TEST 1 I. Read the text and accomplish the tasks below.

Advertising Strategies Different creative strategies are used in advertising in order to obtain consumers attention and provoke shoppers to purchase or use a specific product. Advertisers use different ways of thinking to create catchy slogans. Advertising strategy can be classified according to whether their aim is to inform, persuade, remind or reinforce. Informative advertising aims to create awareness and knowledge of new products or new features of advertising products. Persuasive advertising aims to create liking, preferences, conviction and purchase of a product. Reminder advertisement strategy aims to stimulate repeated purchase of a product. However, any advertising strategy is emerged from analysis of market situation. For example, if the product class is mature, the company is a market leader and brand usage is low, there should be a proper strategy to stimulate more usage. Advertising messages are not created on a whim or by a quick flash of inspiration. Advertising is a disciplined art and involves a lot of strategic thinking. Advertisers create messages to accomplish specific objectives, a process called strategic planning. The most wide-spread advertising strategies are Bandwagon and Card-Stacking. Bandwagon is a form of propaganda that exploits the desire of most people to join the crowd or be on the winning side, and avoid winding up the losing side. Few of us would want to wear nerdy clothes, smell important to many people. Even if most of us say we make our own choice when buying something we often choose welladvertised items the popular ones. Advertising copywriters must be careful with the bandwagon propaganda technique because most of us see ourselves as individuals who think for themselves. If Bandwagon commercial is to obvious, viewers may reject the product outright. The propaganda technique of Card-Stacking is so widespread that we may not always be aware of its presence in a commercial. Basically, CardStacking means stacking the cards in favor of the product; advertisers stress its positive qualities and ignore negative. For example, if a brand of snack food is loaded with sugar and calories, the commercial may boast that the product is low in fat, which implies that it is also low in calories. Card-Stacking is such a prevalent rational propaganda technique that gives us only part of the picture. Therefore, many of the firms have their own department of advertising whose aim is to advertise the companys merchandise and services to the potential buyers and make general consumers aware of different aspects of their brand and make business more popular within the circle of potential buyers. Advertising, in a straight line, increases profit of the companies by escalating its revenue. The expenditure made on advertisement can turn as good boost in earnings.

1. Answer the question: What are the objectives of advertising? 2. Answer the question: What is a catchy slogan? 3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. a) Advertising messages are created spontaneously. b) Most of the people want to be alike. T F T F

4. Match the parts together to get entire sentences. 1. Informative advertising aims a. make people buy things 2. Reminder advertisement aims b. to persuade a consumer to buy the same things as others do c. to encourage repeated purchase of a product. d. to introduce new features of a product. 3. Bandwagon aims.

5. Summarize the article in five or six sentences. II. Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the article and the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense dorm. Complete the `wish` sentence. Fill in the tag question. 1. I meant to buy/buying an evening paper but I didnt see anyone to sell/selling them. 2. The hall porter ______________(polish) the knockers of all the flats every day, mine _____________________(not, polish) for a week. 3. The paraffin heater was perfectly safe. There ______________(not/be) a fire if the children _________________(not/knock) it over. 4. He played the violin all night which/who annoyed the neighbors. 5. She is always ________ a bad temper ________ breakfast time. 6. I dont know what __________ price the owners are asking. Bur Dry and Rot are ______ agents. You could give them ______ ring and make them ______ offer. 7. When Sue woke up her watch had vanished. Someone ______________ (must/steal) it while she was sleeping. 8. Ann promised she _____________ (look) for her skates when she ________ (get) home. 9. Its a pity we dont know where we are. We wish _______________________. 10. Shed have enjoyed it, _______________? 11. This clock is always slow/slowly. I put it forward/on ten minutes every morning.

III.

Civilization topic. Tourism is becoming increasingly important as a source of revenue to many countries but its disadvantages shouldnt be overlooked. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (10-15 lines)

IV.

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: The way you treat yourself sets the standard for others. (15-20 lines)

TEST 2 I. Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Survival of the Fittest Between now and the 21-st century citizens of the worlds richest and most technologically advanced nations will find it increasingly difficult to keep up with the demand for change. For them the future will arrive too soon. So begins Alvin Tofflers book Future Shock, written in 1970. Now people are beginning to pay attention on Tofflers prediction, because the speed of change. What should you do? First of all, dont panic. Take a deep breath and try to get a sense of the good things the future has to offer. You dont need to be a genius to predict the job areas which will be most affected by technological change. Agriculture, textiles, coal mining, and heavy industry are all doing badly. On the other hand, business and professional services, the media, information technology, and biosciences are doing really well. Without doubt, the number of jobs in information technology will rise dramatically. There are currently over 100 million computers in the world and by 2020 the number will be around 1 billion. Because of this, computer programmers and systems analysts will be in much greater demand. There are also many other important changes taking place in the workplace. First, the job market is getting more and more competitive and the idea of < job for life > has already become old-fashioned. Because of this, workers will have to be more flexible. According to Mark Hastings of the Institute of Management, in the future people will organize their working life around a variety of contacts, instead of working just for one company. In the same way, companies will change; they will be organized more democratically. People will move sideways to the different jobs, rather than moving up the company ladder as before. Many people will work for small, dynamic companies which can react quickly to changes in the market. Other people will give up working for a boss, and will become selfemployed. All this means that companies will require people who are flexible and responsible. They will also need people who can work co-operatively and get on well in a team. Good communication skills will be essential. According to Dr. Laurence Lyons of the Future Work Forum, woman will initially have an advantage in this area. James Traegear f the training agency Mens work explains that many men will have to be retrained. Its not about making men more like woman, but helping man to communicate as well. We are undoubtedly moving toward a global economy. English will probably remain the international business language, so learning Russian or Chinese is not a priority. However, understanding other people, their minds, culture and history will be vital. Above all, a manager will need to feel comfortable working with people from other cultures and copying with cultural differences. New technology is the driving force behind the rapidly changing workplace, so dont get left

behind. You dont need to become a computer expert, but you must consider improving your computer skills. Work with more than one program in case you have to use them at work, and try to read about the latest technology. Undoubtedly, all this new technology is changing the way we work and is offering many alternative ways of working. Rather than go into an office, a lot of people are connected to the Internet and now work from home. Working like this may give you the flexibility you want to live where you want, to continue your studies and to have a lot more free time. That must be good news.

1. Answer the question: What are the job areas of the future?

2. Answer the question: What skills and personal qualities will people need in the future?

3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. a) Men can communicate better than women. T F b) People will have to improve computer skills. T F 4. Find in the text antonyms to the following words : Stagnant Slowly Up-to-date 5. Comment on: All new technology is changing the way we work and live.

6. Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the article and the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense dorm. Complete the `wish` sentence. Fill in the tag question. 1. When you see a man or a woman of your dreams ______ wear/wearing a Shyno T-shirt you can do/make a note of the code and send an admired/admiring text or video message ____ the website. Your message is passed on to him or her with your details and your own mobile phone number. If he or she _______ (get) _____ touch with you, then you can/must take it from there. ______ scheme began after a trial ___ ____ night club, when 1,000 free T-shirts ______________ (give) _________. Within a week they

______ (generate) 14,000 text messages, More than 20,000 T-shirts ___________ (sell) since Shyno _______ (start) in Italy last year and now the scheme _________ (advertise) _____ Italian television. La Stampa newspaper called Shyno the future of the eternal game of seduction. 2. You never know if you have offended Lorry, She is always _____ (mood). 3. Will you be so kind to take the rubbish out? The kitchen smells like/as if/ terribly/terrible. 7. Civilization topic. How would you describe your country or region and the people who live there? (10-15 lines)

8. Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: The Internet has forever changed the way we live. (15-20 lines)

TEST 3 I. Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Yoga According to many people yoga is a physical exercise comprising: bodily twists bends, scratches and various other poses all together called asana. The yoga comes from the Sanskrit word Yugo which means to yoke or to unite. Yogas concern is more about the mystery of life rather than the mastery of life and it is a means for meditation with self-inquiry. It is a quest to touch and be touched by the soulful quality of being that resides within a person. In this approach yoga is a tool for a movement towards a deeper relationship with your sense of soul, by searching both into and beyond what you experience every day. It is a journey of discovery exploring and ultimately going beyond attitudes that have shaped your life. Yoga is a skill by which you seek to sustain awareness and clarity. The qualify of this awareness incorporates freshness within which actions are less affected by the usual attitudes and habits. In order words there is more choice over how you respond or react to different situations. Yoga is a process by which you grow in your understanding of yourself. The outer development of the body is as important as the intrinsic health of a human being. This was discovered thousands ears ago by the yogis of India and now the same has been discovered by scientists. Moreover, it provides all around benefits to the human being. Excellent toning of the muscles, body knowledge, improves your sleep and decreases pain and together with spiritual benefits provides inner tranquility and contentment. Moreover, it causes the elimination of pride from ones mind and depression decrease which are benefits that lead everyone towards a life with meaning and purpose. Yoga is seen as a restorative and preventive therapy able to help people with emotional problems or poor health. The essence of yoga lies in attaining the path of force, the path of love and the path of meditations. Therefore, three main aspects of life, the spirit, mind, and body are analyzed through yogas attainments. Through rigorous physical practices a state of concentration is developed and maintained which is used to hold power over the body and the breath. Under this control the body and mind become free from disturbances and distractions. This intense effort produces energy and control. Such approach is also known as the yoga if energy and will. Its the aspect of yoga seen as an art and offers a fascinating field to explore. Yoga teaches us how to moderate extremes and follow a middle path. Bhagavad Gita says: By moderation is eating and resting, by regulation in working, and by concordance in sleeping and waking, yoga destroys the pain and sorrow. 1. Answer the question: What does Yoga mean to many people?

2. Answer the question: Who has discovered the importance of the outer development of the body? 3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. a) Yogas concern is all about the mastery of life T F b) The essence of yoga lies in attaining three main paths of life T F 4. Match the parts together to get entire sentences. 1. Yoga is a skill by which a. extremes and follows a middle path 2. Yoga is a process by which b. all round benefits to the human being c. you grow in your understanding of yourself d. you seek to sustain awareness and clarity. 3. Yoga provides

II.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the article and the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense dorm. Complete the `wish` sentence. Fill in the tag question. 1. The company decided increasing/ to increase the sales figures/force. 2. Harry was late and __________________________(so/neither/Damian and Marcus) 3. It doesnt look like/as if a practical machine. It looks as though/-- terribly complicated, 4. Hes quite shy, really. Yes, he takes after/looks like his mum. 5. Its worth to spend/spending my savings. 6. The government has introduced ______ the law to ban _____ sale of _____ air guns to ____ people under their age of eighteen. 7. Come ______! Put your coat _____, and lets go _____ for a walk. 8. He________________(teach) at school for five years when the war _______(break) out. 9. There/It is no need to worry. I am sure it/there wont matter if you are a little late. 10. I felt pretty badly/bad yesterday, but I gave me/myself a treat and went to the office.

