3.

Datapath and control design: You are given two 4-bit unsigned numbers, P and Q. You need to compare them and deposit the smaller in SMALL_REG and the bigger in BIG_REG. Given on the next page is a complete data path. Notice that you can bring either P or Q on bus #1 (B_ONE) or bus #2 (B_TWO). SMALL_REG is only tied to B_ONE where as BIG_REG is only tied to B_TWO.

3.1 3.1.1

4-state state machine

Complete the state diagram below by writing state transition conditions.

PQL
/RESET
START

Load P (from B_ONE) into Small. Load Q (from B_TWO) into BIG.

I
Initial

START

Compare P with Q

CPQ

QPL
Load Q (from B_ONE) into Small. Load P (from B_TWO) into BIG.

on B_ONE on B_TWO

3.1.2 3.1.2.1 3.1.2.2 3.1.2.3 3.1.3

Complete the one-hot implementation of the above 4-state state machine on page 3. Before you produce the outputs, answer the following questions.
Can we say that whenever we put P or Q on one of the two buses, we may put the other on the other bus?
YES / NO

Can we say that, in the initial state, we may drive the buses even though it is not necessary? YES / NO Can we say that we either load both SMALL_REG and BIG_REG or load none? YES / NO

Complete the waveform on page 4

EE457 Homework 1

C Copyright 2004 Gandhi Puvvada

EE457 Homework 1

C Copyright 2004 Gandhi Puvvada

Read this page. You do not need to do anything on this page

EE457 Homework 1

C Copyright 2004 Gandhi Puvvada

EE457 Homework 1

C Copyright 2004 Gandhi Puvvada

3.2 3.2.1

3-state state machine

The state machine design in 1.1 above is a ___________ (Mealy / Moore) as the outputs generated are not influenced by the inputs. The outputs are completely determined by the current state. Let us now reduce the states by combining CPQ and PQL into CPQL compare and load. The load operation is conditional in the CPQL state as can be seen below. This 3-state state machine is a ___________ (Mealy / Moore). Complete the state diagram below.

/RESET
START

I
Initial

CPQL
START

Compare P (on B_ONE) with Q (on B_TWO).

If appropriate Load P (from B_ONE) into Small. Load Q (from B_TWO) into BIG.

QPL
Load Q (from B_ONE) into Small. Load P (from B_TWO) into BIG.

3.2.2 3.2.3

Complete the one-hot implementation of the 3-state state machine on page 6 . Complete the waveform on page 7 .

EE457 Homework 1

C Copyright 2004 Gandhi Puvvada

EE457 Homework 1

C Copyright 2004 Gandhi Puvvada

EE457 Homework 1

C Copyright 2004 Gandhi Puvvada

12 +11 = 23; 23 mod 16 = 7

SN74LS161A (not 163A)

SN74LS161A (not 163A)

ee102_midterm2_Sp2005.fm

The previous two design are again given below with the VDD/GND connections removed. Now again build two non-inverting 2-to-1 muxes with low active enable by completing the designs. You can use additional inverters if you need. Are the two designs functionally identical (meaning one can be used to replace the other)? YES / NO
I0
/I0

Y I1
/I1

/Y

VDD

( 4+18+8+18+8+16 = 72 points) 50 min.

