El Orden de Las Palabras en Ingles

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS
WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH EL ORDEN DE LAS PALABRAS EN INGLS A. Posicin y orden del sujeto. B. Posicin y orden de los objetos directo e indirecto. C. Posicin y orden de los adverbios. D. Posicin y orden de los adjetivos. E. Posicin y orden de los sustantivos. F. Posicin y orden de las preposiciones. G. Posicin y orden de las oraciones. H. Posicin y orden de ciertas palabras.
A. POSICIN Y ORDEN DEL SUJETO. 1. Por regla general, en ingls, el sujeto de una frase va colocado delante del verbo en una aseveracin: They live in London. 2. En oraciones negativas, se coloca not entre el verbo auxiliar (o defectivo) y el principal, aunque se usa normalmente la forma contrada de la negacin en conversacin: She is not (isnt ) coming today. You must not (mustnt) go
today.
3. En preguntas, el sujeto se coloca entre el verbo auxiliar (o defectivo) y el principal: a. Preguntas que comienzan por un verbo: Do they live in London? b. Preguntas que comienzan por una palabra interrogativa: Where do
they live?
4. Si el sujeto es largo (compuesto de varias palabras) se aplica lo dicho en c):
Have Peter and Mary been to London? Is the man in the brown suit talking to the headmaster?
5. En preguntas con Who o What como sujeto no interviene el verbo auxiliar:
Who came yesterday?. What happened last night?

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6.
Vase la diferencia de colocacin de las palabras cuando who funciona como sujeto o como objeto en una pregunta:
From the book El orden de las palabras en ingls/Word Order in English by Jos Merino & Susan Spencer.
SUJETO: Who killed the tiger? OBJETO: Who did the tiger kill? 7. En preguntas negativas, el sujeto, seguido de not, se coloca detrs del verbo auxiliar (o defectivo) aunque, normalmente, en conversacin, se usa la forma contrada de la negacin: Is he not coming t oday? = Isnt he coming
today?. Does he not live in Celanova? = Doesnt he live in Celanova?

8. El sujeto de una oracin afirmativa va colocado detrs del verbo auxiliar (o defectivo) igual que en la forma interrogativa, cuando ciertos adverbios o frases adverbiales, la mayora de CARCTER NEGATIVO, se colocan al
comienzo de la frase con objeto de dar nfasis a la idea. Esto se conoce

como INVERSIN. Ejemplos:
At no time: At no time has it been easier to enter a university than nowadays. Hardly: Hardly I had begun work when the telephone rang. In no circumstances: In no circumstances would my father agree to such a plan. In no way: In no way did Sally Parker show her true feelings. Little: Little does she know what I have to tell her. Never: Never have I seen such a bad film. No sooner: No sooner had Jill said that than she realised her mistake. Nowhere: Nowhere could you find a better teacher. Not only: Not only has Peter Jones a Ferrari but he is also tremendously rich. Not until: Not until it rained did my sister buy an umbrella. Often: Often have we heard it said that Jack Hill is not to be trusted. On no account: On no account must this book be taken away. Only: Only by shouting was the old man able to make himself heard. Rarely: Rarely do the Wilsons come to see us now. Seldom: Seldom does my daughter get up before nine oclock in the morning.
9. La estructura en la que los adverbios aparecen colocados en posicin inicial (apartado anterior) es ms bien de carcter formalista. Dichos Pgina adverbios pueden ir tambin en su posicin normal donde no afectan al orden del sujeto en la oracin: I had hardly begun work when the telephone
rang. I have never seen such a bad film. My daughter seldom gets up before nine oclock in the morning.
10. La inversin del sujeto se efecta tambin con otros adverbios, en estructuras de uso muy corriente como:
Neither: I couldnt speak to the manager. Neither could I. Nor: I couldnt speak to the manager. Nor could I. So: I speak French and Spanish. And so does he.
11. Con los adverbios here y there hay inversin cuando el sujeto es un nombre o sustantivo y no la hay cuando el sujeto es un pronombre personal:
HERE: Here are the books! Here they are! THERE: There is Sally! There she is!
12. Tambin, con el adverbio there hay inversin en estilo narrativo: Once
upon a time there lived a king who had two daughters / Everything was silent and then there came a loud knocking at the door.
13. Cuando la oracin comienza por adverbios como: down, in, off, out, up, etc. hay inversin cuando el sujeto es un NOMBRE o SUSTANTIVO y no se produce la inversin cuando el sujeto es un PRONOMBRE. Ejemplos: DOWN: Down fell two apples! / Down they fell! IN: In came the boy! / In he came! OFF: Off went Jill! / Off she went! OUT: Out went the girls! / Out they went! UP: Up jumped the monkey! / Up it jumped! 14. La inversin de SUJETO/VERBO se usa tambin para indicar una oracin condicional, aunque su uso es ms bien de carcter formalista: Should I see
Susan today, Id let you know / Had I known, I would never have asked her to help us / Were I rich, I would buy a Rolls Royce. Es mucho ms corriente el orden normal, con el sujeto delante del verbo: If I should see Susan today, Id let you know / If I had known, I would never have asked her to help us / If I were rich, I would buy a Rolls Royce.
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15. En expresiones como dijo, respondi, exclam, etc. puede haber o no inversin de sujeto/verbo, aunque hay tendencia a la no inversin, cuando el sujeto es un PRONOMBRE PERSONAL y a la inversin cuando el sujeto es un
PRONOMBRE o un SUSTANTIVO: Good afternoon,he said in a pleasant voice
/ Good afternoon, said the boy in a pleasant voice / Good afternoon, said John in a pleasant voice.
16. Hay inversin cuando la oracin comienza por una expresin adverbial de LUGAR o TIEMPO. En este caso el sujeto va colocado despus del verbo. Esta estructura se usa preferentemente en estilo narrativo o para dar nfasis a la idea: In the centre of the town is situated the War Memorial / In the royal
box was the queen / At the gate stood a sentinel / With him sat his family / Below the mountain lies a wide plain / Now came the fourth and final bomb.
17. En estilo colloquial, se usa el orden normal SUJETO-VERBO: The War
Memorial is situated in the centre of the town / The queen was in the royal box / A sentinel stood at the gate / His family sat with him.
18. La inversion indicada en 16. no se origina si el sujeto es un PRONOMBRE PERSONAL: It is situated in the centre of the town / She was in the royal box
/ He stood at the gate / They sat with him.

