Professional Documents
Culture Documents
September 2009
David J. Kostin Chief US Equity Strategist Goldman, Sachs & Co. 212-902-6781 david.kostin@gs.com
The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors
should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Investors should consider
this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision.
For Reg AC certification, see the end of the text. Other important disclosures follow the Reg AC certification, or go to
www.gs.com/research/hedge.html.
Analysts employed by non-US affiliates are not registered/qualified as research analysts with FINRA in the U.S.
US equity market: Investment views & strategies
Sustainability of rally depends on final demand
1. Economy: Macro data show recovery in process; Final demand is key issue 200
Recent rallies from bear market lows
– GS Global Leading Indicator (GLI) improved for 4th consecutive month. "Pop"
1 month
"Stall"
3 months
"Sustained Rally"
6 months
– ISM at 53 (up from 33 in Dec). Consumer Confidence at 66 (up from 55 in Nov). Min: 9% Min: -4% Min: 3%
175 S&P 500 1982
– Non-farm payroll declines now at 216,000 per month (vs. 740,000 loss in Jan). Avg: 15 Avg: 7 Avg: 14
– 2010E ex-financials EPS reflects 23% gain from low, below 36% historical avg. 2002
1987
– Record 5.7% drop in SG&A expenses drives margins and operating leverage. 100
3. Valuation: 7% upside to YE 2009 fair value; 11% 1-year return potential to 1100 Trough
– Our year-end 2009 fair value equals 1060 based on our DDM framework. 75
– Other approaches (Fed Model, P/E mean reversion) point to valuations 1400+. (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months around Trough
– S&P 500 currently 46% above March low and trades at 12.5x our 2010 EPS.
– Defensives (Health Care, Staples) most attractively valued but lack catalyst. S&P 500 earnings trajectory
$110
S&P 500 Peak 2008 2009E 2010E
$100
4. Money flows: Mutual funds and pension/retirement funds key to sustained rally S&P 500 $91
$90 Ex-Financials
(Trailing EPS)
– Mutual funds (23% of equity market) bought stocks in March, May and June.
Dec-05
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
Dec-10
Jun-05
Jun-06
Jun-07
Jun-08
Jun-09
Jun-10
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research Source: Compustat, Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 31, 2009. 2
US Portfolio Strategy analytical framework
Economy, earnings, valuation, and money flow
1. Economy 2. Earnings
3.5 % EPS Recovery Price Recovery
EPS EPS One Year Two Years One Year Two Year
Peak Trough After Trough After Trough Return Return
GDP Growth (qoq annualized %)
60%
Fed model 1420 43 % Other 9%
US Treasury 10 Year Yield 1580 59 Pension Funds 11%
BBB Corporate 10 Year Yield 1260 27 40% Government Retirement Funds 8%
20%
US Portfolio Strategy DDM 1060 7%
Assumptions: 4% ERP, 6.7% long term EPS growth, 4.5% risk free rate
Mutual Funds 23%
0%
Avg Fair Value (using 3 approaches) 1300 31 %
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
Source: Compustat, Robert Shiller, Federal Reserve, Standard and Poor’s and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. Earnings data: Reported (1909-1970) and Operating (1970-2009). As of September 3, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 3
Investment strategies relate to end market demand
US stock rally will continue only if top-line sales materialize
Cyclicals lead when ISM above 50 BRICs driving global growth
65
50 to Trough: Trough to 50:
GDP Growth (% yr/yr)
ISM Peak
Staples Materials
60
ISM Peak
Health Care Industrials
2009 2010
Telecom
Utilities
Discretionary GS Consensus GS Consensus
Financials
55
China 9.4 8.3 11.9 9.3
Aug-09 = 53
BRICs 5.3 5.1 8.7 7.2
50 India 5.8 6.2 7.8 7.2
50
50 World (0.8) (1.0) 4.0 3.4
Peak to 50:
50 to Peak: USA (2.6) (2.6) 2.0 2.3
45 Energy
Energy
UK (4.2) (4.3) 1.9 0.9
Financials
Telecom Materials Japan (5.2) (6.1) 1.5 1.3
40 Utilities Tech Europe (3.6) (5.8) 1.4 0.3
Industrials
ISM Trough
Staples Euroland (3.8) (4.3) 1.2 0.6
Dec-08 = 33
35
5%
Surprise
0%
Inline 26% 21% 5% 51% 0%
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
Source: Compustat, Goldman Sachs Options Research, Consensus Economics August 2009, Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of September 3, 2009.
140
Short S&P 500
120
110
80
Cyclicals vs.
Defensives 2
Sectors 105
60
(LHS)
S&P 500 outperforming
Defensives outperforming
100
40 Operating leverage declining
50-stock basket with highest revenue exposure to BRICs. Sector-neutral vs. S&P 500
95
20 1
Dec-08
Apr-09
May-09
Aug-09
Jan-09
Mar-09
Jun-09
Jul-09
Sep-09
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Operating Leverage (<GSTHOPHI> vs. <GSTHOPLO>)
110 Capex (<GSTHINVG>)
120
Relative Performance
105
115 Long GSTHINVG /
Short SPX
100
110
95
105
90 100
Relative Performance
85 Long GSTHOPHI /
95
Short GSTHOPLO
Degree of operating leverage = (sales – COGS) / (sales – COGS – SG&A – depreciation) Reinvestment ratio based on highest 1-yr historical and 2-yr expected capex / depreciation
80 90
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
Mar-07
Jun-07
Sep-07
Mar-08
Jun-08
Sep-08
Mar-09
Jun-09
Sep-09
Aug-08
Nov-08
Aug-09
Nov-09
Feb-09
May-09
Source: Compustat, Goldman Sachs Research estimates, Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of September 3, 2009.