Small System Design: Find the smallest number between A and B which is evenly divisible by 2010 (decimal 20). The range of your search is A to B, with both A and B included. A and B are two 7 bit binary numbers. A is always less than B. Since twenty is four times five (20 = 4 x 5), both 4 and 5 should divide the number evenly. A binary number divisible by 4 will have its two least significant bits zeros. If you find the number, you go to the FND (FND = Found) state, otherwise you go to NSN (NSN = No Such Number) state. Algorithm: Accept Ain into A and Bin into B. A = A6A5A4A3A2A1A0 . Let us treat this 7-bit register A as actually made up of a 5-bit register Au (A upper) holding the upper 5 bits and a 2bit register Al (A lower) holding the lowest 2 bits. Since we are looking for a number divisible by twenty, we will start with A6A5A4A3A2 0 0 (upper five bits concatenated with two zeros) which is divisible by 4. Before checking to see if it is also divisible by 5, we need to see if the A1A0 are actually two zeros or anything other than two zeros. If they are two zeros, then A6A5A4A3A2 0 0 (symbolically written as Au00) is in fact A itself and can be tested for divisibility by 5. Otherwise, we want to increment this 7-bit number Au00 (A6A5A4A3A2 0 0) by 4 (=100), which is same as incrementing the 5-bit number Au (A6A5A4A3A2) by 1 (Au <= Au +1). We then test to see if the resulting 7-bit number Au00 is divisible by 5. If we fail, we increment the Au by 1 again. Of course, every time after incrementation, we need to see if Au has exceeded Bu. In fact we discard the lower two bits of B and hold only B6B5B4B3B2 in Bu. So the comparison is actually a 5-bit comparison between Au (A6A5A4A3A2) and Bu (B6B5B4B3B2). To see if Au00 (A6A5A4A3A2 0 0) is divisible by 5 (=0000101), we convey Au00 to a divider into its X register. The divider repetitively subtracts 5 (X <= X- 5) until a decision can be reached. Note that we do not need to record the quotient. We do not need the exact reminder also. As long as we know that X is evenly divisible by 5 or not, it is enough. For example, if the remaining X is only a 5, we do not need to wait another clock doing 5 - 5 = 0 before we can conclude. So, perhaps X = 5 is an exit condition.

4 pts 2.1

Example: A7A6A5A4A3A2A1A0 = 00101001 = 41 decimal , B7B6B5B4B3B2B1B0 = 01001011 = 75 decimal . After chopping off the least significant two bits, we have A7A6A5A4A3A2 = 001010 and
EE102L Midterm #2 - Spring 2005 2 / 10

3/29/06

C Copyright 2005 Gandhi Puvvada

ee102_midterm2_Sp2005.fm

Since A1A0 =/= 0 0, let us increment A7A6A5A4A3A2 by 1 to 001011 and try to see (i) if 001011 exceeded 010010 (ii) if 00101100 (44 decimal) is divisible by 5. We know that 6010 is the smallest number between 4110 and 7510 which is divisible by 2010 .In this example how many different Au00 values are tested to see if they are actually divisible by 510 ? _____ What are they? 44,
B7B6B5B4B3B2 = 010010 .

18 pts 2.2

After reading the datapath and completing the state diagram later in this question, return to this question.

Consider the three cases. Assume that START and ACK are active all the time. (i) A6A5A4A3A2A1A0 = 0001110 = 14 decimal , B6B5B4B3B2B1B0 = 1001011 = 75 decimal (ii) A6A5A4A3A2A1A0 = 0010011 = 19 decimal , B6B5B4B3B2B1B0 = 1001011 = 75 decimal (iii) A6A5A4A3A2A1A0 = 0011110 = 30 decimal , B6B5B4B3B2B1B0 = 0011111 = 31 decimal
Waveforms for item (i) has been completed. You need to complete waveforms for items (ii) and (iii).

Here, we are plotting only the symbolic state, AU&0&0 (Au concatenated with 0 0, and the X. \D means decimal. Each waveform starts with the Initial (I) state and ends with the Initial state (I).
clock_edge 10 clock_edge 12 clock_edge 13 clock_edge 11 clock_edge 14 clock_edge 15 clock_edge 0 clock_edge 1 clock_edge 2 clock_edge 3 clock_edge 4 clock_edge 5 clock_edge 6 clock_edge 7 clock_edge 8 clock_edge 9

SysClk

Item (i) (Completed)

STATE Au&0&0

CI 12\D

CBUX 16\D

DIV

INC

CBUX

DIV 20\D

FND

16\D

11\D

6\D

1\D

-4\D(124)\D0

20\D

15\D

10\D

5\D

0\D

STATE

CI 16\D

CBUX

Item (ii)

Au&0&0

Item (iii)

STATE Au&0&0

CI 28\D

CBUX

3/29/06

EE102L Midterm #2 - Spring 2005

3 / 10

C Copyright 2005 Gandhi Puvvada

ee102_midterm2_Sp2005.fm

Host System Bin Ain Au - Register

0 0

Bu_in

5 Bl_in 2

Incrementer

Bu_Load

I 7

I+1

Y I1 S

I0 Y I1 S
Au_Load

SysClk

N.C.