19. No hay inversin de SUJETO-VERBO en oraciones subordinadas (entre las que se encuentran las PREGUNTAS INDIRECTAS) introducidas por una palabra interrogativa, lo que difiere del espaol: a) PREGUNTA DIRECTA: Where is Peter? b) PREGUNTA INDIRECTA EN ORACIN SUBORDINADA: Do you know
where Peter is? / Id like to know where Peter is.

20. En los siguientes ejemplos aparecen PAREJAS DE ORACIONES. La primera es una PREGUNTA DIRECTA y la segunda CONTIENE A LA PRIMERA FORMA DE ORACIN SUBORDINADA. Fjate que el orden de esta ltima ha cambiado y es SUJETO-VERBO:
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Where does she live? / Do you know where she lives? When is John coming? / Can you tell me when Bob is coming? What is that? / Does anybody know what that is? What does Robert know? We dont know what Robert knows. Who are you? Tell us who you are. When is she going to Briviesca? He asks when she is going to Briviesca.
Why did you do it / I want to know why you did it. What have you bought? / Show me what you have bought.
21. Ejemplos de preguntas indirectas introducidas por HOW, WHERE, WHO o WHAT, cuyo sujeto est compuesto de varias palabras y en las que el verbo est desplazado al final:
I want to know how your sister Molly is. I want to know where the new railway station is. Id like to know who the man sitting at the back of the room is. Id like to know what the Spanish for window is.
22. Se observa por los siguientes ejemplos que con las palabras WHO o WHAT no hay inversin en las preguntas indirectas si les sigue un ADVERBIO o EXPRESIN ADVERBIAL:
Who is there? / I want to know who is there. Who is in the house? / I want to know who is n the house. Whats on the table? / I want to know whats on the table.
23. Fjate en los siguientes ejemplos con determinadas palabras que suelen ser motivos de DIFICULTAD porque en la oracin subordinada inglesa no se invierte el orden sujeto-verbo y s en espaol: WHEN: When your brother comes, Ill = Cuando venga tu hermano, yo UNTIL: I wont tell you anything about it until your brother comes = hasta que venga tu hermano. THAT: This is the cake that the children like = que les gusta a los nios. WHAT: Tell me what your sister knows = lo que sabe tu hermana. UNLESS: I refuse to do it unless your father helps me = a menos que me ayude tu padre. 24. No hay inversin en EXCLAMACIONES, a diferencia del espaol:
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How well John looks! How sweetly she sings! How difficult the lesson is! You dont know how difficult the lesson is!
You dont know how difficult the lesson that has to be learnt by heart is (la forma verbal se desplaza al final despus de la oracin de
relativo.) B. POSICIN Y ORDEN DE LOS OBJETOS DIRECTO E INDIRECTO. 25. En general, el OBJETO INDIRECTO en forma de PRONOMBRE, NOMBRE o SUSTANTIVO puede ir colocado de dos maneras en ingls. A) Detrs del verbo y seguido del objeto directo:
I gave them some books. She sent Mr Hill the money. The teacher lent the girl a dictionary.
B) Detrs del OBJETO DIRECTO precedido de la preposicin to:
I gave some books to them. She sent the money to Mr Hill. The teacher lent a dictionary to the girl.
26. Cuando el OBJETO INDIRECTO es un PRONOMBRE PERSONAL, es muy corriente colocarlo detrs del verbo seguido del objeto directo:
I gave them some books. She sent him the money. The teacher lent her a dictionary.
27. Cuando los dos objetos son PRONOMBRES PERSONALES, el indirecto, precedido de TO, sigue al directo:
I gave it to them. She sent it to him. The teacher lent it to her.