III.

Civilization topic. Speak about one of the holidays celebrated in Great Britain/Moldova/the USA in greater detail. (10-15 lines)

IV.

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: There is almost nothing in our lives that is not touched by language. (15-20 lines)

TEST 4
I.

Read the text and accomplish the post-reading tasks. The Fountain of Youth: Myth or Fact?

The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring that reputedly, restores the youth of anyone who drinks of its waters. Tales of such a fountain have been recounted across the world for thousands .of years, appearing in writings by Herodotus and the stories of Prester John. During his twilight years, the American author Mark Twain noted that "life would be infinitely happier if we could only be born at the age of 80 and gradually approach 18." Twain's quip was only one of many complaints about ageing that have been recorded for as long as humans have dreaded the downside of a long life. The ancient Greek poet Homer called old age "loathsome" and William Shakespeare termed it a "hideous winter." So it's not hard to understand why there have always been hopes and rumors that something soon to be discovered like magic waters or maybe stem cell research will do away with old age. Alexander the Great, who conquered most of the known world before he died around 323 B.C., may have been looking for a river that healed the ravages of age. During the 12th century a king known to Europeans as Prester John supposedly ruled a land that had a river of gold and a fountain of youth. But the name linked most closely to the search for a fountain of youth is 16th-century Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon, who allegedly thought it would be found in Florida. Juan Ponce de Leon accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to the New World in 1493, and became the first governor of Puerto Rico 16 years later. There he was said to have heard from the local tribes about a remarkable place called Bimini where a natural spring bestowed youth and prosperity on those who drank from it. The islands of Bimini in the Bahamas were known as La Vieja during the Ponce expedition. However, no original documents survive from Ponce de Leon's Florida expedition. Spanish historians writing long after he died in 1521 may have created the story that he was seeking the fountain to make fun of himself because he was an old man who wanted to restore his sexual vigor. Ryan K. Smith, a professor of history at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond says "People are more intrigued by the story of looking and not finding than they are by the idea that the fountain might be out there somewhere". Eternal youth is a gift frequently sought in myth and legend, and stories of things such as the philosopher's stone, universal panaceas, and the elixir of life are common throughout Eurasia and elsewhere. However, today the city of St. Augustine in Florida is home to the Fountain of Youth National Archaeological Park, a tribute to the spot where Ponce de Leon is .traditionally said to have landed.

1.

Answer the question.

What is the Fountain of Youth? Answer the question. Why did Shakespeare call old age a hideous winter?
2. 3.

A 0 2 4

Identify the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice.

It is proved that Juan Ponce de Leone found the fountain of youth. T F The city of St. Augustine in Florida is the place where the fountain is located now. T F A 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Explain in your own words: 1. the ravages of age .................... 2............ a natural spring bestowed youth and prosperity 3. a remarkable place .................................
4.

A 0 3 6 9

What does the professor of history mean saying, People are more intrigued by the story of looking and not finding than they are by the idea that the fountain might be out there somewhere.?

A 0 3 5 7 9

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, supply the article and noun substitutes where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Complete the sentence with the adjective forms of the word in bold. Use the correct form of the words in brackets to make the sentence complete. Phil never remembers his appointments. Hes terribly __________ (forget). The you are, the friends you have, (many/sociable)

Which/That of these two pairs of glasses________ (suit) me best? The round ______. I dont think the squares ones _____ (suit) you at all. I can/may; not find my records anywhere. I must/should/not/take them to I lie meeting on Tuesday.

Your shirt is really nice but it needs ivon/ironing if you want to wear it tonight. Some national cuisine/cuisines make you fat. _____ Japanese have/has a high protein dish/diet, while______ Swiss ______ (eat) a lot of milk product/products. If Frank ______ (know) the facts, he might tell us what to do. Unfortunately, he knows nothing. Sorry, I ___________(not listen)and I _______ (miss) what he said. I was not attentive at that moment. 20 points

II.

Civilization topic. Do you think it is a dangerous thing to judge about a nation by existing stereotypes? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. (10-15 lines) A 0 4 8 12 16 20

IV. Outline in writing your opinion on the following subject: Happiness is a value worth pursuing. (15-20 lines) A 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 26 28 30

TEST 5 Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. The ECHR The European Court of Human Rights aims to apply and to protect the civil and political rights of the continent's citizens. These principles are set out in the European Convention on Human Rights, a landmark treaty that was drawn up in the aftermath of World War II. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg is a supra-national court established by the European Convention on Human Rights and hears complaints that a contracting state has violated the human rights enshrined In the Convention and its protocols. Complaints can be brought by individuals or other contracting states, and the Court can also issue advisory opinions. The Convention was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe and all of its 47 member states are parties to the Convention. The Court was established on the 21 January 1959 by virtue of Article 19 of the European Convention on Human Rights when eight signatories acknowledged the jurisdiction of the Court. The function of the Court is "to ensure the observance of the engagement undertaken by the contracting states in relation to the Convention and its protocols. The court was established and is overseen by the Council of Europe, a panEuropean human rights body. The council is a distinct entity and is not a branch of the European Union (EU). The European Human Rights Convention is its landmark treaty. The European Court of Human Rights should not be confused with the European Court of Justice - the EU's highest court. Judges are elected by majority vote in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from the three candidates each contracting state nominates. The Court consists of 46 Judges, one for each country that has signed the European Human Rights Convention and they are elected to serve 6 year terms. Judges are elected whenever, a sitting judge's term has expired or when a new state accedes to the Covenant. Judges must retire at the age of 70, but may hold office until a new judge is elected or the cases in which they sit have come to an end. The judges perform their duties in an individual capacity and have no institutional or other ties with the contracting state on behalf of whom they were elected. To ensure the independence of the Court judges are not allowed to participate in activity that may compromise the Court's independence. They can only be dismissed from office if the other judges decide, by two-thirds majority, that the judge has ceased to fulfill the required conditions. The cases the court hears are many and varied, ranging from discrimination to the mistreatment of prisoners and from human rights abuses to improper trial conduct. The majority of the member states have already adopted the principles of the convention into their own laws. The case can be brought by anyone who is able to prove that he has been a direct victim of a violation of the human rights.

The European Court of Human Rights has four main formalized functions to hear inter-state complaints where they arise; to hear individual complaints where they arise and are deemed admissible; to provide Advisory Opinions when requested; to clarity interpretation of judgments and assess whether judgments are being abide (T by where requested by a super-majority of the Committee of Ministers.

1.

Answer the question.

What are the aims of the European Court of Human Rights?

2.

Answer the question.

When was the Court established?

3. a)

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. Judges are elected to serve 4 year terms. TF

b) Judges must retire at the age of 70 and they are not allowed to hold office under any circumstances. T F 4. Match the parts together to get entire sentences. a. by majority vote b. by the Council of Europe c. is the EU's highest court. d. to ensure the independence of the Court

1. The court was established 2. The European Court of Justice 3. Judges are elected

List the main functions of the European Court of Human Rights.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold. Order the adjectives to make the sentence complete. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Insert articles and suitable prepositions where necessary. Fill in the gaps with the words given below. 1. A. You ______ (watch TV) all day!

B. -Yes, 1 know, but Ive got anything/nothing/something better to do. 2. Sarah looks nice in that____________ (black, Lycra, tight) T-shirt. 3. I will never forget the _____________when I flew to NY last year. I arrived ___the terminal_______plenty of time, but when I got to the check-in desk, there was_____enormous queue.____________ is was my turn, there_____ (be) no window seats left, so I had to sit in the middle of ____row. The man at passport control ____________to like the photo in my passport, but ____the end he let me through. My flight__________ (call) as soon as I arrived at the departure________ and I had to run to reach the gate in time. I sat next to a small child who screamed loudly/loud when we_______________ (take off), and did not stop screaming for the next two hours. I was so relieved when we finally touched the ground. The worst thing was when I went to baggage ________to pick______my luggage, I __________ (tell) that my suitcase ______________ (leave) behind. I spent my first two days in NY with no clothes! (Reclaim, by the time, lounge, journey, not seem) 20 points

Civilization topic. Choose one of the characters you remember well from your favorite book(s). Describe him/her. (JO-15 lines)
I.

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: People are often affected by their success and fame. (15-20 lines)
II.

TEST 6 I. Read the text and accomplishes the tasks below. Nowadays Blogging Phenomena Blogs are the hottest growing medium of communication for businesses and individuals. These are websites that allow visitors to the site to add content. They are forums for organizations and individuals to exchange ideas and communicate with their partners, customers, employees, etc. You can create pages relevant for your business, post articles on different subjects, and offer a platform for others to write their comments or opinions on that post. Blogging has become a very important medium of interaction these days, whether we utilize it for commercial or social purposes. You can share your thoughts, promote your companys services or discuss matters of opinion both casually and formally. Blogging activity offers a solid platform for people to interact with their prospects/customers/clients resulting in developing better ties, hence sustaining and consolidating their market share. Moreover, it has proven to be a cost effective method for companies to promote their services and improve their visibility. It has emerged as one of the best marketing tool on the web. From the ease of creating to the convenience of interacting with possible customers and clients, blogging has given a new way for the marketers to do what they do, Promote! and today there are some hundred thousand blogs created every day. Therefore, nowadays blogs are acting like a social marketplace where people interact with each other and share their thoughts on daily basis which leads to socializing and conversely it has become a source of income since people use blogs to sell their products and I'ler services that in turn provide them money, thus making blogging a profitable source of income. In the business environment, it is believed that blogs offer a solid interaction forum that can be used by companies to read into their customers minds, resulting in a better understanding of customer requirements. This information can be used effectively by companies to tailor their product offerings to best meet the needs of those customers. Blogs can be used effectively by companies to establish credibility and trust, and provide insight into the companys philosophy and personality. Also, it has been noted that people who engage themselves in these types of activities, like writing articles on blogs, are known to improve their writing skills to a great level. Blogging is also seen as a hobby, if you feel bored and there is nothing to do, then start blogging as a part time hobby. You can create a personal blog for free and express your thoughts on various topics that you like. This way you will keep yourself engaged in something instead of just getting bored. The best way to get popular these days, if you work hard on your blog and take it to a high level then its quite obvious that you will be popular among the bloggers worldwide through your blog

and it will give you a great sense of achievement. So, blog equals as your personal brand u s a veritable channel to get your message out. Blogs provide perspective and ask questions, providing a forum for others to think and comment, building a community of ideas and provocative thought. To be important, a blog must also be broadly read, and have a real impact because quality is meaningless if no one reads what you write. And popularity is easy to measure - by site traffic, by number of pingbacks, by the depth of comments in follow-up discussions.

