Microprocessor Performance

EEET2039 Embedded System Design
Microprocessor Performance
Professor: Paul Beckett
Student: Wilson Castillo Bautista

Email: s3143667@student.rmit.edu.au
Subject Code: EEET2039 Embedded Systems Design
Course Code: MC047
Master of Engineering (Information Technology)
Melbourne, September 19th, 2006

Professor: Paul Becket Student: Wilson Castillo (s3143667)
Assignment1: Microprocessor Performance Subject: EEET2039 Embedded Systems Design
)
Table of Contents
Microprocessor Performance ...............................................................................................................5

1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................5
2 Scope.................................................................................................................................................5
3 Assembler Code...............................................................................................................................6
4 Cycles calculations. ........................................................................................................................6
5 Evaluation Performance ................................................................................................................7
5.1 68HC12 ....................................................................................................................................7
5.2 6805..........................................................................................................................................9
5.3 8051........................................................................................................................................10
5.4 DCS89C420...........................................................................................................................11
5.5 ST62 ........................................................................................................................................12
5.6 AT90S8515 .............................................................................................................................13
5.7 PIC12C5X ..............................................................................................................................15
5.8 TMS370...................................................................................................................................16
5.9 C166.......................................................................................................................................18
6 Performance Comparison ...........................................................................................................19
6.1 Time........................................................................................................................................19
6.2 Memory .................................................................................................................................20
7 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................................21
8 References ......................................................................................................................................23
9 Annex – Assembler List 68HC12 ...................................................................................................24
10 Annex – Assembler List 68HC05 ...............................................................................................25
11 Annex – Assembler List 80C51 .................................................................................................26
12 Annex – Assembler List DS89C420 ..........................................................................................27
13 Annex – Assembler List PIC12C5X...........................................................................................28
14 Annex – Assembler List C166 ...................................................................................................29
15 Annex – Compilation of bubble C program for ARM processor......................................30
RMIT University © 2006 2 of 32

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Melbourne, 19th September, 2006
)
Table of Figures
Figure 1: CPU Execution time in function of Clock cycle time .......................................................5

Figure 2: CPU Execution time in function of Clock rate ...................................................................6
Figure 3: Bubble sort algorithm and its implementation in C. (Beckett, P., EEET2039,
Embedded System Lecture Notes) ......................................................................................................6
Figure 4: Performance Comparison (time) .......................................................................................19
Figure 5: Memory Comparison............................................................................................................20
Figure 6: Assembler list for 68HC12 .....................................................................................................24
Figure 7: Assembler list for 68HC12 .....................................................................................................25
Figure 8: Assembler list for 8051 ...........................................................................................................26
Figure 9: Assembler list for DS89C420 .................................................................................................27
Figure 10: Assembler list for PIC12C5X ...............................................................................................28
Figure 11: Assembler list for C166 ........................................................................................................29

)
Table of tables
Table 1: Pseudo-code to calculate number of instructions. (Beckett, P., EEET2039,

Embedded System Lecture Notes) ......................................................................................................7
Table 2: Assembler code for 68HC12...................................................................................................8
Table 3: Cycles Calculations for 68HC12 ............................................................................................8
Table 4: Assembler code for 68HC05...................................................................................................9
Table 5: Cycles Calculations for for 68HC05 ....................................................................................10
Table 6: Assembler code for 8051 ......................................................................................................10
Table 7: Cycles Calculations for 8051................................................................................................11
Table 8: Assembler code for DCS89C420 .........................................................................................12
Table 9: Cycles Calculations for DCS89C420 ...................................................................................12
Table 10: Assembler code for ST62 .....................................................................................................13
Table 11: Cycles Calculations for ST62 ..............................................................................................13
Table 12: Assembler code for AT90S8515 ..........................................................................................14
Table 13: Cycles Calculations for AT90S8515 ...................................................................................15
Table 14: Assembler code for PIC12C5X...........................................................................................16
Table 15: Cycles Calculations for PIC12C5X ....................................................................................16
Table 16: Assembler code for TMS370 ...............................................................................................17
Table 17: Cycles Calculations for TMS370.........................................................................................17
Table 18: Assembler code for C166 ...................................................................................................18
Table 19: Cycles Calculations for TMS370.........................................................................................19

)
Microprocessor Performance
1 Introduction
Microprocessors are everywhere around the world and more precisely they are in every
embedded system that we can imagine. Moreover, they are the main component to look
at when you are evaluating a system or when you are planning to create a new one. For
instance, evaluating microprocessor performance gives the designer a better sense to
select the device that fits the requirements of a embedded system design. However,
assessing performance of a microprocessor can be in some way challenging (Patterson
and Hennessy, 2005). This report will evaluate performance of ten different processors.
2 Scope
This report will evaluate the performance of the following 10 different processors:
68HC12
6805
8051
DS89C420
ST62
AT90S8515
PIC12C5xx
TMS370
Siemens C166
ARM7
The way to measure performance can be defined differently. For this report point of view
the way of measuring performance will be done using time as measurement unit. For
instance, every processor will be evaluated in the amount of time that it takes to execute a
program. The following formula will be used to evaluate execution time (Patterson and
Hennessy, 2005):
CPU execution time CPU clock cycles

= x Clock cycletime
for a program for a program
Figure 1: CPU Execution time in function of Clock cycle time
Alternatively, it could be defined in the following way.

)
CPU execution time CPU clock cycles for a program

=
for a program Clock rate
Figure 2: CPU Execution time in function of Clock rate
The program in this case is the bubble sort algorithm:
void main (void){

unsigned char i, j;
unsigned char Data[7] = {7,6,3,4,5,2,1};
unsigned char tmp;
for (i=1; i<sizeof(Data); i++){
for (j=0; j+i<sizeof(Data); j++){
if (Data[j+1] < Data[j]){
tmp = Data[j];
Data[j] = Data[j+1];
Data[j+1] = tmp;
}
}
}
}
Figure 3: Bubble sort algorithm and its implementation in C. (Beckett, P., EEET2039, Embedded System Lecture
Notes)
3 Assembler Code
The way to evaluate performance between different processors is to take a program and
translate into its assembly code. In this particular case to take the bubble sort algorithm,
written in C code. However, “coding in assembler is an art” (Becket, P., EEET2039
Embedded System Design Lecture, 11th September). For instance, one of the factors that
affect execution time is the assembler code and this is done by the programmer.
4 Cycles calculations.
In order to calculate the number of cycles per program it is necessary to get the number of
cycles per instruction. Using the following table it is possible to get the total number of
cycles that the bubble sort algorithm takes in each processor.
Cycles/
Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles Calculation
PseudoCode
1 START: load i, 1; Zvar =ZVar
2 _L5
3 compare i, sizeof(Data) AVar =AVar*SzData
branch to _L1, if
4 BVar BVarN =BVar*1+BVarN*(SzData-1)
i>=sizeof(Data)
5 clear j CVar =CVar*(SzData-1)
6 _L4