28. 25: A) Con el pronombre ONE: Si el objeto es un PRONOMBRE PERSONAL, la colocacin es la descrita en
Ill send Jack one. Ill send one to Jack.
B) Con el pronombre SOMETHING:
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Ill send Jack something. Ill send something to Jack.
29. Cuando el OBJETO INDIRECTO es largo, este va colocado, precedido de TO, detrs del directo: A) Objeto indirecto LARGO compuesto de varias palabras:
The shopkeeper sold all the sweets to a group of children. We have just paid the money to the local taxation officer.
B) Objeto indirecto LARGO seguido de una oracin de relativo:
Ive lent my computer to the boy who lives next door.

30. Dos objetos indirectos precedidos de TO pueden aparecer estableciendo un contraste, con el deseo de enfatizar:
My grandmother left all her money to my brother, not to me.

31. El orden de los objetos DIRECTO/INDIRECTO mencionados en 25 se usa con una serie de verbos transitivos (tambin llamados ditransitivos): DENY: The new boss denied the workers an increase in salary
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= The new boss denied an increase in salary to the workers. GIVE: I gave Molly a ring = I gave a ring to Molly. HAND: The librarian handed me the dictionary = The librarian handed the dictionary to me. LEAVE: My grandfather left Susan a large fortune = My grandfather left a large fortune to Susan. LEND: I lent Tim some money = I lent some money to Tim. OFFER: I offered Molly my chair = I offered my chair to Molly. OWE: Bruce owes Paul two euros = Bruce owes two euros to Paul. PASS: He passed Ronaldinho the ball = He passed the ball to Ronaldinho. PAY: I paid the man the money = I paid the money to the man. PROMISE: Mrs Evans promised her daughter a new car = Mrs Evans promised a new car to her daughter. READ: The teacher read us the letter = The teacher read the letter to us. RECITE: The girl recited the audience a poem = The girl recited a poem to the audience. RECOMMEND: Can you recommend us a good hotel? = Can you recommend a good hotel to us?
SELL: Julian sold Paul his car = Julian sold his car to Paul. SEND: I have sent Sally some flowers = I have sent some
flowers to Sally. SHOW: I showed him this photo = I showed this photo to him. SING: Mary sang the children a song = Mary sang a song to the children. TAKE: She took the prisoner some water = She took some water to the prisoner. TEACH: Mr Alonso taught us English = Mr Alonso taught English to us. TELL: I told the children a story = I told a story to the children. THROW: The man threw the beggars some money = The man threw some money to the beggars. WRITE: Jack wrote his brother a letter = Jack wrote a letter to his brother.
32. Hay tambin otras estructuras diferentes de las descritas en 25. Los siguientes verbos tienen la estructura VERBO + OBJETO INDIRECTO (sin to) + OBJETO DIRECTO: ASK: I asked Mr Smith a question. CHARGE: The waiter charged us five euros for the sandwiches. COST: The bicycle cost me a hundred euros. WISH: I wish you good luck. 33. Otros verbos, sin objeto directo expreso, van slo acompaados de OBJETO INDIRECTO, el cual puede o no llevar to delante, dependiendo del verbo: A) VERBO + TO + OBJETO INDIRECTO: READ: Read to us, please. SING: Miss Adams sang to the children. SPEAK: Ill speak to him tomorrow. TALK: Id like to talk to her. WRITE: Ill write to them next week. B) VERBO + OBJETO INDIRECTO:
PROMISE: Promise me. SHOW: Show us. TELL: Tell Peter.
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34.
En forma pasiva, el objeto indirecto va precedido de to: The Ferrari was
sold to Tom.
35. En una oracin de relativo, el OBJETO INDIRECTO puede ir o no precedido de to: This is the Ferrari which I sold (to) Tom. 36. En otro tipo de estructura con verbos que admiten dos objetos se observa que el INDIRECTO debe ir precedido de to: A) B) C) COLOCADO DETRS DEL OBJETO DIRECTO: The criminal confessed
his crime to the police.

COLOCADO DETRS DEL VERBO CUANDO NO HAY UN OBJETO DIRECTO: The criminal confessed to the police befote he died. SI EL OBJETO INDIRECTO ES MUY CORTO, CON RELACIN AL DIRECTO, SE COLOCA, A VECES, ANTES DE STE PRECEDIDO DE TO:
He confessed the police that he had stolen the Money / Peter Jones explained to us how he had done it.
37. A continuacin, se pasa revista a un grupo de verbos que se incluyen en el apartado 36: ADDRESS: My father addressed his complaint to the principal. ADMINISTER: The doctor administers this medicine to his patients. ANNOUNCE: They announced the arrival of the plane to the people
in the airport / They announced to us that the plane was landing.

COMPLAIN: She complained to the police about the noise in her
neighbourhood.
COMMUNICATE: Mrs Brown communicated the news to her
husband.
CONFESS: The old woman confessed her crime to the police / Sally
confided to me that she didnt like Sean.

