Isotonic solutions

Isotonic solution
~ Colligative properties similar to those of body fluids ~ Solute are not capable of diffusing through biological membrane

Isoosmotic solution
Isotonic - a biological compatibility isoosmotic - similarity of chemical and/or physical composition

The

Osmolality of Some Biological

Fluids
Osmolality, mOsmol/kg
SD) (mean

Fluid Bile, gallbladder Bile, hepatic Gastric Feces Ileal Jejunal Pancreatic Parotid saliva

349 40 28417 28222 35737 29212 28510 32010 12735

Sodium chloride solution 0.9% w/v ~A Freezing point depression(tf)=0.52 Hypotonic solution ~-0.52< tf<0 ~Swelling and bursting of the cells (ex.
Hemolysis)

Hypertonic solution ~tf<-0.52 ~Shrinkage of the living cells

Isoosmotic solution but not isotonic solutions

~Swelling and bursting of the cells ~The solute molecules -> The cells Ex. Boric acid(1.9%w/v) ~Hemolysis to red blood ~Isotonic in the eye

The Osmolality(mOsmol/kg) of Some Medicinal Preparations

Drug Acetaminophen drops Chloral hydrate syrup Ferrous sulfate liquid Lactulose syrup Vitamin E drops Concentration 80mg/0.8ml 50mg/ml 75mg/0.6ml 670mg/ml 15IU/0.3ml Osmolality 10535 4400 4445 3600 3620

Some Isotonic Buffer Solutions

Components,g Buffer Solution Sodium phosphate Sodium phosphate Potassium phosphate Potassium phosphate pH NaH2PO4H2 O 6.6 11.44 Na2HPO4 KH2PO4 K2HPO4

8.73

7.4

3.06

14.70

6.6

11.03

10.46

7.4

3.07

18.36

Sodium Chloride Equivalent Values(E)

1g drug
E 17(Liso/MW) Ex7. E value? MW=340g/mole Liso=3.4 E value=17(3.4/340)=0.17g

? g sodium chloride

Freezing Point Depression and Sodium Chloride Equivalent Values for Various Solutes and Drugs
Concentration of the solution
Drug or solute Acetaolamide sodium Acetrizoate methylglucami ne Acetylcysteine

Sprowls

0.5%

1%

2%

3%

5%

At Isoosmotic

Concentration

3.85% 0%(9.2) 0.09 0.024 0.20 0.055 3.3 0.08 0.047 0.20 0.113 0.10 0.27 0.08 0.093 0.20 0.227 0.08 0.137 0.20 0.341 0.09 0.22 0.21 4.24% 68%(4.5) 0.08 0.222 0.07 0.52 0.20 0.52 12.12% 0%(7.1) 4.58% 100%(2.0)

Acriflavine, N.F. Adrenalone HCl

Preparation of Isotonic Solutions

Freezing Point Depression Method
Amount of NaCl needed in 100mL of solution = [0.9*(0.52- tf)]/0.52 Ex10. 100ml of a drug solution , How much NaCl=? Fp=-0.18 Amount of NaCl needed = [0.9*(0.520.18)]/0.52=0.59g

Sodium Chloride Equivalent Method

Step1: E * (amount of drug in solution) = X Step2: (0.9g/100mL) * (volume of solution in mL) = Y Step3: Y X = amount of NaCl needed
Ex11. 3g/500ml solution of drug(E=0.21), How much NaCl? To render the solution isotonic.

S1: 0.21 * 3g = 0.63g S2: (0.9g/100mL) * (500mL) = 4.5g S3: 4.5 - 0.63 =3.87g

V = [ (W i E i )] v
Wi = weight in grams of the i th solute in the
formulation Ei = sodium chloride equivalent of the ith solute in the formula v = volume of sodium chloride solution (0.9%) that contains 1g of NaCl (this volume is 111.1 mL)

White-Vincent Method

Ex12 Chloramphenicol (MW = 323.13 g/mole, Liso=2) 1g Sterile water for injection, q.s. ad 100mL M. ft. isotonic solution sol)E 17(2/323.13) = 0.10 Applying the White-Vincent equation V = 1g * 0.10 * 111.1 = 11.1mL

Sprowls Method
The Sprowls value The volume of an isotonic solution that can be prepared by the addition of enough water to 0.3 g drug 0.3g represents the amount of drug in a fluid ounce of a 1% solution 1 fluid ounce 0.0294 L

Ex15. The Sprowls value of Glycerin = 11.7 The E value of glycerin = ? sol) V = [

(W

E i )] v

11.7 = 0.3 g * E * 111.1 E = 0.35

Ex15. How much silver nitrate is needed to prepare 100mL of isotonic solution? An isotonic silver nitrate solution prepared by the Sprowls method => 13mL 0.3 : 13mL = x : 100mL 0.3g * 100mL / 13mL = 2.3g of silver nitrate