Memory

General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 1 of 9
o Basic Concepts
v the process of remembering things that can
be used in the present
v recall - the subject is tasked to produce a
remembered set of items which have been
previously given or reviewed
paired-associates
serial
free
v recognition - the individual is tasked to
recognize a particular item/concept from
the other items
v cued recall combination of recall and
recognition
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 2 of 9
o Basic Concepts
v procedural memory - works as implicit
memory because it involves recognition
and awareness of techniques and
procedures
v declarative memory - involves recognition
and understanding of the content of an
article, speech or any form of factual
information
v implicit memory - the subject is not aware
that he performs such memory task
v explicit memory - the subject is aware that
he performs a particular memory task
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 3 of 9
o Multiple-Store Model of Memory
v sensory store shortest memory storage
where the sensory information is stored and
can either be entered into the short-term or
long-term storage
composed of iconic store (visual memories)
and echoic store (auditory memories)
v short-term memory
an average individual can hold a set of
information for the duration of a couple of
minutes
memory processing procedures
encoding
storage
retrieval
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 4 of 9
o Multiple-Store Model of Memory
v short-term memory
encoding sensory information - we normally
experience confusion in which we tend to
associate the similarities of particular items
acoustic confusability (R. Conrad)
rehearsal - we repeat a set of memory
information over and over again as a way of
keeping these data in the STM storage
maintenance rehearsal - the individual
repeats a word without focusing on its
thought
elaborative rehearsal - focuses on the items
meaning while, at the same time, repeating
it over and over again
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 5 of 9
o Multiple-Store Model of Memory
v short-term memory
interference theory - claims that the stored
memory information is blocked with another
one
decay theory - refers to forgetting that
occurs a result of the passage of time
(Sternberg)
v long-term memory - stores information for
an indefinite period of time
involves the processes of rehearsal and
attempts to understand information in order
to transfer memory information stored in
the STM storage to the LTM storage
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 6 of 9
o Alternative Models of Memory
v levels-of-processing model
claims that instead of looking at different
storage levels, information can be easily
retrieved by the way it is encoded
thorough encoding involves:
challenging yourself to answer specific
questions to clarify a specific sensory output
(memory information); and
devising ways on how to easily learn the
aforementioned concept
v Baddeleys model
working memory - phonological loop,
visuouspatial sketchpad and central
executive
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 7 of 9
o Alternative Models of Memory
v parallel-processing model
working memory as the developed part of
the long-term memory storage
the working memory is composed of
paralleled, but widely dispersed portions of
long-term memory
o Memory Disorders & Outstanding
Memories
v amnesia
only pertains to the reduction (or totally
loss) of explicit memory task
amnesia victims also experience
contradictory performance in tasks that
involve declarative memory and procedural
memory
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 8 of 9
o Memory Disorders & Outstanding
Memories
v amnesia
most of the victims experience poor
performance in declarative memory as
compared to the procedural memory due to
the prior learning activity
infantile amnesia - a condition wherein we
are unable to remember the things that
happened when we were still
infants/toddlers
retrograde amnesia - the victim is unable to
explicitly remember the events that
occurred before the trauma that caused the
memory loss
anterograde amnesia - the victim is unable
to explicitly remember the events that
occurred after the trauma that caused the
memory loss
Memory
Memory
General Psychology
* Property of STI
Page 9 of 9
o Memory Disorders & Outstanding
Memories
v mnemonist
a person who uses memory
techniques/methods to easily remember a
particular set of memory information
acronyms
categorical clustering
method of loci
interactive images
pegword system
acrostics
keyword system
Memory