DELIVER: He delivered the message to the manager. DEMONSTRATE: The teacher demonstrated the experiment to the
class / Ill demonstrate to him that he is not right.

DESCRIBE: Please describe the scene to us / Describe to us what Pgina
happened that day.

DEVOTE: My sister devoted all her life to it.
ENTRUST: I dont like to entrust a secret to a stranger. EXPLAIN: Roger explained the problem to them / He explained to
Mr Brown that the delay was inevitable.

INTRODUCE: She introduced Michael to Sally. MENTION: I mentioned an alternative plan of action to them / I
mentioned to the Browns that we were going abroad.

POST: I posted a letter to Susan yesterday. PRESENT: John presented a new plan to the manager. PRONOUNCE: As she could not understand, I pronounced the
word to her again.

PROPOSE: I proposed a new plan to the Board of Directors / I
proposed to them that we should buy the apartment.

PROVE: Id like to prove something to you / Ill prove to you that
the boy is quite unreliable.

REPORT: She reported the murder to the police. RETURN: Ill return the books to the library tomorrow. SAY: I said goodbye to him / I said to her that I was in a hurry. SPEAK: She spoke to them in German / She spoke her lines to an
appreciative audience.
SUGGEST: I suggested an idea to Molly. TALK: Id like to talk to you about an important matter. TRANSLATE: I translated the letter to her as I read it. WRITE: Ill write to her next week. 38. Cuando hay dos objetos en la frase y el INDIRECTO va precedido de for, hay dos posible colocaciones: A) B) VERBO + OBJETO INDIRECTO + OBJETO DIRECTO: I bought Alice a
watch.
VERBO + OBJETO DIRECTO + FOR + OBJETO INDIRECTO: I bought a
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watch for Alice.

39. Si el OBJETO DIRECTO es un pronombre (it), solamente es posible la siguiente estructura:
VERBO + IT + FOR + OBJETO INDIRECTO: I bought it for Alice / I
bought it for her.

40. Cuando el OBJETO DIRECTO es un pronombre no personal, se pueden usar las dos estructuras mencionadas en 38: A) B) Pronombre one: I bought Alice one / I bought one for Alice. Pronombre something : I bought Alice something / I bought
something for Alice.

41. A continuacin, alfabticamente se muestra una relacin de verbos seguidos de dos objetos como se describe en 38. El INDIRECTO va introducido por for: BRING: Bring her a chair / Bring a chair for her. BUILD: He built them a house / He built a house for them. BUY: Lets buy him a book / Lets buy a book for him. CASH: Please cash me this cheque / Please cash this cheque for
me.
CHOOSE: Choose him a tie / Choose a tie for him. COOK: She cooked us a good dinner / She cooked a good dinner
for us.
CUT: Cut me a slice of cake / Cut a slice of cake for me. FETCH: Fetch me a hammer / Fetch a hammer for me. FIND: Ill find Sally a seat / Ill find a seat for Sally. GET: Please get us two tickets / Please get two tickets for us. KEEP: I kept Judy a seat / I kept a seat for Judy. LEAVE: Have you left him any cake? Have you left any cake for
him?
MAKE: She made Jim a cake / She made a cake for Jim. ORDER: Order me a glass of water / Order a glass of water for me.
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PLAY: Play the children a song / Play a song for the children. REACH: Reach me my walkman, please / Reach my walkman for
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me, please.
42.
Hay un grupo de verbos que nicamente se construyen con for delante del OBJETO INDIRECTO: ARRANGE: Fred will arrange the matter for us. BEGIN: I began the work for him. DRAW: Bob drew a picture for the child. FINISH: Ill finish the work for her. MEND/FIX: Ill mend/fix the car for you. OPEN: He opened the door for me. PRESCRIBE: Dr Brown prescribed some pills for Tom / Dr Brown
prescribed him some pills.

C. POSICIN Y ORDEN DE LOS ADVERBIOS. 43. En ingls un adverbio puede ir colocado: a) Delante de un adjetivo: I am terrible sorry. b) Delante de otro adverbio: My brother John drives very carefull c) Delante de un verbo: He quickly oponed the box and took out the
money.
d) Delante de un sustantivo: Wait just a minute, please. e) Delante de un pronombre: Its only me. f) Delante de un participio pasado: The setter was badly written. g) Delante de una frase: It was almost in the winter. h) Despus de un verbo: The policeman spoke slowly. i) Despus del objeto directo: The teacher explained the lesson carefully. 44. Los adverbios de MODO, LUGAR y TIEMPO se colocan, por regla general, detrs del verbo o del objeto directo, si lo hay: a) MODO: Jim spoke fluently / Jim spoke French fluently b) LUGAR: Jim spoke in class / Jim spoke French in class. c) TIEMPO: Jim spoke this morning / Jim spoke French this morning. 45. En la oracin, el orden de estos adverbios, por regla general es MODO/MANNER LUGAR/PLACE TIEMPO/TIME: Jim spoke French fluently
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in class this morning / Jake played the piano very well at the party last night.
46. En el caso de acumularse varios adverbios, el de tiempo suele colocarse al principio de la frase: This morning Jim spoke French fluently in class / Last
night Jake played the piano very well at the party.

