rare occurrence phenomena) in nature.
7.5.4
Road Tanker Failure

LPG is received to plant by Road Tankers. It is unloaded & transferred to the Mounded Bullet / Horton Sphere by differential pressure method. There are 3 no. of Tank Lorry unloading bay. Pressure inside the Tank Lorries shall be about 5-7 Kg/Cm2a corresponding to ambient temperature. For consequence analysis, the Road Tanker of 18 MT capacity has been considered. As the Tank Lorries come under pressurized storage vessels category its failure frequency is very low i.e. 1.0x10-6 per year. In the event of heat received by the tankers e.g. by flame impingement or from fire in the vicinity, the liquid inside the tanker shall start boiling and the pressure inside the tank shall start building up. If the safety valve provided in the tanker does not work properly or if it has not been designed properly the phenomenon of BLEVE may
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Risk Analysis
arise. The vessel shall rupture and the immediate ignition of the expanding fuel/air mixture may lead to intense combustion resulting in fireballs. The fireball details, hazard distance to thermal radiation and distances to over pressures are given in the Tables - 7.14, 7.15 & 7.16. Table - 7.14 FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE IN ROAD TANKERS Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Items LPG contained in the tanker, Kg Fire ball radius, m Duration of fire ball, sec. Capacity of Road Tanker 18.000 78.25 10.88
Table - 7.15 HEAT RADIATION DISTANCES DUE TO FIRE BALL OF ROAD TANKER Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Distance (m) from centre of the pool Day Night 2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 25 25 25 37 25 25 205 205 205 211 206 206 378 378 378 388 379 379
It may be inferred from above table that hazard distances for 1st degree burn i.e. 4.5 KW/m2 may go upto a max distance of 388 m. Table - 7.16 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Wind Stability Speed Class m/sec (D/N) (D/N) 01. 2/2 B/F 02. 3/3 D/D 03. 5/5 D/D D = Day, N = Night Sl. No. Max. Distances(m) to overpressure 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N 248 202 288 292 604 609 298 296 315 315 632 632 353 358 379 378 641 641 LFL (m) D 115 156 214 N 105 161 217
From the above tables it is evident that the distance to heavy damage (0.3 bar) may extend upto a max distance of 358 m for BLEVE in 18 MT road tanker which goes outside the plant limit. And it is seen that the LFL distance may extend upto a max distance of 217m. Hence, extreme care should be taken to avoid any type of ignition source in the vicinity of the unloading bay. The unloading bay should be provided with suitable fire/gas detection system and with automatic sprinkler system.
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Risk Analysis
7.5.5
LPG Pump Mechanical Seal Failure

The frequency of failure of mechanical seal of centrifugal pumps specially handling light hydrocarbons is quite high and poses risk due to formation of vapour cloud. Failure of seals releases considerable quantity of hydrocarbons into atmosphere and creates a hazardous zone. Present thinking is to adopt double mechanical seal especially for light hydrocarbon services like LPG. This helps in reducing their frequency of hydrocarbon release to atmosphere but still contribute to a great extent to the overall risk of the plant. The failure frequency of mechanical seal of pump is considered as 7.0 x 10-6/hr (Assuming 8760 hr/year). However, the type of seal, single or double, does not affect their release rate or the hazard distances. Hazard distances have been calculated for the LPG pump mechanical seal failure. A shaft diameter of 40 mm and a seal gap of 1 mm have been assumed for release rate calculation. The spilled LPG will disperse and may result in: a) Dispersion b) Vapour Cloud Explosion
The hazard distances with respect to the above consequences are given in Table - 7.17, 7.18 & 7.19 below: Release rate (Kg/sec) : 1.94 Kg/sec
Table - 7.17 HAZARD DISTANCES TO LFL Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed m/sec 2 3 5 Stability Class Day Night B F D D D D Maximum Distance to LFL (m) Day Night 19 21 18 18 16 16
From the above table it is evident that the LFL concentration distance may extend up to a maximum distance of 21 m and may create a hazardous situation if a source of ignition is found within this distance.
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Risk Analysis
Table-7.18 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Distance (m) from centre of the jet Day Night 3D 5D 2F 3D 21 20 23 21 26 24 28 26 32 31 34 32
2B 23 28 34
5D 20 24 31
From the above it is evident that the hazard distance to thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a maximum distance of 34 meter in case of pump mechanical seal failure. It is also evident that hazard distance to 1st degree burn i.e. for thermal radiation level 4.5 KW/m2 remains confined within the factory boundary. The consequence due to mechanical seal failure may be considered as foreseeable or credible. Automatic gas detector/ heat detector and automatic water sprinkler system may be considered to mitigate the hazard. Table - 7.19 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Wind Speed m/sec 2 3 5 Stability Class Day/Night B/F D/D D/D Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar Day Night 45 56 45 45 45 45 0.1 bar Day Night 51 63 51 51 50 50 0.03 bar Day Night 65 80 65 65 63 63
Sl. No. 01. 02. 03.
From the above Table it is seen that the hazard distance to an overpressure of 0.3 bar (heavy damage) may extend up to a max distance of 56 meters and will be confined mainly within the factory premises.
7.5.6
Pump Outlet Line Gasket Failure

Gasket failure is one of the foreseeable credible scenarios. Gasket failure of flange joint may be full or partial. Experience shows that gasket failures are mostly partial and segment between two bolt holes mainly fails. This is true for spiral wound metallic gasket normally used in such services. Use of CAF gasket may be discouraged as full segment rupture may be possible. The spilled LPG may form a liquid pool on the ground and may result in: a) Evaporation, vapour cloud formation and safe dispersion beyond its LFL.
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Risk Analysis
b) Jet fire, if the released hydrocarbon forms a jet and finds an ignition source within its flammability limits. c) Vapour Cloud Explosion, if the vapour cloud finds a source of ignition between its flammability limits. Hazard distances for partial failure of gaskets have been calculated and are presented in the Table - 7.20, 7.21 & 7.22. Release Rate (Kg/sec) 2.66
Table - 7.20 HAZARD DISTANCE TO LFL Wind Speed m/sec & Stability Class 2B/3D/5D (Day) 2F/3D/5D (Night) LFL Distance (m) 23/22/20 25/22/20
From above table it is evident that the hazard distance with respect to LFL concentration of LPG may extend upto a max distance of 25 m from the source of leakage and shall be confined to the plant premises only. Table - 7.21 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO JET FIRE Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Max. Distances (m) to Thermal Radiation 2B 26 31 39 Day 3D 24 29 37 5D 22 27 35 2F 26 31 39 Night 3D 24 29 37 5D 22 27 35
From the above Table it is evident that the distance to thermal radiation of 4.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a maximum distance of 39 meter in case of gasket failure in pump discharge line. It is also evident that distance to 1st degree burn i.e. for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 remains confined within the factory boundary.
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Risk Analysis
Table - 7.22 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed m/sec 2 3 5 Stability Class Day/Night B/F D/D D/D Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar Day Night Day Night Day Night 66 77 73 85 90 105 56 56 63 63 80 80 55 55 61 61 77 77
From the above table it is evident that heavy damage i.e. 0.3 bar for partial failure of gasket may extend up to 55 m. Present available data of gasket /flange failure frequency is about 0.5 x 10-6/running hour which is considered on higher side. The consequence due to gasket failure may be considered as foreseeable or credible. Automatic gas detector/heat detector and automatic water sprinkler system may be considered to mitigate the hazard.
7.5.7
Road Tanker Unloading Arm failure

LPG from road tankers is unloaded in the bay for storage in Mounded Bullet /Horton Sphere by connecting with a 50 mm dia unloading arm by pressurization through compressed LPG vapour. The failure frequency of unloading arm is low 3x10-8 per hour of operation. The road tanker outlet nozzle is connected with an excess flow check valve. In case of failure of unloading arm excess flow valve provided at the upstream shall stop the flow of LPG to atmosphere. However, if the excess flow valve does not operate, the isolation valve provided has to be closed manually. Since during unloading of tankers operators shall be present nearby the isolation valve can be closed in a short time. The results of 3 minutes outflow of LPG due to simultaneous failure of unloading arm and excess flow check valve is discussed herein. When LPG is released, a portion of it is flashed off. The remaining liquid shall fall on ground and evaporate due to heat from substrate. Hazard distances with respect to the following have been calculated. Thermal Radiation in case of jet Fire. LFL of LPG in case of safe dispersion. Overpressure in case of Vapour Cloud Explosion.
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Risk Analysis
Table - 7.23 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO JET FIRE Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Max. Distances (m) to Thermal Radiation Day Night 2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 5D 19 17 16 19 17 16 22 21 19 22 21 19 27 26 25 27 26 25
From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance due to jet fire may extend up to a maximum distance of 27 m. This failure may cause damage to installations in the plant and Road tankers as well. Hence, utmost care should be taken during unloading operation. Table - 7.24 HAZARD DISTANCE DUE TO OVERPRESSURE Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed m/sec 2 3 5 Stability Class (D/N) B/F D/D D/D Max. Distances(m) to overpressure 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N 34 44 38 49 49 61 34 34 38 38 49 49 23 23 27 27 37 37 LFL (m) D 9 9 8 N 9 9 8
From the above table it is evident that overpressures of 0.3 bar (heavy damage) may go up to a maximum distance of 44 m. And it is seen that the LFL distance may extend upto a max distance of 9 m. So, care should be taken during unloading operation to avoid catastrophe.
7.5.8
Filled Cylinder Failure (Domino)

For domestic purpose LPG is filled in cylinders of 14.2 Kg capacity under a pressure of 7 to 10 Kg/Cm2a. Beyond liquid full condition any further expansion of the liquid the cylinder pressure will rise by approx 7 to 8 Kg/Cm2g for each degree centigrade rise in the temperature. This clearly explains the hazardous situation that could arise due to overfilling of cylinders. The filled cylinders are stored in filled cylinder storage shed as per OISD guidelines. In case of flame impingement or heat received by the cylinders from any fire in the vicinity or in the storage area, the pressure inside the cylinder may rise and may cause the cylinders to burst. The immediate ignition of the expanding fuel/air mixture leads to intense combustion giving rise to phenomenon of BLEVE.
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Risk Analysis
For BLEVE of filled cylinders following case has been considered: If all the cylinders are stacked in one row in the storage shed i.e. 2816 cylinders then: Table - 7.25 FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE IN CYLINDERS Sl. No. 1. Radius of fire ball m 2. Duration of fire ball, sec No. of Cylinders (2816) 101 13.39
Table - 7.26 (a) HAZARD DISTANCE TO THERMAL RADIATION DUE TO FIRE BALL Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Distance (m) Day Night 113 113 315 315 555 555
The thermal radiation distances due to BLEVE in cylinders may go outside the battery limit of LPG plant. The filled cylinder storage shed is to be provided with gas detectors with alarms. However water sprinkler system and LPG suction blower is provided in the storage shed. It may be ensured that suitable actions shall be taken in case of gas leakage and/or fire in the vicinity to reduce the hazard. Table - 7.26 (b) HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed m/sec 2 3 5 Stability Class (D/N) B/F D/D D/D Max. Distances(m) to overpressure 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar D N D N D N 336 384 382 407 802 797 443 443 456 456 829 829 489 485 514 515 836 836 LFL (m) D 175 232 308 N 194 233 309
From the above table it is evident that overpressure (heavy damage) of 0.3 bar may go up to a maximum distance of 489 m and may go outside the plant premises. And it is seen that the LFL distance may extend upto a max distance of 309 m. So, care should be taken to filled cylinder storage area to avoid catastrophe.
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Risk Analysis
7.5.9
Safety Valve failure of Horton Sphere

