UNIVERSITATEA DUNREA DE JOS DIN GALAI Departamentul pentru nvmnt la di tan i !u "re!

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LI#$A ENGLE% &ENTRU S&E'IALI%AREA DRE&T ANUL I eme trul I

Le!t(dr ')rina D)*r)t Departamentul de lim*i m)derne apli!ate

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'riminal La. and $u ine

GENERAL &RIN'I&LES 'LASI/I'ATION O/ 'RI#ES 0a1 S)ur!e )" !riminal la.( Crimes are classified in terms of their origin as common-law and statutory crimes. Some offences that are defined by statute are merely declaratory of the common law. Each state has its own criminal law, although a general pattern among the states may be observed. 0*1 Seri)u ne )" )""en!e( Crimes are classified in terms of their

seriousness as treason, felonies and misdemeanors. Treason is defined by the Constitution of the United States, which states that reason against the United States shall consist only in levying !ar against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them "id and Comfort#. Felonies include the other more serious crimes, such as arson, homicide, and robbery, which are punishable by confinement in prison or by death. Crimes not classified as treason or felonies are misdemeanors. $ec%less driving, weighing and measuring goods with scales and measuring devices that have not been inspected and disturbing the peace by illegal pic%eting are generally classified as misdemeanors. "n act may be a felony in one state and a misdemeanor in another. 0!1 Nature )" !rime . Crimes are also classified in terms of the nature of the misconduct. Crimes mala in se include acts that are inherently vicious or, in other words, that are naturally evil as measured by the standards of a civili&ed community. Crimes mala prohibita include those acts that are wrong merely because they are declared wrong by some statute.
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EXERCISE 1. Derive verbs from the following nouns "onfinement! treason! robber#! offen"e! origin! law.

standard!

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EXERCISE %. Derive ad&e"tives from the following adverbs naturall#! inherentl#! merel#. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. EXERCISE '. Find the English e(uivalents for the following Romanian words and phrases in the te)ts above a de"lara r*+boi! infra"iune ma&or*! deli"t! "ondu"ere negli&ent*! no"iv! ,n"*l"are a legii! tulburarea linitii publi"e! a "-nt*ri! a "onsta din! gravitatea faptei. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EXERCISE .. Complete the following senten"es using the information provided in the previous te)t 1. /""ording to their origin0 "rimes are$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. %. Even if ea"h state has its own "riminal law0 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$$$$$.. '. If an#one "onspires to aid the enemies of the 1.S.0 he is guilt# of$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$$$$$$.. .. /rson0 homi"ide and robber# are "lassified as $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2. 3enerall#0 re"4less driving is a ..$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 5. Crimes whi"h are inherentl# vi"ious are "alled $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6. Those "riminal a"ts whi"h are onl# de"lared wrong b# some statute are $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$$$$$$$$$$

EXERCISE 2. Translate into English 1. Deoare"e a "onspirat "u teroritii0 a fost g*sit vinovat de ,nalt* tr*dare. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %. / fost pedepsit "u ,n"hisoarea deoare"e s7a f*"ut vinovat de in"endierea a"elei "oli. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. '.8*sluirea greut*ilor la "-ntar se pedepsete "u o amend* ustur*toare. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. .. / fost trimis ,n faa instanei pentru tulburarea linitii i ordinii publi"e. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 2. Imprudena la volan se "onsider* deli"t minor0 iar "ondu"*torul auto este de regul* amendat i penali+at "u trei pun"te. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5. In"ulpatul a fost pur i simplu a"hitat din "au+a unui vi"iu de pro"edur*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6. Infra"iunea grav* de "are s7a f*"ut vinovat l7a trimis la ,n"hisoare pe o perioad* de ' ani. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
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9. 3revitii au fost a"u+ai de pi"hetare ilegal* a sediului "ompaniei i amendai. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. :. Fie"are stat din 1S/ are propriile prevederi legale0 dei se pot observa numeroase elemente "omune. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 1;. 3ravitatea infra"iunii are o mare influen* asupra perioadei de detenie e)e"utat* de a"u+at. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ASIS O/ 'RI#INAL LIA$ILIT2( " crime generally consists of two elements* +a, an act or omission and +b, a mental state. -n the case of some crimes, such as the illegal operation of a business without a licence, it is immaterial whether the act causes harm to others. -n other cases the defendant.s act must be the sufficiently direct cause of harm to another in order to impose criminal liability, as in the case of unlawful homicide. /ental state does not re0uire an awareness or %nowledge of guilt. -n most crimes it is sufficient that the defendant voluntarily did the act that is criminal, regardless of motive or evil intent. -n some instances a particular mental state is re0uired, such as the necessity that a homicide be with malice aforethought to constitute murder. -n some cases it is the e1istence of a specific intent that differentiates the crime committed from other offences, as an assault with intent to %ill is distinguished by that intent from an ordinary assault or an assault with intent to rob.