1. Answer the question. What is a blog?

2. Answer the question. How can blogging be seen as a hobby?

3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. a) b) Blogs help companies understand customers requirements. T F It is easy to measure which blog is popular. T F

4. Find in the text the synonyms for the following words: 1. 2. 3. Support Evident Genuine

Find in the text arguments to prove the statement: Nowadays blogs are acting like a social marketplace.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the suitable preposition where necessary. Order the words to make a sentence. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Complete the tag question. 1. Be careful what you say to Pat. Shes very sensible/sensitive. 2. Brighton, since, Meg's, has, tall, incredibly, grown, I, son, left. _____________________________________________________.

3. - Where would you like to go for your holidays this year? Greece or Spain? - Either/neither is fine with me. I like them all/both. 4. Amelia hasnt called me yet. She may /should; not have my phone number. 5. They say this bags real leather. Im not sure but it feels like/as if/- leather anyway. 6. The students expect to receive/receiving the test results by Tuesday. 7. Ann told me she __________ (just; leave) when a voice ______ (shout) stop.

8. __________ (not/rush) me. I' m ________(work) as fast as I can. I am going to finish very soon. 9. My sister has no problem leaving her children with Emily, ________? 10. If you _______ (be) a cook, you _____________ (have to work) in a kitchen all day long. 11. Steven______ (forget) to put the cover on the car the night before and there______(be) thick frost all over the wind screen. . 12. Im going to retire next week and Im looking______ ___ it. My firm will pay my pension ___ my bank account and I wont have to worry________earning money ever again. 20 points

Civilization topic. Can you name any place in Great. Britain which is internationally known? What is it noted for? (10-15 lines)
I.

II.

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: The future role of technology in the world. Write about advantages and disadvantages. (15-20 lines)

TEST 7 I. Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. How to Deal with Disappointment Disappointment is the feeling of dissatisfaction that follows the failure of expectations to manifest. The greater the obstruction, and the greater the will, the more the frustration is likely to be. Every day, people deal with disappointments. Depending on how big the disappointment is and how you choose to deal with it, the feeling of disappointment may dissipate after a short while or hang over your life for an extended period of time. If not handled properly, disappointments can lead to depression and eventually apathy. Causes of disappointment may be internal or external. In people, internal frustration may arise from challenges in fulfilling personal goals and desires, instinctual drives and needs, or dealing with perceived deficiencies, such as a lack of confidence or fear of social situations. External causes of frustration involve conditions outside an individual, such as a blocked road or a difficult task. (l)No one is immune to disappointment, sin is in the world and the nature of man is to go towards it. You are not alone if you have experienced disappointment and have reacted in a negative way. The positive side of disappointment is that it is a great opportunity to develop an awareness of what your limits are. Anger doesnt fix any problem, profanity is a waste of breath and blame is an exercise in self-righteousness that really has no place if one is being disappointed. Psychologists usually tell their patients disappointment is just disappointment, (2) acknowledge the fact and move on. First, pay attention to the emotional impact of the disappointment. Do not try to deny, rationalize or minimize it. Let it play out without either suppressing it or acting impulses to express your feelings in inappropriate settings. You may feel nunro at first or experience intense feelings of anger, hurt, or self- criticism. Such shocks are events that set a process in motion and not to deny the fact that they are painful and can be, for a certain period of time, disorienting. The important point is this: you are at the beginning of a process that can be an opportunity for new perspective. Many of us look at the world and see two groups of people: winners and losers or those who get what they want out of life and those who dont. But in reality life is more complicated than that. Nobody gets everything he or she yearns for. When life has dealt you a painful blow, let it hurt but trust yourself to get over it. You might find that your disappointment is an opportunity to change course towards a more positive direction. Think of disappointment as a troubleshooting tool which helps you iron out the kinks in your perception of reality. By using the knowledge from your previous experience, you can act more accurately towards your desires. The more you deal with disappointment and learn from it, the closer you will get towards your goals and dreams. Remember, enthusiasm is followed by disappointment and even depression, and then by renewed enthusiasm.

1.Answer the question. What is disappointment? 2. Look at the highlighted expressions. What do you think they mean? 1 2 __________________________________ __________________________________

Match the parts together to get entire sentences. Disappointments can lead to apathy a. may dissipate after a short while The feeling of disappointment b. he or she yearns for. One cannot get everything c. followed by disappointment d. if not handled properly Summarize the whole paragraph in several sentences.

Grammar. Complete the sentence with the adjective forms of the word in bold. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Use inversion to make the sentence complete. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the article where necessary. Read the dialogue and fill in the gaps with the missing words. 1. Diana is the most _______________person I have known (practice). She can do or mend anything in the house. 2. My sister hasnt tried cooking and ________ (so/neither/I).

3. A. - Im starving! B. - _____you? Im not. I _________ (have) a very big lunch. A. - So, you dont want to go out for dinner, __________? B. - Not especially, but if you _____ I will come with you. A. - Thats great. I dont fancy cook/cooking tonight. 3. The _________ you do, the ________ you will get. (Exercise, fit) . 5. We have never had so/such a long delay at the airport. 6. Dont enter the room! The floor ought to/ might be slippery because it ____________(just; clean). 7. Hurry up! The spaghetti are/is ready. 8. Id say I feel relaxed/relaxing about work-1 never let things to worry/worry. 9. Imagine you were meeting someone for the first time, ____________________ (how/you/ introduce/yourself)? 10. Children nowadays_______________(be/constantly/brainwash) by all the advertising that goes on around them. 11.______individual has every right to expect personal freedom. ____ freedom of _____individual is something worth fighting for. 20 points

Civilization topic. Different countries have reputations for being good at different sports. Think of some examples. (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Write the headline and a short story for something that has happened recently in your city/town/village. (15-20 lines)
II.

TEST 8

I.

Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Coffee: Drink to Your Health

Many of us feel like we cannot function without our first cup of coffee in the morning. Why do we feel that way? Caffeine, the main ingredient found in coffee is a stimulant. It causes your heart rate to increase, your pupils to dilate, and your muscles to tighten up. The precise effect of caffeine is dependent on numerous factors, including your own tolerance as well as how much you drink. In general, caffeine increases short-term mental alertness, energy, and the ability to concentrate. It is particularly effective in people who work at night and can also defiance athletic performance. Caffeine injects adrenalin into your system to give you a boost and make you feel good. Historically, small amounts of caffeine have been used to help control weight, alleviate pain, open up airways for improved breathing and overcome chronic fatigue. To understand how a double espresso can take you from dead tired to completely wired, you first need an introduction to the compound adenosine. Right now, adenosine is coursing through your veins and its job is to put the brakes on your central nervous system. You might call it nature's chill pill. That's because as your day progresses, adenosine builds up naturally in your bloodstream causing you to slow down and become sleepier, and so it's time to recharge your batteries. And it turns out; caffeine is an excellent adenosine impersonator causing your central nervous system to run at a faster rate. Because caffeine revs up your central nervous system, it slightly increases your heart rate and breathing rate, both of which help prepare your body for peak performance. Soon after your first sip, caffeine begins to work its magic by causing the release of dopamine. Dopamine is a brain chemical that stimulates the area of your gray matter responsible for alertness, problem solving, and pleasure. Recent studies indicate that coffee drinkers are less likely to develop Alzheimer's and diabetes compared to non-drinkers and they're also less apt to die from heart disease. The antioxidant compounds in coffee may help prevent several types of cancer. In a Japanese study, women who drank three cups of coffee a day had half the risk of developing colon cancer. Moreover, consuming caffeinated coffee an hour before vigorous exercise may help prevent pain while you're working out. However, coffee isn't for everyone: it can cause insomnia, anxiety, and irregular heartbeat in some people and too much caffeine during pregnancy can increase miscarriage risk. Plus, specialty coffee drinks, like Starbucks and Frappuccinos can be high in calories. But if coffee is your drink of choice remember it has many ways that can boost your health.

1.

Answer the question.

How does caffeine make people feel good? 2. Answer the question.

What does, natures chill pill" mean?

3. a) b)

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. Coffee drinkers are susceptible to diabetes. T F Coffee possesses some preventive properties against some types of cancer. T F

4.

Match the parts together to get entire sentences. Caffeine a. stimulates the area of your gray matter responsible for alertness Dopamine b. destroys your central nervous system The job of adenosine is c. increases your heart rate and breathing rate d. to put the brakes on your central nervous system.

5.

List some negative effects of coffee on people according to the text.

Grammar. Order the adjectives to make the sentence complete. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Complete the wish sentence. 1. You cant wear those _____________(old, leather, scruffy) jeans to the party. 2. A police officer was very upset when his motorbike _________ (take) from outside his house last month. He found out that over 20 motorbikes _________ (steal) in his area in the previous six months. He promised himself/him that the thief____________(catch and punish) 3. Kims friend 'suggested seeing/to see a specialist about his legs. 4. Instead __ flying Barbara decided to travel___Australia ___ land. She traveled __ train and bus ______Russia, China, Vietnam, Thailand, then by boat to Singapore, and finally to Australia. The epic journey_____ (take) her near/nearly two months. Fortunately, Barbara _____ (work) part-time _____ the Centre for Alternative Technology and they were happy to give such a holiday. 5. Some people who died in the WTC on 11September 2001 _________ (can survive). 6. My cousin is a really bad loser. He always gets extremely frustrated/frustrating when he doesnt win. 7. I dont like living in a flat. 1 wish I________(can afford) to buy a house. 8. Hals wages is/are not very high.

9. Children were made scrub/to scrub the floor. Civilization topic. Describe some things which are associated with the Scots. (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: We are using up the earth's natural resources faster than ever. (15-20 lines)

TEST 9 I. Read the text and accomplish the post-reading tasks. The Hollywood Walk of Fame The Hollywood Walk of Fame consists of more than 2,400 five-pointed stars embedded in the sidewalks along fifteen blocks of Hollywood Boulevard in California. The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world. The stars are permanent public monuments to highlight the achievement in the entertainment industry, bearing the names of a mix of actors, musicians, directors, producers, musical and theatrical groups, fiction characters like Mickey Mouse or The Simpsons and others. This renowned sidewalk "stars" salute and honor the celebrities who made Hollywood great - from the silent film stars to the modern action heroes of today's blockbusters. Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the "star" concept. According to one, the historic Hollywood Hotel, which stood for over 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Hollywood and Highland complex and the Kodak Theatre, painted stars on its dining room ceiling over tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons, and that may have served as an early inspiration. Another account states that the stars were "inspired both by the foot- and handprints outside Grummans Chinese [Theater] and by Sugar mans old drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars" at his restaurant, The Tropics. Each year, an average of 200 nominations is submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Selection Committee. Nominees must have a minimum of five years' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of "charitable contributions". At a meeting each June, the committee selects approximately 20 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame during the following year. Those not selected two years in a row are dropped, and must be re-nominated to receive further consideration. A fee which consists of $30,000, payable at the time of selection, is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star, as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame. The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization, which may be a fan club or a film studio, a record company or other sponsor involved. According to a 2010 report the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually. For star recipients both living and dead, some fans show respect when visiting the Walk by laying flowers or bending down to touch the embedded stars.

1.

