Brazil

Intonation is traditionally equated, with variations in the perceived pitch of the voice. Not all the variations have the same communicative significance. A system of intonation should include a set of systematically opposed pitch patterns. - Intonation is the melody or music of a language. - Intonation is the meaningful variations in the pitch of the voice. Tone Unit is the stretch of language that carried the systematically opposed features of intonation. !onsist in three parts ". The tonic segment is limited #y prominence. The tonic segment may #e only a tone li$e in the word %yes&. '. The proclitic segment the pre(head. ). The enclitic segment the tail.

Prominence is whatever stands out. The more the factors intervening, the more prominent the word. "* Pitch Variation +hen there is a change of direction, the sylla#le #ecomes very prominent. ,itch may move, may change its direction. -listener* '* Quantity or Length variation we give prominence #y lengthening vowels and consonants, mainly vowels. -e. we pray in monotone* )* Sound Quality The ran$ing of prominence as regards quality is as follows a. /owels -first the longer and the more open ones* #. 0emi(vowels frictionless continuant or glides 12, w1. c. /owel(li$e consonants nasals, lateral. d. 3ricatives. e. ,losives. 4* Stress or Loudness is not an efficient device for signaling the situation of the accent. ( 3rom the articulatory point of view, it means #reath effort and muscular energy. ( 3rom the auditory point of view, stress means loudness. ( 3rom the acoustic point of view, stress is related to the size or amplitude of vi#ration of the waves of air. Pitch ( Articulatory 5epends on the tension and the rate of vibration. ( Auditorily This sound can #e placed on a scale running from high to low or acute to grave.

Quantity Vibration of vocal chords. 0ounds may #e ordered on a scale from short to long. 3rom the auditory point of view quantity has to do witch the rate of vi#ration of the vocal cords perceived as length. Quality Shape of resonators -cavities oral and nasal* 3rom the articulatory point of view, the quality of a sound has to do with the shape of resonators -cavities, oral and nasal*. 3rom the auditory point of view, it6s that quality that allows as to perceive to sounds which may have the same length and similar quality as dissimilar. Stress from the articulary point of view, stress is produced with #reath force and muscular energy and from the auditory point7 stress is produced or perceived #y the listener as e.tra loudness. It doesn6t implicate any change of pitch. 8e.ical stress is the #asic stress pattern of a word, as shown in dictionaries. Accent include stress and a change of pitch or the su#stitution of pitch. Utterance is a sentence produced, is the real use of the language.

Tonicity is the placement of the nuclear tone in a tone unit . It can #e neutral or mar$ed. The first is the ordinary placement of the nuclear tone. The second is when the nucleus is placed as any other sylla#le e.cept the accented sylla#le of the last le.ical item. It could #e neutral or mar$ed. Nuclear Tonicity the ordinary placement of the nuclear tone is when the nucleus falls on the last accented syllable of the last le ical item in the tone unit . -or neutral tonicity is the unmar$ed or neutral case*. !ar"ed tonicity when you place the nucleus of any other sylla#le that is not the last le.ical item. Nucleus The nucleus or tonic -the last accented sylla#le* must go on a stressed sylla#le. The nucleus does not go on a personal pronoun# a preposition# and au iliary verb or a modal verb unless special circumstances apply. The nucleaus typically goes on the last content word. ( New information those elements which contri#ute most to advancing communication -rhyme*. ( 9ld information -theme* those elements which contri#ute least. $ontent words nouns, ad2ectives, most ver#s and most adver#s, words that

( have meanings ( have equivalents in other languages %unction words are pronouns, prepositions, articles, au.iliary ver#s, modal ver#s words ( whose meaning may need to #e e.plained in a grammar ( may not have e.act equivalents in other languages The function words are not highlighted -mar$ed*. The nucleus is on the le.ically stressed sylla#le of the last highlighted word.

Tonality is the splitting up of a stream of discourse into intonation units as tone units. !ontrastive focus can #e signaled #y placing the nucleus on a final item which normally wound not have end(focus -pronouns and prepositions*. +ho are you wor$ing 39:; -not with* <ighliting is used to draw attention to a contrast the spea$er is ma$ing.