)
7 compare i+j, sizeof(Data) DVar =DVar*(NumIterations+SzData-1)

branch to _L2, if
8 EVar EVarN =EVarN*NumIterations+EVar*(SzData-1)
(i+j)>=sizeof(Data)
9 compare Data[j], Data[j+1] FVar =FVar*NumIterations
branch to _L3, if =GVarN*NumSwaps+GVar*(NumIterations-
10 GVar
Data[i]<=Data[j+1] NumSwaps)
11 swap Data[j+1], Data[j] HVar =HVar*NumSwaps
12 _L3
13 increment j IVar =IVar*NumIterations
14 branch to _L4 JVar =JVar*NumIterations
15 _L2
16 increment i KVar =KVar*(NumIterations-1)
17 branch to _L5 LVar =LVar*(NumIterations-1)
18 _L1
19 branch to _L1 MVar =MVar
Table 1: Pseudo-code to calculate number of instructions. (Beckett, P., EEET2039, Embedded System Lecture
Notes)
Where:
Sizeof(Data)−1
NumIterations = ∑i =1
( i ) = 21 and
xVarN ⇔ means cycles value when the branch is not taken.
SzData = 7, seven numbers to be ordered.
For the purpose of this report the numbers where organized in the following way
{7,6,3,4,5,2,1}. For instance:
NumSwaps = 18
5 Evaluation Performance
As it had been described before evaluating performance of a system could be done

through different ways. However, this report will focus in execution time of the bubble sort
algorithm showed in Figure 3.
The following are the results per microprocessor:
5.1 68HC12
1
Clock Cycle Time = * 2 = 2µ s
1Mhz
Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

1 ORG $0000 ;RAM Memory
2 Var_i: FCB 0 ;HC12 1
3 Var_j: FCB 0 1
4 Var_temp: FCB 0 1
5 Data: FCB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1

)
6 EndData:
7 SzData: EQU (EndData-Data)
8 ORG $FF00 ;ROM Memory
BYTES MEMORY RAM 3
9 START:
10 BSort:
11 LDAA #1 ;i = 1 2 1
12 STAA Var_i ; 2 2
13 _L5: LDAA Var_i ; 2 3
14 CMPA #SzData ;if (i<SzData) 2 1
15 BGE _L1 ; { 2 3/1
16 CLR Var_j ; j=0 3 3
17 _L4: LDAA Var_j ; 2 3
18 ADDA Var_i ; 2 3
19 CMPA #SzData ; i+j 2 1
20 BGE _L2 ; if (i+j<SzData) 2 3/1
21 LDAB Var_j ; { 2 3
22 LDX #Data ; 3 2
23 ABX ; 2 2
24 LDAA 0,X ; X = &Data[j] 3 3
25 LDAB 1,X ; A = Data[j] 3 3
26 CBA ; B = Data[j+1] 2 2
27 BLO _L3 ; if (A>B) 2 3/1
28 STAA 1,X ; { Unsigned 3 3
29 STAB ,X ; A->B 3 3
30 _L3: INC Var_j ; B->A } 3 4
31 BRA _L4 ; j++ 3 3
32 _L2: INC Var_i ; } 3 4
33 BRA _L5 ; i++ 2 3
34 _L1: BRA _L1 ; } 2 3
35 ORG $FFFE ;
36 FDB START ;reset vector
;set to start program
BYTES MEMORY ROM 57
Table 2: Assembler code for 68HC12
Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

1 START: load i, 1; Zvar 3 3
2 _L5
3 compare i, sizeof(Data) A 4 28
4 branch to _L1, if i>=sizeof(Data) B 3 BN 1 9
5 clear j CVar 3 18
6 _L4
7 compare i+j, sizeof(Data) DVar 7 189
8 branch to _L2, if (i+j)>=sizeof(Data) EVar 3 EVarN 1 39
9 compare Data[j], Data[j+1] FVar 15 315
10 branch to _L3, if Data[i]<=Data[j+1] GVar 3 GVarN 1 27
11 swap Data[j+1], Data[j] HVar 6 108
12 _L3
13 increment j IVar 4 84
14 branch to _L4 JVar 3 63
15 _L2
16 increment i KVar 4 80
17 branch to _L5 LVar 3 60
18 _L1
19 branch to _L1 MVar 3 3
Total Cycles 1026
Table 3: Cycles Calculations for 68HC12
CPU Execution Time = 1026 * 2µs = 2.052ms

)
5.2 6805
1
1Mhz

ORG $0000 ;68HC05
1 Var_i DB $0 1
2 Var_j DB $0 1
3 temp DB $0 1
4 temp2 DB $0 1
5 Data DB 7,2,3,4,5,6,1
6 EndData DB $0
7 SzData EQU EndData - Data
BYTES MEMORY RAM 4
8 ORG $FF00
9 START LDA #1 ;i=1 2 2
10 STA Var_i 2 4
11 _L5 LDA Var_i ;A=i 2 3
12 CMP #SzData ;i-SzData 2 3
13 BHS _L1 ;if i>= SzData finish 2 3/1
14 CLR Var_j ;j=0 2 5
15 LDX #Data ;X=Data[0] 2 2
16 _L4 LDA Var_j ;A=j 2 3
17 ADD Var_i ;i+j 2 3
18 CMP #SzData ;(i+j) - SzData 2 3
19 BHS _L2 ;if (i+j)>= SzData, _L2 2 3/1
20 LDA ,X ;A=Data[j] 1 3
21 INCX ;X=Data[j+1] 1 3
22 CMP ,X ;Data[j]-Data[j+1] 1 3
23 BLS _L3 ;if Data[j]>Data[j+1], 2 3/1
_L2
24 LDA ,X ;A=Data[j+1] 1 3
25 STA temp ;temp=Data[j+1] 1 3
26 DECX ;X=Data[j] 1 3
27 LDA ,X ;A=Data[j] 1 3
28 STA temp2 ;temp2=Data[j] 1 3
29 LDX temp ;Data[j]=temp 2 3
30 INCX ;X=Data[j+1] 1 3
31 LDX temp2 ;Data[j+1]=temp2 2 3
32 _L3 INC Var_j ;j+1 2 5
33 BRA _L4 2 3
34 _L2 INC Var_i ;i+1 2 5
35 BRA _L5 2 3
36 _L1 BRA _L1 ;end 2 3
37 BYTES MEMORY ROM 47
Table 4: Assembler code for 68HC05

2 _L5
5 clear j CVar 7 42
6 _L4

)

12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1
Total Cycles 1360
Table 5: Cycles Calculations for for 68HC05
5.3 8051
1
Clock Cycle Time = *12 = 12 µ s
1Mhz

