3D Construction System

Heat Transfer and Sound Barrier Characteristics

Report about Heat and Sound Insulation Tests by Gerhard Tomberger, Consulting Engineer

3D Construction System

Calculation Thermal Behaviour

Calculation of heat transfer by Trow Consulting Engineers Brampton, Canada (10 Sep. 1993)

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Calculation Thermal Behaviour

Calculation of heat transfer by ITB, Warsaw Warsaw, Poland (April 1999)

Institute for Construction Technology

00-950 Warsawa, skr. poczt. 998, 00-611 Warsawa, ul. Filtrowa 1, tel. 825-04-71, fax 825-52-86

T E C H N I C A L

O P I N I O N

REGARDING THE APPROVAL OF WALLS MADE OF PANELIT 3D PANELS

WARSAW 1999

INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

00-950 Warszaw ul. Filtrowa 1
Skrytka pocztowa 998 Telephon: director 25-13-03 phone center 25-04-71

Report: Titel:

Thermal calculation Technical opinion regarding the approval of walls made of Panelit 3D panels

No. of report: NF-540/A/99

Applicant:

AQUA INTERNATIONAL POLSKA ul. Fiszera 2 80-231 Gdansk

Persons in charge: Leader of working group: Scientific leader: Verification: Start of testing: End of testing: Number of test reports: April 1999 April 1999 3 copies prof.dr hab.inz. Jerzy A.Pogorzelski prof.dr hab.inz. Jerzy A.Pogorzelski

Comments:

INSTITUTE FOR CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND PHYSICS RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION

Warszawa, ul Ksawerw 21, Bud. F, tel. 49-36-15 lub 43-14-71 w. 273

Number of pages 1 Page 1

TECHNICAL OPINION REGARDING THE APPROVAL OF WALLS MADE OF PANELIT 3D PANELS 1 General 1.1 Basic: commission by the company Aqua International of 29.03.1999 1.2 Subject: walls with 3 layers built with Panelit 3D Panels 1.3 Extent: calculation of thermal conductance made by the company EVG and own calculations 1.4 Materials in use: acc. to: 1 Previous opinion NF-613/A/9 2 Letter from the company Aqua International, 29.03.1999 3 Calculations made by the company EVG Specification of materials according to appendix 2 Discussion of calculations made by the company EVG Calculations acc. to EN ISO 6946, paragraph 6.2 are not applicable because the heat insulation (EPS) is pierced through by steel wires (see sentence 1, paragraph 6.2). 3 Own calculations Calculations acc. to paragraphs 5.1, 5.2 and 7, additional enclosure D.3 PN-EN ISO 6946
RT = 0.13 + 0.10 0.12 + + 0.04 = 3.66 m K / W 1.7 0.035 1 = 0.273 W /(m K) 3.66

U =

Uf = f nf Af = 0.066 W /(m K)

Uk = 0.34 W /(m K)

4 Application Verification of legal limits in accordance with legal regulations for residential buildings.

APPENDIX 1: European Standard EN ISO 6946:1996

correction term for mechanical fixing devices

If heat insulation is penetrated by mechanical fixing devices, the correction value of thermal conductance results in:

where:

coefficient acc. to table D.2

f thermal conductivity of diagonals n f number of fixing devices per sqm

A f cross section of a fixing device table D.2 - coefficient type of fixing device anchors for walls with 2 shells anchors for roofs

APPENDIX 2: Calculation by ITB is based on the configuration below (according to item 1.4, Materials in use)

25 = 10 cm concrete (0.10m; = 1.7W/mK) 12 cm EPS (0.12m; = 0.035W/mK) Thermal transition resistance at the inner surface =0.13 mK/W Thermal transition resistance at the outer surface =0.04 mK/W = 6 m-1 (anchors for walls) f = 17 W/mK (stainless steel) nf = 67 diagonals/m Af = 0.0962 cm (diameter of diagonals is 3.5 mm)

3D Construction System

Test Report Thermal Behaviour

Heat insulation test by the Municipality of Vienna Austria (14 Aug. 1992)