EXERCISE 2. /nswer the following (uestions based on the previous te)t 1. <hat elements does a "rime generall# "onsist of= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. %. Does mental state re(uire an awareness or 4nowledge of guilt= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . '. >ow does a homi"ide be"ome murder= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . .. >ow man# t#pes of assault are there= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . 2. >ow are these t#pes of assault differentiated= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . EXERCISE 5. Translate into English 1. Intenia f*ptuitorului este foarte important* atun"i "-nd se fa"e ,n"adrarea &uridi"* a faptei "omise de a"esta. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %. C-nd "au+e+i "uiva pre&udi"ii ,n mod dire"t trebuie s* r*spun+i ,n faa legii. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ '. Elementele "onstitutive ale infra"iunii sunt mereu luate ,n "onsiderare de "*tre avo"atul ap*r*rii.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .. 77?norat* "urte0 starea mental* a a"u+atului ,n momentul "omiterii "rimei nu i7a permis a"estuia s* mai dis"earn* ,ntre bine i r*u. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2. Intenia ata"atorului a fost doar de a7i &efui vi"tima0 nu de a o u"ide. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ &ARTIES TO A 'RI#E. wo ore more parties may directly or indirectly

contribute to the commission of a crime. "t common law participants in the commission of a felony are sometimes %now as prin"ipals and a""essories. 0a1 &rin!ipal ( 4rincipals may be divided into two classes* +1, prin"ipals in the first degree0 who actually engage in the perpetration of the crime and +', prin"ipals in the se"ond degree who are actually or constructively present and aid and abet in the commission of the act. 5or e1ample, a person is a principal in the second degree if he assists by words of encouragement, stands ready to assist or to give information, or %eeps watch to prevent surprise or capture. he distinction as to degree is fre0uently by statute so that all persons participating in a crime are principals. 0*1 A!!e )rie ( "ccessories to a crime are also divided into two classes, accessories before the fact and accessories after the fact. "n a""essor# before the fa"t differs from a principal in the second degree only by reason of this absence from the scene of the fact. "n a""essor# after the fa"t is a person who
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%nowingly assists one who has committed a felony.

hus, a person is an

accessory after the fact if, after the commission of the crime and with intent to assist a felon, he gives warning to prevent arrest or shelters or aids an escape from imprisonment. EXERCISE 6. Find in the te)t above the English e(uivalents for a averti+a! "ompli"e! "omiterea unei infra"iuni! evadare din ,n"hisoare! a sta de pa+*! a a"iona ,n "ompli"itate! f*ptuitor prin"ipal! a "omite o infra"iune! a ,mpiedi"a arestarea! a a&uta un infra"tor! a oferi ad*post. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EXERCISE 9. Translate into English 1. ?norai &urai0 nu e)ist* probe "are s* demonstre+e pre+ena "lientului meu la lo"ul faptei. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %. Cei "are ofer* ad*post unui infra"tor sunt pasibili de pedeaps* "u ,n"hisoarea. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ '. /"u+atul este f*ptuitorul prin"ipal al a"estei infra"iuni. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .. @e motiv "* a evadat din ,n"hisoare0 in"ulpatul va e)e"uta ,n plus fa* de sentina a"tual* i restul de pedeaps* de la "ondamnarea anterioar*.

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ RES&ONSI$ILIT2 /OR 'RI#INAL A'TS. -n some cases certain categories of persons are not fully responsible for their criminal acts. 0a1 #in)r ( Some states have legislation fi1ing the age of criminal responsibility of minors. "t common law, when a child is under the age of seven, the law presumes him to be incapable of committing a crime8 after the age of fourteen he is presumed to have capacity as though he were an adult8 and between the ages of seven and fourteen, no presumption of law arises and it must be shown that the minor has such capacity. he e1istence of capacity cannot be presumed from the mere commission of the act. 0*1 In ane per )n ( "n insane person is not criminally responsible for his acts. here is a conflict of opinion over what constitutes such insanity as to e1cuse a person legally from the normal conse0uence of his acts. "ll courts, however, agree that intellectual wea%ness alone is not such insanity. " test commonly applied is the right7and7wrong test. he responsibility of the defendant is determined in terms of his ability to understand the nature of his act and to distinguish right from wrong in relation to it. Some courts also use the irresistible7impulse test0 the theory of which is that although the defendant may %now right from wrong, if he acts under uncontrollable impulse because of an unsound state of mind caused by disease of any nature, he has not committed a voluntary act and he is not criminally responsible. -f the mental instability is not caused by disease, the irresistibleimpulse test is not applied.

-n many :urisdictions the right-and-wrong test and the irresistible-impulse test have been replaced by the rule stated in the /odel 4enal Code of the "merican ;aw -nstitute that " person is not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct as a result of mental disease of defect he lac%s substantial capacity to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the re0uirements of the law#. 0!1 Int)3i!ated per )n ( -nvoluntary into1ication relieves a person from criminal responsibility8 voluntary into1ication generally does not. "n e1plication to this rule is made in the case of a crime re0uiring specific intent when the accused was so into1icated that was incapable of forming such intent. 0d1 ')rp)rati)n ( he modern tendency is to hold corporation criminally responsible for their acts. " corporation may also be held liable for crimes based upon the failure to act. -n some instances, the crime may be defined by statute in such a way that it re0uires or is interpreted as re0uiring a living person# to commit the crime, in which case a corporation cannot be held criminally liable. Certain crimes, such as per:ury, cannot be committed by corporations. -t is also usually held that crimes punishable only by imprisonment or corporal punishment cannot be committed by corporations. -f the statute imposes a fine in addition to or in lieu of imprisonment or corporal punishment, a corporation may be convicted for the crime. hus a corporation may be fined for violating the federal antitrust law by conspiring or combining to restrain interstate commerce. " corporation may be fined for committing criminal manslaughter when death has been caused by the corporation.s failure to install safety e0uipment re0uired by statute. EXERCISE :. 8a4e up (uestions for the following answers based on the previous te)ts
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1. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = 8inors0 insane or into)i"ated persons and "orporations. %. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = /fter the age of fourteen. '. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = Ao0 it "anBt. It "annot be presumed from the mere "ommission of an a"t. .. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = The right and wrong test and the irresistible impulse test. 2. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = If the mental instabilit# is not "aused b# disease. 5. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = Coluntar# and involuntar#. 6. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = Crimes onl# punishable b# imprisonment and "orporal punishment. 9. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$....= Ao0 it "anBt. / "orporation "annot be prose"uted for per&ur#. :. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. = Ciolating the federal antitrust law. 1;.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. =
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<hen it failed to install appropriate safet# e(uipment.