47. En caso de figurar dos adverbios en la oracin, el orden sera: a) Modo lugar: Pepe works hard in the office. b) Modo tiempo: Pepe works hard every day. c) Lugar tiempo: Pepe works in the office every day. 48. Adems de las colocaciones standard de los adverbios (ver 44), hay casos en que los adverbios toman diferentes posiciones en la frase por diferentes razones: cuando el objeto directo es largo, por ejemplo por ir seguido de una oracin de relativo, el adverbio de modo se puede colocar delante o detrs del verbo: He pronounced carefully the words that she had to write /
He carefully pronounced the words that she had to write.

49. Ntese que la colocacin del adverbio de modo al final de la oracin subordinada tendra otro sentido: He pronounced the words that she had to
write carefully.
De la misma manera: She quickly asked who had brought the letter / She
asked who had brought the letter quickly.

50. Hay adverbios de modo que se colocan delante del sujeto por nfasis:
Slowly Mr Watson rose from his seat. Thoughtfully Jack entered the dining-room. Suddenly the boy stepped forward.
51. En las oraciones pasivas, el adverbio de modo se coloca normalmente
delante del participio pasado:
The letter was badly written. The book is carefully printed.

52. Cuando el objeto directo es largo, por ir seguido de una oracin de
relativo, la expresin de lugar se coloca detrs del verbo. Ntese la
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diferencia entre una frase con objeto directo corto y otra con objeto directo largo:
She put the plates on the table.
She put on the table the plates that were needed for dinner.
53. Cuando hay dos adverbios de lugar en una oracin, el ms concreto precede al ms general: The Browns live in a little house on a hill. 54. Los adverbios de lugar se colocan normalmente detrs de un vero de movimiento con objeto de completar el sentido: Tim went to the office in a
hurry this morning.

55. Con respecto a los adverbios o expresiones adverbiales de tiempo, pueden hacer cambiar el sentido, segn se coloquen en la oracin principal o en la subordinada:
Mary told me yesterday what Susan said. Mary told me what Susan said yesterday.
56. Cuando hay dos adverbios o frases adverbiales de tiempo en la misma oracin, el ms concreto normalmente precede al ms general: The
Chinese restaurant closes at five oclock on Saturdays.

57. Los adverbios de tiempo indefinido o frecuencia se colocan delante del verbo principal o detrs de to be:
I sometimes go to the club. I have seldom done it. You should always come in the morning. You must never say that. He is often late for dinner.
58. Los adverbios de grado, que modifican a un verbo, a un adjetivo o a otro adverbio, se colocan delante de la palabra que modifican:
I entirely agree with you. The film is very good. I know her quite well.
59. Muchos adverbios cambian de posicin con objeto de dar nfasis. A
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continuacin se exponen los que pueden tomar posicin inicial, posicin media y posicin final:
afterwards:
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Afterwards we shall return to Briviesca. We shall afterwards return to Briviesca. We shall return to Briviesca afterwards. carefully: Carefully she signed the contract. She carefully signed the contract. She signed the contract carefully. evidently: Evidently she enjoyed the film. She evidently enjoyed the film. She enjoyed the film evidently. fortunately: Fortunately she spoke German. She fortunately spoke German. She spoke German fortunately. naturally: Naturally we dont want to be late. We naturally dont want to be late. We dont want to be late naturally. once: Once they went to Oa. They once went to Oa. They went to Oa once. personally: Personally I like Joyces novels. I personally like Joyces novels. I like Joyces novels personally. recently: Recently I went to Poza. I recently went to Poza. I went to Poza recently. sometimes: Sometimes I visit them. I sometimes visit them. I visit them sometimes. stupidly: Stupidly I smiled.
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I stupidly smiled. I smiled stupidly. then: Then we went for a walk. We then went for a walk. We went for a walk then.
60. Hay otros adverbios que pueden tomar dos posiciones:
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already: I have already opened the window. I have opened the window already. always: She has always done that. She always has done that. (esta posicin sugiere nfasis) first: When did you see them first? When did you first see them? last: When did you see them last? When did you last see them? never: We can never leave the baby. We never can leave the baby. only: There are only blue shirts. There are blue shirts only. rather: It was rather a hot day. It was a rather hot day. still: Her sister is still prettier. Her sister is prettier still. yet: My friends havent arrived yet. My friends havent yet arrived.
61. Con verbos que rigen una preposicin, el adverbio se coloca entre el verbo y dicha preposicin:
I have looked everywhere for my match. He looked carefully at the pictures on the wall.
62. Las partculas adverbiales de los Phrasal Verbs pueden tener las siguientes posiciones en una frase con un verbo transitivo: a) Si el objeto directo es un sustantivo, el adverbio se coloca detrs del verbo o del objeto directo:
He put on his hat. He put his hat on.

b) Si el objeto directo es un pronombre, el adverbio se coloca detrs de ste:
He put it on.
c) Si detrs del objeto directo hay una oracin de relativo, el adverbio se coloca detrs del verbo:
He put on the hat that was on the chair.