20
1%
10
0%
(1)%
(10)
(2)%
(20)
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Jan-98 Jan-00 Jan-02 Jan-04 Jan-06 Jan-08 Jan-10
12%
85%
11% Seasonally Long-term avg = 81%
Adjusted 80%
10%
Inventory / LTM
Sales 75%
9%
8% 70%
Quarterly Inventory /
7% LTM Sales 65%
July 2009
Seasonally Adjusted Inventory = Average Inventory over last four quarters 69%
6%
60%
Dec-80
Dec-82
Dec-84
Dec-86
Dec-88
Dec-90
Dec-92
Dec-94
Dec-96
Dec-98
Dec-00
Dec-02
Dec-04
Dec-06
Dec-08
Dec-10
Dec-12
Dec-68
Dec-70
Dec-72
Dec-74
Dec-76
Dec-78
Dec-80
Dec-82
Dec-84
Dec-86
Dec-88
Dec-90
Dec-92
Dec-94
Dec-96
Dec-98
Dec-00
Dec-02
Dec-04
Dec-06
Dec-08
Dec-10
Source: Haver IDC via Factset, Department of Commerce and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of September 3, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 6
Labor market remains weak
We expect the unemployment rate will reach 10% in 2010
800
10.8 GS
10.2
Monthly Change in non-farm payrolls (000s) Unemployment Rate Forecast
600
10 9.7
9.0
400 Current
0
6.2
6
(200)
Dec-82
Dec-84
Dec-86
Dec-88
Dec-90
Dec-92
Dec-94
Dec-96
Dec-98
Dec-00
Dec-02
Dec-04
Dec-06
Dec-08
Dec-10
Jan-50
Jan-53
Jan-56
Jan-59
Jan-62
Jan-65
Jan-68
Jan-71
Jan-74
Jan-77
Jan-80
Jan-83
Jan-86
Jan-89
Jan-92
Jan-95
Jan-98
Jan-01
Jan-04
Jan-07
Jan-10
Source: Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of September 4, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 7
Savings rate and the impact on consumer spending
How higher savings rate translates into less spending
14
2009 - 2010 Growth in
US Personal Savings Rate
12 Goldman Sachs forecast Consumer Discretionary
2010 Cash Flow
US Personal Savings Rate (%)
10
Savings Rate % ($ bn)
8.8%
8
LT Average = 7% 4% 2.7 % $180
6 5% 1.1 70
6% (0.6) (40)
4
7% (2.2) (150)
2 8% (3.9) (260)
0 9% (5.5) (370)
10% (7.2) (480)
(2)
Mar-47
Mar-50
Mar-53
Mar-56
Mar-59
Mar-62
Mar-65
Mar-68
Mar-71
Mar-74
Mar-77
Mar-80
Mar-83
Mar-86
Mar-89
Mar-92
Mar-95
Mar-98
Mar-01
Mar-04
Mar-07
Mar-10
Source: FirstCall, Compustat and Goldman Sachs Research. Note: P&W = Provisions & Write-downs. As of September 2, 2009.
S&P 500 ex Financials $42 $28 $34 $39 $49 $57 $64 $68 $64 $50 $61 90%
S&P 500 $56 $39 $46 $55 $68 $76 $88 $83 $50 $52 $75 86%
S&P 500 ex-P&W 56 39 46 55 68 76 88 93 81 69 81 88
Note: Boxed numbers indicate the last year in which the S&P 500 achieved earnings comparable to 2010 forecasts, by sector.
Source: FirstCall, Compustat and Goldman Sachs Research. Note: P&W = Provisions & Write-downs. As of July 30, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 11
Cyclicals forecast to post best sales growth in 2010
Worst year/year sales decline in 40 years reported in 2Q09
S&P 500 Quarterly Sales Growth (Y/Y) S&P 500 Quarterly Earnings Growth (Y/Y)
60
40
30
20 20
10
10
0
1%
-10
0
-20
-2% -17% -18% -35%
-4% -23%
-10 -7% -30
-32%
-40
excluding Financials & Utilities Recession -36%
-17% excluding Financials & Utilities Recession
-20 -50
Mar-70
Mar-72
Mar-74
Mar-76
Mar-78
Mar-80
Mar-82
Mar-84
Mar-86
Mar-88
Mar-90
Mar-92
Mar-94
Mar-96
Mar-98
Mar-00
Mar-02
Mar-04
Mar-06
Mar-08
Mar-10
Mar-12
Mar-14
Mar-70
Mar-72
Mar-74
Mar-76
Mar-78
Mar-80
Mar-82
Mar-84
Mar-86
Mar-88
Mar-90
Mar-92
Mar-94
Mar-96
Mar-98
Mar-00
Mar-02
Mar-04
Mar-06
Mar-08
Mar-10
Mar-12
Mar-14
Q2 = -5.7%
Q2 = 7.2%
10 %
7.2%
7
5%
6
6.0% 0%
Sep-01
5
(0.2)%
(5)% Dec-88 Dec-91
4.6% (3.4)% (4.1)%
4 Jun-09
4.0%
3.8% 4.0% (10)% (5.7)%
Recession
excluding Financials & Utilities
3
(15)%
Mar-70
Mar-72
Mar-74
Mar-76
Mar-78
Mar-80
Mar-82
Mar-84
Mar-86
Mar-88
Mar-90
Mar-92
Mar-94
Mar-96
Mar-98
Mar-00
Mar-02
Mar-04
Mar-06
Mar-08
Mar-10
Mar-12
Mar-14
Dec-78
Dec-80
Dec-82
Dec-84
Dec-86
Dec-88
Dec-90
Dec-92
Dec-94
Dec-96
Dec-98
Dec-00
Dec-02
Dec-04
Dec-06
Dec-08
Dec-10
Dec-12
EBIT Margin Decline by Sector SG&A Growth
2Q 2009
Peak 2Q 2009 Decline
Sector Margin Margin (bp) Sector (year-over-year)
Of the 185 stocks (49%) beating consensus 2Q EPS estimate by more than 1 standard deviation . . .