Each Horton Sphere is provided with two nos. of safety valves and set to release pressure of 19.25 Kg/Cm2g. In case of release of LPG through safety valve it will be discharged at a height of 21 m and will be dispersed in the direction of wind. LFL distances due to dispersion on opening of the safety valve under wind velocity & stability class of 2B, 3D & 5D in day & night condition have been calculated and presented in Table - 7.27. Table - 7.27 SAFETY VALVE FAILURE Time Stability Class Distance 2B 2 LFL Distance (m) Day 3D 3 5D 3 2F 2 Night 3D 3 5D 3
From above table it is evident that LFL concentration of LPG due to release from safety valves may extend only upto 3 m in case of safety valve failure of Horton Sphere which is confined within the Horton Sphere area. Since failure frequency of Horton Sphere safety valve 1.98 x 10-3/year, this is considered as high rate of frequency. Hence, consequence due to Horton Sphere Safety Valve failure may be considered as foreseeable or credible.
7.5.10
Mounded Bullet Safety Valve failure

Each Mounded Bullet shall be provide with two nos. of safety valves and set to release pressure of 19.25 Kg/cm2g. In case of release of LPG through safety valve it will be discharged at a height of 11 m above ground and dispersed in the direction of wind. LFL distances due to dispersion on opening of the safety valve during day and night condition has been calculated and presented in Table-7.28. Table - 7.28 SAFETY VALVE FAILURE Time Stability Class Distance 2B 2 LFL Distance (m) Day 3D 3 5D 3 2F 3 Night 3D 3 5D 3
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Risk Analysis
From above table it is evident that LFL concentration of LPG due to release from safety valves may extend only upto 3 m in case of safety valve failure of Mounded Bullet, which is confined within the Mounded Bullet Area. Since failure frequency of mounded bullet safety valve 1.98 x 10-3/year, this is considered as high rate of frequency. Hence, consequence due to Mounded Bullet Safety Valve failure may be considered as foreseeable or credible.
7.5.11
Carousal Inlet Line Full Bore Failure

The LPG pump takes its suction from the Horton Sphere / Mounded Bullet and pumps it to the filling shed for filling of empty LPG cylinders through carousal entry line. Following scenario has been envisaged for consequence analysis. 1. Evaporation, vapour cloud formation and safe dispersion beyond its LFL. 2. Jet fire, if the released hydrocarbon forms a jet and finds an isnition source within its flammability limits. 3. Vpour Cloud Explosion, if the vapour cloud finds a source of ignition between its flammability limits. The results of the above three consequences are presented in Tables - 7.29, 7.30 & 7.31. Release Rate (Kg/sec) : 11.83
Item Stability Class Distance 2B 57
Table - 7.29 LFL Distances (m) LFL Distance (m) Day 3D 5D 2F 57 54 62
Night 3D 57
5D 54
It is evident from the above table that hazard distances for LFL may go upto a max distance of 62m. Table - 7.30 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO JET FIRE Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Max. Distances (m) to Thermal Radiation 2B 52 62 77 Day 3D 48 59 74 5D 44 55 70 2F 52 62 78 Night 3D 48 59 74 5D 44 55 70
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Risk Analysis
It may be inferred from above table that hazard distances for 1st degree burn i.e. for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may go upto a max distance of 78 m. Table - 7.31 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed m/sec 2 3 5 Stability Class Day/Night B/F D/D D/D Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar Day Night 155 166 155 155 134 134 0.1 bar Day Night 170 183 170 170 148 148 0.03 bar Day Night 211 229 211 211 187 187
It may be inferred from above table that hazard distances for heavy damage overpressure for 0.3 bar may go upto a max distance of 166 m for carousel entry line failure.
7.5.12
LPG Vapor Compressor Outlet Line Full Bore Failure

The LPG Vapour compressor takes its suction from the Mounded Bullet / Horton Sphere and compressed LPG vapours goes to Road Tanker for pressurization. Following scenario has been envisaged for consequence analysis. 1] The vapour coming out may be in the form of jet and in presence of any source of ignition may catch fire resulting in jet fire. 2] The vapour does not catch fire but evaporates forming a vapour cloud and disperse safely to beyond its LFL. 3] The evaporating vapour cloud may come in contact with an ignition source between its flammability limit resulting in flash fire and vapour cloud explosion.
The results of the above three consequences are presented in Tables - 7.32 & 7.33. Release Rate (Kg/sec) : 0.41
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3.
Table-7.32 HEAT RADIATION DISTANCES DUE TO JET FIRE Distance (m) from centre of the jet Thermal Radiation Day Night 2 Level KW/m 2B 3D 5D 2F 3D 37.5 12 11 10 12 11 12.5 14 13 12 14 13 4.5 17 16 16 17 16
5D 10 12 16
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Risk Analysis
It may be inferred from above table that hazard distances for 1st degree burn i.e. for thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 may go upto a max distance of 17m. Table-7.33 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Wind Speed m/sec Stability Class Day/Night 2B/2F 3D/3D 5D/5D Max. LFL distance (m) Day 8 8 7 Night 9 8 7 Max. Distance (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar Day 12 12 12 Night 23 12 12 0.1 bar Day 15 15 14 Night 25 15 14 0.03 bar Day 21 21 20 Night 32 21 20
Sl. No.
01. 02. 03.
It is evident from the above table that hazard distances for LFL may go upto a max distance of 9m. And hazard distances for heavy damage overpressure of 0.3 bar may go upto a max distance of 23 m.
7.5.13
Catastrophic Failure of Horton Sphere