SE'URIT2 /RO# $USINESS 'RI#ES EXERCISE 1; . Complete the following with one of the given words penalize; subject; of; immaterial; prosecution; common; constitutes; wrongdoer; forms; property; fraudulent; joyride. 456 LAR'EN2( Dar"en# is wrongful or +1,====..=. ta%ing and carrying away by any person of the personal property of another, with a fraudulent intent to deprive the owner +',=====.= his property. he place from which the property is ta%en is generally +(,=======, although by statute the offence is sometimes sub:ected to a greater penalty when property is ta%en from a particular %ind of building, such as warehouse. Shoplifting is a +), ======.= from of larceny. "t common law a defendant ta%ing +2,=========.= of another with the intent to return it was not guilty of larceny. his has been changed in some states so that a person who borrows# a car for a +3, ========..= is guilty of larceny, theft, or some other statutory offence. Statutes in many states +6,========.= as larceny by tric% the use of any device or fraud by which the +7,=======..= obtains the possession of, or title to, personal property from the true owner. -n some states all +9,=========.= of larceny and robbery are consolidated in a statutory crime of theft. "t common law there was no single offence of theft. he concept of property which may be the +1<,======== of larceny has been e1panded. 5or e1ample, the theft of computer programs +11, =====..= larceny. >ne half of the states have statutes punishing the theft of trade secrets as larceny.

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he fact that the person from whom the thief has ta%en the personal property is not the owner does not constitute a defence to the +1',=====. = of the thief for larceny. EXERCISE 11. Complete the following te)ts with words derived from the words in "apitals RO$$ER2( "t common law robber# was the +;"!,======. ta%ing of personal property of any value from the +4>SSESS,=======. or from the +4$ESE? ,=======. of another by means of force or by putting the possessor in fear. -t differed from larceny +4$-/"$@,======= in the necessity of the use of force or fear, so that a pic%poc%et whose act of stealing was +A?>!,========.. to his victim committed larceny but not robbery. -n most states there are special +4E?";-SE,=======. for various forms of aggravated robbery, such as robbery by use a +BE" C, ======== weapon. $URGLAR2( "t common law burglar# was the brea%ing and entering in the nighttime of the dwelling house of another, with the +-? E?B,===== to commit a felony. !hile one often thin%s of a burglary as stealing property, any felony would satisfy the +BE5-?E,========.. he offence was aimed primarily at protecting the +-?C"D- ,========. and thus illustrates the social ob:ective of +4$> EC ,======= the person, in this case the person living or dwelling in the building. /odern statutes have eliminated many of the +$EEU-$E,====== of the common-law definition so that it is +/" E$-";,=======.. when or where is an +E? E$,=======. to commit a felony, and the elements of brea%ing and entering are fre0uently omitted. Under some statutes the offence is aggravated and the penalty is increased in terms of the place
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where the offence is committed, such as a ban% building, freight car, or warehouse. $elated +S " U E,======. offences have also been created, such as the crime of possessing burglar.s tools. EXERCISE 1%. In ea"h line of the following te)t identif# one unne"essar# word. / number of 5 lines are "orre"t ARSON( "t the common law arson was the willful and malicious burning of the dwelling-house of another one. "s such, it was designed to protect human life, although the defendant was guilty if there was a burning even though no one was in actually hurt. -n most states, arson is felony so that if someone is %illed in the resulting fire, the offence is murder by application of the felony-murder rule, under which a homicide, however is unintended, occurring in the commission of a felony is automatically classified as murder. -n virtually each every state a special offence of burning to defraud insurers has been created by statute, such burning which not constituting arson when the defendant burns his proper own house to collect on his fire insurance, since the definition of arson re0uired that the dwelling house be that of another person. -n many states it is now arson to burn any one building owned by another, even though it is not a dwelling. RE'EIVING STOLEN GOODS( he crime of re"eiving stolen goods is the receiving of goods which have been stolen, with %nowledge of that fact, and with the intent to deprive the owner of them. -t is immaterial that the goods were received from a person who was not the person who stole them, such as another receiver of the goods or an innocent middleman, and it is li%ewise immaterial that the receiver does not %now the identity of the owner or the thief.
/A'TS5 Scaggs ac0uired possession of property that was stolen. Ce did not %now this at the time but learned of it later. Upon so learning, he decided to %eep the property

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for himself. Ce was prosecuted for receiving stolen goods. Ce raised the defence that at the time he received# the goods, he did not %now that they were stolen and therefore was not guilty of the offence. DE'ISION5 Scaggs was guilty. he offence of receiving# is, in effect, a continuing offence including retaining possession of stolen goods. !hen Scaggs retained possession of the goods after %nowing that he would thereby deprive the true owner of his property, he committed the offence of receiving#. FCalifornia v Scaggs, 12( Cal"pp'd ((9, (1) 4'd 69(G

EXERCISE 1'. /nswer the following (uestions based on the previous te)t 1. <hat does the "rime in (uestion "onsist of= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. %. <hat should the intention of the perpetrator be= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. '. Did S"aggs 4now that the propert# was stolen= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .. <hat was he prose"uted for= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2. <as S"aggs not guilt#= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5. <hat was the main reason for S"aggsB prose"ution= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. EXERCISE 1.. Translate into English 1. In"ulpatul a pretins "* nu tia "* bunurile sunt furate. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . %. /vo"atul a"u+*rii a repli"at "* a"est lu"ru nu "ontea+*.