2Q 2009 Revenue and Earnings Beaters (56 stocks) 2Q 2009 Cost Cutters (30 stocks)
Leading sectors: Tech, Health Care Leading sectors: Industrials, Materials
Companies Companies
AAPL JNPR SNDK JNJ CMCSA JWN MMM RTN APD TWX EP WMT
ORCL BMC MCHP AMGN AZO F LLL FLS PPG TGT EOG PBG
GLW HRS LSI TMO KSS LO ITT RRD EMN MAT HES SLE
DELL NTAP NVDA AGN APOL TAP IRM DOV DOW VFC CI HRL
EMC ERTS CRM DGX NWL HSY FCX AVY MWV NYT BCR QLGC
MA A AMAT HSP EXPE APA PTV CAT MON VAR KLAC
CA LLTC MYL LIFE RL MUR CF RX
CTSH ADSK ISRG DVA DV CAM PXD
Source: First Call, I/B/E/S, Compustat and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of September 3, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 14
Use of cash by S&P 500 companies
Back to the future: 73% of cash invested for growth in 2009
1600
Buybacks
1400 Dividends
Cash Acquisitions 33% 23%
1200 Research & Development 28%
Cash Usage ($ billions)
Capital Expenditures
1000
14%
12%
27% 13% 8%
15% 12% 12%
800 20% 10%
16% 18%
16% 12% 12% 14% 13% 11%
15% 13% 20%
12% 18% 14% 9%
600 16% 13% 16% 14% 14%
12% 16% 11% 12% 12%
14% 11% 9% 12%
14% 16% 15% 8% 18%
15% 9% 14% 14%
11% 14% 17% 15% 17%
400 15% 18%
15%
14%
32% 39%
46% 34% 47%
200 42% 44% 44% 38% 35% 40%
48% 47% 42% 43%
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E
Use of cash:
Invest for Growth 73% 70% 71% 72% 74% 76% 72% 69% 62% 60% 59% 54% 63% 73% 68%
(Capex + R&D + M&A)
Return to Investors 27% 30% 29% 28% 26% 24% 28% 31% 38% 40% 41% 46% 37% 27% 32%
(buybacks + dividends)
% year/year growth
2006 2007 2008 2009E 2010E
Capital Usage
Capital Expenditures 18 % 5% 10 % (22)% (15)%
Research & Development 11 10 7 (9) (15)
Cash Acquisitions 44 10 (29) (40) 25
Share Buybacks 33 30 (45) (77) 40
Dividends 15 14 (2) (21) (3)
Total Capital Usage 24 % 15 % (16)% (34)% (4)%
Source: Compustat, Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. Note: Capital usage data for all 10 S&P 500 sectors.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 15
Capex growth is highly correlated with sales growth
30 % 20 %
S&P 500 Capex Growth
(LTM, bars, left) 15 %
S&P 500 Capex YoY Growth (LTM)
0% 0%
(5)%
(10)% S&P 500 Sales Growth
(LTM, right)
(10)%
U.S. Portfolio
(20)%
Strategy (15)%
Correlation = 0.62 Forecasts
Correlation (with 2Q sales lag) = 0.85
(30)% (20)%
Sep-85
Sep-87
Sep-89
Sep-91
Sep-93
Sep-95
Sep-97
Sep-99
Sep-01
Sep-03
Sep-05
Sep-07
Sep-09
Sep-11
Source: Compustat and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 31, 2009.
S&P 500 historical and projected capex S&P 500 capex growth
$ billions, LTM series % year/year growth, quarterly
600 30
LTM S&P 500 Capex ($ bil, quarterly series)
(34)% 0
300 (28)%
(10)
Goldman Sachs US Portfolio
Strategy Forecasts S&P 500 Capex Growth
200
(6)% (20) (Quarterly, year/year)
(13)% Goldman Sachs US Portfolio
100 (30) Strategy Forecasts
Peak-to-trough decline Recessions
Recessions
(40)
0
Jan-85
Jan-87
Jan-89
Jan-91
Jan-93
Jan-95
Jan-97
Jan-99
Jan-01
Jan-03
Jan-05
Jan-07
Jan-09
Jan-11
Jan-85
Jan-87
Jan-89
Jan-91
Jan-93
Jan-95
Jan-97
Jan-99
Jan-01
Jan-03
Jan-05
Jan-07
Jan-09
Jan-11
Source: Compustat and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 31, 2009.