Answer the question.

Who is in charge of administrating the Walk of Fame?

2.

Answer the question.

When does the committee select the celebrities to receive their stars?

3.

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice.

a) The celebrities who were not selected two years in a row will be selected the third year T F b) The sidewalk stars honor not only the movie stars hut also musicians, directors, producers, fictional characters. T F

4.

Match the parts together to get entire sentences.

Stuart proposed the Walk as a means to a. pay for the creation and installation of the star. These renowned sidewalk "stars" b. maintain the glory of a community. Money is collected to c. honor the celebrities who made Hollywood great. d. to involve a sponsor.

5.

Comment on: The Walk of Fame attracts a lot of people all over the world.

Grammar. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, form. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the article and the suitable preposition where necessary. Open the brackets and write the correct form of the nouns. Complete the wish sentence. 1. Jess and I were exhausted. Our flight arrived late/lately because it ________ (take off) ___ time. My friend couldnt move her legs because she _______ (sit) ______for so long. 2. (Ellie/husband/feet) ____________ are such/so big that his footwear are/is especially/specially made for him. 3. Im staying in tonight unless my friend_______ (call) me. 4. I must have bought /should have bought that cardigan. Its made of wool and should/might be really warm.

5. Theres no regretting/regret my decision. Her quick thinking/think saved us. 6. My roses usually ________ (flower)in June, but its only May and they _________ (flower) already! 7. Brian wants to take ____ fishing rod with him; he is ___keen fisherman. He can afford ____ expensive one. 7. I dont like the surroundings. I wish I________(be born) in Greece. 8. My colleagues did /made an experiment in our physics class, but it went horrible/horribly wrong. 20 points

Civilization topic. Use your knowledge to present interesting facts about the British Royal Family. (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: A good reputation is more valuable than money. (15-20 lines)

TEST 10 I. Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Weather and Your Mood It seems that everyone has a favorite season. Some like the hot summer weather, while others prefer the crisp winter air. People often enjoy the beautiful colors in the autumn trees as well as the picturesque flowers that bloom in the spring. However, recent research has suggested that the seasonal changes may be responsible for triggering a mood disorder known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). The outdoor environment and particularly the weather, plays tricks with our mood. A rainy, dark day can bring somberness to even the most enthusiastic among us. The hot days of summer make us go through the day a little slower, and the cold, short days of winter make us feel powerless. Why the weather has such a profound effect on our mood is something that researchers have been trying to find out. There is an optimal temperature for our mood, according to the University of Michigan researchers. It's 23 degrees C, or about room temperature. Generally speaking the researchers found that pleasant weather can improve mood, memory, openness to new information and creative thoughts. In order to get the benefits from warm, sunny weather, the researchers found that you must spend at least 30 minutes outside. Meanwhile, if you go from winter to spring, or take a trip somewhere warm during the winter, the beneficial effects seem to be more noticeable. When the weather outside is nice, people who are 'trapped' indoors tend to experience worse moods. In such a case it can be truly beneficial for those who are 'trapped' to go outside, even for a short walk. However, when you can't control the weather, you can control your mood. Even though the weather has the potential to impact your mood, that doesn't mean you have to let it do so. This is because you, and not the weather, ultimately control your mood. If you find yourself feeling down because it is a very hot, cold or rainy day, all you have to do is recognize that you can release these feelings and be productive no matter what is happening outside.

1. Answer the question. How do seasonal changes impact peoples mood?

Answer the question. How can pleasant weather influence people?

Circle the correct variant (True/False,). Justify your choice. a) The short days of winter make us feel powerful. T F b) You can control your mood when you can't control the weather.

TF

Match the parts together to get entire sentences. 1. The outdoor environment a. makes us go through the day a little slower. 2. Almost everyone seems to b. plays tricks with our mood. 3. The hot days of summer c. have a favorite season.. d. tends to experience worse moods. 2. Comment on: The weather has a profound effect on our mood.

I.

Grammar. Underline the suitable variant using the words in bold, insert the article where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Replace the underlined words with a suitable adjective.

1. Citrus fruit, fruits such as oranges and lemons____ (to be) very good for children in spring. 2. Yesterday, Yesterdays newspaper must be around nowhere, somewhere, anywhere. 3. The horse stopped suddenly and the rider fell off, out. He couldnt get on, into again without help. 4. I wish ________ stay at home. The party was terribly bored/boring. . 5. Football ________(to play) for many centuries. 6. Ben promised that he _______ (to be) there the following Monday. 7. Visitors are kind, kindly requested to sign the book. 8. Ive put on so much, many, little weight that these trousers dont match, fit, suit any more. 9. ____ Smiths spent their holidays on the bank of ____Danube River. They rented ___ nice cottage made, done of wood. 10. Frank was extremely happy when he won the competition. 11. Helen feels awful/awfully because of the weather. It __________(rain) all day. 20 points II. Civilization topic. What famous people of the USA are you impressed by? Prove your answer. (10-15 lines)

III. Outline in writing your opinion on the following topic: Leisure is time for doing something useful. (15-20 lines)

TEST 11 Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Deception Helps Push Athletes to the Limit The trained bicyclists thought they had ridden as fast as they possibly could. But Kevin Thompson, head of sport and exercise science at Northumbrian University in England, wondered if they could go even faster. So, in an unusual experiment, he tricked them. In his laboratory, Dr. Thompson had had the cyclists pedal as hard as they could on a stationary bicycle for the equivalent of 4,000 meters. After they had done this on several occasions, the cyclists thought they knew what their limits were. Then Dr. Thompson asked the cyclists to race against an avatar, a figure of a cyclist on a computer screen in front of them. Each rider was shown two avatars. One was himself, moving along a virtual course at the rate he was actually pedaling the stationary bicycle. The other figure was moving at the pace of the cyclists own best effort or so the cyclists were told. In fact, the second avatar was programmed to ride faster than the cyclist using 2 percent more power, which translates into a 1 percent increase in speed. Told to race against what they thought was their own best time, the cyclists ended up matching their avatars on their virtual rides, going significantly faster than they ever had gone before. While a 2 percent increase in power might seem small, it is enough to make a big difference in a competitive event that lasts four to five minutes, like cycling for 4,000 meters. At the elite level in sports, a 1 percent increase in speed can determine whether an athlete places in a race or comes in somewhere farther back in the pack. The improved times observed in his experiment, said Dr. Thompson, are not just day-to-day variability, but a true change in performance. And they give rise to some perplexing questions. How fast can a person run or swim or cycle or row? Is it just the body or do fatigued muscles just give out at a certain point? Is the limit set by a mysterious central governor in the brain? Until recently, exercise physiologists have mostly focused on the muscles, hearts and lungs of athletes, asking whether fatigue comes because the body has reached its limit. But athletes themselves have long insisted that mental factors are paramount. Roger Bannister, the first runner to break the four-minute mile, once said: It is the brain, not the heart or lungs that is the critical organ. Its the brain. The research shows that the extra effort the athletes had previously demonstrated, seems to come from the anaerobic energy system, one that is limited by the amount of fuel stored in muscle. The brain appears to conserve the bodys limited fuel to a certain degree, not allowing athletes to work too hard. But in a race the brain seems to allow athletes to tap more deeply into energy stores than would ordinarily be permitted. Therefore, competition is able to motivate them to dip further. Money, in contrast, does not increase individual performance, at least, not in research experiments. Physiologists have asked athletes to go as fast as they can on a course and then get money if the athletes could beat their own best times. They could not.

1. Answer the question. What did Dr. Thompson try to prove in his unusual experiment?

2. Answer the question. What can a one percent increase in speed determine at the elite level in sports?

3. a) b)

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. The limit in performance is set by a mysterious central governor' in the brain. T F It is proved that money increases individual performance. T F

3. Find in the text the synonyms for the following words: 1. Exhaustion 2. Superior... 3. Number.... 4. Comment on: Dr. Thomson managed to trick the bicyclists. Grammar. Find the mistake and correct it. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the article and the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. 1. Trained/Training dogs are used by the police to find drugs. 2. I __________(can save) some food for you if I ___________ (know) you were going to be late. 3. Statistics is/are important in research. 4. Companies donate free computers and other school equipment ___exchange ___ advertising their brands____ exercise book covers, posters and that sort of thing. 5. The Edinburgh train _________(not, leave) from platform 9 anymore, but from platform 10. I______ (take) Georges bags there. 6. I have agreed to play/playing cricket for the local team next season. 7. All the salaries ________ (pay) much later now; its/there is something to do with the computer. 8. Mr. Smith, whom/that I had come especially to see, was too busy to speak to me. I only managed to thank him for the present which/that was sent to my son. 9. I translated the instructions into English for him. You ___________(need/not/translate) them. He knows English. 10. We have ___ very good train service from here to ___ city center and most people go to work by train. You can go by bus too, of course, but you cant get ____season ticket on ____ bus.

11. You are a little late. The play ___________ (begin) just now. Civilization topic. Why do you think the English language is taught in many countries of the world? (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: A heart that loves is always young. (15-20 lines)

TEST 12 Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome A lot of research and medical study has gone into trying to identify the cause behind the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), a debilitating condition. CFS is a state of chronic fatigue that exists without other explanation for six months or more and is accompanied by cognitive difficulties like problems with short-term memory or concentration. Chronic fatigue syndrome affects tens of thousands of people. It occurs more commonly in females than in males and in young and middle-aged adults. Some theories connect the condition to the Epstein-Barr virus, while some others believe that it is caused due to abnormal immune response. Anyway, there is no clear consensus about its diagnosis and treatment. Characterized by constant fatigue, CFS cannot be improved by bed rest and treatment. A major symptom in people suffering from CFS is frequent sleeping problems like feeling sleepy throughout the day or difficulty in getting sleep at night. Hence, it is advisable to avoid sleeping during the day as much as possible. Also, try to wake up in the morning at the same time each day. Irregular sleeping habits may worsen the condition and add to the symptom. To avoid the worsening of the condition and manage the existing symptoms, it is important to adhere to certain set guidelines and norms. Always encourage people with CFS to maintain a healthy diet routine. Include plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables in addition to fiber-rich foods. There is also an urgent need to incorporate plenty of essential fatty acids like omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids in the diet of such patients. Good sources of these nutrients include flax seed, walnuts, salmon and sardines. Besides this, an adequate supply of proteins is also vital to maintain a balance in blood sugar fluctuations that can cause fatigue. Frequent smoking can aggravate the condition and contribute to more stress. This is because the nicotine present in cigarettes interferes with the body's blood sugar and this, in turn, lowers the energy levels. Apart from this, certain other chemicals present in cigarette smoke like formaldehyde, acetone and ammonia worsen the symptoms. Hence, the best way out is to quit smoking completely. Physical and lifestyle changes may also be recommended. Prolonged lack of exercise can exacerbate physical weakness. A graded exercise regimen can be a means of restoring some of the loss of energy and stamina, responsible for the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort. So, it is of paramount importance to develop a graded exercise program with basic stretching, strengthening and conditioning exercises. The fitness program should be planned in such a way so as to address the particular needs of the patient. Many experts and physicians believe that using relaxation techniques help fight fatigue and relieve stress associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Some of the most popular stress-reduction techniques used are deep breathing exercises, meditation, biofeedback, muscle relaxation techniques and yoga. In fact, a combination approach of yoga postures and deep breathing modules is a great way of ensuring a healthy and stress-free life.