1 Var_i EQU R2 1
2 Var_j EQU R3 1
3 PtrData EQU 5 1
4 Data FCB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
5 EndData
6 SzData EQU (EndData-Data)
7 MEMORY RAM BYTES 3
8 START:
MOV Var_i, #1 ;i=1 2 1
9 _L5 MOV A, Var_i ;A=Var_i e.g. A<-i 1 1
10 CLR C ; Clear Carry 1 1
11 SUB A, #SzDATA ; i-SzDATA 2 2
12 JNC _L1 2 3
13 MOV Var_j, #0 ;j=0 2 2
14 _L4 MOV A, Var_j ;A<-j 1 1
15 ADD A, Var_i ;i+j 1 1
16 CLR C ;Clear Carry 1 1
17 SUB A, #SzDATA ;(i+j) - SzDATA 2 2
18 JNC _L2 ;{ 2 3
19 MOV A, Var_j ;A<-j 1 1
20 MOV @PrtData, #Data 2 2
21 ADD A, PrtData ;Data[j] 1 1
22 INC PrtData ;Data[j+1] 1 1
23 SUB A, @PrtData ;Data[j]-Data[j+1] 1 2
24 JC _L3 2 3
25 XCH A, @PrtData ;A<->Data[j+1] 1 3
26 DEC PrtData ;Data[j] 1 1
27 MOV @PrtData, A ;Data[j]<-A 1 1
28 _L3 INC Var_j ;j++ 1 1
29 SJMP _L4 ;} 2 3
30 _L2 INC Var_i ;i++ 1 1
31 SJMP _L5 ;} 2 3
32 _L1 SJMP _L1 2 3
Table 6: Assembler code for 8051

)

2 _L5
5 clear j CVar 2 12
6 _L4
12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1
Total Cycles 755
Table 7: Cycles Calculations for 8051
5.4 DCS89C420
1
Clock Cycle Time = *1 = 1µ s
1Mhz

1 Var_i EQU R2 1
2 Var_j EQU R3 1
3 PtrData EQU 5 1
4 Data FCB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
5 EndData
8 START:
MOV Var_i, #1 ;i=1 2 1
9 _L5 MOV A, Var_i ;A=Var_i e.g. A<-i 1 1
10 CLR C ; Clear Carry 1 1
11 SUB A, #SzDATA ; i-SzDATA 2 2
12 JNC _L1 2 3
13 MOV Var_j, #0 ;j=0 2 2
14 _L4 MOV A, Var_j ;A<-j 1 1
16 CLR C ;Clear Carry 1 1
17 SUB A, #SzDATA ;(i+j) - SzDATA 2 2
18 JNC _L2 ;{ 2 3
19 MOV A, Var_j ;A<-j 1 1
20 MOV @PrtData, #Data 2 2
21 ADD A, PrtData ;Data[j] 1 1
22 INC PrtData ;Data[j+1] 1 1
23 SUB A, @PrtData ;Data[j]-Data[j+1] 1 2
24 JC _L3 2 3

)
25 XCH A, @PrtData ;A<->Data[j+1] 1 3

26 DEC PrtData ;Data[j] 1 1
27 MOV @PrtData, A ;Data[j]<-A 1 1
28 _L3 INC Var_j ;j++ 1 1
29 SJMP _L4 ;} 2 3
30 _L2 INC Var_i ;i++ 1 1
31 SJMP _L5 ;} 2 3
32 _L1 SJMP _L1 2 3
Table 8: Assembler code for DCS89C420

2 _L5
5 clear j CVar 2 12
6 _L4
12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1
Total Cycles 755
Table 9: Cycles Calculations for DCS89C420
5.5 ST62
1
Clock Cycle Time = *13 = 13.µ s
1Mhz

1 Var_i EQU 84H 1
2 Var_j EQU 85H 1
3 temp EQU 86H 1
4 temp2 EQU 87H 1
3 PtrData EQU 5
4 Data FCB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
5 EndData
8 START:
LDI Var_i,1 ;i=1 3 4
9 _L5 LDA, Var_i ;A=Var_i e.g. A<-i 2 4
10 SUBI A, #SzData ; i-SzDATA 2 4
12 JRNC _L1 1 2
LD X, #Data 1 4

)
13 CLR Var_j ;j=0 3 4

14 _L4 LDA, Var_j ;A<-j 2 4
17 SUBI A, #SzData ;(i+j) - SzDATA 2 4
18 JRNC _L2 ;{ 1 2
19 LDA, (X) ;A<-j 1 4
20 LD temp, A 2 4
21 INC X ;Data[j] 1 4
22 LDA, (X) ;Data[j+1] 1 4
23 SUBA, temp ;Data[j]-Data[j+1] 2 4
24 JRNC _L3 1 2
25 LDA, (X) ;A<->Data[j+1] 1 4
26 LD temp2,A ;Data[j] 2 4
27 LD A,temp ;Data[j]<-A 2 4
28 LD(X),A 1 4
29 DEC X 1 4
30 LD A, temp2 2 4
31 LD(X),A 1 4
32 INC X 1 4
33 _L3 INC Var_j ;j++ 2 4
34 JP _L4 ;} 2 4
35 _L2 INC Var_i ;i++ 2 4
36 JP _L5 ;} 2 4
37 _L1 JP _L1 2 4
BYTES MEMORY ROM 48
Table 10: Assembler code for ST62

2 _L5
5 clear j CVar 8 48
6 _L4
12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1
Total Cycles 1870
Table 11: Cycles Calculations for ST62
5.6 AT90S8515
1
1Mhz

)

1 .DEF Var_i = R16 1
2 .DEF Var_j = R17 1
3 .DEF temp = R18 1
4 .DEF temp2 = R19 1
5 .DEF Ylow = R28 1
6 .DEF Yhigh = R29 1
7 BYTES MEMORY RAM 6
8 .DSEG
9 ORG 0x20
10 Data: .DB 1,5,4,3,2,6,7
11 SzDATA EQU (DataEnd-Data)
12 .CSED Bytes Cycles
13 ORG 0x20
14 START:
15 LDI Var_i, 1 ;i=1 2 1
16 _L5 CPI Var_i, SzDATA ;i - SzDATA 2 1
17 BRSH _L1 ;if (i >= SzDATA) 2 1/2
18 CLR Var_j ;j=0 2 1
19 LDI Ylow, low(Data) ;Y = Addres Data 2 1
20 LDI Yhigh, High(Data) 2 1
21 _L4 MOV temp, Var_j ;temp = j 2 1
22 ADD temp, var_i ;i+j 2 1
23 CPI temp, SzDATA ;(i+j) - SzDATA 2 1
24 BRSH _L2 ;if ((i+j)<= SzDATA) 2 1/2
25 LD temp, Y+ ;temp = Data[j] 2 2
26 LD temp2, Y ;temp2 = Data[j+1] 2 2
27 CP temp, temp2 ;Data[j]-Data[j+1] 2 1
28 BRLO _L3 ;if (Data[j] >= 2 1/2
Data[j+1])
29 ST Y, temp ;Data[j+1] = Data[j] 2 2
30 ST -Y, temp2 ;Data[j] = Data[j+1] 2 2
31 LD temp, Y+ ;Increment Y 2 2
32 _L3 INC Var_j ;j++ 2 1
33 RJMP _L4 ;} 2 2
34 _L2 INC Var_i ;i++ 2 1
35 RJMP _L5 ;} 2 2
36 _L1 RJMP _L1 ;End 2 2
BYTES MEMORY ROM 44
Table 12: Assembler code for AT90S8515

2 _L5
3 Compare i, sizeof(Data) A 1 7
5 clear j CVar 3 18
6 _L4
7 Compare i+j, sizeof(Data) DVar 3 81
9 Compare Data[j], Data[j+1] FVar 5 105
12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1

