BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide1

Motivation in Theory
Motivation in Theory
Theproblemofkeepingworkershappyhasbeena
problemforbusinessesforalongtime
Thishasledtoanumberofpeopleproducingtheories
astowhatkeepsworkersmotivated
Themainonesare:
TaylorsScientificManagement
MayosHumanRelationsTheories
MaslowsHierarchyofNeeds
HerzbergsTwoFactorTheory
McGregorsTheoryXandTheoryY
Weneedtolookattheseinturn
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide2
Taylor
Taylor

s Scientific Management
s Scientific Management
F.W.Taylor(18561915)wasthefirsttoanalysethe
managementofworkers
Hisscientificapproachwasto:
Selectworkerstoperformatask
Observethem,andthennotethekeyelements
Recordthetimetakentodoeachpartofthetask
Trainallworkerstodothetaskinthequickestway
Superviseworkerstoensuretheyusethismethod
Payworkersonthebasisofresults
ThisledTaylortobelievethatworkersweremotivated
solelybymoney
HepromotedtheideaofAfairdayspayforafair
dayswork
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide3
Are Taylor
Are Taylor

s Ideas Valid?
s Ideas Valid?
ManyofTaylorsideaswereoriginallyadoptedby
businesses
However,hisideasbecamelesspopularafterthe
1960sforanumberofreasons:
Itwasfoundthatnotallworkersarethereforthemoney!
Hisbestmethodideaswouldnotsuitallworkersorall
industries
Thepieceratesystemofpaymentwasnotalwaysappropriate
AssuchTaylorsideaswereoften
droppedinfavourofnewJapanese
modelsofmotivation
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide4
Mayo
Mayo

s Human Relations School

s Human Relations School
EltonMayo(18801949)isbestknownforhisstudyof
theHawthorneElectricfactoryinChicago
Mayoinitiallybelievedthatworkersweremotivatedby:
Workingconditions
Theskillsofworkers
Financialincentives
Thiswasputtothetestovera5yearperiod
Theyfoundthatchangesinworkingconditionsor
financialrewardshadlittleeffect
Theconclusionwasthatworkersaremotivatedbythe
waythattheyinteractwitheachother
Inotherwordsworkinginteams,withinwhichthey
canmakedecisions
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide5
Maslow
Maslow

s
s
Hierachy
Hierachy
of Needs
of Needs
Maslow(19081970)
believedthatthe
reasonpeoplegoto
workchanges
HecreatedaHierarchy
Whichhebelieved
peopleworkup
Self Realisation
Self-Esteem
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide6
Problems of
Problems of
Maslow
Maslow

s
s
Approach
Approach
Maslowwasprimarilystudyinghumanbehaviour
sohewasnotconcentratingontheeffectonbusinesses
Inpracticethereareanumberofproblemswith
Maslowsapproach:
Somelevelsofthehierarchydonotexistforsomepeople
Somerewardsfitintomorethanonelevel,e.g.money
Itcanbedifficulttorecognisewhichlevelanindividualison
Selfactualisationisneverpermanentlyachieved
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide7
Herzberg
Herzberg

s
s
Two Factor Theory
Two Factor Theory
FrederickHerzberg(19232000)askedjust200workers
whatmotivatedthem
FromthishedevelopedhisTWOFACTORTHEORY
Herzbergfoundthatitispossibletosplitthethingsthatmotivators
into2groupsbutnotbasedaroundmoney.
InsteadhesplitthemaccordingtoMOTIVATORSandHYGIENE
FACTORS:
Work
Motivators Hygiene Factors
Things which motivate Things that prevent dissatisfaction
Eg: Chance of Promotion
Recognition
Eg: Pay
Conditions
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide8
The Implications of
The Implications of
Herzberg
Herzberg
Herzbergsideasarelinkedtojobenrichment
Thismeansthat:
Improvementsinpayetcwillnotinthemselvesmotivateworkers
Inordertomotivatethemworkerslike:
Beinginvolvedintheproductionofacompleteunit
Receivingfeedbackontheirperformance
Beinggivenarangeofdifferenttaskstocomplete
However:
Providingjobenrichmentcanbeveryexpensive
Herzbergsfindingswherebasedonaverysmallsample
Similarsurveyshaveobtainedverydifferentresults
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide9
McGregor
McGregor

s Theory X & Theory Y

s Theory X & Theory Y
DouglasMcGregor(19061964)examinedhow
managersattitudesaffecthowworkersbehave
Hedevelopedtwoextremesofmanagers:
Thesemanagersbelieve
thatworkers:
Arekeen
Willworkontheirown
Seekresponsibility
Seektoshowinitiative
Respondtorewards
Thesemanagers
believethatworkers:
Arelazy
Needtobepushed
Avoidresponsibility
Havenoinitiative
Respondtothreats
TheoryY TheoryX
BusinessStudiesOnline:Slide10
How Useful Is McGregor
How Useful Is McGregor

s Theory?
s Theory?
Itisimportanttorealisethat:
McGregorbasedhisideasonMaslowsHierarchy
McGregorstheoryisNOTamotivationtheory
MostmanagersfallsomewherebetweenMcGregors2extremes
Inessence,allthetheoriesthatwehavelookedattellus
thatworkersaredifferentandthatmoneymaynotbethe
onlymotivator!