1. Answer the question. What are the symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome?

2. Answer the question. Who is exposed to chronic fatigue syndrome?

3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. Scientists know how to diagnose and treat CFS. T F A healthy diet is helpful to fight fatigue. TF 4.

Name at least three rules which help to reduce chronic fatigue syndrome.

5.

Summarize the text in 7-10 sentences.

Grammar. Find the mistake and correct it. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. The gardener was made water the flowers. ________________. Can you help Sue? The climbing equipment are/is very heavy. For my granny winter days are very depressed/depressing. Unless you______(tell) me the whole story, I __________(not be able) to help you. You _______ (should/must do) your job in time. It was your duty! Irene made/did an appointment for you. If you are not ready to see the doctor today you had better/might cancel it. My parents have been living ___the same house twenty-seven years, ____ I was born. Look at those black clouds over our heads. They look /It look/ It looks like rain. My husband acts like/as a child when he cant get his own way. A -Has Tom more children? -Yes, it/there is a daughter, Ann. -Oh yes, it/there was Ann who opened the door yesterday, _____? Leonardo ________ (end) his life at Amboise in France, where he_________ (welcome) by King Francois I. Only twenty-one of his dozens of notebooks ________(survive). Our teacher insists that we (check) all our homework. 20 points

Civilization topic. Every nation has its own customs and traditions. How can von explain why people keep up their traditions and practice them for centuries? (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Your time, energy, relationships, and finances are your most valuable assets. Handling them wisely enhances your ability to succeed. (15-20 lines)

TEST 13 I. Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. /1 0 2 4

Champion Yourself at Work If you're a younger employee, you've no doubt run up against the struggle of getting noticed for your work. One of the biggest battles in the workplace is, getting recognition for the work you do without coming across as boastful or a braggart. Even older, seasoned workers have to fight to get their work recognized. 2. The truth is, however, that you have lots of opportunities to champion yourself at work and point out your victories: in meetings, presentations and even company-wide e-mails. However, it's a fine line to walk; there's a definite art involved in the subtleties of touting your accomplishments. If you're always talking about how good you are at your job and how lucky the company is to have you, you'll come across as conceited, or even just as an idiot. But speak too little of your work, and you could miss out on assignments, raises, promotions, and your own private jet. OK, maybe not the last one, but if you want to take your career to the next level, you need to champion yourself at work. 3. The first rule of championing yourself at work is to have something worth crowing about. You need a particular achievement, because going around telling people you're great for no reason at all makes you sound full of yourself. You should always have something specific, and it should be measurable. Measurements are a sure way to show change, improvement in an area that was weak, etc. There's a saying in business: If you can't measure it, you can't manage it. We know that things like your team's morale are important too, but the fact is your boss, your bosss boss and everyone else has a preference for numbers. Why? Numbers are an easy handle. Your boss could spend a few hours a week sitting in on the sales team, watching how many deals are made, and the overall mood of the division. Or, he could read the sales figures for the month, and the number of employees who've quit this year versus last. As a busy man, which do you think he's more likely to do? 4. When you achieve the result you've aimed for, you truly have something to brag about. However, if you play that victory off the wrong way you'll come across as cocky. So instead of going around bragging about what a fine job you did, share with the others around you how proud they should be of the success the company had. Do what you can to share the praise. It makes you look like a bigger man and nobody will be confused about who actually made the win possible. 5. Have you ever had a question for your boss or something to get their feedback on and felt brushed off by them? You may have even felt unimportant or unappreciated to them. Well, barring' the few truly bad bosses out there, most bosses care about their teams a great deal. Your boss doesn't mean to ignore you, hes just busy. Get a promotion to management, and you'll quickly realize how much work your boss was dealing with that you weren't even aware of. They have people above them to answer to, their own work and, last but not least, you and your coworkers on the level below. So don't feel bad if you get a lukewarm reception from your boss you may have caught them at a bad time. Keep bringing up the good things you're accomplishing. Don't give up, and keep reminding your boss of your past accomplishments and the big projects you're currently facing.
1. 1. 2. a) b)

Entitle paragraph 4 and paragraph 5. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. There are many truly bad bosses in the work world. T F You shouldn't feel upset if your boss brushes you off, he/she is probably very busy. T F

Find in the text the words that match the definitions below. Excessively proud of yourself...
3.

To boast about achievements or possessions To give little or no attention to ...................................

Comment on: If you want to take your career to the next level, you need to champion yourself at work. Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Write the correct degree of the adjectives. Report the direct speech.
II.

1. - Can you put me ________to the sales office, please? -Hold ___ a minute. 2. Paul, whose/who house had been destroyed,______(give) a room in the hotel. He saw several houses, most of which/what were quite unsuitable/unsuited. 3. We called in the police. It/They came in ten minutes. 4. You shouldnt have bought that coat, said Pete. _______________________________________________ 5. Leonardo da Vinci's/Vinci works of art made him world-famous. But there was far more /much to this great man of ideas than just the Mona Lisa's/Lisa pretty face. 6. The summer holidays ________ (approach ), and the buzz _____ (start ) in university bars across the land. Once again, students _______ (compete ) with one another to see who can plan the ______(tough) and ___________(dangerous) foreign trip this summer. III. Civilization topic. Think of some people who have excelled in the world of Music, art and cinema. Write about one of them. (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: The way we communicate with others and with ourselves ultimately determines the quality of our lives. (15 -20 lines)

TEST 14 I. Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Online Distance Learning Online distance learning is an instructional system which connects learners with educational resources. Students work on their own at home, at work, or at school and communicate with faculty and other students via e-mail, electronic forums, videoconferencing, chat rooms, bulletin boards, instant messaging and other forms of computer-based communication. There are both advantages and disadvantages to online distance learning. There are many benefits to using online distance learning environments. O nline education is available all the time and anywhere. However there are drawbacks for some learners. The online learner only has the written text and no other face to face cues. This may confuse the learner and cause misunderstanding. While distance lear ning allows for openness, it is also cumbersome because it is done by e-mail messages and .writing .and therefore may lake more time than face-to-face learning. The sheer bulk of messages can sometimes be overwhelming for many online students. Universities, Colleges and Schools use virtual online distance learning environments. These are important for students who may be unable to attend classes for various reasons like illnesses or busy everyday schedules. Some learners just want to further their studies at home. They enjoy the convenience of home learning as they take regular programs or enrichment classes. Online courses keep learners very occupied at all hours. There is a great deal of messages and other online resources to read and respond to. Most lear ners have regular jobs or attend regular school classes on ground as well. However, the benefits are clear. Online distance learning is becoming very popular. Some virtual online classes have become a profitable business as they replace regular traditional means of learning. Opportunities for distance learning degrees also come with additional boons'. For example, a distance education program will often provide opportunities of some sort in the area immediately around the participating student. Distance learning nursing programs, for example, might help to identify nursing programs in the vicinity of the students, so that those students can participate in hands-on programs during their educations. The biggest requirement of any distance learning program is likely to be a connection to the Internet. In this day and age, that's not normally a problem but it is something to think about. A fast Internet connection would be useful, especially if the distance education program in question involves watching live streaming lectures or anything similar. This type of distance learning degree program would use "synchronous" technology, meaning that it would function with all users and participants active at the same time. "Asynchronous" technologies, like email and forums, would allow the students in a distance education program to participate at different times, but it would still require an Internet connection. 1. Answer the question. What is online distance learning? 2. Finish the sentence Sometimes online distance learning can be a problem because 3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. a) Online distance learning courses are easy. T F

b) Some students can't attend ground classes because they don't have the money to study. T F Find in the text the synonyms for the following words: 1. using the Internet.... 2. through 3. beneficial. Comment: The benefit of online distance learning outweigh the drawbacks.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, form. Complete the wish '' sentence. 1. Many scientists have done/made research into why some people live longer. 2. I dont like such weather. I wish it ________ (stop) raining. 3. The news from Ruanda have/has been tragic. 4. I dont mind to wait/waiting.. Please finish to read/reading and then we can talk at length 5. Mr. Parks is writing his report meticulous/ meticulously. Besides he is very slow/slowly. 6. Look at ..these punches. Each/both flower has a different color. 7. I _______(play) squash tonight at 6.30. _________ (you/join/me)? 8. When you are' reading something ____ English dont look ____ every new word or expression or you will soon get fed ____. Only1' look up something that is really important _____ understanding the text. Decide first what part of speech the word is and then look___ clues in its context or form. 9. Val _________(garden) when Jill ______(reach) the house. She told Jill her husband _____ (cook) a delicious meal and ____ (be) ready to invite them to dinner. 10. Moral and social responsibility should be integrated into every/each childs schooling.

Civilization topic. What are the main values of the European Union? (JO- 15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Good manners aren't natural and have to be taught. In today's society, you see disrespectful acts on television, in movies and in your everyday life. Thai's why it's so easy for a teenager to get caught in the trap of rudeness. All students should be taught etiquette in schools. When you make good manners a habit, they will serve you throughout life. (15-20 lines)

TEST 15 Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Eco-Communities: Dockside Green The Green movement is catching on in many pockets of the world. This is especially true in the construction industry. Today's buzz words, which include global warming and zero emissions, are causing everyday people (not just celebrities) to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing property that is environmentally responsible is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-being of the earth. Based on this trend, entire districts, known as eco-communities, are being designed with green initiatives in mind. Dockside Green in Victoria, BC is one of these communities. Its goal is to become the world's first zero emissions neighborhood. If everything goes according to the plan, Dockside Green will be a self-sufficient community along the harbor front of British Columbia's capital city. The community will be home to 2500 people and will consist of residential, office, and retail space. The plans describe a variety of environmental features, some of which are unprecedented. Builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make. They ensure proper ventilation, and guarantee residents 100% fresh indoor air. Interior and exterior building materials, such as paints and wood, are natural and non-toxic. Eco-conscious builders use bamboo wherever possible because it is durable and does not require pesticides to grow. Energy efficiency is one of the top priorities in eco-communities, such as Dockside Green. Not only do energy efficient appliances and light fixtures reduce the environmental impact of heating and hot water, they also save residents and business owners money. Dockside Green claims that home owners will use 55% less energy than average residents in Canada. Though they are sharing space by investing in condo-style living, residents will have individual utility meters. Studies show that people use approximately 20% less energy when they are billed for exactly what they use. In addition, water is treated at Dockside Green and reused on site for flushing toilets. Planners of eco-communities such as Dockside Green must take the future into account. Dockside Green plans on reusing 90% of its construction waste. They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their transport and maintenance needs. This is a great way to reduce emissions. Dockside residents will be encouraged to make use of a mini transit system and buy into the communitys car share program. Finally, plans are in the works for a high-tech heating system that will use renewable biomass instead of fossil fuels. The first residents of Dockside Green have already moved in. Other eco- communities are also in the works. By the year 2050, Dongtan, located near Shanghai, will be an eco-community for approximately half a million people. This community is being built around an important wetland area that is currently threatened by urban pollution. Abu Dhabi is also gearing up for the future. The Masdar Institute was established in Abu Dhabi to encourage the nation's most intelligent students to become involved in environmental research. The Masdar goal is to create the first comity, which hopes to operate as a zero-waste, zero-carbon, car-free city.