$120
30x
Bottom-Up Forward 20-Nov-08
$80
20x 2-Sep-09
9-Oct-07 $64
Bottom-Up Forward P/E 15.8x
(LHS) $60
15x 2-Sep-09
16.0x
$40
10x
20-Nov-08
8.4x
5x $20
0x $0
Dec-80
Dec-82
Dec-84
Dec-86
Dec-88
Dec-90
Dec-92
Dec-94
Dec-96
Dec-98
Dec-00
Dec-02
Dec-04
Dec-06
Dec-08
Dec-10
Dec-12
Source: Compustat, Robert Shiller, and Goldman Sachs Research. As of September 2, 2009.
45
40 Cyclically Adjusted
S&P 500 P/E Ratio
35
(10-year average trailing EPS)
Cyclically-Adjusted P/E
30
25
20 80 year Current
avg = 16.7x (31-Aug)
15.0x
15
10
9-Mar-09
5 9.9x
16-Aug-82
1932
6.2x
5.1x
0
Dec-27
Dec-31
Dec-35
Dec-39
Dec-43
Dec-47
Dec-51
Dec-55
Dec-59
Dec-63
Dec-67
Dec-71
Dec-75
Dec-79
Dec-83
Dec-87
Dec-91
Dec-95
Dec-99
Dec-03
Dec-07
Dec-11
Dec-15
Dec-19
Source: Compustat, Robert Shiller, and Goldman Sachs Research. As of August 31, 2009.
CAGR
2008A 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E 2014E 2015E 2016E 2017E 2018E 2019E '09E-'19E
Top-down Forecast Dividends $28.39 $22.10 $22.03 $22.80 $24.81 $26.74 $28.39 $29.84 $31.36 $32.96 $34.64 $36.40 5.1%
Annual Dividend Growth (%) 2.4 (22.1) (0.3) 3.5 8.8 7.8 6.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
Payout Ratio (%) 57.3 42.6 29.2 26.0 26.5 26.8 26.7 26.3 25.9 25.5 25.1 24.7
EPS ($) 49.51 52.00 75.00 88.00 93.00 100.00 106.00 114.00 121.00 129.00 138.00 147.00 11.0%
Annual EPS Growth (%) (40.0) 4.7 45.3 16.3 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7
20%
S&P 500 DDM Fair Value 1040
Current S&P 500 Price: 995 10% 1039 100%
Premium / (Discount) to Fair Value (5)% 0%
1640
S&P 500 level
1540
1400 1450
2009 Year-end
Top-down 1360
Fair Value
1280
1200
1100 1130
Current
SPX 1040 1060
(995) Current
Top-down
Fair Value
800
Current 2009E 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E 2014E 2015E 2016E 2017E 2018E
Sensitivity Analysis
Long Term EPS Growth Terminal Multiple Equity Risk Premium Risk Free Rate
Premium / Premium / Premium / Premium /
Input (Discount) Input (Discount) Input (Discount) Input (Discount)
Value to Fair Value Value to Fair Value Value to Fair Value Value to Fair Value
(5)% (5)% (5)% (5)%
6.25% 13% 45 x 13% 4.50% 19% 4.00% (45)%
6.50 4 50 4 4.25 9 4.25 (22)
Base Case: 6.70 (5) 56 (5) 4.00 (5) 4.50 (5)
6.75 (7) 60 (12) 3.75 (22) 4.75 9
7.00 (22) 65 (20) 3.50 (45) 5.00 19
24%
Annualized potential upside/downside to forecasts
Nikkei 225
20%
EURO
STOXX 50
16%
12%
FTSE 100
8%
4%
S&P 500
0%
(4)%
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
For details see Global Dividend Swap Monitor, August 31, 2009
Source: Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 31, 2009.
EURO STOXX 50
2008R 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Goldman Sachs Forecast 158.6 116.5 112.2 121.5 127.6 133.9 140.6 147.7 155.1 162.8 170.9 179.5
annual growth 8% (27)% (4)% 8% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
Current market 158.6 115.8 93.5 89.3 90.6 91.7 92.9 94.0 95.4 96.9 98.3 99.6
annual growth 8% (27)% (19)% (5)% 2% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 1% 1%
Upside/(Downside) 1% 20 % 36 % 41 % 46 % 51 % 57 % 62 % 68 % 74 % 80 %
Annualized 2.2 % 15.3 % 14.5 % 10.9 % 9.2 % 8.2 % 7.4 % 6.9 % 6.5 % 6.1 % 5.9 %
FTSE 100
2008R 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Goldman Sachs Forecast 233.3 188.7 191.4 211.5 221.0 231.0 241.4 252.2 263.6 275.5 287.9 300.8
annual growth 8% (19)% 1% 11 % 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%
Current market 233.3 187.9 156.5 146.5 146.0 146.0 147.0 148.1 149.1 150.1 151.2 152.2
annual growth 8% (19)% (17)% (6)% (0)% 0% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
Upside/(Downside) 0% 22 % 44 % 51 % 58 % 64 % 70 % 77 % 83 % 90 % 98 %
Annualized 1.5 % 17.0 % 17.5 % 13.4 % 11.3 % 9.8 % 8.8 % 8.1 % 7.6 % 7.2 % 6.8 %
Nikkei 225
2008R 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Goldman Sachs Forecast 220.3 160.4 163.2 168.1 173.1 178.3 183.7 189.2 194.9 200.7 206.7 212.9
annual growth 8% (27)% 2% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Current market 220.3 153.0 126.0 127.0 128.0 130.5 133.0 136.0 139.0 142.0 145.0 148.0
annual growth 8% (31)% (18)% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
Upside/(Downside) 5% 30 % 32 % 35 % 37 % 38 % 39 % 40 % 41 % 43 % 44 %
Annualized 17.9 % 22.3 % 13.1 % 9.6 % 7.5 % 6.3 % 5.4 % 4.7 % 4.3 % 3.9 % 3.6 %
For details see Global Dividend Swap Monitor, August 31, 2009
Source: Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 31, 2009.
