Relations and Functions,

Cross Product
Let A and B be sets. The cross product
of A and B, denoted by A x B is the set
of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x
e A and y e B. In symbols,
A x B = {(x, y), x eA and y e B}
Example 2
Example 1
Cross Product
Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {4, 5}


A x B = {(1,4),(2,4),(3,4),(1,5),(2,5),(3,5)}
Let R be the set of Real numbers
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Cross Product
In general, for any sets A and B, A x B B x
A unless A = B, that is, A x B = B x A if
and only if A = B.
Relation
Let X and Y be nonempty sets.
A relation S from X to Y is any nonempty
subset of the cross product of X and Y.
Y X S _
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A relation r from R to R (or a
relation in R) is any non-empty
subset of R x R = R
2
.

In other words, a relation in R
is any set containing ordered
pairs of real numbers.

Relation
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1. Any set of points in the rectangular
Cartesian coordinates is a relation in R.
Example 3
Relation
( ) ( ) ( ) } {
6
5
,
4
3
, 2 , 6 . 0 , 4 , 3 , 0 , 3
2
|
.
|

\
|
= r
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )} { 7 , 3 , 5 , 4 , 8 , 6 , 2 , 1
1
= r
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2. Equations and Inequalities
Relation
( ) { } 6 2 ,
2
3
= e = x y R y x r
( ) { } 1 ,
2 2
4
+ = e = x y R y x r
( ) { } 4 ,
2
5
> e = x y R y x r
( ) { } 1 5 ,
2 2
6
= e = y x R y x r
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3.Tables and graphs also represent
relations.


0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Number of Students
by College in
UPLB

Relation
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Functions

A function f from A to B is a
relation from A to B where to each ,
there corresponds exactly one such
that

A ae
B be
( ) . , f b a e

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Functions
A function can also be defined as a
set of ordered pairs in which no two
ordered pairs have the same first
component but different second
components.
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11
Functions
Functions as set of
ordered pairs
f = {(1,1),(3,5),(4,6),(8,9)}
g = {(1,0),(2,0),(-1,5)}

Functions as
equations
f(x) = x
2
+ 1
g(x) = 4 -5x


12
Some examples of functions
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Functions as graphs

Functions as table
of values
No. of eggs
(x)x
Price at
breakfast
(y)
1 P14.00
2 P18.00
3 P22.00
13
Functions
Other examples of functions
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If (x, y) is an element of a function, say f, we write ,
read as y is the function value of f at x.
Thus, (x,f(x)) corresponds to a point on the graph of
the function f.
Functions
Note that the examples

and

are functions.

Moreover, we can write this as

Functions
( ) 6 2
3
= x x r
( ) 1 and
2
4
+ = x x r
respectively.
} 6 2 / ) , {(
3
= = x y y x r
} 1 / ) , {(
2
4
+ = = x y y x r
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Baos

15
Note that,

f(x) should be read f of x , NOT f times x.
f is the name of the function; its not a number.
x is the input value or independent variable.
f(x) is the output value or value of the
function f at the number x.
Functions
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Input (x)
Function (Rule)
Output (y)
0
f(x ) = 3x
2
-2
2
4
Consider the
illustration
Functions
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17

What does mean?

Moreover, given the equation

We may replace f(x) by y. That is, f(x) = y
which means that the value of the function is the
y value.

Functions
. 4 3 ) (
2
= x x f
( ) 8 2 = f
The value of f when x = 2 is 8.
18
Function Notation
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Vertical Line Test
If any vertical line drawn intersects (or
passes) the graph in at most one point,
then the relation
described by the graph is
that of a function.

Functions
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19
Functions
Example 1 Which of the following graphs
represent a function?
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
Yes Yes
No No
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Let y = f (x). The set of all x such that (x, y) e f is the
domain of f, denoted by D
f
, while the set of all y
such the (x, y) e f is the range of f, denoted by R
f
.
The domain is also defined as the set of all
permissible values of x and the range as the set of
all corresponding values of y.

Domain and Range
Domain and Range
Examples:
1. In A = {(1,2),(3,5),(4,6),(8,9)}, D
A
= {1,3,4,8} and
R
A
= {2,5,6,9}
2. In B = {(1,0),(2,0),(1,5)}, D
B
= {1,2} and R
B
= {0,5}
3. In C = {(x,y)|x-2y=1}, D
C
= {x|x e R} and
R
C=
{y|y e R}
4. D
D
= {x|x e R} and R
D
= {y|y0}


Examples:
Which of the following are functions and which are not
functions. In each case state the domain and range.
1.{(x,y)| y = |x|+1} 2.{(x,y)| x = y
2
}
Answer: 1. Function, D = R and R={y/y1}
2. Non-Function, D = R=R
Relations and Functions

x / x > 0 { }
3.{(x,y)| x = 2} 4.{(x,y)| }

Answer:
3. Non-function, D={2}, R = R
4. Function, D={x|x 0}, R = {y/y0}

y = x
Relations and Functions
Note that,

f(x) should be read f of x , NOT f times x.
f is the name of the function; its not a number.
x is the input value or independent variable.
f(x) is the output value or value of the
function f at the number x.
Functions
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1. Determine if the correspondence is a
function.



TIME TO THINK
3
6
9
12
15
4
8
12
16
1
2
3
4
5
5
10
15
20
a) b)
NO, because there
are two ordered pairs
with the same first component
YES
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Los Baos

26
2. The following data were collected from
members of a college pre-calculus class.
Is the set of ordered pairs (x,y) a function?
TIME TO THINK
x
Height
y
Weight
77 in. 185 lb
65 in. 209 lb
65 in. 125 lb
68 in. 149 lb
75 in. 189 lb
a)
No , two
ordered pairs
have the same
first component
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2. The following data were collected from
members of a college pre-calculus class.
Is the set of ordered pairs (x,y) a function?
TIME TO THINK
b)
x
Age
y
ID No.
20 82-4090
22 80-4133
42 66-8295
23 64-9110
25 20-6666
YES
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Baos

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2. The following data were collected from
members of a college pre-calculus class.
Is the set of ordered pairs (x,y) a function?
TIME TO THINK
c)
x
year of graduation
y
number of graduates
2006 4
2007 15
2008 21
2009 10
2010 2
YES
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3. An equation in x and y defines a relation,
which may or may not be a function.
Decide whether the relation consisting of all
ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y)
satisfying the given condition is a function.
a. y = x
2
+1 c. x y+1
b. x = y
2
+1 d. 2x+7y = 15


TIME TO THINK
b and c are not
functions , you know
why?
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Baos

30
a. x is the daughter of y (x and y are
women)
4. In everyday life we encounter many relations
which may or may not define functions. Which of
the following everyday relations are functions?

a. x is the daughter of y (x and y are women)

b. x is taller than y (x and y are people in
Philippines)




TIME TO THINK
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c. x has received dental treatment from y (x
and y are millionaires)

d. x is a digit (0 to 9) on a telephone dial and y
is a corresponding letter.

TIME TO THINK
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