Quantity Operating temp. C
0
: :
2 Nos. (Cap.660 MT each) Ambient
The failure frequency of pressurized storage vessels are very low i.e. 1.0 x 10-6 per year. These are fabricated as per the international standards and code of practices. Moreover, all the safety features and instrumentation have been provided as per international standard, relevant codes and recommendations of OISD. The pressurized storage vessels are subjected to inspections and health study. Hence, chances of failure of Horton Sphere are very less. The hazard due to failure of Horton Sphere may therefore be considered as incredible. However, to give an idea of the magnitude of hazards it may create and to help in preparation of the on-site and off-site emergency plan, the consequence analysis of the catastrophic failure of Horton Sphere have been considered. In the event of heat received by the Horton Sphere e.g. by flame impingement or from fire in the vicinity, the liquid inside the Horton Sphere will start boiling and pressure will start building up. If the safety valves provided on the Horton Sphere do not function properly or have not been adequately designed, the phenomenon of BLEVE (Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion) may occur. The vessel
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Risk Analysis
shall rupture and the immediate ignition of the expanding fuel/air mixture leads to intense combustion resulting in fireball. The BLEVE analysis of Horton Sphere has been done for LPG content corresponding to its rated storage capacity. The various outcomes like LFL distances, Fireball details, hazard distances to BLEVE and VCE has been presented in tables-7.34 - 7.37 Table - 7.34 MAXIMUM HAZARD DISTANCE TO LFL Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed (m/sec) 2 3 5 Stability Class Day B D D Night F D D Max. Distances (m) Day 384 555 795 Night 484 549 788
From Table it is evident that LFL distances due to catastrophic failure of Horton Sphere may extend upto a max distance of 795 m. This distance may go outside the battery limit of the plant. It is therefore recommended that utmost care should be taken to see any ignition source or flame in the vicinity of the storage vessels within the factory premises should put off immediately. It is further recommended that the water sprinkler system on the Horton Sphere should always be kept in good working conditions. Table - 7.35 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATIONS DUE TO FIRE BALL Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Distances to Thermal Radiation, m Day 202 707 1253 Night 233 733 1297
From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance to thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 (first degree burn) for BLEVE in Horton Sphere may extend upto a max distance of 1297 m and for heavy damage to thermal radiation level of 37.5 KW/m2 may extend upto a max distance of 233 m for BLEVE in 660 MT Horton Sphere.
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Risk Analysis
Table - 7.36 FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE Sl. No. 01. 02. Items Fire ball radius (m) Duration of fire ball, sec 660 MT 252 27
Table - 7.37 HAZARD DISTANCES DUE TO VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION Sl. No. 01. 02. 03. Wind Speed (m/sec) / Stability Class (D/N) 2B/2F 3D/3D 5D/5D Max. Distances (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar (D/N) (D/N) (D/N) 810/813 978/1034 2040/2049 1011/1138 1095/1147 2019/2119 1294/1271 1344/1343 2161/2161
From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance to heavy damage i.e. overpressure of 0.3 bar may extend upto a max distance of 1294 meters (Day condition) & 1271 meter (Night condition) for Horton Sphere. 7.5.14 Domino Effects of Horton Sphere The frequency of catastrophic rupture of such vessel is itself very low, moreover vessels are provided with fire proof coating. The hazard of domino effect may be considered as incredible. However, to give an idea of the magnitude of the hazards and help in preparation of the on-site and off-site emergency plan, the consequence analysis has been done.
The fire ball details, hazard distances i.e. the distances to thermal radiation level and distances to overpressure of 0.3 bar, 0.1 bar and 0.03 bar for different wind velocity/stability class are given as mentioned hereunder: Table-7.38 HAZARD DISTANCES TO THERMAL RADIATIONS DUE TO FIRE BALL Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. Thermal Radiation Level KW/m2 37.5 12.5 4.5 Hazard Distance (m) 2B 268 892 1571 Day 3D 268 892 1571 5D 268 892 1571 2F 309 928 1631 Night 3D 268 892 1571 5D 268 892 1571
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Risk Analysis
From the above table it is evident that the hazard distance to thermal radiation level of 4.5 KW/m2 (first degree burn) for BLEVE in Horton Sphere may extend upto a max distance of 1631m. Table-7.39 FIRE BALL DETAILS DUE TO BLEVE Sl. No. 01. 02. Items Fire ball radius (m) Duration of fire ball, sec 2 x 660 MT 316 33
Table-7.40 HAZARD DISTANCES TO OVERPRESSURE DUE TO BLEVE Wind Speed m/sec Stability Class Day/Night 01. 02. 03. 2B/2F 3D/3D 5D/5D 477 684 987 660 683 979 Max. LFL distance (m) Day Night Day 1095 1391 1566 Night 1061 1390 1776 Day 1235 1425 1676
Night
Max. Distance (m) to overpressure 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar Day 2575 2677 2726
Night
Sl. No.
1330 1424 1794
2593 2677 2726
From the above tables it is evident that the hazard distance for LFL may go upto a max distance of 987 m. And hazard distance for overpressure of 0.3 bar may go upto a max distance of 1776 m.
7.6
RISK ASSESSMENT
For the assessment of 'Individual Risk' due to the operation of LPG Bottling Plant at North Guwahati the following has been taken into consideration: a) The individual risk has been calculated as cumulative effect of all the scenario mentioned for selected failure case as listed in Table No- 7.4 for 2B, 3D, 5D (Day condition) and 2F, 3D, 5D (Night condition). b) Probability of dominant wind directions has been taken from IMD data. c) No mitigation factors such as shelters, escape etc. are considered which will result in conservative risk estimation. d) During risk assessment population data and source of ignition has been considered.
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Risk Analysis
7.7
PRINCIPAL CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The principal conclusion and recommendations that arise out of the risk analysis study are as follows.
7.7.1
Conclusion
Iso-risk contours have been generated by PHAST Risk Micro software, Version-6.70 (Latest) of M/s DNV Technica, which is shown in Drg.no.2A & 2B. In Drg. no. 2A Iso-risk contour have been plotted by considering existing and proposed facilities (i.e. existing Horton sphere & proposed mounded bullets) and other allied facilities. In drg. No 2B the Iso-risk contour have been plotted by considering existing Horton Sphere and other allied facilities. It is also observed from FN curve (Drg. No.-2C) that Societal Risk is in acceptable range. With the installation of additional 2 nos. of mounded bullet of capacity 600 MT (each), the risk level will remain almost un-altered and in acceptable range. The mounded bullets are supposed to be safer mode of storage for products like LPG and it also eliminates the possibility of BLEVE phenomena.
7.7.2
Recommendation
i) In order to reduce the frequency of failures and consequent risk, codes, rules and standards framed e.g. OISD 144, SMPV rules (Unfired), gas cylinder rules etc. should be strictly followed. ii) Quartzoid bulbs are provided and should be checked for their proper functioning. iii) There should be no depression or low lying areas in the plant in order to avoid accumulation of LPG vapour and consequent hazard. iv) Safety valves located on the Horton Sphere and other places must be tested regularly. The block valves before safety valve must always be kept in open condition when safety valves are in position. It is desirable to provide a chain and lock to ensure that the block valve is not inadvertently kept closed when safety valve is in position. v) Vehicular traffic as well as entry of personnel inside the plant area must be restricted.
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Risk Analysis
vi) Smoking within the premises should be strictly prohibited. Use of naked light or hot work must be restricted to the areas designated for the purpose. vii) The water sprinkler system, heat detectors and remote operated valves must be checked regularly for their timely actuation. viii) The DG sets must be periodically tested on load to ensure that it remains always in operating condition. ix) The fire water pumps and jockey pumps must be tested for normal as well as emergency operation regularly. x) Training of all the employees for fire fighting and use of safety apparatus must be conducted regularly. Mock drills should be conducted at regular intervals in liaison with local administration and fire-fighting facilities available in the area. xi) Safety Audits must be regularly done as per norms and recommendations of OISD. Risk Analysis Study in future shall be required if there is any change in the plant facility. xii) Inspection and testing of the major equipment e.g. Horton Sphere, LPG pumps and compressors etc. should be done at regular intervals for ensuring their health and condition monitoring. The mounded storage of LPG has proved to be safer compared to above ground storage vessels since it provides intrinsically passive and safe environment and eliminates the possibility of Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). The cover of the mound protects the vessel from fire engulfment, radiation from a fire in close proximity and acts of sabotage or vandalism. The area of land required to locate a mounded system is minimal compared to conventional storage. Hence, addition of 2 nos. of Mounded Bullets of capacity 600 MT (each) with various safety features will not have any significant impacts from risk point of view and may be considered safe.
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Risk Analysis
Table- 7.41 Results of Consequence Analysis Sl. No. 1. Scenarios Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Proposed Mounded Bullets Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Horton Sphere LPG pump discharge line full bore failure Type NonCredible Consequence LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL Thermal Radiation to FIRE BALL (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL Thermal Radiation to FIRE BALL (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL LFL LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) Max. Hazard Distance (m) 281/138 199/97 556/236 252/105 241/132 595/266 75 79 199 217 388 358 21 34 56 25 39 55 9 27 44 309 555 489 3 3 62 78 166
2.
NonCredible
3.
NonCredible
4.
Road tanker failure
NonCredible
5.
LPG pump mechanical seal failure
Credible
6.
LPG Pump Outlet Line Gasket failure
Credible
7.
Road Tanker unloading arm failure
NonCredible
8.
Filled cylinder failure (Domino)
NonCredible
9. 10. 11.
Safety valve failure for Horton Sphere Safety valve failure for Mounded Bullet Carousel line failure
Credible Credible NonCredible
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Risk Analysis
Sl. No. 12.
Scenarios LPG vapour compressor outlet line Full bore failure
Type NonCredible
Consequence LFL JET FIRE (4.5 KW/m2 OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL Thermal Radiation to FIRE BALL (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar) LFL Thermal Radiation to FIRE BALL (4.5 KW/m2) OVERPRESSURE (0.3 bar)
Max. Hazard Distance (m) 9 17 23 795 1297 1294 987 1631 1776
13.
Catastrophic Failure of single Horton Sphere
NonCredible
14.
Domino Effects of Horton Sphere
NonCredible
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EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ISO RISK CONTOUR
DRAWINGNO2A ISORISKCONTOURFORIBP, NORTHGUWAHATI
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EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ISO RISK CONTOUR
DRAWINGNO2B ISORISKCONTOURFORIBP, NORTHGUWAHATI
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EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL F-N CURVE
DRAWINGNO.2C FNCURVEFORIBP,NORTHGUWAHATI
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EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL DAMAGE CONTOUR
DRAWINGNO3
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DRAWINGNO4
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DRAWINGNO5
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DRAWINGNO6
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DRAWINGNO7
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DRAWINGNO8
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DRAWINGNO9
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DRAWINGNO10
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DRAWINGNO11
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DRAWINGNO12
DRAWINGNO13
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DRAWINGNO14
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DRAWINGNO15
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CHAPTER- 8
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN
Disaster Management Plan
8.0
8.1
DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

GENERAL
Emergency/disaster is an undesirable occurrence of events of such magnitude and nature that adversely effect production, cause loss of human lives and property as well as damage to the environment. Industrial installations are vulnerable to various kinds of natural and manmade disasters. Examples of natural disaster are flood, cyclone, earthquake, lightning etc. and manmade disasters are like major fire, explosion, sudden heavy leakage of toxic/poisonous gases, civil war, nuclear attacks, terrorist activities, sabotage etc. It is impossible to forecast the time and nature of disaster, which might strike an undertaking. However, an effective disaster management plan helps to minimize the losses in terms of human lives, plant assets and environmental damage and resumes working condition as soon as possible. Risk Analysis forms an integral part of disaster management plan and any realistic disaster management plan can only be made after proper risk analysis study of the activities and the facilities provided in the installation. Correct assessment and evaluation of the potential hazards, advance meticulous planning for prevention and control, training of personnel, mock drills and liaison with outside services available can minimize losses to the plant assets, rapidly contain the damage effects and effectively rehabilitate the damage areas.
8.2
LOCATION OF THE PLANT, SURROUNDING AREAS & POPULATION

The LPG Bottling plant of IOCL is situated at a distance of about 5.5 km from NH-31 in a district of Kamrup. The nearest village Abhoypur of major human settlement is located at a distance of about 0.5 km plot of land occupied by LPG Bottling plant is 85 acres.
8.3
APPROACH TO DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Modern approach to disaster management plan involves Risk Analysis Study Action Plan
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Risk Analysis study involves Risk Identification Risk Evaluation
Risk identification involves Identification of hazardous events in the installation, which can cause loss of capital equipment, loss of production, threaten health and safety of employees, threaten public health and damage to the environment. Identification of risk important processes & areas to determine effective risk reduction measures Risk evaluation involves calculation of damage potential of the identified hazards with damage distances, which is then termed as consequence analysis as well as estimation of frequencies of the events. Hazardous areas with different hazard scenarios and their damage potential with respect to fire & explosion have already been mentioned in Risk Analysis chapter. However, failure rate of different hazard scenarios has been discussed broadly based on data available for similar incidents outside India. Probability of any hazardous incident and the consequent damage also depends on Wind speed Wind direction Atmospheric stability Source of ignition Presence of plant assets & population exposed in the direction of wind
Action plan depends largely on results of risk analysis data and may include one or more of the following: Plan for preventive as well as predictive maintenance Augment facilities for safety, fire fighting, medical as per requirements of risk analysis. Evolve emergency handling procedure both on-site and off-site.
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Practice
mock
drill
for
ascertaining
preparedness
for
tackling
hazards/emergencies at any time - day or night
8.4
GENERAL NATURE OF THE HAZARD

In LPG Bottling Plant LPG is handled which is highly inflammable and explosive. Hence main risks involved in the plant are fire and explosion. Any small fire in the installation, if not extinguished immediately, can cause large-scale damage and may have a cascading effect. Hence, LPG bottling plant requires A quick responsive containment and control system requiring well planned safety and fire fighting system. Well-organized trained manpower to handle the process equipment & systems safely Well trained personnel to handle safety and fire fighting equipment to extinguish fire inside the installation promptly as well as tackle any type of emergency.
8.5
HAZARDOUS AREAS OF THE PLANT The plant activities handling LPG can be subdivided into following sections: Activities a) Bulk LPG unloading b) LPG Storage c) LPG Pumping LPG Vapour Compression d) LPG Cylinder (empty) Unloading LPG Cylinder Filling LPG Cylinder Storage & Transportation Place TLD shed Horton sphere/ Mounded Bullet (Proposed) LPG Pumps & Compressor House Empty Cylinder storage Filling shed Filled cylinder storage shed
Since LPG is highly inflammable and explosive, hazard exists in all these areas. However, risk varies due to varying inventory of the material and operations involved. Accordingly, the areas may be listed in order of decreasing risk and the nature of hazard as given below as per results of risk analysis Chapter.
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Area a) Mounded Bullet/Horton sphere outlet line
Hazard Thermal Radiation &
Vapour Cloud Explosion b) Road Tanker c) LPG unloading BLEVE Fire, Vapour Cloud
Explosion d) LPG filling & storage e) LPG pumping & LPG vapour compression - do - do
The damage potential of the above sections has been discussed in detail in the chapter on Risk Analysis. The credible hazard scenarios are found to be gasket failure, mechanical seal failure of pumps, road tanker unloading arm failure and small bore pipe line failure etc. Apart from the above, fire cannot be ruled out in substation & MCC as well as in other places from short circuiting and also secondary fire from nearby industries. However, major accident may occur in the plant and call for emergency/disaster.
8.6
DISASTER PREVENTIVE AND PRE-EMPTIVE MEASURES

