!

"#$%&
! A uefinite mass of mateiial, such as the fiee-bouy of a fluiu element
! Lagiangian methou of analysis
! Newton's Seconu Law of Notion anu the Law of conseivation of mass aie usually iefeiieu to a
system

()*$+), -),.&%
! A fixeu iegion in space wheie flow occuis into anu out of the iegion
! Contiol suiface is the bounuaiy of the contiol volume
! Euleiian methou of analysis

/%"*),0# 1+2*#3)+$ 14%)+%& - ueiiveu by "contiol volume appioach":

In a flow fielu consiuei a fluiu system that is containeu in a contiol volume bounueu by its contiol suiface
at time t. The fluiu system within the contiol suiface moves uuiing the tome ! !!! ielative to the oiiginal
contiol volume.













I+II = system at time !
II+III = system at time ! !!!

Let N = extensive piopeity: ielateu to the total amount of mass in a system, e.g. mass, momentum, eneigy

Let ! =
!"
!"
= intensive piopeity: inuepenuent of total mass, e.g. mass pei unit mass, eneigy pei unit mass,
momentum pei unit mass

At ! !!!, the system compiises volumes II anu III, while at time ! it occupies volume II. The inciease in
piopeity N in the system in time !! is given by

!
!"!!!!!!!
!!
!"! !
! !"#!
!!
! !"#!
!!!
!!!!
! !"#!
!!
!


in which !! is the element of volume. Reaiiangement aftei auuing anu subtiacting !"#!
!
!!!!
on the
iight anu uiviuing by !!

!
!"!!!!!!!
!!
!"! !
!!
!
!"#!
!!
! !"#!
!
!!!!
! !"#!
!!
!
!!
!
!"#!
!!!
!!!!
!!
!
!"#!
!
!!!!
!!

CVI
II
I
Inflow
Outflow
Fixed control surface and system
boundary at time t
System boundary at time t + t
II
III

The teim on the left is the aveiage time iate of inciease of N within the system uuiing time !!.

In the limit as !! appioaches zeio, it becomes !" !".

If the limit is taken as !! appioaches zeio foi the fiist teim on the iight- hanu siue of the equation, the
fiist two integials aie the amount of N in the contiol volume at time ! !!!

!"
!"
! !"#
!!!!
!"#!
!!
! !"#!
!
!!!!
! !"#!
!!
!
!!
! !"#
!!!!
!"#!
!!!
!!!!
!!
! !"#
!!!!
!"#!
!
!!!!
!!




!"#
!!!!
!"#!
!!
! !"#!
!
!!!!
! !"#!
!!
!
!!
!
!
!"
!"#!
!!
















!"#
!!!!
!"#!
!!!
!!!!
!!
! !"#
!!!!
!"! ! !"
!!!
!!
!!!!
!!
! !"! ! !"
!" !!!















n
V
A
CS
out
Outflow
portion of
control
surface

(a) (b) (c)

= V t

^
n
^
V
V =
n
A
A
V
n
^

n
^
V
(a)
CS
in
Inflow
portion of
control surface
A

n
^

= V t
V =
n
A
V
V
n
^

(b) (c)
! !"#
!!!!
!"#!
!
!!!!
!!
! ! !"#
!!!!
!"! ! !"
!
!!
!!!!
!!
! !"! ! !"
!" !


Then,

!"
!"
!
!
!"
!"#!
!"
! !"! ! !"
!"

In woius:

The total iate of change of extensive piopeity is equal to the iate of change of the piopeity stoieu in the
contiol volume plus the net iate of outflow of the piopeity thiough the contiol volume.

()*$5*.5$"6 Law of Conseivation of Nass (mass in a system is constant)

If N = mass = m,
! !
!"
!"
!
!"
!"
! !

The Reynolus Tianspoit Theoiem becomes

!"
!"
!
!
!"
!"!
!"
! !! ! !"
!"
! !

!! ! !"
!"
! !
!
!"
!"!
!"


The net iate of mass outflow = iate of ueciease of mass within the contiol volume.

Foi Incompiessible Flow (constant uensity): ! ! !"
!"
! !
!
!"
!!
!"



Foi 0nifoim velocity acioss inflow anu outflow sections:

! ! ! ! !
!
!"
!"!
!"

Foi Steauy Flow:
! ! ! ! !

Example: Foi the case uiawn below,








V
1
V
6
V
4
V
2
V
3
V
5
I
a
II
a
I
b
II
c
II
b
II
d





!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
!!
!
!
!
! !
oi
!!
!
!!
!
!!
!
!!
!
!!
!
!!
!
! !

Foi unsteauy flow of incompiessible fluius, if

!!
!"
! ! !!"#$%& !" !"#$% !"#$%& !" ! !"#$%"& !"#$%&!
!
!"
!!
!"
!
!"
!"


! ! !"
!"#$%#
! ! ! !"
!"#$%
! ! ! !!!!!

The Continuity Equation becomes:

!
!"
!"
! ! ! !!!!!