EVG 3D CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Thermal Resistance
Thermal insulation of EVG-3D walls has to be calculated as sandwich panel with steel connectors. Basis of calculation is EN ISO 6946, appendix D.3. Standard panel for external walls This type of panel is commonly used for external walls of residential buildings. 100mm (4) EPS, 100 diagonals per m (3.8mm, galvanised): U = 0.70 W/mK (0.123 Btu/ fthF) R = 1.43 mK/W (8.12 fthF/Btu)
50 100 50 3.8mm, galvanised

100mm EPS

Panel with maximum heat insulation This panel type is used for external walls in very cold climates and in areas with extremely hot climate. 150mm (6) EPS, 67 diagonals per m (3.5mm, stainless steel): U = 0.29 W/mK (0.050 Btu/ fthF) R = 3.49 mK/W (20.1 fthF/Btu)
50 150 50 3.5mm, stainless

150mm EPS

Brick walls and concrete frames Conventional walls usually consist of reinforced concrete frames (beams and columns) and brick walls in between. Thermal resistance depends on the ratio of the area of bricks and the area of concrete frames, thickness of walls, and design of bricks (especially number, size, and arrangement of voids inside the brick). Due to all these factors thermal resistance of brick walls varies within a certain range and can be estimated only. For brick walls having a thickness of 200 to 250mm, thermal resistance usually lies in the range of 0.6 to 0.8 mK/W (3.4 - 4.5 fthF/Btu). Therefore, for further calculations the U-value of an average brick wall within a reinforced concrete frame shall be assumed as follows: U = 1.40 W/mK (0.247 Btu/ fthF) R = 0.71 W/mK (4.06 fthF/Btu)

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Energy Consumption
Energy consumption depends, among other factors, on the average outside temperature, required inside temperature, and on the number and size of walls exposed to direct sunlight. Some factors depend on the design of a building and cannot be assumed in general for all buildings. However, the effect of these factors shall be estimated. Basic data regarding climate in Saudi Arabia has been obtained by the German National Weather Service. Maximum average temperature (over a period of 24 hours and 30 days) is assumed to be 32C (Jeddah). According to statistical data this average outside temperature can be assumed for 240 days per year. The difference between inside (20C) and outside is 12C. Since the influence of walls exposed to direct sunlight depends on the design of the building, this influence can be estimated only. Walls exposed directly to sunlight will have a much higher temperature on the surface which leads to a higher heat flux from outside to inside. This additional heat flux will be estimated by adding 3C to the average difference between inside and outside.

Total heat energy transfer through the external wall per year EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS): U = 0.70 W/mK W = (12+3C)240d24h/d0.70W/mK = 60.5 kWh/m EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS): U = 0.29 W/mK W = (12+3C)240d24h/d0.70W/mK = 25.1 kWh/m average brick wall and frame: U = 1.40 W/mK W = (12+3C)240d24h/d0.70W/mK = 121.0 kWh/m

Difference of heat transmittance per year For a villa with 450m of living area the total area of outside walls shall be estimated as being 450m, as well. This number is based on experience and can vary depending on the architectural design. Difference in heat flux between EVG-3D buildings and conventional buildings is as follows: Standard EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS) - conventional brick wall W = (121.0 - 60.5)450 = 27 000 kWh/year Maximum EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS) - conventional brick wall W = (121.0 - 25.1)450 = 43 000 kWh/year Above values represent the additional heat energy entering an average building with 450m of living area through the external walls when using conventional brick walls instead of EVG-3D walls. Additional consumption of electrical energy depends on thermal efficiency of A/C machines and cannot be estimated.
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EVG 3D CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Capacity of A/C System

The capacity of an A/C-system has to be designed for the highest temperatures to be expected during a year. In addition, the influence of walls exposed to direct sunlight has to be taken into account. Basic data regarding climate in Saudi Arabia has been obtained by the German National Weather Service. Maximum temperature is assumed to be 49C (Jeddah). According to statistical data a maximum outside temperature above 40C can be expected from March until October. The difference between inside (20C) and outside is 29C. Since the influence of walls exposed to direct sunlight depends on the design of the building, this influence can be estimated only. Walls exposed directly to sunlight will have a much higher temperature at the surface which leads to a higher heat flux from outside to inside. This additional heat flux during the hottest time of a day will be estimated by adding 8C to the average difference between inside and outside.