Bu (B6B5B4B3B2) 2

Al_in (A_lower_in)

2 7
No-Connection

SysClk
5

Bu - Register

Au_Inc Au_in 5 (A_upper_in)

Al_Load

X-5

Check A1 A0
A1A0 =/= 0 0 (A1A0 isnt 0 0)

S0

Y SysClk

Au
5

Bu
5

X - Register

Comparator
Au > Bu Au = Bu Au < Bu

5 = 00001012 Subtractor
X>5

5 = 00001012 Comparator
X=5 X< 5
Ain0 A1 A 0

DataPath Unit ALREADY COMPLETE

8 pts 2.3

X-5

Given below on the right-side is a portion of the above data-path. Show detailed design of this portion in the left-side box.
D Q A0
A1A0 =/= 0 0

Ain1 Al_Load

Ain0

CLK D Q A1

SysClk

DE CLK

Ain1

CLK

Check A1 A0
A1A0 =/= 0 0 (A1A0 isnt 0 0)

Al_Load

SysClk

Elaborate this portion

EE102L Midterm #2 - Spring 2005 4 / 10

3/29/06

C Copyright 2005 Gandhi Puvvada

X <= X

X_MUX_S1 X_MUX_S0

S1

I3

I2

I1

I0

To perform a dummy load

er) Low _ A Al (

DE SysClk CLK
A1 A0

7 7

Xin

7-bit number Found

Au (A6A5A4A3A2)

I0

Y I1 S

I0

ee102_midterm2_Sp2005.fm

2.4

Complete the state diagram below for the above design. I CI CBUX DIV INC FND NSN = = = = = = = Initial State Compare A1A0 with 0 0 and Increment Au if needed Compare Au with Bu and Update X with Au&0&0 Divide by 5 by repetitively subtracting 5 Increment Au by 1 Found the number divisible by 2010 No Such Number

All the states and the state transition arrows are in place. Complete the missing state transition conditions. Also fill-in RTL statements such as the following in appropriate states: 18 pts Au <= Au_in; Bu <= Bu_in; Al <= Al_in; Au <= Au + 1; X <= Au&0&0 (Au concatenated with two zeros); X <= X - 5; START I START CI 1 CBUX

RESET

1 DIV INC

FND

NSN

ACK

ACK ACK ACK

3/29/06

EE102L Midterm #2 - Spring 2005

5 / 10

C Copyright 2005 Gandhi Puvvada

ee102_midterm2_Sp2005.fm

8 2.5 pts

Complete NSL only for the two flip-flops QDIV and QCBUX below. You do not have to complete for the rest of the Flip-Flops (QI, QCI, QINC, QFND, QNSN).
NSL NSL

PRE D SysClk Q CLK CLR

QDIV SysClk

PRE D Q CLK CLR

QCBUX

16 pts 2.6

Draw OFL to generate all outputs below. Complete the following table which helps in producing X_MUX_S1, X_MUX_S0.

Portion of OFL to help generate X_MUX_S1, X_MUX_S0 QCBUX QDIV State / RTL

X_MUX X_MUX _S0 _S1

X_MUX_S0

1 0 0

0 1 0

CBUX X <= Au&0&0 Divide by 5 X <= X -5 Some other State Dont change X
X_MUX_S1

Au_Load Al_Load Bu_Load

Au_Inc

( 6 points) 3 min.
Sampling (capturing) ____________________ (asynchronous / synchronous) inputs can cause a D-FF to go into metastability. The probability of conveying a metastable value to the rest of the design can be ______________________ (reduced / increase) by adding a second level sample+hold flip-flop. The sample and hold flip-flop is always clocked by the _____________ (senders clock / receivers clock).