1. Answer the question. What is Dockside Green? 2. Answer the question. Why is bamboo an environmentally friendly choice for builders?

3. a) F b)

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. Average residents in Canada use less energy than home owners in eco- communities. T Dockside green has its followers in the world. T F

4. 1. 2. 3.

What do you think these expressions mean? A self-sufficient community Buzz words Eco-conscious builders

Write about major issues that Dockside Green hopes to address in the future.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert the article and (he suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Complete the tag question. .
I.

Teresa told me she ______________(never/forget) spending the romantic holiday in Italy with her boyfriend. You know the staff at this hotel are/is always really polite and helpful. My brother has been terrified/terrifying of rats since he was bitten by one as a child. _______ the children are staying ______ their grandmothers, lets go out for the evening,____? The tea tasted like/as if it_________ (make) with sour milk. I didnt like it. Mrs. Crowder, who/whose is 60, works at leisure center, where/when she teaches aerobics at classes what/who attract women of all ages. Id rather stay/to stay at home and go dance/dancing on Saturday night. Suppose you didnt enjoy the first meeting with a boy/girlfriend, _____________ (you/still/go) on a second date? Ken could see at once that __ site chosen by ___ citycouncilforits new art museum, a former wine-bottling warehouse in ___ center of town, was___ non-starter.

We _____ (walk) through the forest for two or three hours when we realized we________(lose). Civilization topic. What are the major events of national and social importance which are traditionally celebrated in the USA? (10-15 lines)
I.

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Write about the effect of a parent, teacher, or friend on your life. (15-20 lines)

TEST 16 Read the text and accomplish the tasks below. Subway Syndrome 1. Most people are unaware of the fact that a new ailment has developed among subway users. Called "subway syndrome," it causes people to turn pale and cold and even to faint. Commuters misdiagnose the symptomsacute chest pains and nauseaand rush to hospital emergency rooms in the belief that they are about to succumb to a heart attack, blearing that their heart attack is only a case of nerves makes them feel better. 2. Various and sundry things make people get sick on subways. One is that they rush off to work in the morning without having eaten a proper breakfast. Sudden dizziness attacks them. A second cause is the overcrowding and ensuing feeling of claustrophobia, which brings on stress and anxiety. In addition, they are so afraid of mechanical failure, fire, and/or crime that they show signs of panicmen by having chest pains and women by becoming hysterical. Contributing especially to their stress are other factors: overcrowding of both sexes, continual increase in the numbers of passengers, and people's inability to avoid interacting with strangers. 3. Noise, lack of space, summer heat, fear of entrapment undergroundit is a wonder that more people don't have subway syndrome. What therapeutic measures can a commuter take to inoculate himself or herself from the disease? Eat a good breakfast, concentrate on pleasant thoughts as you stand surrounded, bounce a bit on your toes, and roll your head. Thus, mind and body will be restored to a semblance of normality despite the adverse conditions of subway transportation.

1. Answer the question. What is subway syndrome?

2. Answer the question. What makes people get sick on subways?

3. a) b)
1.

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. The reading claims that subway riders have frequent heart attacks. T F All the people in the world have subway syndrome. T F Find in the text the synonyms for the following words:

Of various kind Harmful Impression

5. What is the main idea of paragraph 3?

Grammar. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Fill in the missing verb to make the sentence complete. Circle the unnecessary words. Underline the correct variant using the words in hold; insert the suitable preposition where necessary. Complete the wish 'sentence. 1. - _________ (watch) the match on TV tonight? -No, I dont even know who _____ (play). Ireland _______ (play) Wales. 2. I cant get off let sleep night unless I _____ a hot drink. 3. The modern life is so complicated enough without more rules and regulations. 4. Because he was absent ____ two weeks, the other students______ class are ahead ___ him. 5.A teacher from Oslo ______(become) the first woman to cross the Antarctic alone. It ____ (take) her 42 days to make the crossing with her dog team. 6. You must/should not enter the building without signing your name in the register. That is one of the rules. 7. Two escaped/escaping prisoners_______ (recapture) this morning when they tried to board an aircraft. 8. The economy are/is on the point of collapse. 9. Im calling about the advert that appeared in yesterdays/yesterday Evening Echo. 10. The fundamental injustice of the law was that it did not treat all offenders alike/like. 11. He went to the cinema with his friends even though/even if hed already seen the film. 12. I wish I _____(bring) my umbrella. We got completely/extremely soaked in that rain on Saturday. Civilization topic. What changes in present-day schools would you propose to make them more effective for educating pupils? (10-15 lines)
II.

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Earth Day should be every day.

TEST 17 Earthquakes Earthquakes are the most lethal of all natural disasters. What causes them? Geologists explain them in terms of a theory known as plate tectonics. Continents are floating apart from each other; this is referred to as the continental drift. About sixty miles below the surface of the sea, there is a semi molten bed of rock over which plates, or slabs, any continents and sea floors at a rate of several inches a year. As the plates separate from each other, a new sea floor is formed by the molten matter that was formerly beneath. Volcanic islands and large mountain ranges are created by this type of movement. The collision of plates causes geological instability such as that in California called the San Andreas Fault, located between the Pacific and North American plates. The plates there are constantly pushing and pulling adjacent plates, thereby creating constant tremors and a potential for earthquakes in the area. Geologists would like to be able to predict earthquakes accurately. Using laser beams, seismographs, gravity-measuring devices, and radio telescopes, they are presently studying the San Andreas Fault to determine the rate of strain and the amount of ground slippage. Calculations indicate that sometime within the next ten years, California will be struck by a major earthquake. In spite of the geologists' theory of plate tectonics, there arc still gaps in man's understanding and knowledge of the causes of earthquakes. Powerful earthquakes have occurred in places where plate boundaries are hundreds of miles away. In the 1800s New Madrid, Missouri and Charleston, South Carolina, were shaken by earthquakes that no one had foreseen. Certain areas of the world are quake prone. Italy, Yugoslavia, and Algeria have experienced many quakes. In November 1980, Naples was struck by an especially devastating quake. China and Japan have also been hit by horrendous quakes. In 1923, Tokyo and Yokohama were reduced to rubble by gigantic tremors that were followed by fires, tornadoes, and finally a thirtyfour-foot tsunami, or tidal wave, which was caused by the earth's drop into the waters of Tokyo Bay. More than 150,000 people died in that earthquake. 1. Tick the correct answer according to the text. Continent drift is the concept that a) Continents are drawing nearer to each other; b) Continents are separating; ) Continents are 60 miles apart from each other; d) New continents are developing beneath the sea. 2. Answer the question. What does the collision of plates cause?

3. a) b)

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. Geologists are using new technology to help predict earthquakes. T F An earthquake may be followed by wind, fire, and tidal waves. T F

4. Write each synonym on the line provided: Falling away Dreadful Mortal

Comment on: An earthquake is the most devastating natural disaster.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert article and the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. 1. -_________ (you/buy) a new car? Its difficult to drive; this one______(foil) to pieces. - I (can/not/afford) it now, I_____(not/get) a pay rise this year. 2. I went to five different shops but 1 just couldnt have/get my watch repaired. 3. Dee was able to_____________________(face/her/make/up) in half the normal time because she didnt use much/many makeup/make up. 4. I _____(tell) him the news by the time you get here. I have some more days. 5. The Government have/has made a promise. They will not increase the taxes during the next year. 6. I would like to____ (give) me the chance to explain my point of view, but they werent interested/interesting. 7. I really think he should /might stop drinking; its not doing /making him any good. 8. He always wastes time____ our meetings_____ talking about things that are beside the point.

Civilization topic. What are the benefits of globalization for the average person? (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Fashion is not something that exists in dresses only. Fashion is in the sky, in the street, fashion has to do with ideas, the way we live, what is happening. (15-20 lines) Coco Chanel

TEST 18 The Making of Memory Memories are our most enduring characteristic. In old age we can remember our childhood eighty or more years ago; a chance remark can conjure up a face, a name, a vision of sea or mountains once seen and apparently long forgotten. Memory defines who we are and shapes how we act more closely than any other aspect of our personhood. All of life is a trajectory from experienced past to unknown future, illuminated only during the always receding instant we call the present, the moment of our actual, conscious experience. Yet our present appears continuous with our past, grows out of it, and is shaped by it, because of our capacity for memory. It is this which prevents the past from being lost, as unknowable as the future. It is memory which thus provides time with its arrow. For each of us, our memories are unique. You can lose a limb, have plastic surgery, a kidney transplant or a sex-change operation, yet you are still in an important sense recognizing yourself as long as your memories persist. We know who we are, and how father people are, in terms of memory. Lose your memory and you as you, cease to exist, which is why clinical cases of amnesia are so endlessly fascinating and frightening. Advocates of cryonics that Californian fantasy of quick-freezing the dead until future advances in medical technology can bring them back to life recognize this; they propose a computer backup store for the frozen corpse's memories which may somehow be read 4 into the revived body at a future time. But our own human memories are not embedded in a computer, they are encoded in the brain, in the ten billion nerve cells that comprise the human cerebrum - and the connections and path-ways ^ between this^ cells. Memories arc living processes, which become transformed, imbued with new meanings each time we recall them. Most of us worry that we have a poor memory, that we forget faces, vital appointments. Yet the scale and extent of what any one of us can remember are prodigious. Imagine sitting down and looking at a photograph for a few seconds. Then another, then another...Suppose that a week later I show you the photographs again, each accompanied by a new, different one, and ask you to say which you have seen before. How many photographs do you think you could identify correctly before your memory ran out or you became confused? When 1 asked my colleagues in the lab, their guesses ranged from twenty to fifty. Yet when the experiment is done in reality most people earn identify accurately at least ten thousand different photographs without showing any signs of running out' of memory capacity. Do we then really forget at all? Are all our past experiences, as some schools of psychoanalysis maintain, encoded in some way within our brains, so that, if only we could find the key to accessing them, every detail of our past would become as transparent to us as is the present moment of our consciousness? Or is forgetting functional, so that we record and remember only those things which we have reason to believe are important for our future survival that were so then to have a perfect memory would not be a help but a hindrance in our day-to-day existence, and the long search for techniques or drugs to improve our memory- a search which goes back far into antiquity - would be at best a chimera.