)

Total Cycles 510
Table 13: Cycles Calculations for AT90S8515
5.7 PIC12C5X
1
1Mhz

1 Var_i EQU 07H 1
2 Var_j EQU 08H 1
3 temp EQU 09H 1
4 temp2 EQU 0AH 1
5 FSR EQU 04H 1
6 INDR EQU 00H 1
W EQU H'0000'
F EQU H'0001'
INDF EQU H'0000'
C EQU H'0000'
Z EQU H'0002'
DC EQU H'0001'
STATUS EQU H'0003'
8 DATA
9 ORG 0x20
10 Data: .DB 1,5,4,3,2,6,7
11 SzDATA EQU (DataEnd-Data)
12 Bytes Cycles
14 START:
15 MOVLW #1 ;i=1 1.5 1
MOVWF Var_i 1.5 1
16 _L5 MOVLW #SzData ;i - SzDATA 1.5 1
SUBWF Var_i,W 1.5 1
17 BTFSZ STATUS,C ;if (i >= SzDATA) 1.5 1
GOTO _L1 1.5 1
18 CLRF Var_j ;j=0 1.5 1
21 _L4 MOVF Var_j,W ;temp = j 1.5 1
22 ADDWF Var_i,W ;i+j 1.5 1
MOVWF temp 1.5 1
MOVLW #Data 1.5 1
MOVWF FSR 1.5 1
MOVLW #SzData 1.5 1
23 SUBWF temp,W ;(i+j) - SzDATA 1.5 1
24 BTFSS STATUS,C ;if ((i+j)<= SzDATA) 1.5 1
GOTO _L2 1.5 1
25 MOVF FSR,W 1.5 1
26 INC FSR,F 1.5 1
27 SUBWF FSR,W 1.5 1
28 BTFSS STATUS,C 1.5 1
29 GOTO _L3 1.5 1
30 MOVF FSR,W 1.5 1
31 MOVWF temp ;temp = Data[j] 1.5 1
DECF FSR,F ;temp2 = Data[j+1] 1.5 1
MOVF FSR,W ;Data[j]-Data[j+1] 1.5 1
;if (Data[j] >=
MOVWF temp2 1.5 1
Data[j+1])

)
MOVF temp,W ;Data[j+1] = Data[j] 1.5 1

MOVWF FSR ;Data[j] = Data[j+1] 1.5 1
DECF FSR,F 1.5 1
MOVF temp,W 1.5 1
MOVWF FSR 1.5 1
INCF FSR,F 1.5 1
32 _L3 INCF Var_j,F ;j++ 1.5 1
33 GOTO _L4 ;} 1.5 1
34 _L2 INCF Var_i,F ;i++ 1.5 1
35 GOTO _L5 ;} 1.5 1
36 _L1 GOTO _L1 ;End 1.5 1
BYTES MEMORY ROM 55.5
Table 14: Assembler code for PIC12C5X
Line Label Seudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

2 _L5
5 clear j CVar 1 6
6 _L4
12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1
Total Cycles 686
Table 15: Cycles Calculations for PIC12C5X
5.8 TMS370
1
1Mhz

1
2 Var_i .EQU R2 1
3 Var_j .EQU R3 1
4 temp .EQU R4 1
5 Data: FCB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
6 EndData:
7 SzData: EQU (EndData-Data)
8
10 START:
11 BSort:
12 MOV #1, Var_i ;i = 1 3 8

)
13 _L5: CMP #SzData, Var_i ;if (i<SzData) 3 8

14 JNC _L1 ; { 2 5/7
15 MOV #0, Var_j ; j=0 3 10
16 _L4: MOV Var_j, A ; 2 7
17 ADD Var_i, A ; 2 7
18 CMP #SzData, A ; i+j 2 6
19 JNC _L2 ; if (i+j<SzData) 2 5/7
20 MOV Var_j, B ; { 2 7
21 MOV *Data[B],A ; 3 12
22 MOV A, temp ; 2 7
23 INC B ; X = &Data[j] 1 8
24 MOV *Data[B],A ; A = Data[j] 3 12
25 SUB temp, A ; B = Data[j+1] 2 7
26 JNC _L3 ; if (A>B) 2 5/7
27 MOV *Data[B],A ; { Unsigned 3 12
28 MOV A, temp2 ; A->B 2 7
29 MOV temp, A 2 7
30 MOV A, *Data[B] 3 12
31 DEC B 1 8
32 MOV temp2,A 2 7
33 MOV A, *Data[B] 3 12
34 INC B 1 8
35 _L3: INC Var_j ; B->A } 2 6
36 JMP _L4 ; j++ 2 7
37 _L2: INC Var_i ; } 2 6
38 JMP _L5 ; i++ 2 7
39 _L1: JMP _L1 ; } 2 7
BYTES MEMORY ROM 61
Table 16: Assembler code for TMS370
Line Label Seudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

2 _L5
5 clear j CVar 10 60
6 _L4
12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1
Total Cycles 3926
Table 17: Cycles Calculations for TMS370

)
5.9 C166
1
1Mhz

1
2 C100 SECTION DATA BYTE
3 Var_i EQU RL0 1
4 Var_j EQU RH0 1
5 temp EQU RL1 1
6 temp2 EQU RH1 1
7 index EQU R3 2
BYTES MEMORY RAM 5
8 DataB: DB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
9 EndData:
10 SzData EQU (EndData-DataB)
11 C100 ENDS
NCODE
12 CGROUP
StartCode
StartCode
13 SECTION CODE
WORD 'NCODE'
14
MyFunc PROC
15
NEAR
PUBLIC
16
MyFunc
17 STARTC: LABEL
18 MOVB Var_i, #1 2 4
19 _L5:
20 CMPB Var_i,#SzData 2 4
21 JMPR CC_UGE, _L1 2 8
22 MOVB Var_j, #0 2 4
23 MOV index, #DataB 4 2
24 _L4:
25 MOVB temp, Var_j 2 4
26 ADDB temp, Var_i 2 4
27 CMPB temp, #SzData 2 4
28 JMPR cc_UGE, _L2 2 6
29 MOVB temp, [index+] 2 2
31 CMPB temp, [index] 2 3
32 JMPR cc_ULE, _L3 2 8
33 MOVB temp2, [index] 2 3
35 MOVB [index], temp 2 4
36 MOVB [-index], temp2 2 4
37 MOV temp, [index+] 2 4
38 _L3: LABEL
39 ADDB Var_j, #1 2 4
JMPR cc_UC, _L4 2 8
_L2: LABEL
ADDB Var_i, #1 2 4
JMPR cc_UC, _L5 2 8
_L1:
JMPR cc_UC, _L1 2 8
MyFunc ENDP
StartCode
ENDS
END
BYTES MEMORY ROM 44
Table 18: Assembler code for C166

)