Heat energy transfer through the external EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS): U = 0.70 W/mK W = (29+8C)450m0.70W/mK = 11.7 kW EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS): U = 0.29 W/mK W = (29+8C)450m0.29W/mK = 4.8 kW average brick wall and frame: U = 1.40 W/mK W = (29+8C)450m1.40W/mK = 23.3 kW

Difference of maximum cooling load For a villa with 450m of living area the difference in maximum cooling load between EVG-3D buildings and conventional buildings is as follows: Standard EVG-3D wall (100mm EPS) - conventional brick wall P = 23.3 - 11.7 = 11.7 kW Maximum EVG-3D wall (150mm EPS) - conventional brick wall P = 22.3 - 4.8 = 18.5 kW Above values represent the additional A/C capacity required to cool down a building during the hottest days of a year when using conventional brick walls instead of EVG3D walls. Subsequent design of A/C machines depends on thermal efficiency of these machines and cannot be estimated.

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Conclusion Regarding Energy Savings

When using EVG-3D walls instead of brick walls considerable savings can be obtained. When comparing the results for a villa with 450m living area savings can be in the following range: Standard EVG-3D Wall Panel (100mm EPS, 100 galvanised diagonals per m) instead of conventional brick walls Reduction in total heat transmittance: in the range of 27 000 kWh per year (subsequent reduction of consumption of electrical energy depends on the type of A/C machines) Reduction in maximum cooling load: in the range of 11.7 kW (subsequent reduction of size of A/C machines depends on the type of these machines) Maximum EVG-3D Wall Panel (150mm EPS, 67 stainless steel diagonals per m) instead of conventional brick walls Reduction in total heat transmittance: in the range of 43 000 kWh per year (subsequent reduction of consumption of electrical energy depends on the type of A/C machines) Reduction in maximum cooling load: in the range of 18.5 kW (subsequent reduction of size of A/C machines depends on the type of these machines)

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Appendix
Climate data for Jeddah, Saudi Arabia by the German National Weather Service. CLIMATE DATABASE Jeddah (Dschidda) (Saudi Arabia)
average average days> abs. daily average daily abs. rel. average average 1.0 average max. max. daily min. min. humid. watert. rainfall mm daily h. in C in C in C in C in C in % in C in mm rainfall sunshine 34.0 28.5 23.3 19.0 11.4 66 k.A. 14.7 1 0.0 36.0 29.1 23.4 18.7 11.6 60 k.A. 7.5 0.2 0.0 42.0 31.0 25.4 20.4 13.0 58 k.A. 1.8 0.4 0.0 44.5 33.5 27.5 22.2 14.0 57 k.A. 5.7 0.3 0.0 48.2 35.4 29.6 24.5 16.4 57 k.A. 1.1 0.2 0.0 49.0 36.6 30.8 25.3 20.0 59 k.A. 0 0 0.0 45.0 37.7 32.0 26.7 21.1 56 k.A. 0.1 -0.1 0.0 44.0 37.2 32.0 27.2 22.3 59 k.A. 0 0 0.0 48.0 35.8 31.0 26.2 20.3 68 k.A. -0.1 -0.1 0.0 44.5 34.9 29.2 24.2 15.6 67 k.A. 0.3 0.1 0.0 38.0 32.4 27.2 22.2 15.5 62 k.A. 12.2 1 0.0 36.0 29.6 24.7 20.0 11.4 60 k.A. 10.7 0.6 0.0 49.0 33.5 28.0 23.1 11.4 61 k.A. 54 4 0.0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

( average daily maximum [C]

Thermal Capacity of Standard Wall Panels (100mm EPS, 100 truss wires)

average daily minimum [C]

yearly mean values [C])

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EVG 3D CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Thermal Capacity of Maximum Wall Panels (150mm EPS, 67 truss wires)

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EVG 3D CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

Splice Mesh to Cover Panel Splices

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