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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . '. Eude"*torul l7a "ondamnat pe in"ulpat la trei ani de ,n"hisoare. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . .. In"ulpatul a f*"ut re"urs0 dar nu a obinut "-tig de "au+*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . EXERCISE 12. Complete the following te)t with the right form of the verb E#$E%%LE#ENT( Embe++lement +be,===== the fraudulent conversion of property of money owned by another by a person to whom it has been +entrust,=====.., as in the case of an employee. -t is a statutory crime designed to cover the case of unlawful ta%ings that +be,====.. not larceny because the wrongdoer +not ta%e,======== the property from the possession of another, and which were not robbery because there was neither a ta%ing nor the use of force or fear. -t is immaterial whether the defendant +receive,=======. the money or property from the victim or from a third person. hus, an agent +commit,========. embe&&lement when he +receive,====== and +%eep,========= payments from third persons which he +remit, =========.. to his principal, even though the agent is entitled to retain part of such payments as his commissions. oday every :urisdiction +have,====== not only a general embe&&lement statute but also various statutes applicable to particular situations, such as embe&&lement by trustees, employees and government officials. Henerally the fact that the defendant +intend,=======. to return the property or money which he +embe&&le,=======.., or +do,===.. in fact do so, is no defence. Cowever, as a practical matter an embe&&ler
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returning what he +ta%e,======== will ordinarily not be prosecuted because the owner +not desire,========.. to testify against him. EXERCISE 15. Translate into English the words and phrases that appear in Romanian in the following te)ts O$TAINING GOODS $2 /ALSE &RETEN'ES. -n almost all the states, statutes are directed against obtaining +bani sau bunuriF$$$$$$$$$$ by means of false pretences. hese statutes vary in detail and scope. Sometimes the statutes are directed against particular forms of + ,nel*torieF$$$$$$$., such as using bad +"e"uriF$$$$$$$$. /ALSE 7EIG8T9 #EASURES AND LA$ELS. Cheating, defrauding or misleading the public by the use of false, improper, or inade0uate +greut*iF $$$$$$., measures and labels is a +infra"iuneF$$$$$... ?umerous federal and state +reglement*riF$..$$$$ have been adopted on this sub:ect. S7INDLES AND 'ON/IDEN'E GA#ES. he act of a person who,

intending +s* ,nele sau s* fraude+eF$$$$$$$$$$$$$.., obtains money or property by tric%, deception, fraud or other device, is an offence %nown as a swindle or "onfiden"e game. 5alse or bogus chec%s and spurious +monedeF$$$$$$$$$. are fre0uently employed in swindling operations directed toward the man engaged in +afa"eriF$$$$$$$$$$$. 'OUNTER/EIT #ONE2. -t is a federal crime to ma%e, to possess with intent to pass or to pass counterfeit coins, ban% notes or obligations. ;egislation has also been enacted against the passing of counterfeit foreign securities or notes of foreign ban%s. he various states also have statutes prohibiting the ma%ing and passing of counterfeit coins and ban% notes. hese statutes often provide, as does the
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federal statute, a punishment for the mutilation of ban% notes or the lightening or mutilation of coins.
/A'TS* !olfe gave some counterfeit money to Dallinger, telling her that the bills were counterfeit and that she should go downtown to pass them and that, being ?ew @ear.s Eve, it was a good time to pass them. Dallinger thereafter spent two of the bills and attempted to destroy the balance. !olfe was arrested and prosecuted for passing counterfeit obligations of the United States with the intent to defraud. Ce raised the defence that he could not be guilty because Dallinger had been told that the money was counterfeit. DE'ISIONS* !olfe was instrumental in putting the counterfeit money in circulation and in its being passed to some persons who would not %now its false character. Ce was guilty, therefore, of passing counterfeit money even though the person to whom he gave it had not been deceived. FUnited States v !olfe +C"6 ---, (<6 5'd 697, cert den (6' US 9)2G