2 _L5
5 clear j CVar 6 36
6 _L4
12 _L3
15 _L2
18 _L1
Total Cycles 1716
Table 19: Cycles Calculations for TMS370
6 Performance Comparison
6.1 Time
Performance Comparison (Execution Time)
30.000
ExecutionTime(ms)
25.000
20.000
Time (ms)
15.000
10.000
5.000
0.000
x
12
70
05
51
62
7
6
5x
M
42
51
16
S3
C
ST
68
80
AR
C
9C
S8
C
H
12
TM
68
s
90
S8
en
C
AT
PI
D
em
Si
Microprocessor
Figure 4: Performance Comparison (time)

)
6.2 Memory
Memory Comparison
70
ROM(Bytes)
60
RAM(Bytes)
50
Bytes
40
30
20
10
6
0
12
62
7
15
05
51
5x
16
42
M
C
S3
85
ST
68
80
AR
C
9C
H
12
TM
S
68
s
S8
90
en
C
PI
em
AT
D
Si
Microprocessor
Figure 5: Memory Comparison

)
7 Conclusions
The codification of each program was in certain way challenge because its processor has
it own architecture and its own set of instructions.
Generally, in each processor assessed in this report was possible to translate the high level
language into machine code. Furthermore each processor, has its own set of instruction
which could be categorized in the following way (Stallings, W., 2006):
Data processing: Through this instructions is possible to perform arithmetic and logic
instruction.
Data Storage: The way to store information into memory
Data movement: instruction that allow movement of data input and output.
Control: instructions to test and execute branch.
There are some processors which their instruction set allows easily the implementation of
the algorithm. Furthermore, they have a set of instructions that allow data manipulation in
a easier way. For example the DS89C420 and 8051 were the two that had less numbers of
program ROM. It means that the instructions for moving data (specially swapping) are very
useful. Indeed, DS89C420 is one of the processor which executed the program faster.
Addressing is the next factor that affects the performance of a processor. Despite the fact
that there are different types of addressing, not every processor has the same kind of
instruction to access memory data. Generally, seven different types of addressing can be
defined (Stallings, W., 2006):
Immediate
Direct
Indirect
Register
Register Indirect
Displacement
Stack
In addressing mode it is possible to define that there were some microprocessors which
their instruction set allow and effective way of implementing and executing the for loop.
Instruction execution is always performed in the same way. No matters which architecture
is being used, the process is always the same (Stallings, W., 2006):
Fetch Instruction
Interpret Instruction
Fetch Data
Process Data
Write Data
The key point to execute faster a set of instructions for each processor is its the architecture.
For instance, depending of the architecture it is possible to define a RISC or a CISC set of

)
instructions. However, generally speaking RISC architecture are in certain way more
complex that CISC architecture. The main reason of that is that RISC processor should have
a large amount of auxiliary registers in order to support the reduced number of instruction
sets.
Another aspect that affect performance has to do with the kind of architecture
implemented, Von Neuman or Harvard, The main reason is the memory implemented in
each machine; in one hand Von Neuman architecture has only one memory for data and
program and in the other hand Harvard architecture has different memory for data and
memory program.
However, nowadays is not possible to define if a processor has only one specific
architecture. Indeed, is it possible to get RISC processor with some CISC characteristics and
vice versa.
The most important factor to improve performance in some processors (ARM) is the
instruction pipelining. Pipelining allows processor to execute in “parallel” various
instructions. However, there are some aspects that should be taken into considering when
you are designing an application with those processors (Evans, J. and Eckhouse, R.):
Pipeline Hazards: It is related with conflict resolution, procedural dependences and

data dependences.
Data Stalls: It occurs when the processor has to deal with data writing or reading
previously storage data and this data is not available for the microprocessor.
Brach Effects: It is related with pipeline refilling because a branch was taken.
In conclusion it is possible to evaluate many different aspects of each processor but is the
real application work who will define which processor is better for certain kind of taks.
(Evans, J. and Eckhouse, R.). However, the activity developed in this report allows to get a
initial sense of the main advantages or disadvantages of using a microprocessor for a
specific application.

)
8 References
Atmel Corporation 2000, AT90S8515 - 8-Bit AVR Microcontroller, www.atmel.com , San Jose.
Atmel Corporation 1999, ARM7TDMI (Thumb) DataSheet, www.atmel.com, San Jose
Beckett, P 2006, Embedded Systems Design, course notes from EEET2039, RMIT University,
Melbourne.
Dallas Semiconductor 2005, DS89C420 Ultra-High Speed Microcontroller, www.maxim-
ic.com
Evans, JS and EckHouse RH 1999, Alpha Risc Architecture for programmers, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey.
Freescale semiconductor 2006, CPU12 Reference Manual, www.freescale.com
Infineon Technologies 2001, Instruction Set Manual for the C166 Family of Infineon 16-Bit
single-chip microcontrollers, www.infineon.com. München.
Intel Corporation, MCS® 51 1994, Microcontroller Family User’s Manual, Intel Corporation.
Illinois.
Microchip Technology Inc.1999, PIC12C5XX 8-Pin, 8-Bit CMOS Microcontrollers,
www.microchip.com, Chandler.
Motorola, 1999. MC68HC05 Technical Data, Motorola, East Kilbridge.
Patterson DA and Hennesy J L 2005, Computer Organization and Design, 3rd Edition,
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco.
Patterson DA and Hennesy J L 1998, Computer Organization and Design, 2nd Edition,
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco.
SGS-Thomson Microelectronics 1993, ST62 – ST63 Programming Manual.
Stallings, W 2006, Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance, 7th
Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Texas Instruments 1996, TMS370 Microcontroller Family User’s Guide, www.ti.com
Texas Instruments 1996, TMS370 and TMS370C8 8 Bit Microcontroller Family Optimizing C
Compiler User’s Guide, www.ti.com
Wunderlich C 2006. “C166: Call-segmented to a ram-address does not work”, start up
assembly code for C166 using Keil Software, 18 August, “Keil Discussion Forum” , viewed
September 11, 2006, www.keil.com/forum/docs/thread8211.asp.

)
9 Annex – Assembler List 68HC12
The simulator used to test the assembler code was:

Micro-IDE Version 2.16m
www.bipom.com
DUNFIELD 68HC12 ASSEMBLER: bubble PAGE: 1
0000 1 ORG $0000