100%
Hedge Funds 3%
Share of
US Corporate Equity Market
80%
Households 35%
60% Other 9%
20%
Mutual Funds 23%
0%
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
Source: Compustat, Federal Reserve, Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research, as of September 2, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 29
Money market mutual fund assets total $3.6 trillion
equal to 41% of S&P 500 equity capitalization
$4,500 70%
$4,000 60%
$3,500
$3.6
$2,500
($ Billions) 41%
$2,000 30%
$1,500
20%
$1,000
10%
$500
$0 0%
Dec-91
Dec-92
Dec-93
Dec-94
Dec-95
Dec-96
Dec-97
Dec-98
Dec-99
Dec-00
Dec-01
Dec-02
Dec-03
Dec-04
Dec-05
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
Dec-10
Dec-91
Dec-92
Dec-93
Dec-94
Dec-95
Dec-96
Dec-97
Dec-98
Dec-99
Dec-00
Dec-01
Dec-02
Dec-03
Dec-04
Dec-05
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
Dec-10
Source: AMG and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of September 2, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 30
Portfolio distribution of large-cap core mutual funds
and Goldman Sachs recommended sector weightings
35%
20%
75th %ile
15%
10%
5% 25th %ile
0%
S&P Weight 11.7 15.4 3.4 10.0 18.5 9.1 3.8 3.2 13.5 11.5
Average Mutual -10%
Fund Weight 11.7 15.4 4.6 10.0 20.0 10.6 2.4 2.4 12.7 10.2
Goldman Sachs
14.7 17.4 5.4 11.0 19.5 9.1 3.8 1.2 10.5 7.5
Weighting
Overweight / Underweight
Source: Lionshare, Lipper and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. Pricing as of August 31, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 31
Long-only buying versus short covering rally
Hedge Fund short-covering during April and since mid-July
115 130
March May − mid-July
Mutual Fund Buying Mutual Fund Buying
110 120
Most Shorted Stocks S&P 500 up 9% S&P 500 up 7%
100 100
95 mid-July − August 90
April
Short-Covering Rally Short-Covering Rally
25-Feb
12-Aug
26-Aug
31-Dec
20-May
8-Apr
22-Apr
6-May
1-Jul
15-Jul
29-Jul
14-Jan
28-Jan
3-Jun
17-Jun
11-Mar
25-Mar
250
Consumer Discretionary 9% 24 %
Industrials 9 15
200 2.0 % Health Care 7 7
Share of S&P 500 Energy 5 6
150 6
market cap held short Aggregate Dollars Financials 13
(right-hand axis) of Short Interest Consumer Staples 2 4
100 1.5 %
(left-hand axis) Utilities 3 4
50 Information Technology 6 (1)
Materials 13 (4)
0 1.0 % Telecom Services 3 (18)
Apr-07
Apr-08
Apr-09
Jan-07
Jul-07
Oct-07
Jan-08
Jul-08
Oct-08
Jan-09
Jul-09
Oct-09
Jan-10
S&P 500 7% 8%
Source: Compustat and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 18, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 32
Hedge Fund net exposure rose in 2Q 2009
and has returned to pre-Lehman levels
Hedge Fund Positioning ($ bil)
Long Short Exposure % Net Long
Portfolio Portfolio Gross Net (Net/Long)
30-Jun-07 $1,002 $547 $1,549 $456 45%
30-Sep-07 938 498 1,435 440 47
31-Dec-07 898 506 1,405 392 44 Hedge Funds have
31-Mar-08 858 558 1,416 300 35 increased Net Long
30-Jun-08 896 606 1,502 291 32 exposure to
30-Sep-08 616 513 1,128 103 17 pre-Lehman levels.