63. Las partculas adverbiales de los Phrasal Verbs, en frases con verbos intransitivos, se colocan detrs del verbo:
They came down at once.

64. En voz pasiva, las partculas adverbiales no se separan del verbo:
The books were taken away. The books were brought in.
65. Hay dos expresiones adverbiales cuya colocacin es siempre motivo especial de dificultad para los hispanohablantes: very well y very much. Ambas deben ir detrs del objeto directo y no entre el verbo y el objeto. As se dice:
He speaks English very well. (NO: He speaks very well

English)
He likes tea very much. (NO: He likes very much tea)
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D. POSICIN Y ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS. 66. El adjetivo, cuando funciona como atributo, se coloca delante del sustantivo:
Celanova is a famous town.

67. Cuando el adjetivo va seguido de una preposicin, se coloca, por regla general, detrs del sustantivo:
Toledo is a town famous for its catedral. This is a job unsuitable for me.
Tambin pueden expresarse estas oraciones con el adjetivo delante del sustantivo: Toledo is a famous town for its cathedral o This is an
unsuitable job for me.

En los siguientes casos no es posible el cambio:
This is good oil for salads. This is a subject worthy of attention.

68. El adjetivo, usado como predicado, se coloca despus de los llamados link verbs como be, become, get, look, seem, turn, etc:
I am tired. The weather became cold during the night. The teacher got angry. She looks happy. That seems important. Molly turned pale when she heard the news.
69. Hay adjetivos que slo pueden usarse como predicado: afraid, alike, alive, alone, ill:
Dont be afraid of me. These two cars are alike. The cat that had fallen into the river was still alive. Id like to be alone. Peter is ill.
70. Los adjetivos aparecen detrs de sustantivos o pronombres en algunos casos, como: a) En expresiones de medida:
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This table is three feet high. The river is one mile wide.
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b) Despus de los pronombres compuestos con body y -
c)
thing: I met somebody important. Tell me something new. Tras cierts verbos como to dye, to find, to keep, to colour, etc., para indicar un resultado: Molly dyed her blouse blue. They found the dog dead. Keep the room clean.
71. Nota la diferencia de significado al usar el adjetivo delante o detrs del sustantivo con verbos como los mencionados en 70c):
She has dyed her blue dress. She has dyed her dress blue. He found his wounded brother. He found his brother wounded. Jack painted the green door. Jack painted the door green. She colours her red lips. She colours her lips red
72. Los participios pasados usados como adjetivos aparecen, en algunos casos, detrs de los sustantivos, implicando una oracin de relativo:
The goods ordered have not arrived yet. (The goods which were ordered). The names mentioned were crossed off the list. (the names which were mentioned).
73. En anuncios, los participios pasados se colocan detrs de los sustantivos, con el verbo be omitido:
Pgina
English spoken (= English is spoken). Antiques bought and sold (= Antiques are bought and sold).
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74. Cuando hay dos adjetivos que califican a un sustantivo, se coloca justamente delante de ste el que sea objetivo y delante de este adjetivo el que sea subjetivo:
A pretty young girl. El adjetivo young es objetivo (todo el mundo puede apreciar que la chica es joven) El adjetivo pretty, delante de young, puede ser subjetivo (no a
todo el mundo puede parecerle guapa). Similar a esto:
A fine old house. A nice big room.

75. Adems de lo dicho en 74, se dan unas normas generales para la colocacin de los adjetivos delante de un sustantivo, segn indiquen tamao, color, cualidad, nacionalidad, materia, forma, etc.
a) Tamao color: A small blue chair. b) Cualidad nacionalidad: A tall English boy. c) Cualidad materia: A nice silk handkerchief. d) Color materia: A blue plastic bag. e) Forma material: A long silk dress. f) Color nacionalidad: A red Spanish car. g) Edad nacionalidad: An old Persian carpet. h) Tamao color nacionalidad: A small red Chinese vase. i) Cualidad edad color: A dirty old brown hat.
E. POSICIN Y ORDEN DE LOS SUSTANTIVOS. 76. El ingls tiene una gran capacidad para formar sustantivos compuestos, es decir, dos sustantivos que constituyen una unidad, con su significado, aunque cada uno de los dos sustantivos por separado signifiquen cosas distintas. Cuando se da esta combinacin, el primer sustantivo acta como adjetivo del segundo. As, a pocket match significa reloj de bolsillo pero, sin embargo, a watch pocket significa bolsillo para guardar el
reloj. Otros ejemplos: A horse-race. A race-horse.
20
Pgina
A flower-garden. A garden flower.
An eye-glass. A glass eye.