3/29/06

EE102L Midterm #2 - Spring 2005

6 / 10

C Copyright 2005 Gandhi Puvvada

ee102_midterm2_Sp2005.fm

( 8 points)

min.

Design a special down counter which counts down (7, 6, 5, ...). However, it shall always skip 4. So the sequence shall be 7, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0, 7, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1, 0, ...... Use the mux. to skip 4.
Subtracter A0 A1 A2 1 0 0 B0 B1 B2 Mux S0 S1 S2 I00 I01 I02 Y0 Y1 I10 Y2 I11 I12 S

Register

D Q D Q D Q

LSB

Q0 Q1 Q2

SysClk

5
8 pts 5.1

( 8 + 6 + 8 + 6 + 6 = 34 points)

30

min.

Reproduced below is the state diagram for the divider from your classnotes. A student has modified state transition conditions on the two diverging arrows on the "C" state as shown.
~RESET START X>= Y

Modified design Does it work? Yes / No

Note
START

X>Y

I
(INITIAL) START

X <== XIN; Y <== YIN; Q <== 0;

(COMPARE and UPDATE) If X >= Y X <== X - Y; Q <== Q + 1;

(COMPARE and UPDATE)

END

If it works, explain how it is better or worse in performance? If it does not work, state why it does not work.

EN D

X> =Y

X>Y

Note

>= X Y

(DONE)

Classnotes design

6 pts 5.2
~RESET

In light of the above question, can you suggest an improvement to the Moore machine for the divider (reproduced from the classnotes below) by modifying the state transition conditions only?
START 1

Explanation of improvement (if possible) or explanation why no improvement is possible:

(UPDATE)

I
(INITIAL) START

X <== XIN; Y <== YIN; Q <== 0;

(COMPARE)

X>= Y

X <== X - Y; Q <== Q + 1;

X> =Y
EN D

END
>= X Y

(DONE)

Classnotes design

3/29/06

EE102L Midterm #2 - Spring 2005

7 / 10

C Copyright 2005 Gandhi Puvvada

ee102_midterm2_Sp2005.fm

8 5.3.1 pts
~RESET

Miss Trojan suggested a better Moore machine for the divider (better than the one in the classnotes and reproduced above) as shown below. Using the example 40 / 2 = 20, R=0, explain START "If" removed X > = Y why this is better than our classnotes design. Note: "+"
I
START (COMPARE and UPDATE) X <== X - Y; Q <== Q + 1;

(INITIAL)

X>=Y

(UNDO)

X <== XIN; Y <== YIN; Q <== 0;

X <== X + Y; Q <== Q - 1;
END 1

Note: "-"

EN D

(DONE)

6 pts 5.3.2
~RESET

Mr. Trojan says that there is still a little more to improve by playing with the state transition arrows and conditions! Can you guess what is in his mind by completing the design below?
START

"If" removed Note: "+"

C

Using the example, 40 / 2 = 20, R=0, explain why this is little more better than Miss Trojans design.

I
(INITIAL) START

X <== XIN; Y <== YIN; Q <== 0;

(COMPARE and UPDATE) X <== X - Y; Q <== Q + 1;

(UNDO)

X <== X + Y; Q <== Q - 1;
END 1

Note: "-"

EN D

(DONE)

6 pts 5.3.3

Mr. Trojan says that the resulting datapath of Miss Trojans design or his design is a little more expensive. Please explain. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

( 6 points) 3 min.
Whether a signal is 3.85V or 4.25V, a/an Clock _______________________ (logic analyzer / oscilloscope) records it as a logic 1. Your lab partner said that the clock signal on the FPGA board has a lot of "ringing" (overshoot and undershoot). To identify this problem, he used a/an ________ ___________________ (logic analyzer/oscilloscope). If you want to measure the OFL (output function logic delay) using a logic analyzer, would you use it timing analyzer mode or state analyzer mode? timing analyzer mode / state analyzer mode
3/29/06 EE102L Midterm #2 - Spring 2005 8 / 10

C Copyright 2005 Gandhi Puvvada