0000 00 2 Var_i: FCB 0
0001 00 3 Var_j: FCB 0
0002 00 4 Var_temp: FCB 0
0003 07 06 03 04 05 02 + 5 Data: FCB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
000A 6 EndData:
000A 7 ;SzData: EQU (EndData-Data)
0003 8 SzData: EQU 3
FF00 9 ORG $FF00
FF00 10 START:
FF00 11 BSort:
FF00 86 01 12 LDAA #1
FF02 5A 00 13 STAA Var_i
FF04 96 00 14 _L5: LDAA Var_i
FF06 81 03 15 CMPA #SzData
FF08 2C 28 16 BGE _L1
FF0A 79 00 01 17 CLR Var_j
FF0D 96 01 18 _L4: LDAA Var_j
FF0F 9B 00 19 ADDA Var_i
FF11 81 03 20 CMPA #SzData
FF13 2C 18 21 BGE _L2
FF15 D6 01 22 LDAB Var_j
FF17 CE 00 03 23 LDX #Data
FF1A 1A E5 24 ABX
FF1C A6 00 25 LDAA 0,X
FF1E E6 01 26 LDAB 1,X
FF20 18 17 27 CBA
FF22 25 04 28 BLO _L3
FF24 6A 01 29 STAA 1,X
FF26 6B 00 30 STAB ,X
FF28 72 00 01 31 _L3: INC Var_j
FF2B 20 E0 32 BRA _L4
FF2D 72 00 00 33 _L2: INC Var_i
FF30 20 D2 34 BRA _L5
FF32 20 FE 35 _L1: BRA _L1
FFFE 36 ORG $FFFE
FFFE FF 00 37 FDB START
DUNFIELD 68HC12 ASSEMBLER: bubble PAGE: 2
SYMBOL TABLE:
BSORT -FF00 DATA -0003 ENDDATA -000A START -FF00 SZDATA -0003
VAR_I -0000 VAR_J -0001 VAR_TEMP-0002 _L1 -FF32 _L2 -FF2D
_L3 -FF28 _L4 -FF0D _L5 -FF04
Figure 6: Assembler list for 68HC12

)
10 Annex – Assembler List 68HC05

68HCx05 Cross Assembler Program Version 2.4
www.tec-i.com
Page 1 Date: 09/09/2006 Time:12:16:44 a.m.
The Engineers Collaborative, Inc. WASM05 V2.2 68HC05 Cross Assembler V2.1 (C)1986-1997
0000 ORG $0000

0000 00 Var_i DB $0
0001 00 Var_j DB $0
0002 00 temp DB $0
0003 00 temp2 DB $0
0004 07020304 Data DB 7,2,3,4,5,6,1
050601
000B 00 EndData DB $0
0007 SzData EQU EndData - Data
FF00 ORG $FF00
FF00 A601 [2 , 2] START LDA #1
FF02 B700 [4 , 6] STA Var_i
FF04 B600 [3 , 9] _L5 LDA Var_i
FF06 A107 [2 , 11] CMP #SzData
FF08 2425 [3 , 14] BHS _L1
FF0A 3F01 [5 , 19] CLR Var_j
FF0C AE04 [2 , 21] LDX #Data
FF0E B601 [3 , 24] _L4 LDA Var_j
FF10 BB00 [3 , 27] ADD Var_i
FF12 A107 [2 , 29] CMP #SzData
FF14 2415 [3 , 32] BHS _L2
FF16 F6 [3 , 35] LDA ,X
FF17 5C [3 , 38] INCX
FF18 F1 [3 , 41] CMP ,X
FF19 230C [3 , 44] BLS _L3
FF1B F6 [3 , 47] LDA ,X
FF1C B702 [4 , 51] STA temp
FF1E 5A [3 , 54] DECX
FF1F F6 [3 , 57] LDA ,X
FF20 B703 [4 , 61] STA temp2
FF22 BE02 [3 , 64] LDX temp
FF24 5C [3 , 67] INCX
FF25 BE03 [3 , 70] LDX temp2
FF27 3C01 [5 , 75] _L3 INC Var_j
FF29 20E3 [3 , 78] BRA _L4
FF2B 3C00 [5 , 83] _L2 INC Var_i
FF2D 20D5 [3 , 86] BRA _L5
FF2F 20FE [3 , 89] _L1 BRA _L1
*** Symbol Table ***

_L1 FF2F
_L2 FF2B
_L3 FF27
_L4 FF0E
_L5 FF04
Data 0004
EndData 000B
START FF00
SzData 0007
temp 0002
temp2 0003
Var_i 0000
Var_j 0001
Figure 7: Assembler list for 68HC12

)
11 Annex – Assembler List 80C51

www.bipom.com
DUNFIELD 8051 ASSEMBLER: BUBBLE~1 PAGE: 1
0003 1 Var_i EQU 03h

0004 2 Var_j EQU 04h
0000 07 06 03 04 05 02 + 3 Data DB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
0007 00 4 EndData DB 0
0007 5 SzData EQU (EndData-Data)
0000 6 ORG 00H ; Reset
0000 02 00 60 7 LJMP START
0060 8 ORG 60H ; start of program
0060 9 START:
0060 75 03 01 10 MOV Var_i,#1
0063 11 _L5:
0063 E5 03 12 MOV A,Var_i
0065 C3 13 CLR C
0066 94 07 14 SUBB A,#SzData
0068 50 20 15 JNC _L1
006A 75 04 00 16 MOV Var_j,#0
006D 17 _L4:
006D E5 04 18 MOV A,Var_j
006F 25 03 19 ADD A,Var_i
0071 C3 20 CLR C
0072 94 07 21 SUBB A,#SzData
0074 50 10 22 JNC _L2
0076 E5 04 23 MOV A,Var_j
0078 76 00 24 MOV @R0,#Data
007A 28 25 ADD A,R0
007B 08 26 INC R0
007C 96 27 SUBB A,@R0
007D 40 03 28 JC _L3
007F C6 29 XCH A,@R0
0080 18 30 DEC R0
0081 F6 31 MOV @R0,A
0082 32 _L3:
0082 05 04 33 INC Var_j
0084 80 E7 34 SJMP _L4
0086 35 _L2:
0086 05 03 36 INC Var_i
0088 80 D9 37 SJMP _L5
008A 38 _L1:
008A 80 FE 39 SJMP _L1
SYMBOL TABLE:
DATA -0000 ENDDATA -0007 START -0060 SZDATA -0007 VAR_I -0003
VAR_J -0004 _L1 -008A _L2 -0086 _L3 -0082 _L4 -006D
_L5 -0063
Figure 8: Assembler list for 8051

)
12 Annex – Assembler List DS89C420

www.bipom.com
DUNFIELD DS89C420 ASSEMBLER: BUBBLE~1 PAGE: 1

0000 07 06 03 04 05 02 + 3 Data DB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
0000 02 00 60 7 LJMP START
0060 9 START:
0060 75 03 01 10 MOV Var_i,#1
0063 11 _L5:
0063 E5 03 12 MOV A,Var_i
0065 C3 13 CLR C
0066 94 07 14 SUBB A,#SzData
0068 50 20 15 JNC _L1
006A 75 04 00 16 MOV Var_j,#0
006D 17 _L4:
006F 25 03 19 ADD A,Var_i
0071 C3 20 CLR C
0072 94 07 21 SUBB A,#SzData
0074 50 10 22 JNC _L2
0076 E5 04 23 MOV A,Var_j
0078 76 00 24 MOV @R0,#Data
007A 28 25 ADD A,R0
007B 08 26 INC R0
007C 96 27 SUBB A,@R0
007D 40 03 28 JC _L3
007F C6 29 XCH A,@R0
0080 18 30 DEC R0
0081 F6 31 MOV @R0,A
0082 32 _L3:
0082 05 04 33 INC Var_j
0084 80 E7 34 SJMP _L4
0086 35 _L2:
0086 05 03 36 INC Var_i
0088 80 D9 37 SJMP _L5
008A 38 _L1:
008A 80 FE 39 SJMP _L1
SYMBOL TABLE:
VAR_J -0004 _L1 -008A _L2 -0086 _L3 -0082 _L4 -006D
_L5 -0063
Figure 9: Assembler list for DS89C420