31-Dec-08 393 309 702 83 21
31-Mar-09 393 303 696 90 23
30-Jun-09 498 346 844 153 31
Total Gross Portfolio $ 498 $ 346 $ 844 100 % Total Net Portfolio $ 153 $ 63 100 %
Source: Lionshare via FactSet, IDC, and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of June 30, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 33
Hedge fund ownership of US equities fell by 80 bp
since June 2008 and 7% of funds have closed
Hedge Fund Ownership of Russell 3000 7% fewer HFs filed 13-Fs in 2Q 2009 vs. 2008
6.0 %
15%
Hedge Fund Ownership of Russell 3000
5.5 %
Jun-08
5.0 % Estimated Hedge Fund Closings
4.5% 12%
4.5 % Change in number of Hedge Funds that filed a
Hedge Fund Ownership Jun-09
13-F formin June 2008 but NOT in June 2009
4.0 % 3.7%
3.5 %
of US Equity Market
9%
3.0 %
2.5 % Dec-08
2.0 % 2.9% 6%
10%
1.5 %
8% 7%
1.0 % 3% 6%
0.5 % 4%
0.0 % 0%
0%
Jun-02
Jun-03
Jun-04
Jun-05
Jun-06
Jun-07
Jun-08
Jun-09
Dec-01
Dec-02
Dec-03
Dec-04
Dec-05
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
Source: Lionshare via FactSet, IDC, Compustat and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of June 30, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 34
Stocks that “matter most” to hedge funds have
outperformed by average 70 bp per quarter since 2001
125
Jun-04
Jun-05
Jun-06
Jun-07
Jun-08
Jun-09
Dec-03
Dec-04
Dec-05
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
since May 2001
Stock correlation is approaching historical avg Hedge Funds appear to be generating alpha YTD
0.8
110
0.4
80
0.39 Hedge Fund
0.3
70 Longs vs. Shorts
0.2 Jan: +11% Jun: -3%
Feb: -8% Jul: -1%
60 Mar: -3% Aug: +1%
0.1
Apr: +5% YTD: +22% 20-Nov-08
May: +19% 58
0.0 50
Dec-89
Dec-90
Dec-91
Dec-92
Dec-93
Dec-94
Dec-95
Dec-96
Dec-97
Dec-98
Dec-99
Dec-00
Dec-01
Dec-02
Dec-03
Dec-04
Dec-05
Dec-06
Dec-07
Dec-08
Dec-09
Dec-10
Jun-07
Aug-07
Oct-07
Apr-08
Jun-08
Aug-08
Oct-08
Apr-09
Jun-09
Aug-09
Dec-07
Feb-08
Dec-08
Feb-09
Source: Lionshare via FactSet, IDC, and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 18, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 35
Sector valuation
Defensives offer best value but lack visible catalyst
Aggregate valuation metrics for S&P 500 and sectors Standard deviation vs. 10-year history (Z-Score)
EV/ EV/ Price/ FCF PEG NTM EV/ EV/ Price/ FCF PEG Median
Sales EBITDA Book Yield P/E Ratio Z-Score
Sales EBITDA Book Yield Ratio P/E
S&P 500 1.4x 7.3x 2.1x 5.9 % 1.6x 14.7x S&P 500 (1.1) (2.6) (1.2) (1.2) (0.7) 2.5 (1.1)
Materials 1.5 13.2 2.4 3.6 2.1 20.5 Health Care (1.8) (0.8) (0.9) (1.8) (2.6) (1.7) (1.7)
Financials NM NM 1.2 NM 1.7 16.7 Telecommunication Services (1.2) 1.0 0.3 (1.0) (1.2) (0.0) (0.5)
Consumer Discretionary 1.2 7.1 2.1 7.3 1.5 16.6 Consumer Staples 0.3 2.1 (0.7) (0.2) (1.8) (3.2) (0.5)
Information Technology 2.1 9.9 3.6 6.7 1.3 16.4 Information Technology (0.1) (0.2) 0.5 (0.8) (1.2) (1.2) (0.5)
Industrials 1.7 9.2 2.3 7.9 1.6 15.9 Utilities NM 1.4 0.5 NM 0.1 (0.1) 0.3
Energy 1.0 4.3 1.8 0.3 3.6 13.7 Industrials 0.6 1.6 0.3 (0.0) 1.1 (0.2) 0.5
Consumer Staples 1.1 8.5 3.3 6.4 1.4 13.7 Energy 0.4 (0.4) (0.3) 1.5 1.8 4.1 0.9
Telecommunication Services 1.7 5.2 1.6 13.3 2.4 12.8 Consumer Discretionary 1.9 2.1 1.8 (1.0) 0.1 (0.1) 1.0
Utilities NM 7.0 1.5 NM 2.2 11.9 Financials NM NM (1.1) NM 2.7 1.6 1.6
Health Care 1.2 7.5 2.8 8.1 1.3 11.8 Materials 2.0 6.8 1.5 1.0 2.3 1.1 1.7
Note: The ability to trade baskets will depend upon market conditions, including liquidity and borrow constraints at the time of trade.
