Chapter 1

PARTS OF SPEECH

The different kinds of words are called Parts of Speech. There are eight Parts of Speech:

1. NOUN 5. ADVERB
2. PRONOUN 6. PREPOSITION
3. ADJECTIVE 7. CONJUNCTION
4. VERB 8. INTERJECTION

1. NOUN
A NOUN is a word used to give a name to a person or a thing or a place.
e.g. The book is on the desk.
Peter saw a snake in the garden.
Write 10 nouns

2. PRONOUN
A PRONOUN is a word used instead of NOUN.
e.g. May was afraid because she saw a snake
Napoleon was a great man. He was a French.
Write 10 pronouns

3. ADJECTIVE
AN ADJECTIVE is a word used to add something to the meaning of a NOUN or a PRONOUN.
e.g. A strong man killed a fierce tiger
Tom is a fat boy.
Write 10 adjectives

4. VERB
A VERB is a word used to tell something that the NOUN does.
e.g. Tom is a clever and kind.

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 My sister fell from the top of a house.
Write 10 verbs

5. ADVERB
AN ADVERB is a word used to add something to a VERB,
an ADJECTIVE, or another ADVERB
e.g. The water is very hot
The girl sings sweetly
A snake crept very quickly through the grass.
Write 10 adverbs

6. PREPOSITION
A PREPOSITION is a word placed before a NOUN or PRONOUN,
to show its relation to other words.
e.g. I put my hand on the table.
I am pointing to the picture.
He is running up the hill.
Write 10 prepositions

7. CONJUNCTION
A CONJUNCTION is a word used to join words, phrases, or sentences together.
e.g. John is fat and tall.
You will be sick if you eat too much.
The girl is thin but the boy is fat.
Write 10 conjunctions

8. INTERJECTTION
A INTERJECTTION is a word used sentence to express feeling of the mind.
e.g. Hurrah! We shall have a holiday on Monday.

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 Oh! How foolish I was to lose it.
Alas! My aunt lost her child.
Write 10 interjections

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PRONOUNS
1. If a word is used instead of a noun, it is called a PRONOUN.
Examples:
A. The boy is very happy. He is playing football.
In this sentence the word “He” stands for the noun “boy”,
so “He” is a pronoun.
B. Mary is a good girl. She works very hard.
In this sentence the word “She” stands for the proper noun “Mary”,
so “She” is a pronoun.

2. Kinds of pronouns and their uses:

PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A Personal Pronoun is used to replace the name of a person or thing.
e.g. I, You, He, She, It, They, We.

As subjects
Singular Plural
I am a pupil. We are pupils.
You are a pupil. You are pupils.
He is a pupil. They are pupils.
She is a pupil. They are pupils.
It is a dog. They are dogs.

As objects
Singular Plural
My mother helps me. My mother helps us.

My mother helps you. My mother helps you.

My mother helps him (her). My mother helps them.
My mother helps it. My mother helps them.

(A) The Personal Pronouns “I” and “We” – First Person

(B) The Personal Pronouns “You” – Second Person.
(C) The Personal Pronouns “he”, “she”, “it” and “they” – Third Person

Singular Plural
The cakes are his. The cakes are theirs.
The cakes are hers. The cakes are theirs.

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The cakes are its. The cakes are theirs.

Possessive Adjectives are used with nouns and do the work of Adjectives.
Singular Plural
These are my cakes. These are our cakes.
These are yours cakes. These are your cakes.
These are his cakes. These are their cakes.
These are her cakes. These are their cakes.
These are its cakes. These are their cakes.

The following table shows different forms of the Personal Pronouns and their corresponding Possessive
Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives.
Personal Pronoun Possessive Personal Pronoun Possessive Reflexive
Subjective Case Adjective Objective Case Pronoun Pronoun
I my me mine myself
you (Singular) yours you yours yourself
he his him his himself
she her her hers herself
it its it its itself
we our us ours ourselves
you (Plural) your you yours yourselves
they their them their themselves

Study the following:

(a) I have a book It is his.
It belongs to me.
It is my book. (d) She has a book
It is mine. It belongs to her.
It is her book.
(b) You have a book It is hers.
It belongs to you.
It is your book. (e) We has a book
It is yours. It belongs to us.
It is our book.
(c) He has a book It is ours.
It belongs to him.
It is his book. (f) They have a book

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 It belongs to them. It is its.
It is their book.
It is theirs.

(g) It has a tail

It belongs to it.
It is its tail.

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ADJECTIVES
AN ADJECTIVE is a word used to qualify a NOUN.
Examples:
I am a good boy
He is a fat man

There are six kinds of Adjectives:

(a) Adjective of Quality
An adjective of quality tells _______________________________
what kind a person or thing.
e.g. He is a tall man. _______________________________
Peter is a good boy.
Hong Kong is a large city. _______________________________
(b) Adjective of Quantity
An adjective of quantity tells us how much. _______________________________
e.g. He needs much water.
My sister ate little food. _______________________________
She has enough money to buy this new coat.
_______________________________
(c) Adjective of Number
An adjective of number tells us _______________________________
how many persons or things there are..
e.g. There are seven days in a week. _______________________________
Ten men came yesterday.
Monday is the second day of the week. _______________________________
(d) Demonstrative Adjective
A demonstrative adjective points out _______________________________
the person or thing that is spoken about.
e.g. I do not believe such silly answer. _______________________________
This tree is thicker than that.
These pencils belong to me. _______________________________
(e) Possessive Adjective
A possessive adjective is used to show possession. _______________________________
e.g. I lost my book last week.
Our teacher is kind to us. _______________________________
Your face looks pale.
_______________________________
(f) Interrogative Adjective

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 An interrogative adjective is used to ask a question. _______________________________
e.g. Whose ruler is this?
What kind of a woman is she? _______________________________
Which pupil comes first?
_______________________________

ADVERBS
AN ADVERB is a word tells us more about a verb. It may also be used to tell more about an
ADJECTIVE or another ADVERB.