After identification and assessment of disaster potential the next step in disaster management plan is to formulate and practice the preventive measures. Proper preventive and pre-emptive measures can reduce the disaster potential to a minimum. Some of the preventive & pre-emptive measures, which are to be taken in the existing plant, are as follows: a) Safety measures Following safety tips should always be borne in mind while working in the plant to avoid emergency & hazardous situation. (i) Follow specified procedures and instructions for start-up, shut down and any maintenance work. (ii) Follow permit to work system. (iii) Identify correctly the part of the plant in which work is to be done. (iv) Isolate the part, machine properly on which work is to be done.
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(v) Release pressure from the part of the plant on which work is to be done. (vi) Remove flammable liquid/gases thoroughly, on which work is to be done. (vii) Use non-sparking tools. b) Plant Inspection Apart from planned inspection, checks and tests should be carried out to reduce failure probability of containments. (i) Pressure vessels and pipeline during their operational life.
(ii) Pressure relief valves to avoid fail danger situation. The safety relief valves connected with pressure vessels and piping should be checked and calibrated at regular intervals according to specification. Safety valves releasing LPG should be allowed to dissipate at higher elevation. (iii) Critical trips, interlocks, & other instruments should be checked regularly to avoid fail danger situation. (iv) Gas detection, heat detection & fire fighting system should be checked regularly to ensure proper functioning for avoiding emergency situation. However, no gas detection and heat/fire detection system is available. (v) Lightning protection system. c) Performance or Condition Monitoring A systematic monitoring of performance or condition should be carried out especially for large machines and equipment, which may be responsible for serious accidents/disaster in case the defined limits are crossed. (i) Vibration, speed & torque measurements for pump, compressors, DG sets etc. (ii) Thickness and other flaw measurements in metals of pressure vessels like LPG Storage Cylinders, Emptying vessels, Inlet & Outlet lines from storage vessels etc. Many types of non-destructive testing/condition monitoring techniques are available. X-ray radiography, acoustic emission testing, magnetic particle
testing, eddy current inspection techniques etc. are used for detection of flaws and progression of cracks in metals. Testing equipment is also there for checking vibration, speed, torque etc.
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The above condition monitoring techniques should be applied regularly by internal/ external agencies. Immediate corrective measures should be taken if any flaws are detected. d) Preventive Maintenance A schedule for preventive maintenance for moving machineries e.g. chain conveyers and other equipment like pumps, compressors etc. should be prepared based on experience in other similar plants as well as instruction of the suppliers. The schedule should be followed strictly during operation as well as planned shut down period. e) Entry of Personnel Entry of unauthorized personnel is strictly prohibited inside the premises. The persons entering the plant should not carry matches, lighters, mobile phones, etc. and hot work should not be permitted except in-designated areas with utmost precaution.
8.7
DISASTER CONTROL/RESPONSE PLAN

It has been already mentioned that disaster arrives without any warning unexpectedly in spite of all precautions & preventive measures taken. However, an efficient control/response plan can minimize the losses in terms of property, human lives and damage to the environment can be minimum.
8.7.1
Objectives of the Plan

The plan should be developed to make best possible use of the resources at the command of the unit as well as outside resources available like State Fire Services, Police, Civil Defense, Hospitals, Civil Administration, neighbouring institution and industries.
It is not possible for a company to face a disaster single handed and calls for use of all available resources in the surrounding area. Advance meticulous planning minimizes chaos and confusion, which normally occur in such a situation and reduce the response time of Disaster Management Organization. The objectives of disaster management plan are:
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(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
To contain and control the incident. To rescue the victims and treat them suitably in quickest possible time. To safeguard other personnel and evacuate them to safer places. To identify personnel affected/dead. To give immediate warning signals to the people in the surrounding areas in case such situation arises.
(vi)
To inform relatives of the casualties.
(vii) To provide authoritative information to news media and others. (viii) To safeguard important records & informations about the organization. (ix) To preserve damaged records & equipments needed as evidence for any subsequent enquiry. (x) (xi) To rehabilitate the affected areas. To restore the facilities to normal working condition at the earliest.
8.7.2
On-site and Off-site Planning

An on-site emergency is one, which is having negligible effects outside the factory premises and can primarily be controlled by internal facilities and resources available. Some help may be required from external agencies or local authorities. An off-site emergency will affect the neighbouring areas and population outside the factory premises and would require substantial contribution from local authorities and institutions like police, civil defense, state hospital and civil administration in addition to state fire services.
8.7.3
Both on-site and off-site emergency/disaster response plan can be subdivided into On-Site Emergency Storage capacity of the LPG Bottling plant consists of 2 nos. of Horton spheres (Cap: 660 MT each). The LPG storage capacity of the plant will be 2520 MTPA after installation of two mounded bullets of capacity 600 MT each.
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Table 8.1 ON-SITE STORAGE CAPACITY OF LPG Pressure Vessel Mounded Bullet(Proposed) Horton Sphere Cylinders Unit Storage Capacity 600 MT 660 MT 14.2(Kg) No. Of Vessels 2 2 2816 Total Storage Capacity (MT) 1200 1320 39.98
The LPG is a variable mixture of propane and butane liquefied at the saturated vapour pressure corresponding to a typical liquid temperature of 350C (3080K). Propane is often be the dominating fraction. The holding capacity of LPG road tankers are 18 MT.
8.8
8.8.1
ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN IN STATUTORY FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATION OF A MAJOR

Accident Hazard Site The requirement of an ON-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN with detailed disaster control measures was embodied for the first time in Section 41B (4) of THE FACTORIES (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1987 (23rd May, 1987) and came into force subsequently. The requirement is applicable to IOCL, North Guwahati LPG plant as per the First Schedule of the said Act, item 29 entitled "Highly Flammable Liquids and Gases".
Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989, notified and enforced by Union Ministry of Environment & Forests on 27th November, 1989 under Sections 6, 8 and 25 of THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 concurrently provide the requirement of a 0N-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN, by the occupier of accident hazard site, under Rule 13 Sub-rule 1. 8.8.2 Emergency Control Philosophy The principal strategy of emergency control at IOCLs LPG Bottling Plant is prevention of the identified major hazards. Since hazards can occur only in the event of loss of containment, one of the key objectives of detail engineering, construction, commissioning and operating of the plant is total and consistent quality assurance. IOCL is committed to this philosophy, so that the objectives of prevention can have ample opportunities to mature and be realized in practice.
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The second control strategy adopted for potential emergencies is surveillance of handling and storage of hazardous substances. Yet another control measure to be adopted is early detection of any accidental leak of LPG by gas detectors and by trained and vigilant operating staff and activation of well-structured, resourced and rehearsed emergency plan to intercept the incident with speed and ensure safety of employees, assets, public and environment as a matter of priority. 8.8.3 Content of On-Site Emergency Plan Information In the departmental "Guide of MS & IHC Rules, 1989", published in 1992, the Union Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF), Government of India, specified broadly the content of an on-site emergency plan (Page 39). This report on emergency plan has been prepared, in so far as is practicable, in accordance with those guidelines. The guidelines were subsequently notified in October 1994 in Official Gazette (SO-2882) of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India and are reproduced below: Details that need to be furnished in the on-site emergency plan as per schedule11 of MS & IHC Rule 1989 are (i) Name and address of the person furnishing the information. (ii) Key personnel of the Organization and responsibilities assigned to them in case of an emergency. (iii) Outside Organization if involved in assisting during an on-site emergency: Type of accidents Responsibility assigned.
(iv) Details of liaison arrangement between the Organizations. (v) Information on the preliminary hazard analysis: Type of accidents. System elements or events that can lead to a major accident. Hazards. Safety relevant components.
(vi) Details about the site: Location of dangerous substances. Seat of key personnel. Emergency control room.
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(vii)Description of hazardous chemicals at plant site: Chemicals (quantities and toxicological data). Transformation if any, which could occur. Purity of hazardous chemicals.
(viii)Likely dangers to the plant (ix) Enumerate effects of Stress and strain caused during normal operation. Fire and explosion inside the plant and effect, if any, of fire and explosion outside. (x) Details regarding Warning, alarm, safety and security systems. Alarm and hazard control plans in the line with disaster control and hazard control planning, ensuring the necessary technical and
organizational precautions. Reliable measuring instruments, control units and servicing of such equipments. Precautions in designing of the foundations and load bearing parts of the building. Continuous surveillance of operations. Maintenance and repair work according to the generally recognized rules of good engineering practices. (xi) Details of communication facilities available during emergency and those required for an off site emergency. (xii)Details of fire fighting and other facilities available and those required for an off site emergency. (xiii)Details of first aid and hospital services available and its adequacy. An outline of these details is provided in the pages following under the headings stated above, in so far as the headings apply to North Guwahati LPG Bottling plant.
8.9
KEY PERSONNEL OF AN EMERGENCY
ORGANIZATION
AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
IN THE
EVENT
OF
It is to be understood that the first few minutes after the start of an incident are most vital in prevention of escalation. Therefore the personnel available at the site on round the clock basis play an important role. Some of them are the KEY
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PERSONS. Since the LPG plant is operated by trained operators and contract personnel with four officer IOCL has envisaged that emergency in LPG plant will be handled by operation in-charge of LPG plant i.e. Plant manager with the help of other officers & workers of LPG Bottling Plant. Plant Manager will nominate different Emergency Coordinators to control emergency situation. The role of various coordinators is to assess the situation form time to time, take appropriate decisions in consultation with the CHIEF CONTROLLER and to provide timely resources and instructions to the Key Persons to fight the emergency. Key Persons as far as possible are available on a round the clock basis. An organogram of the officers at the LPG Bottling Plant during emergency is presented in this section.
ORGANISATION CHART FOR ON-SITE EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

MAIN INCIDENT COORDINATOR
ADMINISTRATION & COMMUNICATION COORDINATOR
SAFETY COORDINATOR
SAFETY TEAM
NOTE:
Organization Chart is as per OISD GDN-168
8.9.1
KEY PERSONNEL CHART

The senior most officers in the LPG plant is Plant manager, who will be the Chief Emergency Controller. In pre Emergency period he will delegate responsibility to other officers as other Coordinators as per suitability and the job to be done by them. During emergency, if Plant Manager is not present at site, the senior most officers in the plant will assume the responsibility of Chief Emergency Controller and inform Plant Manager to be present at site at shortest possible time. The duties and responsibilities of Chief Controller and other Coordinator are as follows:
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8.10
8.10.1
DUTIES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY PERSONS & COORDINATORS