Source: Bloomberg and Goldman Sachs Research.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 37
Buy US Portfolio Strategy BRICs basket
<GSTHBRIC>
Sales Sales
Company Ticker Rating Non-US BRICs Company Ticker Rating Non-US BRICs
Information Technology (20% of the Basket) Financials (11% of the Basket)
Sohu.com Inc. SOHU Neutral 100 % 100 % Citigroup Inc. C Not Rated 55 % 25 %
Genpact Ltd G Neutral 100 81 Morgan Stanley MS Neutral 57 21
Marvell Technology Group Ltd. MRVL Buy* 96 66 ProLogis PLD Sell 43 12
Fairchild Semiconductor Internation FCS NC 91 63 Franklin Resources BEN Buy 35 10
NVIDIA Corp. NVDA Neutral 92 62 White Mountains Insurance Group LWTM NC 36 6
Novellus Systems NVLS Sell* 74 59 Bank of New York BK Buy 32 5
Cree Inc. CREE NC 82 59 Bank of America Corp. BAC Buy* 11 4
Silicon Laboratories Inc. SLAB NC 87 59 Basket median 36 % 10 %
Basket median 91 % 63 % Sector median 4 0
Sector median 51 0 Industrials (9% of the Basket)
Health Care (14% of the Basket) Copa Holdings S.A. (Cl A) CPA NC 100 % 69 %
Mylan Laboratories MYL Buy 38 % 24 % Expeditors Int'l EXPD NC 80 58
Pfizer, Inc. PFE Buy* 52 19 Avery Dennison Corp. AVY NC 63 23
Waters Corporation WAT NC 68 17 Boeing Company BA Neutral 41 23
Varian Medical Systems VAR NC 51 16 Emerson Electric EMR Neutral 52 21
Bristol-Myers Squibb BMY Neutral 44 11 Basket median 63 % 23 %
Schering-Plough SGP Not Rated 64 11 Sector median 34 0
Illumina Inc. ILMN Neutral 43 10 Consumer Discretionary (8% of the Basket)
Basket median 51 % 16 % Central European Media EnterprisesCETV Neutral 100 % 100 %
Sector median 36 0 CTC Media Inc. CTCM Neutral 100 100
Consumer Staples (13% of the Basket) Las Vegas Sands Corp. LVS RS 67 67
Central European Distribution Corp. CEDC NC 99 % 99 % Yum! Brands, Inc YUM Buy 50 21
Avon Products AVP Sell 78 52 Basket median 83 % 83 %
Bunge Ltd. BG NC 76 39 Sector median 20 0
Corn Products International Inc. CPO NC 70 33 Materials (5% of the Basket)
Philip Morris Intl PM Buy 100 30 Newmont Mining Corp. (Hldg. Co.) NEM NC 71 % 48 %
PepsiAmericas Inc. PAS Not Rated 24 19 Mosaic Co. MOS Neutral 65 35
Coca-Cola Co. KO Buy 67 14 Basket median 68 % 42 %
Basket median 76 % 33 % Sector median 42 0
Sector median 24 0 Utilities (4% of the Basket)
Energy (13% of the Basket) AES Corp. AES NC 81 % 68 %
Atwood Oceanics Inc. ATW Neutral 93 % 32 % Duke Energy DUK Neutral 9 8
Global Industries Ltd. GLBL NC 69 20 Basket median 45 % 38 %
Pride International Inc. PDE Neutral 83 19 Sector median 0 0
Helmerich & Payne Inc. HP Neutral 21 15 Telecommunication Services (3% of the Basket)
Schlumberger Ltd. SLB Neutral 77 14 NII Holdings Inc. NIHD Neutral 100 % 46 %
Dresser-Rand Group Inc. DRC Neutral 100 13 American Tower Corporation AMT Buy 13 4
Seahawk Drilling Inc. HAWK NC NA NA Basket median 56 % 25 %
Basket median 80 % 17 % Sector median 0 0
Sector median 34 0
GSTHBRIC median 68 % 23 %
S&P 500 median 25 0
Source: Company 10-K filings, FactSet & Goldman Sachs Research. As of September 2, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 38
Buy high operating leverage basket <GSTHOPHI>
Sell low operating leverage basket <GSTHOPLO>
High Operating Leverage <Bloomberg: GSTHOPHI> Low Operating Leverage <Bloomberg: GSTHOPLO>
Degree of 2009E-2010E Degree of 2009E-2010E
Operating Growth EBIT Margin Operating Growth EBIT Margin
Name Ticker Leverage Sales EBIT LTM 2010E Name Ticker Leverage Sales EBIT LTM 2010E
Consumer Discretionary
Consumer Discretionary
Goodyear Tire & Rubber GT 14.5 2 % 144 % 1% 5%
Marriott Int'l. MAR 1.3 (1)% (3)% 7% 5%
Macy's Inc M 7.7 (0) 9 5 5
McDonald's Corp. MCD 1.6 5 6 28 29
Amazon.com AMZN 5.7 21 33 5 5
Coach, Inc. COH 2.3 4 (1) 33 29
Consumer Staples
Consumer Staples
Whole Foods Market Inc. WFMI 11.7 5% 16 % 3% 4%
Lorillard LO 1.3 1% 2% 42 % 41 %
Estee Lauder EL 9.1 1 18 9 9
Reynolds American Inc. RAI 1.7 (2) 0 28 29
Safeway Inc. SWY 7.8 3 8 4 4
Coca-Cola Co. KO 2.5 5 8 25 28
Coca-Cola Enterprises CCE 5.9 1 4 7 7
Brown-Forman Corp. BF.B 2.4 3 3 27 27
Energy
Energy
Pioneer Natural PXD 3.6 50 % NM 18 % 18 %
Devon Energy Corp. DVN 0.6 35 % 102 % (76)% 40 %
Anadarko Petroleum APC 2.5 25 NM 39 14
Chesapeake Energy Corp. CHK 0.7 8 (3) (57) 40
Smith International Inc. SII 2.4 3 8 14 10
Halliburton Co. HAL 1.3 1 5 21 14
Hess Corp. HES 2.2 40 234 10 9
Rowan Cos. RDC 1.3 (14) (38) 36 25