EXERCISE 16. /nswer the following (uestions based on the previous te)t <hi"h pa#ment instruments "an be "ounterfeited= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <hat do several states also prohibit= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. <hat does the federal statute provide penalties for= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. <hat did <olfe tell Gallinger= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. <h# was it a good time to pass the "ounterfeit notes= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. <hat defen"e did <olfe raise= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. <h# was <olfe finall# found guilt#= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. EXERCISE 19. Translate into English
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1. Falsifi"atorul a plasat banii fali unui intermediar "are s*7i pun* ,n "ir"ulaie. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. %. /"u+atul s7a f*"ut vinovat de punere ,n "ir"ulaie a unei sume "onsiderabile de valut* fals*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ '. S*rb*torile "onstituie un moment oportun pentru plasarea pe pia* a ban"notelor i monedelor false din "au+a tran+a"iilor "omer"iale intense din a"east* perioad*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. .. Falsifi"atorul a fost "ondamnat la "-iva ani de ,n"hisoare0 dar pedeapsa a fost suspendat*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 2. Cum se pot re"unoate ban"notele false sau "ontraf*"ute = $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ EXERCISE 1:. Sele"t the most appropriate word to "omplete the blan4s in the following te)t USE O/ #AILS TO DE/RAUD. Congress has +1,====. it a crime to use the mails to further any scheme or artifice to defraud. o constitute the offence, +',===== must be +a, a contemplated or organi&ed scheme or artifice to defraud or to obtain money or property by false pretences, and +b, the mailing or the causing of +(,====== to mail a letter, writing or pamphlet for the purpose of e1ecuting or attempting to e1ecute +),===== scheme or
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artifice. -llustrations of schemes or artifices that +2,=====.. within the statute are false statements to secure credit, circulars announcing false cures for sale, false statements to +3,======== stoc% in a corporation, and false statements as to the origin of a fire and the value of the destroyed goods for the purpose of securing +6,======.. from an insurance company. 5ederal +7, ======. also ma%es it a crime to use a telegram to defraud. 1. ". done '. ". there (. ". other ). ". such 3. ". sold 6. ". pension 7. ". legal D. made D. it D. so D. another C. sub:ected B. she C. them B. all B. include B. sell B. money B. ob:ective C. stay C. buy B. peoples B. established C. he C. same

2. ". come==D. arrive D. ac0uire D. policy D. law

C. indemnity

C. government

LOTTERIES( here are three elements to a lottery* +a, a payment of money or something of value for the opportunity to win +b, a pri&e +c, by lot of chance. -f these elements appear, it is immaterial that the transaction appears to be a legitimate form of business or advertising or that the transaction is called by some name other than a lottery. he sending of a chain letter through the mail is generally a federal offence, both as a mail fraud and as an illegal lottery, when the letter solicits contributions or payments for a fraudulent purpose. -n many states, government lotteries are legal. EXERCISE %;. 3ive short answers for the following (uestions based on the te)t above 1. /re there ' elements to a lotter#= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$................................................... %. Does it matter if the lotter# is "alled b# another name=
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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.............................. '. Is it possible for the lotter# to appear as a legitimate transa"tion= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$............. .. /re government lotteries legal in man# states= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.......................................... 2. Does sending a "hain letter through the mail usuall# "onstitute a federal offen"e= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$........................................................ . 5. Do su"h letters usuall# soli"it pa#ments for fraudulent purposes= $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$..................................................... EXERCISE %1. Complete the following te)t with words derived from the ones in "apitals /ORGER2( Forger# consists of the +5$"UB,=======. ma%ing or material altering of an instrument, such as a chec%, which +"44E"$, ===== creates or changes a legal +;-"D;E,======. of another. he instrument must have some apparent legal efficacy to contribute forgery. +>$B-?"$@,=======. forgery consists of signing another.s name with intent to defraud. -t may also consist of ma%ing an entire instrument or altering an e1isting one. -t may result from signing a +5-C ->?,=====. name or the +>55E?CE,====== own name with the intent to defraud. !hen the +>!?,======== of a credit card signs the owner.s name on credit card invoice, such an act is a forgery. -n most states a special statute ma%es it a crime to fraudulently use a credit card. -n such a case, the +4$>SECU E,========. attorney may choose either to prosecute the defendant for +I->;" E,========. of the forgery statute or the special credit card statute.

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/A'TS* /orse was convicted of forging the name Cillyard /otors# as the drawer of a chec%. Ce appealed on the ground that signing such a name had no legal effect and that therefore he not guilty of forgery. DE'ISIONS* Commercial paper may be signed with a trade name. he chec% signed by /orse appeared to have been signed in this manner. -t therefore apparently had legal efficacy. !hether it did or not was immaterial as long as the signing had been made with intent to defraud. F!ashington v /orse, (7 !ash'd 9'6, '() 4'd )67G

'RI#INAL LI$EL( " person who falsely defames another without legal e1cuse or :ustification may be sub:ect to criminal liability as well as civil liability. Criminal libel is based upon its tendency to cause a breach of the peace. Under some statutes, however, the offence appears to be based upon the tendency to in:ure another. ?o publication or communication to third persons is re0uired in the case of criminal libel. he offence is committed when the defendant communicates the libel directly to the person libeled as well as when he ma%es it %nown to third persons. he truth of the statement is a defence in civil libel. -n order to constitute a defence to criminal libel, the prevailing view re0uires that a proper motive on the part of the accused be shown and proof that the statement is true. -n a number of states, slander generally or particular %inds of slander have been made criminal offences by statute. EXERCISE %%. Find words in the te)t above that are s#non#mous with "alumn#! to demand! "rime! violation! in"lination! eviden"e! &ustified. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. EXERCISE %'. Find words in the te)t above that are anton#mous with a""uratel#! to "ure! indire"tl#! atta"4! plaintiff! lie! illegal! improper.

''

$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. EXERCISE %.. Translate into English 1. Hiaristul s7a f*"ut vinovat de infra"iunea de def*imare a unei persoane publi"e. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. %. Se dis"ut* da"* pamfletul i satira ar trebui s* fie "onsiderate "a fiind "alomnie. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. '. Re"lamantul a des"his un pro"ess de "alomnie ,mpotriva adversarului s*u politi". $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . .. Calomnia nu a putut fi dovedit* ,n instan*. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. . EXERCISE %.. Complete the following te)t with prepositions and parti"les RIOTS AND 'IVIL DISORDERS( Bamage +1,== property in the course of a riot or civil disorder is ordinarily a crime to the same e1tent +',== though only one wrongdoer were involved. hat is, there is larceny, or arson, and so +(, ==, depending +),== the nature of the circumstances, without regard to whether one person or many are involved. -n addition, the act +2,== assembling as a riotous mob and engaging in civil disorders is generally some form of crime +3,== itself, without regard to the destruction or the theft of property, whether under common-law concepts of disturbing the peace or +6, == modern antiriot statutes.