Main Incident Coordinator For On-Site Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP), the Location-in-Charge (Plant Manager) shall be the Main Incident Controller to coordinate the execution of the plan during an emergency of the or a mock getting drill. He is responsible the for
preparation/updating
plan,
approval
from
District
authorities/Factory Inspectorate; and its implementation in the hour of need. His duties are a) Assess the magnitude of the situation and declare state of emergency. Activate EPP and ensure its implementation. b) Mobilize the Coordinators/Key Personnel and exercise direct operational control of areas, other than those affected. c) Declare danger zones and activate Emergency Control Centre. d) Ensure calling in Mutual aid members and District emergency agencies like Fire Brigade, Police, and Medical authorities. e) Maintain a speculative continuous review of possible developments and assess these to determine most probable course of events and appropriate response. f) Inform Area Office, Head Quarters, Police, Statutory authorities, District authorities about the magnitude of the emergency casualties and rescue operations. g) Ensure casualties are receiving required attention and their relatives are informed. h) Ensure accounting of personnel. i) j) Issue authorized statements to Press, Radio, TV etc., regarding the emergency and its possible impact on the surroundings. Authorize procurement of emergency material. k) Log important developments in chronological order and preserve material evidence for investigation. Direct isolation of power supply, plant shutdown, and evacuation of personnel inside the premises as deemed necessary. l) Advise Police, District authorities regarding evacuation of public in the near vicinity/vulnerable zone. Ensure raising the siren in EMERGENCY mode till All Clear Signal.
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m) When effects are likely to be felt outside, get in touch with District Authorities, who will take over the management and declare "Off-Site Emergency". n) Control rehabilitation of affected areas on cessation of emergency.
8.10.2
Administration & Communication Coordinator a) Liaise with Chief and other coordinators. b) Inform and coordinate with External agencies and Mutual aid members for agreed assistance. Direct them on arrival to the respective coordinators. c) In case communication means fail, send messengers to Mutual aid members/ Emergency departments. Coordinate with Police in controlling the traffic and mob outside the premises. d) Activate the medical centre and mobilize medical team. Arrange ambulance and transfer casualties to hospitals. Also coordinate with police in case of fatalities. e) Arrange for head count at the assembly points. f) Arrange procurement of spares for fire fighting and additional medical drugs/ appliances. g) Mobilize Transport as and when required by various coordinators. Arrange to provide spark arrestors to emergency vehicles entering the premises. h) Monitor entry/exit of personnel in the premises. personnel/ vehicles inside the premises. i) j) Control and disperse crowd from the emergency site. Regulate traffic inside the location. Arrange food, beverages and drinking water for all those involved in execution of EPP in case the emergency prolongs. k) Communicate with relatives of persons injured/involved in fire fighting activities. l) Arrange evacuation of premises as directed by Main incident controller. Permit only authorized
Coordinate with civil authorities for evacuating public from the danger zone and arrange for refreshments at the evacuation center.
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8.10.3
Safety Coordinator a) Ensure safe stoppage of the Operations, switching off main instruments, shut off valves on product lines, and isolation of affected area. b) Demarcate Danger and Safe zones by putting RED and GREEN flags. c) Mobilize the Fire fighting crew and direct the Fire Fighting operation. d) Effectively deploy manpower, both internal and external. e) Direct & utilize the Fire Brigade personnel. f) Arrange the replacement of various Fire Fighting Squads with the Mutual and External aid members on need basis. g) Ensure/maintain sufficient pressure in the Hydrant mains. h) Assess water level in the storage tank/reservoir and plan replenishment. i) j) Monitor the requirements of Fire equipment and coordinate for procurement of spares. Arrange for flood lighting of the affected areas and dewatering of the Fire fighting area, if required. k) Arrange to remove and park the tank Lorries (Bulk & Packed) to a safer place, as necessary.
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8.11
8.11.1
INFORMATION ON PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS

Types of Accident North Guwahati LPG plant has potential for FIRE AND EXPLOSION in the event of leakage of LPG. Failure cases may be considered as follows: Sl. No. 1.
Failure Case Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Mounded Bullets Full bore / 20% CSA failure of LPG outlet line of Horton Sphere LPG pump discharge line full bore failure Road tanker failure
Failure Mode Random Failure Random Failure Random failure Random failure Mech. seal failure Gasket failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure Random failure
Consequence Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, fire ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, jet fire. Dispersion , vapour cloud explosion, fire Ball , BLEVE Dispersion
2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
LPG pump mechanical seal failure LPG Pump Outlet Line Gasket failure Road Tanker unloading arm failure Filled cylinder failure(Domino) Safety valve failure for Horton Sphere/Mounded Bullet Carousel line failure LPG vapour compressor outlet line Full bore failure Catastrophic Failure of a Single Horton Sphere Domino Effects Of Horton Sphere
9.
10. 11. 12.
13.
Dispersion, vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion,vapour cloud explosion, Jet fire Dispersion, fire Ball, vapour cloud explosion, BLEVE Dispersion, fire Ball, vapour cloud explosion ,BLEVE
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8.11.2
System elements or events that can lead to major accident Equipment failure, process abnormal conditions such as LPG storage system over-pressure, over-temperature, over-filling etc. can give rise to a major loss of containment and a major accident. Human error can also cause a major accident.
8.11.3
Hazards A LPG fire at North Guwahati plant has been characterized in the form of 1. Pool Fire 2. Jet Flame 3. Fireball 4. Flash Fire 5. BLEVE 6. Vapour Cloud Explosion GAS CLOUD EXPLOSIONS are also potential hazards, which can cause widespread damage very quickly. After consequence analysis done with the help of world renowned SOFTWARE i.e. PHAST RISK, Version-6.70 (Latest) of M/s DNV TECHNICA (UK), it has been found that damage distances extend beyond 0.5 km only in case of non-credible scenario.
8.12 a)
DETAILS ABOUT THE SITE Locations of dangerous substances The locations of two no. of Horton spheres and two no. of proposed Mounded Bullets are shown in the Plot Plan attached as Drg. No. 1. b) Seat of key personnel Most of the key personnel who will be engaged in on-site emergency handling are located in OFFICE BUILDING also marked in the plant layout. c) Emergency control room The emergency control room (ECR) is located at the plant managers office room.
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8.13
Description of hazardous chemical (s) at plant site

a) Chemicals (quantities & toxicological data) Substance horton sphere & Mounded Bullets Storage in Cylinders
LPG Total:
(660x2)+(600x2) = 2520MT 2559.98 MT
2816x14.2(kg)= 39.98 MT
LPG is the only hazardous substance on-site. It is essentially non-toxic. b) Transformation if any, which could occur The LPG, which is a mixture of 50% propane and 50% butane is stored and handled as pressure liquefied gas. In the event of a leak the liquefied LPG will flash to propane and butane gases. c) Purity of hazardous chemicals Depending on the source of incoming LPG, there might be traces of propylene. No other impurity is envisaged.
8.13.1
LIKELY DANGERS TO PLANT The possible dangers to plant and people have been analyzed in the consequence analysis. Principal danger is that of a fire (pool or jet) and gas cloud explosion. All hazards identified are both unlikely and infrequent if good operation and maintenance standards are achieved and more importantly, maintained.
8.14
ENUMERATE EFFECTS OF
a) Stress and strain caused during normal operation Because the gas mixture is pressure liquefied and large quantity of LPG either during frequent unloading of tank trucks or during bottle filling is involved various elements of the storage and handling systems will be subjected to stresses due to pressure and large flows. Integrity of elements such as joints, hoses, valves and pressure relief system is very important for this plant to prevent loss of containment through equipment failure.
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System pressure may increase somewhat during hot summer months and this would increase strain on all pressure containing equipment, particularly joints and seals. The LPG plant has been adequately designed to take care of these operational stresses and strain High volume of bottle filling and cylinder testing operations would require the associated equipment to stand up to heavy duty repeatedly without failure. In other words these equipments must be highly reliable. Periodic inspection, preventive maintenance of such equipment will thus be critical. IOCL shall take proper care of operation and maintenance to meet such needs. b) Fire and explosion inside the plant and effect, if any, outside Based on Consequence Analysis it has been found that the effect distances and areas of fire and explosion reach more than 0.5 km in case of noncredible failure scenario like BLEVE in Horton Sphere and 0.3 km for Mounded Bullet/Horton Sphere outlet line full bore failure.
8.15
DETAILS REGARDING WARNING ALARM, SAFETY & SECURITY SYSTEMS

One 3.0 Km range Electric Siren, Eight Hand Sirens have been installed to announce the on-set of an emergency. This can be triggered manually as and when a gas leak is detected.
8.15.1
Other Alarms High-level alarms are to be provided in the storage vessels to provide a warning to the filling operator if more than 85% volumetric capacity is filled. Gas alarm by scanning network of gas detectors spread throughout the site to detect presence of LPG at 20% LEL level or above. The audio-visual alarm will come on in control room alarm annunciator panel.
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Sprinkler system has been provided in LPG pump house LPG filling & filled cylinder storage shed to be operated manually. Actuation by heat fuses bulk system to be considered.
a)
Precautions in designing of the foundation & load bearing parts of the building Foundations and load bearing parts are designed by competent Engineering Agency as per approved Codes of Practice and take into account operational loads and extremes of storm, lighting and flood. All storage tanks are electrically grounded to a network of earth stations with buried electrodes.
b)
Continuous surveillance operations The LPG storage and handling operations will be continually under surveillance to prevent major incidents and to intercept one at the developing stage. Leakage condition should be continuously scanned by the gas detectors to be provided at vulnerable places.
c)
Maintenance and repair work according to the generally recognized rules of good engineering practice Preventive and breakdown maintenance and repair work are be carried out under the supervision of Plant Manager / Dy.Manager. Equipment and criticality oriented inspection, periodic non-destructive testing and
maintenance schedules are prepared with specialist inputs from within IOCL, OISD and equipment manufacturers.
Details of communication facilities provided for emergency (i) (ii) (iii) One 3.0 Km range Electric Siren to announce nature of emergency. Eight hand sirens are also provided. An interplant paging system in Non-flame proof areas and as well as in flameproof areas are provided for normal and emergency announcements and communication with master control in the control room. (iv) For inter-location communications and requisite number of P&T telephones including tie lines and hot lines for communication with district emergency services, authorities, hospitals etc.
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(v)
The interplant paging and public address system are having the following features: All call with answer back Group call with answer back Interfacing with walkie talkies Field call stations
(vi)
Walkie Talkies and mobile phones are deployed for mobile-to-mobile and mobile-to-stationary communication.
(vii) A broad communication diagram outlining interactions between various role players. 8.15.2 DETAILS OF FIRE FIGHTING & OTHER FACILITIES AVAILABLE The LPG Bottling Plant of IOCL at North Guwahati is provided with fire fighting system based on OISD-144 requirement.
Details of fire fighting facilities are as follows: Fire water Tanks (above ground) Numbers Capacity : : 2 5500 KL each
Firewater pumps (Diesel driven) Numbers Capacity (each) Discharge Pressure 8.15.3 : : : 7 615 m3/hr (4 Nos.) & 410 m3/hr (3 Nos.) 10 Kg/cm2g
DETAILS OF FIRST AID AND HOSPITAL SERVICES AVAILABLE Fully equipped first aid boxes are distributed through the site. A visiting medical practitioner will be made available on a part time basis during day. He will however be available round the clock for emergency duty. During emergency services of hospitals at North Guwahati and Guwahati will be available. Ambulance from the nearby Hospital will be requisitioned. Stretchers with blankets are available at the installation.
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8.15.4
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT The following of personal protective equipment will be available during an emergency. (i) (ii) Fire proximity suit - 1 no. Self contained Breathing Apparatus with one spare cylinder (30 minutes)- 1 no. (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Water jell blanket - 2 nos. Safety helmet - 60 nos. Rubber hand gloves for use in electrical jobs - 2 nos. Low temp. rubber hand gloves for LPG emergency - 4 nos.
(vii) Low temp. Suit for LPG emergency - 2 no. (viii) Resuscitator - 1 no. The quantities available are sufficient to meet the needs of emergency handling personnel. 8.15.5 REHEARSAL AND TESTING 'Fire Drills' are arranged periodically to test out the laid down system and facilities. The emergency handlers also "act out" their individual roles in accordance with the emergency procedures laid down to demonstrate that the entire emergency response system can perform efficiently and accurately. Mock drill for emergency is to be conducted twice in a year.
8.16
SALIENT FEATURES OF ON-SITE EMERGENCY