)
13 Annex – Assembler List PIC12C5X

MPLAB IDE Version 7.40.00.00
www.microchip.com
DUNFIELD DS89C420 ASSEMBLER: BUBBLE~1 PAGE: 1

0000 07 06 03 04 05 02 + 3 Data DB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
0000 02 00 60 7 LJMP START
0060 9 START:
0060 75 03 01 10 MOV Var_i,#1
0063 11 _L5:
0063 E5 03 12 MOV A,Var_i
0065 C3 13 CLR C
0066 94 07 14 SUBB A,#SzData
0068 50 20 15 JNC _L1
006A 75 04 00 16 MOV Var_j,#0
006D 17 _L4:
006F 25 03 19 ADD A,Var_i
0071 C3 20 CLR C
0072 94 07 21 SUBB A,#SzData
0074 50 10 22 JNC _L2
0076 E5 04 23 MOV A,Var_j
0078 76 00 24 MOV @R0,#Data
007A 28 25 ADD A,R0
007B 08 26 INC R0
007C 96 27 SUBB A,@R0
007D 40 03 28 JC _L3
007F C6 29 XCH A,@R0
0080 18 30 DEC R0
0081 F6 31 MOV @R0,A
0082 32 _L3:
0082 05 04 33 INC Var_j
0084 80 E7 34 SJMP _L4
0086 35 _L2:
0086 05 03 36 INC Var_i
0088 80 D9 37 SJMP _L5
008A 38 _L1:
008A 80 FE 39 SJMP _L1
SYMBOL TABLE:
VAR_J -0004 _L1 -008A _L2 -0086 _L3 -0082 _L4 -006D
_L5 -0063
Figure 10: Assembler list for PIC12C5X

)
14 Annex – Assembler List C166

The simulator used to test the assembler code was: µvision3 V3.30a - www.keil.com
A166 MACRO ASSEMBLER BUBBLEC166ASM 09/09/2006 19:59:02 PAGE 1
MACRO ASSEMBLER A166 V5.20
OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN BubbleC166Asm.OBJ
ASSEMBLER INVOKED BY: C:\Keil\C166\BIN\A166.EXE BubbleC166Asm.asm SEGMENTED MOD167 SET(SMALL) DEBUG
EP
LOC OBJ LINE SOURCE
4 NAME MYASM
5
-------- 6 C100 SECTION DATA BYTE
7 Var_i EQU RL0
8 Var_j EQU RH0
9 temp EQU RL1
10 temp2 EQU RH1
11 index EQU R3
00000000 07060304 12 DataB: DB 7,6,3,4,5,2,1
00000004 050201 12
13 EndData:
0007 14 SzData EQU (EndData-DataB)
-------- 15 C100 ENDS
19 NCODE CGROUP StartCode
-------- 25 StartCode SECTION CODE WORD 'NCODE'
26
27 MyFunc PROC NEAR
28 PUBLIC MyFunc
32 STARTC: LABEL
00000000 E110 33 MOVB Var_i, #1
35 _L5:
00000002 4907 36 CMPB Var_i,#SzData
00000004 9D12 37 JMPR CC_UGE, _L1
00000006 E101 39 MOVB Var_j, #0
00000008 F2F3???? R 40 MOV index, DataB
41 _L4:
0000000C F121 42 MOVB temp, Var_j
0000000E 0120 43 ADDB temp, Var_i
00000010 4927 44 CMPB temp, #SzData
00000012 9D09 45 JMPR cc_UGE, _L2
00000014 9923 46 MOVB temp, [index+]
00000016 492B 47 CMPB temp, [index]
00000018 FD04 48 JMPR cc_ULE, _L3
0000001A A933 49 MOVB temp2, [index]
0000001C B923 50 MOVB [index], temp
0000001E 8933 51 MOVB [-index], temp2
00000020 9923 52 MOV temp, [index+]
53 _L3: LABEL
00000022 0911 54 ADDB Var_j, #1
00000024 0DF3 55 JMPR cc_UC, _L4
56 _L2: LABEL
00000026 0901 57 ADDB Var_i, #1
00000028 0DEC 58 JMPR cc_UC, _L5
59 _L1:
0000002A 0DFF 60 JMPR cc_UC, _L1
64 MyFunc ENDP
-------- 66 StartCode ENDS
67 END
SYMBOL TABLE LISTING
------ ----- -------
N A M E TYPE VALUE I ATTRIBUTES
C100 . . . . . . . ---- ---- R SECTION
DATAB. . . . . . . BYTE 0H R SEC=C100
ENDDATA. . . . . . BYTE 7H R SEC=C100
MYASM. . . . . . . ---- ----
MYFUNC . . . . . . NEAR 0H R PUB SEC=STARTCODE
NCODE. . . . . . . ---- ---- GROUP
STARTC . . . . . . NEAR 0H R SEC=STARTCODE
STARTCODE. . . . . ---- ---- R SECTION
SZDATA . . . . . . DATA3 7H A
_L1. . . . . . . . NEAR 2AH R SEC=STARTCODE
_L2. . . . . . . . NEAR 26H R SEC=STARTCODE
_L4. . . . . . . . NEAR CH R SEC=STARTCODE
ASSEMBLY COMPLETE. 1 WARNING(S), 0 ERROR(S)
Figure 11: Assembler list for C166

)
15 Annex – Compilation of bubble C program for ARM processor.
The simulator used to test the assembler code was: µvision3 V3.30a - www.keil.com
ARM COMPILER V2.54a, bubble

31/08/06 22:47:21 PAGE 1
ARM COMPILER V2.54a, COMPILATION OF MODULE bubble
OBJECT MODULE PLACED IN bubble.OBJ
COMPILER INVOKED BY: C:\KEIL\ARM\BIN\ca.exe bubble.c SYMBOLS CODE DEBUG
stmt level source
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #include <stdlib.h>
3
4
5 void main (void)
6 {
7 1 int i, j;
8 1 int Data[] = {23,53,67,89,89,99,123};
9 1 unsigned int tmp;
10 1 for (i=0; i<sizeof(Data)-1; i++)
11 1 {
12 2 for (j=0; j<sizeof(Data)-1-i; j++)
13 2 {
14 3 if (Data[j+1] < Data[j])
15 3 {
16 4 tmp = Data[j];
17 4 Data[j] = Data[j+1];
18 4 Data[j+1] = tmp;
19 4 }
20 3 }
21 2 }
22 1 }
23
24
25
26 void BubbleSort (void)
27 {
28 1
29 1 }
30
31