Health Care
Health Care
Coventry Health Care CVH 5.6 (17)% 17 % 5% 5%
CIGNA Corp. CI 1.3 5% 6% 5% 9%
Genzyme Corp. GENZ 3.8 23 33 22 32
Gilead Sciences GILD 1.6 14 10 51 46
Celgene Corp. CELG 3.4 21 41 32 45
Medco Health Solutions Inc. MHS 1.9 6 13 4 4
Merck & Co. MRK 3.2 (2) 5 38 29
AmerisourceBergen Corp. ABC 2.4 3 2 1 1
Industrials
Industrials
Eaton Corp. ETN 4.9 (1)% 15 % 6% 8%
ITT Industries, Inc. ITT 1.2 (0)% 5% 11 % 10 %
Grainger (W.W.) Inc. GWW 3.8 4 5 12 11
Precision Castparts PCP 1.2 (5) (8) 24 22
Cummins Inc. CMI 3.4 (0) 35 8 7
Fluor Corp. FLR 1.3 (4) (15) 5 4
Information Technology
Information Technology
Applied Materials AMAT 13.1 21 % NM 3% 2%
Mastercard MA 1.1 10 % 14 % 42 % 44 %
KLA-Tencor Corp. KLAC 11.2 10 591 (3) 11
Total System Services TSS 1.4 1 3 20 21
Broadcom Corporation BRCM 10.8 17 NM 6 6
Linear Technology Corp. LLTC 1.8 3 (2) 47 38
Materials
Materials
Ecolab Inc. ECL 4.6 4 % 11 % 12 % 13 %
Allegheny Technologies Inc ATI 1.6 9 % 261 % 14 % 7%
Alcoa Inc AA 3.7 8 NM 5 8
Pactiv Corp. PTV 1.9 0 1 15 17
Telecommunication Services
Telecommunication Services
Verizon Communications VZ 3.3 1% 5% 20 % 19 %
Windstream WIN 1.8 (2)% (3)% 35 % 33 %
High Operating Leverage Median 4.7 4% 16 % 7% 8%
Low Operating Leverage Median 1.5 3% 3% 22 % 26 %
S&P 500 ex. Financials and Utilities Median 2.6 4 7 14 13
S&P 500 ex. Financials and Utilities Median 2.6 4 7 14 13
Degree of Operating Leverage calculated as (Sales – COGS) / (Sales – COGS – SGA – Depreciation). Based on LTM data.
Note: * indicates on the Conviction List. Source: IDC, Compustat, Goldman Sachs Research Estimates, and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research.
Source: Compustat and Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research. As of August 27, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 40
Constituents for Hedge Fund VIP List
<GSTHHVIP>
No. of funds Average No. of funds Average
with 10 to 200 No. of funds portfolio weight with 10 to 200 No. of funds portfolio weight
positions with stock as when stock positions with stock as when stock
owning stock Top 10 holding ranks among owning stock Top 10 holding ranks among
Company Ticker 30-Jun-09 30-Jun-09 Top 10 holdings Company Ticker 30-Jun-09 30-Jun-09 Top 10 holdings
Consumer Discretionary Industrials
priceline.com Inc. PCLN 26 15 7% TransDigm Group Inc. TDG 18 13 6%
Comcast Corp. (Cl A) CMCSA 21 12 7 Covanta Holding Corp. CVA 20 12 5
Amazon.com Inc. AMZN 18 11 6 McDermott International Inc. MDR 22 12 5
Union Pacific Corp. UNP 24 12 6
Consumer Staples
CVS Caremark Corp. CVS 37 23 4% Information Technology
Wal-Mart Stores Inc. WMT 39 22 6 Microsoft Corp. MSFT 76 49 6%
Philip Morris International Inc. PM 29 17 6 Apple Inc. AAPL 59 43 6
Procter & Gamble Co. PG 22 14 7 Google Inc. (Cl A) GOOG 54 31 6
Lorillard Inc. LO 24 12 6 QUALCOMM Inc. QCOM 58 27 5
Visa Inc. V 40 23 6
Energy MasterCard Inc. (Cl A) MA 49 22 8
Transocean Ltd. RIG 41 25 7% Hewlett-Packard Co. HPQ 36 21 6
Occidental Petroleum Corp. OXY 25 16 6 Cisco Systems Inc. CSCO 37 18 4
Anadarko Petroleum Corp. APC 27 15 5 Oracle Corp. ORCL 31 17 6
Exxon Mobil Corp. XOM 18 13 5 Research In Motion Ltd. RIMM 23 16 7
Schlumberger Ltd. SLB 17 13 7 Intel Corp. INTC 28 16 9
Petrobras Petroleo Brasileiro PBR 18 12 4 Seagate Technology Inc. STX 19 15 5
EMC Corp. EMC 31 15 4
Financials Yahoo! Inc. YHOO 25 15 7
Bank of America Corp. BAC 107 62 9% International Business Machines CIBM 25 14 5
JPMorgan Chase & Co. JPM 66 30 6 Dell Inc. DELL 23 12 6
Annaly Capital Management Inc. NLY 21 13 8
Berkshire Hathaway Inc. (Cl B) BRK.B 16 11 5 Telecommunication Services
Vimpel Communications (ADS) VIP 14 14 22 %
Health Care American Tower Corp. AMT 25 12 6
Pfizer Inc. PFE 49 29 6%
Johnson & Johnson JNJ 30 19 4 Utilities
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries LTEVA 35 19 5 Allegheny Energy Inc. AYE 21 14 6%
WellPoint Inc. WLP 30 18 8
Covidien PLC COV 32 15 5
Express Scripts Inc. ESRX 18 14 5
Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. TMO 27 14 7
Gilead Sciences Inc. GILD 27 11 5 GSTHHVIP Average 32 19 6%
Source: Company 10-K filings, FactSet & Goldman Sachs Research. As of June 18, 2009.
Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 41
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Goldman Sachs Global ECS Research 49