Effect distances for various range of distances against a heat flux of 4.5 KW/M2. People will have to be evacuated in the event of fire.
8.17
OFF-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN

An integral part of the Disaster Management Plan is the Off-Site Emergency Plan. The plan is mainly dependent upon a very close co-ordination and assistance from the Local Administration like Police, Fire Brigade, Medical Services (hospitals) etc.
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8.17.1
OFF-SITE ACTION The Chief Controller will inform about the incident like Fire, Explosions to (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) Police and District Collector Fire Brigade Medical Services Technical Agencies Rehabilitation Agencies Electricity Board
8.17.2
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SERVICES 1] Police 1. To control traffic & mob by cordoning off the area. 2. Arrange for evacuation of people on advice from the Site
Controller/District Collector. 3. Broadcast/communicate through public address systems to the
community on advice from the District/Sub Collector. 4. Inform relatives about details of injured and casualties. 2] Fire Brigade 1. Fighting fire & preventing its spread. 2. Rescue & salvage operation. 3] Medical/Ambulance 1. First Aid to the injured persons. 2. Shifting critically injured patients to the hospitals. 3. Providing medical treatment. 4] Technical/Statutory Bodies (Constitutes Factory Inspectorate, Pollution Control Board, Technical Experts from Industries) 1. Provide all technical information to the emergency services, as required. 2. Investigate the cause of the disaster. 5] Rehabilitation 1. Arrange for evacuation of persons to nominated rescue centre and arrange for their food, medical and hygienic requirements. 2. Coordinating with the Insurance Companies for prompt disbursement of compensation to the affected persons.
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3. Maintain communication channels of the affected industry like telephone, telex etc. in perfect working condition. 6] Electricity Board To put off the power supply to the plant, if specifically asked for by IOCL. 7] Important Telephone Numbers Who May be Contacted during Emergency: 1. 2. 3. 4. S.P,Kamrup Fire services Chief Inspector of Factories & Boiler, Guwahati District Magistrate, Kamrup 9435048480 0361-2690052 9435045232 9435013551
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CHAPTER- 9
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ADDITIONAL STUDIES
9.0
ADDITIONAL STUDIES
The project proposal comprises installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets of 600 MT capacity each for storage of LPG within premises of existing LPG Bottling Plant.
1)
Impact on local infrastructure such as road network etc. Presently, about 17 nos. of LPG road tankers of 18 MT capacity are being received in bottling plant daily from different supply sources. Post-augmentation of storage facilities, it is envisaged that the number of bulk LPG tankers may rise upto 25-26. The increase in number of road tankers shall be only for initial few days unless the storage level of LPG of 2520 MT is achieved at North Guwahati Bottling Plant. Thereafter, there will no increase in traffic load on NH-31. Thus, the traffic density w.r. to heavy vehicles was 10.96 per hour whereas the traffic density including light motor vehicles was 36.46 per hour which shall increase marginally only for few days. Since, the bottling capacity of the plant shall remain same, there would not be any increase in dispatch of filled cylinders truck from the plant and hence, no impact is envisaged on traffic network.
2)
Compensation package for the people affected by the proposed project. The installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets for storage of bulk LPG shall be carried out within the premises of existing North Guwahati bottling plant. Hence, the proposed project does not involve any issue with respect to displacement & rehabilitation and does not come under purview of RR Policy.
3)
Proposed Plan to handle the socio-economic influence on local community For installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets about 40-50 construction workers would be required to carry out construction related jobs. For unskilled jobs, it would be ensured that only local workers are engaged for carrying out construction jobs. This would impart positive impact on the socio-economic condition of the local area. For skilled jobs, only marginal number of workers is likely to be engaged. In view of the size of population residing within 5 km radius, no additional study is required to assess the impact of marginal number of workers coming from outside area.
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EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ADDITIONAL STUDIES
3)
Risk Assessment & Safeguard measures Risk Assessment for the proposed project has been conducted and necessary safeguard measures have been discussed in chapter-07. In view of the above, it may be inferred that the proposed project does not require any additional study.
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CHAPTER- 10
BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL BENIFITS OF THE PROJECT
10.0
BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PROJECT

The proposed project for installation of 02 nos. of Mounded Bullets at LPG bottling plant, North Guwahati for storage of LPG shall yield following benefits: Maintain continuity of LPG gas cylinder supply to the consumers through distributors. Ease in availability of filled LPG cylinders. Increase the days cover for LPG storage from 03 days to 6-7 days (on the basis of double shift bottling operation). Help to overcome the scarcity of bulk LPG due to landslide, hilly terrain and poor road conditions etc By adding 2x600 MT Mounded Bullets, risk profile of the existing plant will not be enhanced. Increased safety measures for hazard detection and prevention system. Discourage deforestation with reduction in use of fire wood and fossil fuels.
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CHAPTER- 11
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL ENVIORNMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
11.0
11.1
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the key to maintain a safe and clean environment. A project may have taken proper pollution control measures but without a management plan, the desired results may not be obtained. EMP is planning and implementation of various pollution abatement measures for any proposed project. It is required to maintain environmentally and ecologically sustainable developmental activities in the study area. The EMP brings transparency between the project proponent and pollution control regulatory agencies at State & Central level. EMP aims at controlling pollution at the source level to the possible extent with the best techno-economically feasible and available methodology before they are discharged.
11.2
MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Pollution expected during construction phase of proposed project is considerably insignificant. The impacts of the pollution during construction phase on the environment would be basically of transient nature and are expected to wear out gradually on completion of the construction phase. Following factors shall require due consideration during construction phase:
11.2.1
Site Preparation
Presently, the site earmarked for installation of Mounded Bullets bears a barren look and is devoid of floral species. It is envisaged that minor levelling of land will be required for installation of proposed bullets. Stock piling of earthen/sandy material would be required during foundation works of the proposed project. The earth work will generate dust which will be controlled by periodical sprinkling of water during working period.
11.2.2
Sanitation The site shall be provided with adequate and suitable sanitary facilities to maintain proper standard of hygiene for construction workers.
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11.2.3
Construction Equipment & Waste The earthy materials will be generated during civil works. The generated waste shall be used in levelling of low lying areas. During installation of Mounded Bullets & laying of pipes, some solid discarded materials will be generated as solid waste. These materials will be sold through registered scrap dealers. The gas cylinders used for welding shall be returned back to the supplier. Cement bags, coal tar drums and other container used during construction and discarded as wastes shall be auctioned through registered vendors as per standard practices adopted by IOCL. Similarly the damaged tools shall also be disposed in the above manner.
11.2.4
Storage of Hazardous Materials The hazardous material such as, lubricating oils, compressed gases (for welding), paints, varnishes, etc. are required to be stored at the site during construction phase. Since, these materials are hazardous; they will be stored as per the prescribed / accepted safety norms.
11.2.5
Solid / Hazardous Waste Disposal The hazardous materials would be stored, handled & disposed of according to the guidelines specified under Solid Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules dated 24th September 2008 by MoEF and subsequent amendments. Some of the precautions of storage and handling of the hazardous materials and waste includes the following: Diesel and other fuels would be stored in separate earmarked area as per the said guidelines. Separate storage for waste paints and thinners, contaminated rags and brushes to facilitate recycling and reuse. Rags could be laundered for reuse.
11.3
11.3.1
MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATION PHASE

AIR ENVIRONMENT Continuous source of air pollutant from the operation of North Guwahati LPG bottling plant does not exist. The sources of air pollutants are limited to the DG Sets and diesel engine driven Fire water pumps. These sources of air pollutants
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are intermittent. During operation, these sources would emit the exhaust gases containing NOx, SO2, and negligible quantity of particulate matter. Control of air pollutants from these sources would be achieved by safe dispersal, providing adequate heights to the respective exhaust ducts. For computing the minimum height of these exhausts ducts, the following formula, specified by the Central Pollution Control Board, has been used.
H Where, H h KVA
h + 0.2 X (KVA) 0.5
= = =
Total height of stack, m height of the building where the DG Set is installed, m, and Total generation capacity of the DG Set, KVA.
The minimum required heights and the heights actually provided to the DG Sets (height of the shed 3 m above the ground level) are as follows: TABLE - 11.1 DG Set Capacity 250 KVA 125 KVA 11.3.2 Fugitive Emission The plant facilities comprise of LPG receipt through tank trucks (TT), unloading and storage of LPG in Mounded Bullets, filling in LPG cylinders and despatch of the same by truck/lorries. As the existing facility operates in a well proven leak proof system, thus there is no continuous source of emission from the process. Height Required, m (From Ground Level) (3.0 + 3.2)=6.2 (3.0 + 2.0)=5.0 Height Provided, m (From Ground Level) 6.5 5.5
11.4
11.4.1
WATER ENVIRONMENT
Waste Water Generation There shall no increase in quantity of waste water generation from operation of proposed mounded bullets. The existing sources of waste water generation are as follows: a) Sanitary wastewater from toilets, wash-rooms and canteen. b) Non-sanitary wastewater from mock drills.
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11.4.2
Waste Water Treatment & Disposal Sanitary Waste Water from toilets, canteen and wash rooms are treated in septic tanks and disposed off through soak pits. Non-sanitary waste water generated during mock fire drills is passed through vapour trap and discharged into natural drainage system. During rainy season, the rain water is discharged through properly designed storm water drain after passing through vapour trap.
11.5
11.5.1
NOISE ENVIRONMENT
Sources of Noise The sources of noise in the bottling plant are limited to the pumps, compressors, DG Sets and fire water pumps. Sound Pressure level (SPL) at a distance of 1 m from the above sources is as follows: TABLE - 11.2 Noise Level of Different Sources SL. NO 1 2 3 SOURCE OF NOISE DG Set shed Fire Water Pump House Pumps/Compressor House SPL dB(A) 75 75 75
11.5.2
Control of Noise The following measures are practised for control and abatement of noise & vibration. a) The foundations of DG Sets and Fire Water pumps are provided with antivibration padding. b) The DG Sets and FW Pumps will be designed to produce noise within the permissible limit and strict compliance of this will be ensured during procurement. c) The DG Set is housed inside a building so that the noise is reduced by the acoustic enclosures. d) Regular condition monitoring e.g. speed, vibration and regular preventive maintenance including schedule lubrication are being conducted for the moving machines to keep them in good condition and also to reduce vibration.
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e)
Trees grown in the green belt around the facilities would also facilitate attenuation of noise level beyond the boundary walls.
11.6
11.6.1
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Environmental Management with respect to solid waste management may be summarized as under: Practically, no Solid Waste shall be generated from operation of proposed Mounded Bullets. Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed off through registered vendors as per Handling of Waste Material and Transboundary Rules, 2008 and subsequent amendments.
11.7
LAND LOSERS/OUSTERS
The site for proposed Mounded Bullets is located within plant boundary of existing bottling plant which is spread over an area of 83 acres of land allotted by State Government. Hence, the proposed project does not involve any issue with respect to displacement & rehabilitation and does not come under purview of RR Policy.
11.8 11.8.1
AFFORESTATION (GREEN BELT)