Answer the question. Why are memories so important to us?

1.

Answer the question. What is cryonics?

2.

3.

Circle the correct variant (True/False). .Justify your choice.

b)
4.

a)

Our memories are encoded in the brain. T F Amnesia is a frightening illness. T F

Make up your own sentences using the following words (3) a) Enduringb) Ceasec) ConsciousnessComment on: The scale and extent of what any of us can remember are prodigious.
5.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in hold, insert article and the suitable preposition where necessary. Put the verb v in brackets into the correct tense form. Complete the wish sentence. I _________(can/make) a cake, if you _________(tell) me it was your fathers birthday. 2. Some people regard/regards television as no more/much than chewing gum for the eyes, while many others appreciate its/it educative value. 3. Miss Thompson's class are/is studying lesson three; the other classes is/are studying lesson four. It is_______ the other classes. 4. Even if/even though I had all the money in the world, I wouldnt buy that house. 5. There has been a dramatic increase ___ the number of cases ___skin cancer due ___ the damage to the ozone layer. 6. It was such a sad/sadly film that we ______ (reduce/all) to tears at the end. 7. You should enclose a self-addressed envelope if you want them/they to send the material back to yourself/you 8. Phenomena such as/like sun spots have/has puzzled scientists for centuries. 9. Nick told me___ large number of people had gathered in___square. 20 points 1.

Civilization topic. Many British museums and galleries are real treasure- houses of unique works of art. Which are the best known? What collection do they contain? (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Give to the world the best you have, and the best of the results will come back to you. (15-20 lines)

TEST 19 The Acoustical Behavior of Piranhas Piranhas are omnivorous freshwater fish that live and feed in the rivers and lakes of South America, more notably around the Amazon and Venezuela. They are very aggressive meat eaters and attack their prey in large shoals with their razor sharp pointed teeth. However, some scientists claim that piranhas have an undeserved reputation for brutality and only travel in packs for protection against larger predators. Despite a nasty reputation, because they are known for their sharp teeth and a voracious appetite for meat piranhas-fish seem to bark more often than bite. Research has shown that in fact its only a small number of species like the Red-Bellies that are actually meat eaters, the majority of Piranha fish are vegetarians otherwise called herbivores. Scientists have discovered that the fearsome fish use sounds to communicate - often intimidating their rivals rather than attacking. With underwater microphones, scientists recorded the sounds the fish made when they confronted one another. The fish use at least three distinct sounds to communicate. Many fish use noises to attract a mate, so the sounds are an important indicator that the fish are reproducing. With the help of a hydrophone - an underwater microphone - put into a tank of piranhas they were heard as they interacted. They recorded three distinct sounds. The first was a bark that the fish produced when they "displayed" to each other - confronting one another face to face but not fighting. The other two were a drum-like beat which piranhas produced when they chased one another, and a softer croak they made when biting each other. These physical fights were usually over food. Most of the time, though, the fish swam around peacefully, making no noise and engaging in none of these underwater conflicts. Piranhas, like many other "noisy" fish, produce sounds by vibrating their swim bladders gas-filled organs in their bodies that help regulate their buoyancy. Additionally, Piranha fish have the same sensory system as sharks that enable them to detect tiny amounts of blood in the water, so it is believed that swimming with an open cut may enhance the chance of an attack, otherwise they tend to ignore people. In fact as stated, the local natives stand in the same waters as the Piranhas to cast their nets to catch fish and injuries from Piranha bites are rare. Piranha fish have grown in popularity by people who like to keep tropical fish and many people now keep Piranhas in aquariums in the home. To keep these fish you need to keep them in even groups of four, six, eight or ten depending on the size of your tank. If you only place two Piranhas in a tank together they will light for territory and the weakest fish will be killed, but when four are kept this does not happen and they live together. It must be remembered that these fish are naturally aggressive and if say odd numbers of three or five or seven fish are put together then they will gang up and attack the odd ones out of the pack. Piranhas are also commonly consumed by subsistence fishermen and often sold for food in local markets. In recent decades, dried specimens have been marketed as tourist souvenirs.

1. Answer the question. Where do Piranha fish live? 2. Answer the question. How do Piranha fish produce sounds?

3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. a) Piranhas are not as dangerous as they are thought to be. T F b) All the Piranhas are aggressive meat eaters. T F 3. Match the two parts to make up entire sentences. when they "displayed" to each other the same sensory system as sharks when they bite each other when they chased one another

Piranha fish have The fish produced a bark Piranhas produced a drum-like beak

Comment on: Keeping piranhas in aquariums demands some knowledge about fish.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert article and the suitable preposition where necessary Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Complete the wish sentence. Write the correct form of the adjective to make the sentence complete. 1. Sandy likes to sit ___ his apartment ___ the window facing the park. He lives ___ 3757 North 52nd Street, apartment 10. You can contact him ___ e-mail, sandy @xyz.com 2. Lets go to the market. Tonight they ______ (sell) apples at sixty-nine cents a pound. I wish we _______ (buy) mangoes at that price. . 3. ________ (not/wait) up for me. I may/must be back after midnight. 4. The Condor Freight Company have/has, agreed to provide/providing free work clothes to all employees. 5. In case the business ______ (continue) to expand we __________________ (have to/employ) more staff soon. 6. The________ you do it, the ________it will be. (good/carefully) 7. I had a good night's/night sleep last night, so Im as fresh as a daisy this morning. . Nicola and Kim are so happy together, its as though they were made for themselves/each other. 8. You dont need much sugar for this pudding; ten grams are/is enough. 9. It sometimes seems that ___ individual can have little impact on ____decisions that ___ governments take.

Civilization topic. What components does culture consist of? Provide examples. (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. (15-20 lines)

TEST 20 Reality Television Reality television is a genre of television programming which, it is claimed, presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, documents actual events, and features ordinary people rather than professional actors. It could be described as a form of artificial or "heightened" documentary. Although the genre has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the current explosion of popularity dates from around 2000. Reality television covers a wide range of television programming formats, from game or quiz shows which resemble the frantic, often demeaning programmers produced in Japan in the 1980s and 1990s (a modern example is Gaki no tsukai), to surveillance- focused productions such as Big Brother. Critics say that the term"reality television" is somewhat of a misnomer and that such shows frequently portray a modified and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes coached to act in certain ways by off-screen handlers, and with events on screen manipulated through editing and other post-production techniques. Part of reality television's appeal is due to its ability to place ordinary people in extraordinary situations. For example, on the ABC show, The Bachelor, an eligible male dates a dozen women simultaneously, travelling on extraordinary dates. Reality television also has the potential to turn its participants into national celebrities, outwardly in talent and performance programs such as Pop Idol, though frequently Survivor and Big Brother participants also reach some degree of celebrity. Some commentators have said that the name "reality television" is an inaccurate description for several styles of program included in the genre. In competition-based programs such as Big Brother and Survivor, and other special-livingenvironment shows like The Real World, the producers design the format of the show and control the day-to-day activities and the environment, creating a completely fabricated world in which the competition plays out. Producers specifically select the participants, and use carefully designed scenarios, challenges, events, and settings to encourage particular behaviors and conflicts. Mark Burnett, the creator of Survivor and other reality shows, has agreed with commentators assessment, and avoids the word "reality" to describe his shows; he has said, "I tell good stories. It really is not reality TV. It really is unscripted drama."

1. Answer the question. What is reality television? 2. Answer the question. What television programming formats does reality television cover?

3. a) b)

Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. Producers create a fabricated world for participants of the show. T F Mark Burnett considers the term 'reality television' inaccurate. T F

4. Find in the text the antonyms for the following words: 1. Rarely 2. Real-

3. Confront6.

Comment on: Reality television changes it participants lives.

Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in hold, insert the article where necessary. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Complete the tag question. 1. Bacteria causes/cause numerous health problems. 2. He______ ____ (do/make) his best to__________ (do/make) enough money for his family. 3. its too late. You had better/must call a taxi. 4. Oh, Bill, I cant have lost my keys,______? 5. Trevors advice to anybody who has ___good idea - keep___ idea to yourself until youve filed patent, and never give up. 6. Linda said the men were thieves, which/whose turned out to be true. The matter was reported to the Chief of Police who/which ordered us all to be arrested. 7. I____________(might/should win) the squash game last night, if I_______ (not, eat) such a big meal before playing. 8. The day was exhausting. It_____ (to get) late and I_______(to miss) the ten o'clock train in I _______(not to hurry). 1 am happy Im back in my town. Jack said he __________ (to come) to pick me up but he_________ (not to appear) yet. 9. Slow/Slowly, the door started to open. 10. If you _____(be) to have a film made of your life, which actor _______________ (you choose to play the part of you) ?

Civilization topic. Name some environmental problems and give some solutions to them. (10-15 lines)

Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Instruction ends in the school-room, but education ends only with life. (15-20 lines)

Test 25 I. Read the text and accomplishes the tasks below. The Digital Prophet Vernor Vinge A singularity in physics and astronomy is a place where the laws of physics as we know them break down - like a black hole in space. But when applied to society by Vernor Vinge, singularity means a moment after which huge but unpredictable changes occur. Vinge, 58, a retired professor of computer science from San Diego State University and perhaps the world's most visionary science-fiction writer, believes - and has done since 1993 - that a singularity will occur when computers become intelligent enough to upgrade themselves, because their learning curve will be vertical. In the blink of an eye, or rather in as little as 60 hours of becoming superhuman - something he expects no later than the year 2030 - computers could have remodeled society and changed laws in ways which humans will find impossible to understand. In the early post-human era, everything will be new again. So as a scientist and mathematician he sees this singularity as a point beyond which meaningful prediction and fiction writing become impossible. Vinge began writing sci-fi in the late 60s. In 1981 his novella True Names he invented the concept of cyberspace. Considered strangely prophetic, True Names told of hackers addicted to the Internet who take on different online personalities to attempt to fight against a worldwide artificial intelligence. The question is whether technology will become intelligent, because if this singularity is possible, Vinge doubts whether it can be prevented. He has already imagined in his head the speech he would make if his prediction didn't come true; and some of his stories are set in futures without computer intelligence, to the disappointment of singularist fans, to whom he is almost apologetic. Science-fiction writers used to have it easy, he says. Now it's very hard to keep up. But if the singularity occurs as he predicts, what are some fictional possibilities afterwards? The science fiction writer Isaac Asimov's Rule 3 of robotics involved human rules being built into the superhuman computer, but Vinge at best sees machines being willing slaves - some of the time - who still direct us and do things we just don't understand, distorting nature around us perhaps. He imagines humans cooperating with computers in the stage before the singularity, or losing out even being destroyed. And what about emotions? I believe that emotions would still be around, though more complicated, he says. Man will certainly have less and less to offer, be stripped of skills and meaningful contributions. In his near-future story Fast times at Fairmont High, Vinge depicts humans wearing wirelessdirect-mind-links and 13-year- olds making their best efforts to avoid contact with older

teenagers who will be less able to adapt, unable to change from day to day, and simply out of touch. The shadow of the future hangs over us, and Vinge is here to intrigue, warn and worry us about it. Maybe he will even - in his imaginative way - inspire it to happen? If the machines won't allow us to blame them, maybe they will allow us to blame Vinge. A final word from Vinge: The singularity marks the passing of man from centre stage.