77. Hay muchsimas combinaciones de sustantivo + sustantivo en ingls, para indicar tiempo posicin, uso, etc. Otros ejemplos:
Bookshop. Handbook. Housewife. Newspaper. Shoe-shop. Street lamp. Teacup. Telephone book. Week-end/weekend/week end.
78. Es muy corriente la combinacin sustantivo + sustantivo designando un agente:
Bookseller. Fortune-teller. Pain-killer. Schoolmaster. Vacuum cleaner.

79. Tambin puede haber varios sustantivos haciendo de adjetivos de uno final, como en:
Town power supply. Car cigarette lighter. Boy Scout movement. Discount coach card.
F. POSICIN Y ORDEN DE LAS PREPOSICIONES. 80. Por regla general, las preposiciones van colocada delante de los
21
sustantivos, nombres o pronombres. Tambin preceden a los GERUNDS:
Pgina
The book is on the table. They live in Madrid.
I often think of her. Bob grew pale on hearing the news.

81. El orden normal de las preposiciones descrito en 80) puede variar en casos como: a) En preguntas que comienzan con una palabra interrogativa como what, which, where, who, la preposicin va colocada detrs de dicha palabra interrogativa (si no hay verbo) o bien detrs del verbo o del objeto directo (si lo hay):
What about? What are you talking about? What is this for? What did you cut the bread with? Which car are you going in? Where are they going to? Who is he talking to?
b) La preposicin, que ira colocada delante del pronombre relativo en estilo formalista, se desplaza al final en lenguaje corriente:
This is the boy I gave the prize to = This is the boy to whom I gave the prize. That is the knife I cut the bread with = That is the knife with which I cut the bread.
c) La preposicin tambin se desplaza detrs del verbo u objeto directo (si lo hay) en la estructura to + infinitivo +
preposition: There were many things to talk about. I want a knife to sharpen my pencil with. She gave me a chair to sit on. I couldnt find any magazines to look at.
Tambin se pueden construir estas oraciones colocando la preposicin delante de un pronombre relativo, lo que se
22
emplea, por regla general, en estilo formalista:
Pgina
There were many things about which to talk.
d) En oraciones en pasiva, la preposicin aparece al final:
This garden is very well looked after. The bed had not been slept in. I dont like being looked at.
e) Tambin la preposicin pasa al final de la frase en exclamaciones:
What a mess your room is in!

f) En la estructura for + gerund + preposition, indicando propsito, la preposicin es desplazada al final de la oracin.
A pen is for writing with. A handbag is for putting things in.

G. POSICIN Y ORDEN DE LAS ORACIONES. 82. El orden ORACIN PRINCIPAL ORACIN SUBORDINADA se invierte a menudo, de forma que la oracin subordinada aparece en primer lugar separada por una coma (,) de la principal. As se dice:
Mrs Evans didnt light he fire though it was cold. Though it was cold, Mrs Evans didnt light he fire. I shall go to the park unless it rains. Unless it rains, I shall go to the park. He will do it tomorrow if he has time. If he has time, he will do it tomorrow.
Veamos una serie de oraciones compuestas que comienzan con la subordinada: As: As I said in my last setter, I am taking the exam in September. Even if: Even if we could afford it, we wouldnt buy a new car. However: However much you dislike him, you must not show it.
23
If: If you see Bob, tell him I want to talk with him. Since: Since you are tired, Ill drive you home. Though: Though we started early, we arrived late.
Pgina
Unless: Unless Im mistaken, the money has been stolen. Whatever: Whatever you do, do it well. Whereas: Whereas I want a house in the country, my wife would like
to live in the city. Whether: Whether you think its going to rain or not, itid better to take an umbrella in case it does. While: While I was walking to school, I found a wallet.
83. En oraciones de relativo, el verbo to be y el pronombre relativo se omiten entre el sujeto y una expresin adverbial de lugar:
The man in the classroom is the teacher = The man who is i the classroom is the teacher. The box on the table is made of mahogany = The book which is on the table is made of mahogany.
84. Algunos participios, adjetivos y expresiones adverbiales, a veces, se usan solos (sin el verbo to be) despus de algunas conjunciones, lo que es necesario conocer desde el punto de vista del orden de las oraciones. Veamos los siguientes casos: a) Conjuncin + participio pasado: As: Please send us a catalogue as advertised in El Pas. If: If bitten by a dog, clean the wound at once. Unless: Unless called at once, your cousin will be too late
to help us. When: Im sure Fred stole the money when left alone in the office. Whether: Whether Ill go to Marys party whether invited or not. While: My son read a lot of books while confined to bed.
b) Conjuncin + participio presente: When: My neighbour found some old coins when digging
in his garden. While: I cut my finger while opening a tin.

c) Conjuncin + adjetivo o expression adverbial: If: If necessary, we can use my car. When: When ready, ring the bell.
Pgina
24
Whenever:
The
reports should be
typed
whenever
possible. While: While in London, you should call on Mr Wilson.