Trees and plants are well known for trapping noise, particulate matters, and gaseous pollutants, in controlling soil erosion and ground water charging. About 33% of the total area (83 acres) has been brought under green belt development program. The selection of plant species shall be made in consultation with local forest officials. Grassy lawns and gardens shall be developed in vacant areas within the plant premises under beautification scheme to increase the aesthetic value.
11.9
11.9.1
SAFETY & FIRE FIGHTING

Safety The main safety features associated with the bottling plant are as follows: a) The layout and fire fighting systems shall conform to the latest editions of OISD - 144 & OISD-150.
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b)
Inner boundary of 1.0 m height, brick masonary wall with 0.6 m height barbed wire fencing have been provided in all directions.
c)
Approach roads of 14 m width have been provided to avoid congestion and to have safe exit in emergencies.
d)
All electrical fittings provided in licensed areas are flame proof and intrinsically safe as per IS-2148.
e)
Cylinder filling area is completely open type and covered from top with asbestos roof.
f) g) h)
Water drain from cylinder filling area is provided with vapour trap. Fixed Water Spray system has been installed for LPG handling area. Suitable storm water drain has been provided.
11.9.2
Fire Fighting Facilities The fire fighting system in the proposed facilities consists of Fire Water Storage, Fire Water Pumps and Fire Hydrant System. Fire Hydrant rings covering all facilities will be provided as per OISD - 144 requirements.
11.9.3
Safety Organization The Fire and Safety Department is under the control of trained and responsible officer. All the officers and staff of the bottling plant are trained in combating fire and use of safety equipment.
11.9.4
Security The following security arrangement has been provided within North Guwahati LPG Bottling Plant a) The facilities are guarded round the clock by efficient security personnel. They prevent any unauthorized entry inside the plant. b) Watch towers have been provided and manned round the clock to watch unauthorised entry from outside. c) 3.0 m high boundary wall has been provided around the installation to resist any unauthorized entry.
11.9.5
Safety & Environmental Audit In view of the high hazard potential of LPG, extreme cares are being taken to maintain the safety needs of the installation. Safety audits are carried out
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regularly by a multi-disciplinary team. The safety audit includes operating procedures, housekeeping, provision of fire fighting and safety gadgets, mock drills etc. 11.9.6 Occupational Safety and Health Safety Department in the plant looks after the occupational safety aspects of the workers also. M/s IOCL follows OISD-166 to maintain occupational health and safety of the employees and workers. Workers are well informed about the preventive measures and safe operating practices to be followed for various types of job. Training courses are organized for the workmen and the officers before they are put on the job. Contractor's labourers are also trained and educated to ensure safe operating practices for the jobs. 11.9.7 Tools & Tackles In Hydrocarbon industry, it is customary to use non-sparking type tools (spanners, wrenches etc). Electrical hand tools like torches, lamp etc. to be used in the hazardous area should be flame proof type. All tools should be of approved quality and make and will be purchased with test certificates. 11.9.8 Preventive Maintenance & Planned Inspection To facilitate inspection and maintenance service in planned manner, a schedule will be made and jobs to be done daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, half yearly and yearly will be prepared. Record of the jobs done will be kept properly. The inspection & maintenance schedule will be done as per the directive & procedure laid down by OISD as well as instructions of suppliers. The planned inspection will also include statutory inspection of pressure vessels, storage tanks, safety valves etc. In the scope of EMP, pollution prevention and control program is a multifaceted and expensive program in this rapid changing arena. Among the many programs a few of them are of great interest and IOCL will pay proper attention. The programs are as under:
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Green Light Program It involves installation of energy efficient lighting system which reduces indirectly generation of oxides of Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur. However, there shall not be any comprise with required illumination at working places. Golden Carrot Program This program involves super efficient refrigeration cooling system and installation without the use of CFC. (No CFC) Energy Star Program Use of energy efficient electrical appliances including computer etc. are adopted. IOCL Pays proper attention to improve the working environment by adopting the principle of Ergonomics in the following line of action: In order to maximise the working and skill capability of the work-men, the Environmental Management Plan considers the strategy and goal of Ergnomics. The application of ergonomics will reduce the Muscular Skeletal Disorder (MSD). Attempts shall be made to make the Working Environment to fit the Workmen instead of forcing a workman to adopt the Working
Environment.
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ANNEXURE
Annexure-I PROJECT DETAILS AND DATA SHEET OF VESSELS

