Critical Reviewing of Results, Discussions, Conclusions, Future Work and Referencing J M Nouri j.m.nouri@city.ac.

uk Room C113

Matters important to Examiners Results

Do the results obtained relate to the questions posed? Is the level and form of analysis appropriate for the data? Has the data uncertainties been identified and quantified? Is the graphs are readable and easy to follow? Could the presentation of the results been made clearer? Are patterns and trends in the results accurately identified and summarized?

Matters important to Examiners Discussion and Conclusions

Is the candidate aware of possible limits to confidence/reliability/validity of the work? Have the main points emerged from the results been picked up for discussion? Have proper comparisons to previous works OR links to the literature been made? Is there evidence of attempts at theory building? Are there speculations? Are they well grounded in the results?

RESULTS Before presenting your results

Make sure that you have described the conditions under which the data were obtained and processed, for example: What parameters were kept constant? What were the other relevant parameters? Cleary describe your definitions for data processing Make sure that you have used appropriate data analysis and described them fully. Provide justification if you are using a nonconventional analysis. Make sure that you have used appropriate statistical analysis. Where applicable, show measurement errors and standard errors on the graphs.

RESULTS Plotting Graphs

The origin and intercepts are important and should be clearly identified. Proper selection of scales so that the curves are clearly visible. Make sure you use similar scale throughout. That makes comparison much easier Make sure that the captions provide full details of measurements/calculations operating conditions. When plotting several curves in a graph, make sure that using different symbols for different curves. The use of different colour is also good but has to come with symbols

RESULTS Plotting Graphs

Either identify errors and uncertainties by the bar on the curves on mention them in the text; note that you should have a section error analysis in your Setup Chapter.
If using any types of curve-fit give details in the text and the equation on the graph. Before discussing your results in details try to give a brief description of the patterns and changes that your data show.

DISCUSSION
Once you presented your data then the questions are: What do they mean Do they agree with existing theories How do the results compared with current literature; if not why? Are they providing new information that were not existed before? Are they providing/suggesting new theories or mechanisms or correlations that improve our understating . Most impotently, do they answer questions that you have set out.

DISCUSSION
But before answering all above questions you should be confident of the data your presenting Are your results repeatable Are they statistically sound; i.e. changing the number of samples will result to different pattern. Have all the errors been accounted for.

DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION
To interpret your results, what have you learned from your research Explain and discuss your results in accordance with theory Compare with previous work; if different explain why Always remember your research limitation

Do not repeat what you said before

CONCLUSION
In the beginning give a detail of the aims and objectives What methodology you have used A summary of all your finding in the results and discussion section Provide avenue for future work/research if your study was not able to answer all questions.

REFERENCES Sources:
Book Journal and conference papers Thesis and dissertation Web Sites: There are some very useful and authoritative sources that can be used, but avoid this type of citation as much as you can as they are usually less satisfactory.

Information required:
Name of the Authors Title Year Name of the publisher

REFERENCES List of References For example:

1.Ando, H. and Arcoumanis, C. Flow, mixture prepration and Combustion in Four-stroke Directinjection Gasoline Engines, Chapter 1 in Flow and Combustion in Reciprocating Engines, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. 2.Cavalho, I.S., Heitoyr, M.V. and Santos, D. Liquid film disintegration regimes and proposed correlations. Int. J. of Multiphase flow, 28, p. 773-789, 2002. 3.Befrui, B., Robart, D. and Reckers, W. LES Simulation of the Internal Flow and Near-Field Spray Structure of an Outward-Opening GDi Injector and Comparison with Imaging Data. SAE Paper 010137, 2008. 4.Marchi A. Internal flow and spray characteristics of an outwards opening pintle-type gasolineinjector. PhD Thesis, City University London, UK, 2009.

Make sure that all references cited in the text are referred properly to the list of references.

REFERENCES
Book Journal and conference papers Thesis and dissertation Web Sites

Provid Name of the Authors Title Year Name of the publisher