Fluid Kinematics

In fluid mechanics, we are more likely to treat the properties as continuum field functions rather than being interested in the trajectories of individual particles or systems. The determination of the properties as a function of space and time is one the main objectives of fluid mechanics.

Velocity and velocity field

Velocity is a vector quantity. Velocity is function of position and time.

The velocity magnitude (speed) is =

2 + 2 + 2 .

Generally, a fluid flow is a complex three-dimensional, time-dependent phenomenon. However, it is possible to make simplifying assumptions such as one- or two-dimensional flow as well as steady flow.

Lagrangian vs. Eulerian Description

Two Mathematical descriptions of fluid motion:
Lagrangian: divide the fluid into small particles then consider the motion of each particle in response to the forces acting on it.

Eulerian : work directly in terms of fields such as u(x; t) and p(x; t), and not try to keep track of individual fluid particles.

Flow Characteristics
Fluid flow is 3-dimensional time-dependent phenomena, V = V( x, y, z, t)

A 2-dimensional flow can be assumed when one velocity component is much smaller than the other two velocity components
A 1-dimensional flow can be assumed when two velocity components are much smaller than the third velocity component Steady flow: the velocity at a given point in space does not vary with time, V/t = 0 Unsteady flow: the velocity at a given point in space does vary with time, V/t 0 Almost all flows are unsteady; however, they are usually assumed steady Turbulent flow: flow with random character

Laminar flow: flow with deterministic character

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Flow characterization
Uniform flow;
In uniform flow the velocity doesnt change from point to point along any stream lines.

= 0.

Steady flow;

In steady flow the velocity at any point in the field doesnt vary with time.

= 0.

Laminar vs. Turbulent flow.

Turbulent flow is characterized by mixing through out the flow. Reynolds number used as criterion to distinguish between laminar and turbulent flow.

Stream lines, Path lines, and Streak lines

Stream lines are lines that are everywhere tangent to the velocity field; they are used to indicate the speed and the direction of the flow field.

Stream line is a lines that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field; it is used to indicate the speed and the direction of the flow field.

Streamlines can be determined by integrating the equations defining lines tangent to the velocity field.

For 2-D flows the slope of the stream line must be equal to the tangent of the angle that the velocity vector makes with the x-axis,

= .
Path line is the location of the particle as a function of time. Path lines can be obtained for 2-D flows by integration of = and then eliminating the time. =

Streak line consists of all particles in a flow that have previously passed through a common point.
For steady flow, streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines are the same.
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The acceleration field

Fluid Motion can be described by either: Lagrangian (following individual particles) or Eulerian (remaining fixed in space and observing different particles as they pass by) Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity for a given particle Velocity is a function of position and time, V = V( x, y, z, t)

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The Material Derivative

Or, in a compact form,

= + ( )
=

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If the Eulerian approach is adopted,

The time rate of change of velocity for a given particle, i.e. acceleration, is given by

= = +

=
which can be written as

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If streamline coordinates are used, 2 = + Or = 2 = The orientation of the unit vector along the streamline changes with distance along the streamline

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Example
What is the convective acceleration in the x-direction for the following velocity distribution = 2 + 3 + 4 ?

= + In general, =
The convective acceleration in the x-direction is given by

= + +
So,

= 2 2 + 3 0 + 4 0

= 4.
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Control volume & System Representation

A system is a collection of matter of fixed identity always the same atoms or fluid particles, which may move, flow, and interact with its surroundings.

It is specific, identifiable quantity of matter.

For example: a mass of air drawn into an air compressor can be considered as a system; it changes shape and size as it is compressed. It is eventually expelled through the outlet of the compressor. A control volume, on the other hand, is a volume in space a geometric entity, independent of mass through which fluid may flow.

In general, the control volume can be either fixed or moving volume and non-deformable or deformable control volume.
The matter within a control volume may change with time as the fluid flows through it; the amount of mass within the volume may change with time. The control volume itself is a specific geometric entity; independent of the flowing fluid.
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 Air flows through this control volume (C.V.) because of the action of the engine within it. The air that was within the engine itself at time t = to (a system) has passed through the engine and is outside of C.V. at a later time t = to.

The deflecting balloon provides an example of a deforming C.V. As time increase, the control volume (i.e. the inner surface of the balloon) decreases in size. If we dont hold onto the balloon, it becomes a deforming and moving C.V.
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Extensive and Intensive Properties

Property: Any characteristic of a system, they are considered to be either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties: Those that are independent of the mass of a system. Extensive properties: Those whose values depend on the size of the system; on the mass. Let B represent any of the fluid parameters and b represent the amount of that parameter per unit mass. That is, B = mb, where m is the mass of the portion of fluid of interest the velocity.
Mass
B b m 1

Momentum

Energy
E e

Angular momentum

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The Basic Laws of Mechanics

To describe the motion of a rigid body, the governing equations representing the conservation laws can be written as:
1) Conservation of mass: state that the time rate of change of total mass M of a system is zero. 2) Conservation of momentum: state that the time rate of change of linear momentum (MV) is equal to the sum of the external forces.

= 0. =

3) Conservation of energy: state that the time rate of change of total energy is equal to the rate of heat added = . to the system minus the rate of work done by the system. 4) Conservation of angular momentum: state that the time rate of change of the angular momentum is equal to the sum of moments. 5) The second law of thermodynamics.

=

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Lagrangian vs. Eulerian Description

In general, for a fluid the Lagrange approach is not suitable and the Euler approach must be adopted.
In the Euler approach a control volume fixed in space is considered and the analysis of the motion of the fluid that pass through it, is studied .

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Reynolds Transport Theorem

In order to rewrite the governing equations in the control volume approach the Reynolds Transport Theorem (RTT) must be applied. This theorem relates the system concept to the control volume concept.

In this theorem, if B represents the total flow quantity ( e.g. mass, energy, or momentum) contained within a fluid volume, then b is the flow quantity per unit mass,

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Physical Interpretation

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Special Cases
Moving control volume with a constant velocity ( ):

where = .

Steady flow:

Common form (incompressible & uniform velocities):

= +

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