1.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION : IOCL seeks to secure the services of an experienced & reputed Cotractor in the field of Construction of mounded pressure vessels for construction of twelve (12) nos. Mounded type pressure Vessels for storage of LPG at ambient temperature at its existing Bottling Plants at North Guwahati (Assam), Bishalgarh (Tripura), Dimapur (Nagaland), Silchar (Assam) and Sekmai (Manipur). The details of the Mounded Type Pressure Vessels for LPG Storage that are to be built at the following existing LPG Bottling plants are given below:
Plant Bishalgarh, Tripura Dimapur, Nagaland North Guwahati Sekmai, Manipur Silchar, Assam No.xCap 3x150 MT (3 x 327 Cum) 2x150 MT (2 x 327 Cum) 2x600 MT (2 x 1307 Cum) 2x600 MT (2 x 1307 Cum) 3x600 MT (3 x 1307 Cum) Approx Size of each bullet DIA (M) LENGTH (M) 4.2 25.5 3.8 31.2 6.0 48.5 6.0 48.5 6.0 48.5
2.0
PROCESS DESCRIPTION : There are total seven (7) LPG Vessels, each of 1307 m3 water capacity with a usable LPG capacity of 85% of water capacity i.e., 600 MT (approx.) per vessel and five (5) LPG vessels, each of 327 m3 water capacity with a usable LPG capacity of 85% of water capacity i.e., 150 MT (approx.) per vessel at above 5 locations. All the vessels at respective locations will be fully contained within the mound except manways and dome for nozzles on each vessel that protrude from the top of the mound. Each vessel will be fitted/equipped mainly with the following: Bottom inlet / outlet. Top vapour inlet/outlet/bypass Pressure gauge with local and remote read out. Temperature gauge Independent two numbers pressure safety valves (PSVs) each connected to a vent stack, 3 m high. ~ Independent high level alarm switch with remote audio/visual alarm. ~ Two (2) independent level gauges as per specifications and Data Sheet. ~ Inspection tunnel through Retaining wall for inspection of LPG liquid inlet / outlet pipe. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Fabricator to arrange for all cables, as per specifications by manufacturer for all instrumentation up to Pump House, Control Room & PMs cabin. Laying of cables from mounded storage to Pump House, Control Room/S&D & PMs cabin shall also be in the scope of Fabricator. The cables to be laid using conduit pipes / cable tray / in cable trenches as per direction of Site-in-Charge. In case, cables have to pass under any civil work like road/culverts, Contractor will arrange the passage and subsequent repairs of civil work after obtaining necessary clearance/approval from the site-in-charge. 3.0 Sr. No. 1. TANK DATA SHEET : (For 600 MT vessels & 150 MT vessels) Description No. of vessels required Parameters 7 x 600 MT & 5 x 150 MT LPG Storage Capacity as per location wise details given above PD 5500 (latest addition) category 1, SMPV Rules, OISD 150 15.4 ( Internal ) / 1.855 ( External ) 55 ( max ) / - 27 (min) 5 ~ 11.5 05 ~ 50 1.5 mm Hemispherical Shell : 1.0; head : 1.0 100% Yes Not applicable since vessels are mounded IS:1893 LPG 0.54 1307 m3 for each 600 MT vessels & 327 m3 for each 150 MT vessels
As per specification of tender
2. 3. 4.
Design code Design pressure ( kg/cm2 ) Design temperature (oc) Operating Pressure ( kg/cm2 ) Operating Temperature (oc) Corrosion allowance (mm) Type of heads Joint efficiency Radiography Stress relieving Wind pressure Earthquake specification Operating medium Specific gravity of operating medium Water capacity of each vessel (m3) Surface preparation & painting Fire proofing
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.
17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Hydrostatic test pressure at top kg/cm2 (g) Inspection / certification by third party Total empty weight (kg) Operating weight (kg) Hydrotest weight (kg)
All exposed surfaces of vessel/dome/ nozzle shall be provided with fire proof material approved by TPIA/IOC. 21.75 as per cl. 5.8.5 of PD 5500 Yes 600 MT Vessel 225000 150 MT Vessel - 70000 600 MT Vessel 825000 150 MT Vessel - 220000 600 MT Vessel 1551000 150 MT Vessel - 402000
Sr. No. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.
Description Insulation thk (mm) / type Material of construction Internal diameter (mm) Overall length of tanks (mm) Fittings & openings
Parameters Nil As per drawings & specifications As per details given in Para 1.0 above. As per details given in Para 1.0 above. As per drawings & specifications
SPECIAL NOTES : (1) ALL STIFFENING RINGS SHALL HAVE ONE HOLE (AS SHOWN IN THE DRAWING) IN ITS LOWER MOST PART WITH SUITABLE REINFORCEMENT TO DRAIN LPG AND ONE HOLE AT THE TOP (AS SHOWN IN THE DRAWING). INLET / OUTLET PIPE FROM STORAGE TANK THROUGH R. C. WALL AND TUNNEL SHALL BE INSULATED WITH PROTECTIVE SURROUND. OVALITY OF THE SHELL SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.5% OF RADIUS. THERE SHALL BE MAX. TWO LONGITUDINAL WELD JOINT PER 2.5 M SEGMENT OF PLATE (SHELL BELT). PROVIDE 40 x 6 THK 2 NOS. STIFFNERS FOR NOZZLES SIZE 50 NB AND BELOW. NOZZLE FLANGES SHALL BE NORMAL TO THE HORIZONTAL. NOZZLES SHALL BE GROUPED ON DOME EXCEPT MANHOLE AS PER DRAWING.
**************
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
EIA / RA STUDY FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT NORTH GUWAHATI, ASSAM OF M/S IOCL COMPLIANCE OF TOR
ANNEXURE-VII
COMPLIANCE OF TOR
Sl. No. TOR Status/ Compliance
01. 02. 03. 04. 05.
Executive Summary of the Project
06.
07.
08.
09.
Executive Summary has been presented in the EIA report. Project Description & Project Benefits have Project Description and Project been presented in Chapter-2 & Chapter-10 Benefits respectively of EIA Report. Land Use Details of the site based Land Use details (5 Km radius) have been discussed in Section 3.3.2 of Chapter-3. on satellite imagery Process Details and design details Process Details have been presented in Chapterof all tanks with animated model 2 and Annexure-I of EIA Report. DC, Kamrup has been requested for necessary Proposal for safety buffer zone actions vide letter reference no.: (250m) around the proposed site IBP/NGHY/7/4(G)-304 dtd. 23.02.2012. with map Copy enclosed (Anx-II) The study area comprises few industrial units, A list of industries within 10-km namely Bricks Industries, Stone Crusher and radius of the project Mineral Water. There are 17 villages within 5 km radius of bottling List of villages and population plant. Details of villages along with population has within 5 km been presented in Table-3.10.3, Chapter-3 of EIA Report. Location of national parks and wild There is no national park, wild life sanctuary and life sanctuary/ reserved forest reserved forest within 10 km radius around LPG within 10 km radius. bottling plant. Permission from National Wildlife Request letter submitted to Principal Chief Board regarding wildlife sanctuary Conservator of Forest & Head of Forest Force, located within 10 km radius. Rehabari, Guwahati vide reference letter no.: Permission & recommendation from IBP/NGHY/11-12/MB/DFO/01 dtd 25.11.2011 State Forest Department regarding Copy enclosed as Annexure-III impact of the proposed plant on the surrounding RF, if any
1 of 5
Sl. No. 10.
11.
12.
13.
TOR A copy of EC/Consent to operate accorded by Ministry/State Board for existing plant along with pointwise compliance. Animated Computer Model for prospective years regarding truck movement from safety & risk point of view. Details of lorry design pressure. Layout plan with provision of trucks parking area. Earmarking of area for parking of lorries at a remote location to avoid congestion. Details of the storage as well as filled and empty cylinder and technical specifications with safety aspects and standards.
ANNEXURE-VII Status/ Compliance Consent to operate ((Ann.-VA for the year 201112) for existing bottling plant and letter for the installation of MB (Annexure-VB) submitted to Assam Pollution Control Board. Provided
Furnished in EIA Report as Plate-2.1.
14.
15. 16. 17. 18.
Existing Storage.: 2x660MT (HS) Proposed Storage: 2 x 600 MT (Mounded Bullets) Empty Cylinder-cum-LPG Filling Shed : (60 m x 40 m + 60 m x 40 m) Filled Cylinder Shed : 60 m x 40 m Copy of the PESO Approval enclosed as Annexure-IV for Cylinder Storage Capacity. All safety & fire fighting facilities will be upgraded as per OISD-144 Possibility of 2 x 150 MT mounded The project requirement is for 2x600 MT of storage bullets, 2x200 MT bullets Mounded Bullets for LPG storage. should be explored and installed. OISD-169 and OISD-150 standards North Guwahati LPG Bottling Plant will be for mounded storage facilities upgraded as per OISD-144. should be provided New Gas Monitoring System around storage and other areas shall be as per OISD-150 (Annex-VI). Site details including satellite Briefed in section-3.2 and map presented through imagery for 5 km around site Plate-3.1 of Chapter-3 of EIA report. Land use along with maps and LU/LC details detailed in Section-3.3.2 cropping pattern, vegetation, ecology, flora and fauna Demography and Socio-economics Detailed in Chapter-3.10 of EIA report of the area
2 of 5
ANNEXURE-VII
Sl. No. 19. TOR Status/ Compliance
20.
21.
22. 23.
24.
Baseline Data Collection for Air, Water & Soil for: i) Ambient air quality monitoring Briefed in Section-3.6 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report. for PM10, SO2, NOx (Tables 3.6.9 to 3.6.12) ii) Background levels of Briefed in Section-3.6 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report. Hydrocarbons (Methane & (Tables 3.6.9 to 3.6.12) Non-methane HC) and VOCs iii) Soil Sample Analysis Soil samples were collected from three different locations. Analysis results presented through Tables 3.4.2 to 3.4.4 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report. iv) Baseline underground and Three nos. of ground water and two nos. of surface water quality in the surface water samples were collected from vicinity of the project different locations of the study area. Results of samples are presented through Tables-3.7.3 and 3.7.5 of Section 3.7 of EIA Report. v) Climatology & Meteorology Briefed in Section 3.5 of Chapter-3 of EIA Report. including wind speed, Meteorological data presented in Table-3.5.12 to temperature, rainfall etc. 3.5.14. vi) Measurement of Noise Levels Briefed in Section-3.8.2(A) to 3.8.4 of EIA Report. Details of water consumption and Details have been discussed in Chapter-4, source of water supply, waste Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation water generation, treatment and Measures of EIA Report. utilization of treated water In case of fire, resultant waste water shall be generated from the facilities and discharged through properly designed storm water effluent disposal and measures for drain after passing through vapour trap. release of effluent in case of fire. Storm water system should have Briefly discussed in Chapter-11.4.2, EMP of EIA provision to prevent any report uninterrupted oil in the drain to flow out with storm water. Details of oil water separator. Solid waste generation, collection, Briefly discussed in section 11.2.4 & 11.2.5 of segregation, its recycling and Chapter-11 of EIA Report. reuse, treatment and disposal. Assessment of Impact on Air, Briefly discussed in Chapter-4 of EIA Report. Water, Soil, Solid/hazardous waste and noise level Monitoring and measures to control There is in-built system for control of leakage. Mercaptan Odour. However, new Gas Monitoring System shall be provided in storage and other relevant areas as per OISD-150.
3 of 5
Sl. No. 25.
TOR Details of Proposed Preventive Measures for leakages and accidents Adequate width of approach road to avoid congestion and to have safe exit in emergencies
ANNEXURE-VII Status/ Compliance Discussed in Chapter-7 Risk Assessment of EIA Report.
26.
27. 28. 29.
30.
31. 32.
33. 34. 35.
Width of approach road is around 6 m and width of the peripheral road is 5 m all around. Proposed width of road around the Mounded Bullets shall be 5 m. Hence, there will be no congestion for movement of tank lorries in emergencies. Presented in Layout in Plate-2.1 of EIA report. Type of Seismic Zone Seismic Zone-V Environmental Management Plan Detailed in Chapter-11 of EIA Report. Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan i) Identification of Hazards Detailed in Chapter-7 of EIA Report. ii) Consequence Analysis Detailed in Chapter-7 of EIA Report. iii) Risk Assessment & Proposed Detailed in Chapter-7 of EIA Report. measures for Risk Reduction Risk assessment should also Detailed in Executive Summary, Risk Analysis include follow up/compliance to (Chapter-07) and DMP (Chapter-08) of EIA report safety & hazardous material management facilities; cathodic protection to mounded bullets ; possibility of fire and explosion accident; Risk assessment for accidents at side and its impacts on adjoining area, risk mitigation measures, disaster management plan; on-site & off-site emergency plan. OISD-144, SMPV Rule, gas OISD -144, SMPV Rule, gas cylinder rule shall be cylinder rule should be followed followed Gas detection system & monitoring Gas Detection System & Gas monitoring system system shall be provided. (GMS) shall be provided at relevant places as per OISD-150. Interlocking shut down device (ISD) Interlocking shut down device (ISD) for automatic should be connected to automatic operation of hazard prevention and control system shutdown & auto operation fire will be upgraded as per OISD-144. hydrant network. Action plan for fire fighting facility OISD-144 shall be followed. as per OISD 117 norms. Details of proposed Occupational Occupational Health Surveillance program for Health Surveillance Program for employees and other labourers is already in employees and other labour. practice and conducted once in a year and OISD166 followed. Briefed in Chapter-11 of EIA report.
4 of 5
Sl. No. 36. 37.
38.
39.
40.
TOR Environmental Monitoring Program Any litigation pending against the project and/ or any direction/ order passed by any Court of Law against the project. If so details thereof. Tabular Chart indicating point-wise compliance of the TOR Public hearing issues raised and commitments made by the project proponent on the same should be included separately in EIA/EMP Report in the form of tabular chart with financial budget for complying with the commitments made. A tabular chart with index for pointwise compliance of above TORs.
ANNEXURE-VII Status/ Compliance Discussed in Chap-06 of EIA Report. No
Detailed as Annexure-VII. Action is initiated as per statutory guidelines through Assam State Pollution Control Board (ASPCB)
Detailed as Annexure-VII
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Eia North Guwahati 07.07.12

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REPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION AT

NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT, ASSAM

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED

PROJECTS & DEVELOPMENT INDIA LIMITED

PDIL JOB NO: 9609

9609-EIA--ENV-161 PROJECTS & DEVELOPMENT INDIA LTD. DOCUMENT NO. SHEET 1 OF 3

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT & RISK ASSESSMENT

INSTALLATION OF MOUNDED BULLETS FOR STORAGE CAPACITY AUGMENTATION

NORTH GUWAHATI LPG BOTTLING PLANT, ASSAM

INDIAN OIL CORPORATION LIMITED

APPROVED All rights reserved

9609-ENV-161 1 DOCUMENT NO. REV SHEET 2 OF 3

FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2

9609-ENV-161 1 DOCUMENT NO. REV SHEET 3 OF 3

FORM NO. 02-0000-0021 F1 REV 2

All rights reserved

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

MHC, ppm NMHC, ppm VOCs, mg/m

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Land Use Pattern of proposed Site

Land Use Pattern (5 km) As per Satellite Imagery

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Land Use / Land cover

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Table - 3.3.2 LAND USE/ LANDCOVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Water Bodies Others

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

SOIL OF KAMRUP DISTRICT

Table - 3.4.1 DETAILS OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Poor <0.5 <280 <23 <133

Fertile >0.75 >560 >57 >337

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

Poor <0.5 <280 <23 <133

Fertile >0.75 >560 >57 >337

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri

SOIL TEXTURE DIAGRAM

100% clay ( 2 microns )

50 Sandy Clay Clay loam

Silty Clay Silty Clay loam

Loam Sandy loam Silt loam Slit

Loamy sand Sand

Sandy clay loam

PDIL: Projects & Development India Limited, Sindri