31/08/06 22:47:21 PAGE 2
ASSEMBLY LISTING OF GENERATED OBJECT CODE
*** EXTERNALS:
EXTERN NUMBER (__startup)
*** PUBLICS:
PUBLIC main
PUBLIC BubbleSort?T
*** DATA SEGMENT '?CON?bubble':
00000000 ?tpl?0001:
00000000 BEGIN_INIT
00000000 00000017 DD 0x17
00000004 00000035 DD 0x35
00000008 00000043 DD 0x43
0000000C 00000059 DD 0x59
00000010 00000059 DD 0x59
00000014 00000063 DD 0x63
00000018 0000007B DD 0x7B
0000001C END_INIT
*** CODE SEGMENT '?PR?main?bubble':
5: void main (void)
00000000 B500 PUSH {LR}
00000002 B087 SUB R13,#0x1C
6: {
00000004 ; SCOPE-START
8: int Data[] = {23,53,67,89,89,99,123};
00000004 4800 LDR R1,=?tpl?0001 ; ?tpl?0001
00000006 A800 ADD R0,R13,#0x0

)
00000008 221C MOV R2,#0x1C

0000000A L_13:
0000000A 780B LDRB R3,[R1,#0x0]
0000000C 7003 STRB R3,[R0,#0x0]
0000000E 1C49 ADD R1,R1,#0x1
00000010 1C40 ADD R0,R0,#0x1
00000012 1E52 SUB R2,R2,#0x1
00000014 D1F9 BNE L_13 ; T=0x0000000A
10: for (i=0; i<sizeof(Data)-1; i++)
00000016 2000 MOV R0,#0x0
00000018 ---- Variable 'i' assigned to Register 'R0' ----
12: for (j=0; j<sizeof(Data)-1-i; j++)
00000018 L_10:
00000018 2100 MOV R1,#0x0
0000001A ---- Variable 'j' assigned to Register 'R1' ----
0000001A E015 B L_8 ; T=0x00000048
0000001C L_9:
14: if (Data[j+1] < Data[j])
0000001C 1C0B MOV R3,R1 ; j
0000001E 009B LSL R3,R3,#0x2 ; j
00000020 AC00 ADD R4,R13,#0x0
00000022 58E5 LDR R5,[R4,R3]
00000024 AA01 ADD R2,R13,#0x4
00000026 58D2 LDR R2,[R2,R3]
00000028 42AA CMP R2,R5
0000002A DA0C BGE L_6 ; T=0x00000046
16: tmp = Data[j];
0000002C ---- Variable 'tmp' assigned to Register 'R5' ----
17: Data[j] = Data[j+1];
0000002C 1C0B MOV R3,R1 ; j
0000002E 009B LSL R3,R3,#0x2 ; j
00000030 AA01 ADD R2,R13,#0x4
00000032 58D2 LDR R2,[R2,R3]
00000034 1C0C MOV R4,R1 ; j
00000036 00A4 LSL R4,R4,#0x2 ; j
31/08/06 22:47:21 PAGE 3
00000038 AB00 ADD R3,R13,#0x0
0000003A 511A STR R2,[R3,R4]
18: Data[j+1] = tmp;
0000003C 1C2A MOV R2,R5 ; tmp
0000003E 1C0C MOV R4,R1 ; j
00000040 00A4 LSL R4,R4,#0x2 ; j
00000042 AB01 ADD R3,R13,#0x4
00000044 511A STR R2,[R3,R4]
20: }
00000046 L_6:
00000046 3101 ADD R1,#0x1
00000048 L_8:
00000048 1C02 MOV R2,R0 ; i
0000004A 231B MOV R3,#0x1B
0000004C 1A9B SUB R3,R2 ; i
0000004E 1C0A MOV R2,R1 ; j
00000050 429A CMP R2,R3 ; j
00000052 DBE3 BLT L_9 ; T=0x0000001C
21: }
00000054 3001 ADD R0,#0x1
00000056 1C01 MOV R1,R0 ; i
00000058 291B CMP R1,#0x1B ; i
0000005A DBDD BLT L_10 ; T=0x00000018
0000005C ; SCOPE-END
22: }
0000005C B007 ADD R13,#0x1C
0000005E BC08 POP {R3}
00000060 4718 BX R3
00000062 ENDP ; 'main'
*** CODE SEGMENT '?PR?BubbleSort?T?bubble':
29: }
00000000 4770 BX R14
00000002 ENDP ; 'BubbleSort?T'
31/08/06 22:47:21 PAGE 4
Name Class Space Type Offset Size

)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ldiv_t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . type struct ----- 8
rem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member long 000000H 4
quot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member long 000004H 4
_ldiv_t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *tag* struct ----- 8
rem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member long 000000H 4
quot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member long 000004H 4
div_t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . type struct ----- 8
rem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member int 000000H 4
quot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member int 000004H 4
_div_t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *tag* struct ----- 8
rem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member int 000000H 4
quot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . member int 000004H 4
wchar_t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . type uchar ----- 1
size_t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . type uint ----- 4
main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . public code funct 000000H
i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *reg* int ----- 4
j. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *reg* int ----- 4
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . auto data array 000000H 28
tmp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *reg* uint ----- 4
BubbleSort?T . . . . . . . . . . . . . public code funct 000000H
?tpl?0001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . static const array 000000H 28
Module Information Static

----------------------------------
code size = ------
data size = ------
const size = 28
End of Module Information.
ARM COMPILATION COMPLETE. 0 WARNING(S), 0 ERROR(S)


Microprocessor Performance

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Microprocessor Performance

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EEET2039 Embedded System Design

Professor: Paul Beckett

Student: Wilson Castillo Bautista

Melbourne, September 19th, 2006

Microprocessor Performance ...............................................................................................................5

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Figure 1: CPU Execution time in function of Clock cycle time .......................................................5

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Table 1: Pseudo-code to calculate number of instructions. (Beckett, P., EEET2039,

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CPU execution time CPU clock cycles

Alternatively, it could be defined in the following way.

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CPU execution time CPU clock cycles for a program

The program in this case is the bubble sort algorithm:

void main (void){

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7 compare i+j, sizeof(Data) DVar =DVar*(NumIterations+SzData-1)

xVarN ⇔ means cycles value when the branch is not taken.

SzData = 7, seven numbers to be ordered.

As it had been described before evaluating performance of a system could be done

The following are the results per microprocessor:

Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

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Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

CPU Execution Time = 1026 * 2µs = 2.052ms

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Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

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8 branch to _L2, if (i+j)>=sizeof(Data) EVar 3 EVarN 1 39

CPU Execution Time = 1360 * 2µs = 2.720ms

Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

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Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

CPU Execution Time = 755 * 12µs = 9.06ms

Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

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25 XCH A, @PrtData ;A<->Data[j+1] 1 3

Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

CPU Execution Time = 755 * 1µs = 0.755ms

Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

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13 CLR Var_j ;j=0 3 4

Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

CPU Execution Time = 1870 * 13µs = 24.31ms

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Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

Line Label Pseudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

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19 branch to _L1 MVar 2 2

CPU Execution Time = 510 * 1µs = 0.510ms

Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

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MOVF temp,W ;Data[j+1] = Data[j] 1.5 1

Line Label Seudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

CPU Execution Time = 684 * 4µs = 2.744ms

Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

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13 _L5: CMP #SzData, Var_i ;if (i<SzData) 3 8

Line Label Seudo Code Cycles/Var Cycles/Var Total

CPU Execution Time = 3926 * 1µs = 3.926ms

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Line Label/Var Instruction Description Bytes Cycles

* Symbol Table *