H. POSICIN Y ORDEN DE CIERTAS PALABRAS. 85. En ingls existen ciertas palabras y expresiones cuyo significado cambia, segn su colocacin en la frase. Veamos una recopilacin de las mismas:
I dont like jam very much. (= No me gusta mucho la

mermelada)
I dont like very much jam (= No me gusta mucha

mermelada)
I have my shoes cleaned. (= Me hago limpiar los zapatos) I have cleaned my shoes (= Me he limpiado los zapatos) Ken cant fool me. I can see through him. (= Ken no
puede engaarme. Le tengo calado)
Tell him not to worry. Well see him through. (= Dile que
no se preocupe. Le ayudaremos a salir del apuro)
Judy watches over her child. (= Judy protege a su nio) Judy watches her child over. (= Judy vigila al nio) I left without finishing the film. (= Me march sin terminar
la pelcula dicho por alguien que intervena en la misma)
I left without the film finishing. (= Sal sin que terminara

la pelcula dicho por un espectador)
She is still standing. (= Ella est an de pie) She is standing still. (= Ella est de pie inmvil) She put the runner straight on the table. (= Ella puso el
25
tapete directamente sobre la mesa)
Pgina
She put the runner on the table straight. (= Ella puso

derecho el tapete en la mesa)
Happily, he did not die. (= Afortunadamente no muri) He did not die happily. (= No muri feliz) Tom admires his only brother. (= Tom admira a su nico
hermano)
Tom admires only his brother. (= Tom admira solamente

a su hermano)
How big it is! (= Qu grande es!) How big is it? (= Cmo es de grande?) They found the wounded soldiers. (= Ellos encontraron a
los soldados que ya estaban heridos)
They found the soldiers wounded. (= Encontraron heridos

a los soldados los encontraron en ese estado)
I have to write some letters. (= Tengo que escribir algunas

cartas es mi obligacin)
I have some letters to write. (= Tengo algunas cartas que

escribir es mi tarea)
I want a pair of new boots. (= Quiero un par de botas

nuevas)
I want a new pair of boots. (= Quiero otro par de botas) Jacks mother had breakfast prepared by eight oclock (=
La madre de Jack tena el desayuno preparado antes de las ocho)
Jacks mother had prepared breakfast by eight oclock (=

La madre de Jack haba preparado el desayuno antes de as ocho) 86. Otras palabras pueden cambiarse de posicin conservando el mismo
26
significado:
Pgina
We both can do it. We can both do it.
The boys all studied their lessons. All the boys studied their lessons. Theres enough milk in the fridge. Theres milk enough in the fridge. You yourself told me the story. You told me the story yourself. I can never understand the news in French. I never can understand the news in French. (never
enftico) 87. Palabras inglesas cuya colocacin en la frase difiere del espaol: More: Two more hours. Other(s): I have to read two other books
He and two others were arrested.
Pgina
27

El Orden de Las Palabras en Ingles

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El Orden de Las Palabras en Ingles

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WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

Who came yesterday?. What happened last night?

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

today?. Does he not live in Celanova? = Doesnt he live in Celanova?

comienzo de la frase con objeto de dar nfasis a la idea. Esto se conoce

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

PRONOMBRE o un SUSTANTIVO: Good afternoon,he said in a pleasant voice

/ He stood at the gate / They sat with him.

where Peter is? / Id like to know where Peter is.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

I gave it to them. She sent it to him. The teacher lent it to her.

Ill send Jack one. Ill send one to Jack.

B) Con el pronombre SOMETHING:

Ill send Jack something. Ill send something to Jack.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

Ive lent my computer to the boy who lives next door.

My grandmother left all her money to my brother, not to me.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

PROMISE: Promise me. SHOW: Show us. TELL: Tell Peter.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

En forma pasiva, el objeto indirecto va precedido de to: The Ferrari was

his crime to the police.

in the airport / They announced to us that the plane was landing.

confided to me that she didnt like Sean.

class / Ill demonstrate to him that he is not right.

happened that day.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

Mr Brown that the delay was inevitable.

mentioned to the Browns that we were going abroad.

word to her again.

proposed to them that we should buy the apartment.

the boy is quite unreliable.

watch for Alice.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

VERBO + IT + FOR + OBJETO INDIRECTO: I bought it for Alice / I

bought it for her.

something for Alice.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

prescribed him some pills.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

night Jake played the piano very well at the party.

He carefully pronounced the words that she had to write.

asked who had brought the letter quickly.

delante del participio pasado:

The letter was badly written. The book is carefully printed.

relativo, la expresin de lugar se coloca detrs del verbo. Ntese la

She put the plates on the table.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

hurry this morning.

Chinese restaurant closes at five oclock on Saturdays.

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

He put on his hat. He put his hat on.

He put on the hat that was on the chair.

They came down at once.

He speaks English very well. (NO: He speaks very well

He likes tea very much. (NO: He likes very much tea)

WORD ORDER / EL ORDEN DE LA PLABRAS

Celanova is a famous town.

unsuitable job for me.

This is good oil for salads. This is a subject worthy of attention.