A. Kinds of Adverbs:
(1) Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of Time tell us the time when an action _______________________________
happens. They answer the question “WHEN?”
e.g. I saw him yesterday. _______________________________
(Q: When did you see him?)
He phoned you a few minutes ago. _______________________________
(Q: When did he phone you?)

Other Adverbs of Time:

tomorrow, daily, once upon a time, always, afterwards,
soon, long ago, at once, lately, since, never, formerly, now, etc.

(2) Adverbs of Place

Adverbs of Place tell us where the action is done. _______________________________
Therefore, they answer the question “WHERE?”
e.g. He went upstairs. _______________________________
(Q: Where did he go?)
The dog follows him everywhere. _______________________________
(Q: Where does the dog follow him?)

Other Adverbs of Place:

back , backwards, forward, away, up, down, downstairs,
out, inside, outside, here, there, anywhere, etc.

(3) Adverbs of Number

Adverbs of Number tell us how often an action _______________________________

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 is done. They answer the questions
“HOW OFTEN?” or “HOW MANY TIMES?” _______________________________
e.g. He washes his hair once a week.
(Q: How often does he wash his hair?) _______________________________
He went there four times.
(Q: How many times did he go there?)

Other Adverbs of Number:

once, again, thrice, twice, etc.

(4) Adverbs of Manner

Adverbs of Manner tell us how an action is done. _______________________________
Therefore, they answer the question “HOW”?
e.g. She speaks clearly. _______________________________
(Q: How does she speak?)
He works very hard. _______________________________
(Q: How does he work?)

Such adverbs always end in “-ly”:

quickly, easily, loudly, happily, bravely quietly, gently, nicely, etc.

B. Formation of Adverbs:

(a) Most adverbs are formed generally from adjectives by adding “-ly”
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
bright brightly large largely
beautiful beautifully loud loudly
brave bravely glad gladly
clever cleverly near nearly
deep deeply wild wildly

(b) If an adjective ends in “-y” and with a consonant preceded,

the adverb is formed by changing “y” into “i” and add “ly”.
Adjective Adverb Adjective Adverb
busy busily funny funnily
cloudy cloudily heavy heavily
easy easily muddy muddily

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ready readily happy happily

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 PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word put before noun or a pronoun to show the relation between the noun or the
pronoun to other words in the same sentence.

Prepositions of Time

(a) “AT” is used to show an exact point of time.

at one o’clock at this moment at noon
at midnight at sunrise at Christmas
at New Year at present at once
at the same time

(b) “IN” is used to show a certain period of time.

in two months in 1851 in time
in the morning in June in the afternoon

(c) “ON” is used to show a general point of time.

on Christmas Eve on Wednesday on the 5th of March

(d) “FOR” is used to show how long an action last.

for four weeks for ten years for a few hours

(e) “SINCE” is used to show a certain time in the past

when an action began and continues to the time of speaking.

(f) “FROM”
from one place to another from England
from New York from town to town

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Prepositions of Place

(a) “AT” is used to show the exact place.

at home at the door at the station
at school at 734, Causeway Bay

(b) “IN” is used for a larger area.

in Hong Kong in the city

(c) “ON” is used to express one thing resting on another.

on the table on the floor on the road

(d) “INTO” differs form “IN”. The latter denotes position or rest, while the former denotes motion.

e.g. A boy walked in to the house in which we were living. He was in the house.

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 CONJUNCTIONS

A Conjunction is a word which joins together sentences or words

The use of some Common Conjunctions:

1. And
Thomas is a tall and fat man.
He is a clever and honest man.
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2. But
He is rich but he is sad.
He is poor but he is honest.
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3. Before
Think it over before you answer.
My father died before I was born.
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4. After
He went home after he had gone shopping.
He started his journey after the rain had stopped.
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5. Because
Will you give me some financial help because I am usually hard up?
He stays at home for two weeks because he has broken his leg.
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6. Though (Although)
Though the weather was hot, he did not feel sticky.
Although he worked very hard, he still failed in the examination.

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(Note: Do not use “but” after using “though” or “although”.)
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7. Unless
You will not be promoted unless you work hard.
I shall miss the bus unless I go immediately.
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8. Otherwise
Get up early, otherwise you will be late for school.
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9. Or
Take it, or leave it.
Take this medicine or you will die.
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10. If
If he studies hard, he will pass the examination.
I shall come to you if I have time.
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11. When
When you were young, you were very naughty.
When the cat is away, the mice will play.
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Some Compound Conjunctions:

1. Either … or
You may either have tea or coffee.
Either she is ill or she is mad.
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2. Neither … nor
She neither sings nor laughs.

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 I like neither this nor that.
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3. Both … and
Thomas is a tall and fat man.
He is a clever and honest man.
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4. Not only …but also

He is not only intelligent but also hard working.
My father has not only a big factory but also two restaurants.
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5. So … that
She is so lovely that every one like her.
The machine was so complicated that no one could operate it.
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6. As soon as
He opened the window as soon as I left.
As soon as he came home, he went to sleep.
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7. In order that
He put it on the notice board in order that all should know.
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8. So that
Will you open that door so that I can go out?
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