'(

" state may ma%e it a crime to riot or to incite to riot, although a statute relating +7,== inciting must be carefully drawn to avoid infringing constitutionally protected free speech.

$i*li):rap;<5 ANDERSON9 RONALD A(9 =U#&/9 7ALTER A(9 Business Law, 0Tent; Editi)n19 U'' > ')mpre;en ive V)lume9 SOUT8?7ESTERN &U$LIS8ING 'O( 9 'in!innati 7e t ';i!a:)9 Ill( Dalla &el;am #an)r9 N(2( &al) Alt)9 'ali"( $ri:;t)n9 En:land(

GRA##AR 8IG8LIG8TS Ten e ")rmati)n in En:li ;

&re ent Ten e Simple S@ V00e1 1

')

A""irmative? Ne:ative wor% do not +don.t, @ou wor% @ou do not +don.t, CeJsheJit wor%s CeJsheJit does not +doesn.t, !e wor% !e do not +don.t, @ou wor% @ou do not +don.t, hey wor% hey do not +don.t, wor% Interr):ative Bo wor%K Bo Bo you wor%K Bo Boes heJsheJit wor%K Bo they wor%K we you wor%K wor%K wor% wor% wor% wor% wor%

@resent Tense Simple is used to e1press a repeated or regular action in the present. E.g. !hat do you doK +Cu ce te ocupiK, - am a student. !hat time do you usually have brea%fastK &re ent Ten e ')ntinu)u S@ amAi Aare @Vin: A""irmative - am wor%ing @ou are wor%ing CeJsheJit is wor%ing !e are wor%ing. hey are wor%ing Ne:ative am not @ou are not CeJsheJit is not !e are not @ou are not hey are not +aren.t, wor%ing. Interr):ative +aren.t, +isn.t, +aren.t, +aren.t, wor%ing. wor%ing. wor%ing. wor%ing. wor%ing.

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"m wor%ingK "re "re you wor%ingK "re -s heJsheJit wor%ingK "re they wor%ingK

we you

wor%ingK wor%ingK

@resent Tense Continuous is used to e1press an action ta%ing place at the moment of spea%ing. E.g. !here are you goingK am going to school. -t may also show a present action ta%ing place within a limited period of time +temporary change in a fi1ed routine,* E*g. - usually go to school by bus, but this wee% my father is ta%ing me in his car. Sometimes 4resent ense Continuous is accompanied by the adverb alwa#s0 in order to show a repeated action which is causing the spea%er irritation or discontentment* E.g. @ou are always losing your things. @ou are always grumbling when - as% you to help me in the %itchen. &a t Ten e Simple S@Ved 0")r re:ular ver* 1)r in t;e e!)nd ")rm 0")r irre:ular ver* 1 A""irmative -J youJ heJ sheJ itJ weJ they wor%edJ spo%e Ne:ative -JyouJheJsheJitJweJthey did not +didn.t, wor%J spea% Interr):ative Bid -JyouJheJsheJitJweJthey wor%J spea%K 4ast ense Simple e1presses a definite past action or state, with no connection to the present. -t is usually translated by the $omanian #perfect compus#. E.g. @esterday - went for a wal%. +-eri am mers la plimbare., ;ast year - travelled to England. +"nul trecut am calatorit in "nglia., &a t Ten e ')ntinu)u S@.a A.ere Vin: A""irmative - was wor%ing @ou were wor%ing CeJsheJit was wor%ing !e were wor%ing hey were wor%ing Ne:ative - was not +wasn.t, wor%ing !e were not +weren.t, wor%ing @ou were not wor%ing CeJsheJit was not wor%ing

'3

hey were not wor%ing Interr):ative !as wor%ingK !ere we wor%ingK !ere you wor%ingK !ere you wor%ingK !as heJsheJit wor%ingK !ere they wor%ingK -t e1presses an action in full progress in the past.-t is usually translated by the $omanian #imperfect#. E.g. his time yesterday, was watching I. +-eri pe vremea asta priveam la televi&or., -t is possible verbs in the past simple and past continuous to encounter in the same sentence* E.g. !hile - was crossing the street, - met Lohn. -t is also possible to find two verbs in the past continuous in the same sentence* E.g. !hile Lohn was reading, his sister was watching I. +-n timp ce Lohn citea, sora lui privea la televi&or., &re ent &er"e!t Simple S@;aveA ;a @Ved 0re:ular ver* 1 )r in t;e t;ird ")rm 0irre:ular ver* 1 A""irmative - have wor%ed @ou have wor%ed CeJsheJit has wor%ed !e have wor%ed hey have wor%ed Ne:ative - have not +haven.t, wor%ed. CeJsheJit has not +hasn.t, wor%ed( Interr):ative Cave - wor%edK Cas heJsheJit wor%edK 4resent 4erfect is a tense e1pressing the relation between past and present. E.g. - haven.t seen Lohn for two months. +?u l-am va&ut pe Lohn de doua luni., - haven.t seen Lohn since September. +?u l-am va&ut pe Lohn din septembrie., - have %nown Lohn for two years. +-l cunosc pe Lohn de doi ani., - have %nown Lohn since 199<.