1. Answer the question. What is Vernor Tinge well known for? 2. Finish the sentence. What does Vernor Vinge mean by singularity? 3. Circle the correct variant (True/False). Justify your choice. a) Vernor Vinge believes that human beings will be the most powerful beings on earth. TF b) Vernor Vinge is sure that singularity can be prevented. T F 4. Match the words with their definitions: 1. To occur a. to describe 2. Intelligent b. to take place 3. To depict c. clever d. to distort 5. Comment on: Vernor Vinges view of the future is pessimistic.

II.Grammar. Underline the correct variant using the words in bold, insert article or noun substitute where necessary. Insert the suitable preposition. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. 1. 2. 3. 4. The script, which/who has some brilliant one-liners,_________ (write) by Spadaccis old associate, Matt Dussi. -Oh, dear, Ive never driven such a/so powerful car before. -Dont worry, youll soon be/get used to it. Where ___________ (you, buy) those trousers? Theyre fantastic! They__________(buy) by my father when he was in the USA. ____rough weather the coast guard is ____ constant stand-____ to response quickly ___ distress signals_____boats.

5. 6.

If athletics are/is neglected in schools, this will have a big impact on future national teams. -Where is_____ tea pot? -Its in the cupboard on ___ right. -I thought you had ____ blue ____. -Yes, but it broke so I had to get __ new ____. If Jack ____________ (study) law at university, he ____ (be) a lawyer now. But he studied history. 20 points

7.

III. Civilization topic. How do changes in society influence peoples culture? What can slow down or speed up cultural development? (10-15 lines)

IV. Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: If you could go back to some time and place in the past, when and where would you go? Why? What famous person would you like to meet ? What questions would you like to ask him/her? (15-20 lines)

TEST 26 I. Read the text and accomplish the post reading tasks. The Meaning of luck Luck or fortuity is good fortune which occurs beyond one's control, without regard to one's will, intention, or desired result. There are at least two senses people usually mean when they use the term, the prescriptive sense and the descriptive sense. In the prescriptive sense, luck is the supernatural and deterministic concept that there is a force which prescribes that certain events occur very much the way the laws of physics will prescribe that certain events occur. It is the prescriptive sense that people mean when they state that they "do not believe in luck." In the descriptive sense, luck is merely a name we give to events after they occur which we find to be fortuitous. Cultural views of luck vary from perceiving luck as a matter of random chance to attributing to luck explanations of faith or superstition. For example, the Romans believed in the embodiment of luck as the goddess Fortuna, while the philosopher Daniel Dennett believes that "luck is mere luck" rather than a property of a person or thing. Luck has three aspects which make it distinct from chance or probability. Luck is good or bad, it happens by accident or chance and lastly it applies to a person. Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Middle Ages, Old English and Middle English expressed the notion of "good fortune" with the word speed which besides "good fortune" had the wider meaning of "prosperity, profit, abundance". Moreover, it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of fate or divine help. Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person's control. This view incorporates phenomena that are chance happenings, a person's place of birth for example, but. where there is no uncertainty involved, or where the uncertainty is irrelevant. Within this framework one can differentiate between three different types of luck. Constitutional luck which is determined by factors that cannot be changed, place of birth and genetic constitution are typical examples. Circumstantial luck is/deals with factors that arc haphazardly brought on. Accidents and epidemics are typical examples. Ignorance luck, that is, luck with factors one does not know about. Another view holds that "luck is probability taken personally." A rationalist approach to luck includes the application of the rules of probability and an avoidance of unscientific beliefs. The rationalist feels the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or wishful thinking. There is also a series of spiritual or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune. These beliefs vary widely from one to another, but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing certain rituals or by avoiding certain circumstances. Luck can also be a belief in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events. Luck is a form of superstition which is interpreted differently by different individuals. Some encourage the belief in luck as a false idea, but which may produce positive thinking, and alter

one's responses for the better. Others, like Jean-Paul Sartre and Sigmund Freud, feel a belief in luck has more to do with a locus of control for events in one's life, and the subsequent escape from personal responsibility. According to this theory, one who ascribes their travails to "bad luck" will be found upon close examination to be living risky lifestyles. In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky. People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods. If "good" and "bad" events occur at random to everyone, believers in good luck will experience a net gain in their fortunes, and vice versa for believers in bad luck. This is clearly likely to be self-reinforcing. Thus, a belief in good luck may actually be an adaptive meme, which is an idea, behavior or style that spreads from person to person within a culture.

1. Answer the question. What is luck? 2. Answer the question. What makes luck distinct from chance or probability? 3. Make up your own sentences using the following words. (3) Ascribe; wishful; fortuity;

4. Finish the sentences. 1. One can differentiate between three different types of luck: . 2. The notion of "good fortune" with the word speed which besides "good fortune" had the wider meaning of "prosperity, profit, abundance"......................... 3. Spiritual or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune... 5. Summarize the text in 7-10 sentences.

II.

Grammar.

Choose the correct answer, Jill in the articles and prepositions where necessary. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is 1. ___ international organization involved in saving animals and 2.___ environment they live in. It 3 (found, was found, is founded, was founded) in 1961, and deals 4____ 5 (every, any, many, few) aspects of nature, for example plants, mammals, fish and the 6 (correct, other, rural, civil) use of the worlds natural resources. Money 7 (raises, is raising, is. raised, has raised) from donations by governments, companies, and private individuals, who are interested in 8 (protection, protecting, protective, protects) wildlife in its natural habitat. The WWF has succeeded 9____ rescuing 10__ least 30 species of birds and mammals from 11 (extinct, extinction, extension, migration). If fashionable women today feel 12 (happy, excited, embarrassed, guilty) to wear fur coats, it is 13(because, due to, owing, thanks) the work of WWF which opposes 14____ killing of animals 15___ their skin. 16___ education is the key, if more people were 17 (afraid, fond, aware, tired) of the danger 18____ 19 ____ environment and its wildlife, then perhaps they 20(will do, would do, are doing, did) more to help organizations like the WWF. 20 points III. Civilization topic. There are many impressive and valuable historical places in your country. Give interesting details about some you have visited. (10-15 lines)

IV. Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Nothing in this world is impossible to a willing heart. (15-20 lines)

TEST 27 I. Read the text and accomplish the post-reading tasks. Online Shopping Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary service, over the Internet. It is a form of electronic commerce. An online shop, e-shop, e-store, web store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping center. The process is called Business-to-Consumer (B2C) online shopping but when a business buys from another business it is called Business-to-Business (B2B) online shopping. In order to shop online, you must have access to a computer as well as a credit card or debit card. Shopping has evolved with the growth of technology. According to research found in the Journal of Electronic Commerce, if one focuses on the demographic characteristics of the inhome shopper, in general, the higher the level of education, income, and occupation of the head of the household, the more favorable the perception of non-store shopping. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly, or do a search across many different vendors using a shopping search engine. Once a particular product has been found on the website of the seller, most online retailers use shopping cart software to allow the consumer to accumulate multiple items and to adjust quantities, by analogy with filling a physical shopping cart or basket in a conventional store. A "checkout" process follows by continuing the physical store analogy in which payment and delivery information is collected, if necessary. Some stores allow consumers to sign up for a permanent online account so that some or all of this information only needs to be entered once. The consumer often receives an e-mail confirmation once the transaction is complete. The main idea of online shopping is not just in having a good looking website that could be listed in a lot of search engines or the art behind the site. It also is not only just about disseminating information, because it is also about building relationships and making money. Rather than supporting the organization's culture and brand name, the website should satisfy consumer's expectations. A majority of consumers choose online shopping for a faster and more efficient shopping experience. Many researchers notify that the uniqueness of the web has dissolved and the need for the design, which will be user centered, is very important. Companies should always remember that there are certain things, such as understanding the customer's wants and needs, living up to promises, never go out of style, because they give reason to come back. And the reason will stay if consumers always get what they expect. Specific for e- shopping is the McDonaldization theory which is a reconceptualization of rationalization, or moving from traditional to rational modes of thought, and scientific management. It can be used in terms of online shopping, because it is becoming more and more popular and a website that wants to gain more shoppers will use four major principles of McDonaldization: efficiency, calculability,

predictability and control. The only disadvantage is conditioned by the lack of ability to inspect merchandise before purchase. Therefore, consumers are at higher risk of fraud on the part of the merchant than in a physical store. Merchants also risk fraudulent purchases using stolen credit cards or fraudulent repudiation of the online purchase. With a warehouse instead of a retail storefront, merchants face less risk from physical theft. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption has generally solved the problem of credit card numbers being intercepted in transit between the consumer and the merchant. Identity theft is still a concern for consumers when hackers break into a merchant's web site and steal names, addresses and credit card numbers. Computer security has thus become a major concern for merchants and e- commerce service providers, who deploy countermeasures such as firewalls and anti-virus software to protect their networks. 1. Answer the question. What kind of online shopping is called B2B? Answer the question. Why do most of the consumers choose online shopping? Is there anything in the article that describes the specific theory for eshopping? Continue the idea according to the text: 1. As soon as the consumer has found a particular product on the web site of the seller. 2. It is not enough to have a good looking website, the main idea of online shopping 3. The consumers perception of non-store shopping depends..

2.

3.

4.

Summarize the paragraph in several sentences.

II. Grammar. Open the brackets, choose the correct answer. 1. Last week our 15-year-old son Joe 1 (to take)_________ to Paris where we 2(to live) __________ for five years before we 3(to move) _____ to England. We 4(to visit) ______the park where Joe 5(to play) ______ with his friends. When we came up to our house we 6 (to see) ____ Mme Duchen, our former maid, who 7(to stand)________ outside with a happy smile

on her face. She 8(to exclaim)___________ Oh, Janet, you 9(not to change) ____________ at all! And Joe 10(to look)________such a big handsome boy! When you 11 (to come)_______next time I 12(to make)________ Joe's favorite cherry pie. How you 13 (to do)________school, Joe? Her questions were endless. 2. We will inform you of our decision (short, shortly). 3. Such an organization as the board of directors (is/are) elected by stockholders. 4. (Theirs/Their/Them) work is much more difficult than (you/yours/your) or (me/mine/my). 5. Bob was feeling rather unwell, and was not really looking forward to __________ (we, visit) him. 6. They are thought__________ (go away) some days ago.

III. Civilization topic. Write about the national symbols of the UK. (10-15 lines)

IV. Outline in writing your opinion on the subject: Work keeps as from three great evils: boredom, vice and need Voltaire, the French dramatist.