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+-l cunosc pe Lohn din 199<., -t is usually accompanied by adverbs such as* today, this wee%, this month, this year. - have seen two films this wee%. +"m va&ut doua filme saptamMna aceasta., -t may e1press a past action which has present conse0uences* E.g. Cave you seen CamletK +"i vN&ut CamletK, - have lost my umbrella. - must buy a new one. +/i-am pierdut umbrela. rebuie sN-mi cumpNr una nouN., -f the e1act past moment when the action occurred s specified, then 4ast Simple should be used instead of 4resent 4erfect* E.g. - lost my umbrella yesterday. - must buy a new one. he same apples to 0uestions starting with OwhenP, since it is e0uivalent to the specification of a past moment* E.g. !hen did you see CamletK - saw it last wee%. he adverbs that may accompany 4resent 4erfect are* often, never, seldom, always, ever, already, :ust. E.g. Cave you ever been to EnglandK +"i fost vreodatN Qn "ngliaK, ?o, - have never been to England. @es, - have often been to England. Ce hasn.t returned home yet. +El nu s-a Qntors QncN acasN., - haven.t seen him lately. +?u l-am vN&ut Qn ultimul timp., he $omanian translation is either #pre&ent#, or #perfect compus#, according to the conte1t. &re ent &er"e!t ')ntinu)u S@;aveA ;a *een Vin: A""irmative - have been wor%ing !e have been wor%ing @ou have been wor%ing CeJsheJit has been wor%ing hey have been wor%ing Ne:ative - have not +haven.t, been wor%ing. Ce has not +hasn.t, been wor%ing. Interr):ative Cave - been wor%ingK Cas he been wor%ingK 4resent 4erfect Continuous shows an action in full progress, stressing the duration, started in the past and continuing at present +and even into the future,.

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E.g. - am tired because - have been wor%ing all day. +Sunt obosit pentru cN am muncit toatN &iua., -t has been raining for three hours. -f it doesn.t stop soon, we shall have floods. +4louN de trei ore. BacN nu se oprete Qn curMnd, vom avea inundaii., Lust li%e 4resent 4erfect Simple, it is translated by the $omanian #pre&ent# or #perfect compus#.

&a t &er"e!t Simple S@;ad@Ved 0re:ular ver* 1 )r in ;e t;ird ")rm 0irre:ular ver* 1 A""irmative - had wor%ed. Ne:ative - had not +hadn.t, wor%ed. Interr):ative Cad - wor%edK -t e1presses an a past action, prior to another past action +e1pressed by the Simple 4ast,* E.g. @esterday at 9 o.cloc% - had had brea%fast. +-eri la ora 9 luasem micul de:un., !hen you rang me up, - had finished writing my homewor%. +CMnd mi-ai telefonat, terminasem de scris temele., -n $omanian it is e0uivalent to #mai mult ca perfect#, but sometimes it is also translated as #perfect compus#. &a t &er"e!t ')ntinu)u S@;ad@Vin: A""irmative - had been wor%ing. Ne:ative - had not +hadn.t, been wor%ing. Interr):ative Cad - been wor%ingK -t e1presses an action in full progress between two past moments, and it is usually combined with other past tenses, especially 4ast Simple* E.g.. !hen he entered the room, she had been typing for one hour. +CMnd el a intrat Qn camerN, ea bNtea la mainN de o orN., "fter Lohn had been watching I for 1< minutes, he got bored. +BupN ce Lohn privise +a privit, la televi&or 1< minute, s-a plictisit., Ce said it had been raining for three days. +El a spus cN ploua de trei &ile.,

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-t is translated by the $omanian #mai mult ca perfect#, #perfect compus# or #imperfect#, according to the conte1t. /uture Ten e Simple S@ ;allA.ill@V A""irmative - +shall, will go !e +shall, will go @ou will go CeJsheJit will go hey will go Ne:ative - +shall, will not go !e +shall, will not go @ou will not go CeJsheJit will not go hey will not go he contracted forms * Oshall notP - shanBt, and Owill notP - wonBt. Interr):ative Shall - goK Shall we goK !ill you goK !ill heJsheJitJ goK !ill they goK ?.D. he first person interrogative only uses OshallP. -t shows a future action and it is translated with the $omanian #viitor simplu* E.g. - +shall, will meet him ne1t wee%. +Rl voi QntMlni sNptNmMna viitoare., /uture ')ntinu)u S@ ;allA.ill@*e@Vin: A""irmative +shall, will be going. @ou will be going. CeJsheJit will be going. !e +shall, will be going. @ou will be going. hey will be going. Ne:ative +shall, will not be going. @ou will not be going. CeJsheJit will not be going. !e +shall, will not be going. @ou will not be going. hey will not be going. Inter):ativ Shall - be goingK Shall we be goingK !ill you be goingK !ill heJsheJit be goingK

(<

!ill they be goingK -t e1presses an action in full progress at a future moment * E.g. "t three o.cloc%, - will be travelling +/Mine la ora trei voi cNlNtori spre "nglia.,

to

England.

/uture &er"e!t Simple S@ ;allA.ill @;ave@Ved 0re:ular ver* 1 )r in t;e t;ird ")rm 0irre:ular ver* 1 A""irmative +shall, will have gone. @ou will have gone. CeJsheJit will have gone. !e +shall, will have gone. @ou will have gone. hey will have gone. Ne:ative +shall, will not have gone. @ou will not have gone. CeJsheJit will not have gone. !e +shall, will not have gone. @ou will not have gone. hey will not have gone. Interr):ative Shall have goneK Shall we have goneK !ill you have goneK !ill you have goneK !ill heJsheJit have goneK !ill they have goneK -t e1presses a future action prior to another future action and it is translated by the $omanian #viitor anterior* E.g. Dy three o.cloc% tomorrow, - will have reached 4redeal. +/Mine pMna la ora trei voi fi a:uns la 4redeal., /uture &er"e!t ')ntinu)u S@ ;allA.ill @;ave @*een @Vin: +shall, will have been going. !hen you come home, - will have been studying for three hours. CMnd vei veni tu acasN, voi studia +voi fi studiat, de trei ore. -t is rarely used8 it e1pesses an action in full progress between two future moments. Ot;er mean )" e3pre in: "uture 4resent Simple S future tense adverb, e1pressing a fi1ed, officially scheduled action* E.g. - leave for ;ondon tomorrow. +4lecJvoi pleca la ;ondra mMine.,

4resent Continuous S future tense adverb , e1pressing a personal arrangement * E.g. - am meeting Lohn this morning.

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+Rl QntMlnescJil voi QntMlni pe Lohn Qn dimineaa aceasta.,

Oto be going toP S infinitive, to e1press intention andJor probability* E.g. - am going to read this boo%. +Ioi citiJam -t is going to rain. de gMnd sN citesc aceastN carte.,

+4robabil va ploua,.

LIST O/ IRREGULAR VER$S

to be

was, were

been

('

to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bite to blow to brea% to bring to build to burn to burst to buy to catch to choose to come

bore beat became began bent bit blew bro%e brought built burnt burst bought caught chose came

borne, born beaten become begun bent bitten blown bro%en brought built burnt burst bought caught chosen come

((

to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drin% to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find

cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt dran% drove ate fell fed felt fought found

cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drun% driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found

()

to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to free&e to give to go to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to %eep

flew forbade forgot forgave fro&e gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt %ept

flown forbidden forgotten forgiven fro&en given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt %ept

(2

to %neel to %now to lay to lead to lean to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to lose to ma%e to mean to mow to meet to pay

%nelt %new laid led leant learnt, learned left lent let lay lost made meant mowed met paid

%nelt %nown laid led leant learnt, learned left lent let lain lost made meant mown met paid

(3

to put to read to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see to see% to sell to set to sew to sha%e to shine to shoot to show

put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold set sewed shoo% shone shot showed

put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold set sewn sha%en shone shot shown

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to shrin% to shut to sing to sin% to sleep to slide to smell to sow to spea% to spell to spend to spill to spread to stand to stea1 to stic%

shran% shut sang san% slept slid smelt sowed spo%e spelt spent spilt spread stood stole stuc%

shrun% shut sung sun% slept slid smelt sown spo%en spelt spent split spread stood stolen stuc%

(7

to stride to stri%e to strive to swear to sweep to swim to ta%e to teach to tell to thin% to throw to understand

strode struc% strove swore swept swam too% taught told thought threw understood

stridden struc% striven sworn swept swum ta%en taught told thought thrown understood

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')ntent GENERAL &RIN'I&LES BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB+ 'LASI/I'ATION O/ 'RI#ES BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(+ +a, Source of criminal law ============================..+ +b, Seriousness of offence ============================..+ +c, ?ature of crimes ===============================+ $ASIS O/ 'RI#INAL LIA$ILIT2 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(((C &ARTIES TO A 'RI#E =============================...6 +a, 4rincipals =================================6 +b, "ccessories ================================.6 RES&ONSI$ILIT2 /OR 'RI#INAL A'TS =====================D +a, +b, +c, +d, /inors ==================================.D -nsane persons ===============================.D -nto1icated persons =============================.E Corporations ===============================...E

SE'URIT2 /RO# $USINESS 'RI#ES BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB-, LAR'EN2 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB-, RO$$ER2 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB-$ULGLAR2 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(-ARSON BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(-+ RE'EIVING STOLEN GOODS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB-+

)<

E#$E%%LE#ENT BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(-C O$STAINING GOODS $2 /ALSE &RETEN'ES BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(-C /ALSE 7EIG8T9 #EASURES AND LA$ELS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((-6 S7INDLES AND 'ON/IDEN'E GA#ES BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(-6 'OUNTER/EIT #ONE2 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((-6 USE O/ #AILS TO DE/RAUD BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB-D LOTTERIES BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB-E /ORGER2 BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(((-F 'RI#INAL LI$EL BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(+, RIOTS AND 'IVIL DISORDERS BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB+GRA##AR 8IG8LIG8TS( /)rmati)n )" ten e in En:li ; BBBBBBBBBBBBBB++ &re ent Simple BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((++ &re ent Simple ')ntinu)u BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(++ &a t Simple BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(((+4 &a t ')ntinu)u BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(((+C &re ent &er"e!t Simple BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(+6 &re ent &er"e!t ')ntinu)u BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(+D &a t &er"e!t Simple BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((+D &a t &er"e!t ')ntinu)u BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((+E /uture Simple BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(((+F /uture ')ntinu)u BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(((4, /uture &er"e!t Simple BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((4/uture &er"e!t ')ntinu)u BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((4Ot;er mean )" e3pre in: "uture BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB((4Irre:ular ver* BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(44

)1