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A Finite Element Method based analysis of Casting Solidification on Permanent Metallic Models
G.PITCHAYYA PILLAI Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Anna University Pulloor, Kariapatti 626 115, Virdhunagar District, Tamilnadu, India. Mobile: +91-9443556047 E-mail: gp_ pillai05@yahoo.com Dr. P. SEENIKANNAN Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sethu Institute of Technology, Anna University Pulloor, Kariapatti 626 115, Virdhunagar District, Tamilnadu, India. Mobile: +91-9486140536 E-mail: seenipkannan@yahoo.co.in

Abstract Many approaches and numerical simulations have been propounded in earlier research for casting solidifications. One of the metallurgical processes is casting solidification, which is actually transformation of molten stage to solid stage with liberation of latent heat of fusion. Metal casting is one of the basic fabrication processes. Numerical replication of solidification is beneficial in obtaining high quality castings and minimizing production cost and wastage. Predictable element analysis in heat transmission can be utilized for this purpose. Whereas the optimum solutions for heat transfer, cost reduction, time is saving and exquisite surface finishing are not provided simultaneously with light weight metallic model after casting, in this paper, an optimum solution for casting on permanent metal is provided using a FEM based mathematical model, which is an accurate casting design for casting solidification. The simulations are compared with available experimental data and the comparison is found to be good. Special considerations regarding the simulation of solidification process are also brought out. Keywords: Casting, Metal, Heat Transfer, Casting Solidification, Permanent Metal. 1. Introduction In metalworking, casting involves pouring liquid metal into a mold, which has a hollow cavity of any preferred shape, and then allowing it to cool down and then solidify. The hardened part, known as casting, is dislodged or broken out of the mold to complete the process. Casting is mostly utilized for producing intricate molds that would be laborious or too expensive to be manufactured by any other method. Casting methods have been in practice for generations, and have been widely used for sculpture, especially for bronze artifacts, for designing precious metals, and manufacturing weapons and tools. Traditional techniques include lost-wax casting, plaster mold casting and sand casting. Contemporary casting methods are of two categories: expendable and non-expendable casting. 1.1 Casting This is a process of shaping solid materials by heating metals or any other material into liquefied form and then into a hardened shape. Now days this process is often used in small scale and large scale industries. In the process for casting metal are highly pressurized and made into liquefied material. Then this liquid material is poured into a mould, which is unfilled space of the required shape, and then allowed to harden. The solidified shape is recognised as casting and an entire mould is broken down for this process. The different castings are Metal, Plaster, Concrete and Plastic resin. 1.1.1 Metal casting

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One of the most common process is metal casting. Metal patterns are costly but more dimensionally secure and long-lasting. Metallic patterns are used everywhere especially where manufacture of castings is needed in large quantities. 1.1.2 Plaster casting Plaster cast is a copy made in plasters of a new in any dimensional form, and the casting can take the shape of the object like sculptures, faces, fossils or even sediment foot prints. The method of plaster casting is done by applying plaster on originals to innovate a mould (that is a fake impression of the originals).Then the mould is separated and bright plaster is poured into it, creating a copy of the original plaster. The major drawback is that it can only be used at low melting point of non-ferrous materials such as, copper, aluminium, magnesium, and zinc. Plaster casting is a reasonably priced alternative when compared to other moulding. 1.1.3 Concrete casting Concrete casting pros commonly known as Smooth-On liquid rubber moulds, in industries are models that are created of rubber moulds that are scratch resistant and tear proof to keep the production in motion. Casting concrete into rubber moulds are made up of Smooth-On Rubber hence this could make perfect copies of any original all time. They can be poured on, brushed on, or sprayed onto a model. Moulds are prepared for casting within a day and last for a long time in manufacture and this could save time and labour. And the cost of the material is not very expensive. 1.1.4 Plastic resin Resin casting is a process of plastic casting where the moulds are packed with a liquid synthetic resin, which hardens. It is promptly used in small scale industries like prototype and dental. It is employed for the production of toys, models as well as jewellery designing. To make plastic thermosetting polymer the monomer process is used. In this setting durations liquid monomer polymerizes into polymer, thereby hardening it and the process is completed. The cost for making the plastic resin process is not very expensive. 1.1.5 Casting procedure recreation Casting method recreation uses numerical methods to estimate cast component of quality allowing for mould filling, solidification and cooling, and provide a quantitative calculation of casting mechanical properties, thermal stresses and alteration. Simulation helps in describing the quantity of the cast components of the quality and shows how the final outcome will be before the assembly begins. The casting chains can be designed with respect to the essential parts. This has many advantages which besides reduction in pre-production variety, by simulating the specific layout of the entire casting system leads to material, and tooling savings. 1.2 Solidification Solidification is the process of changing from a liquid stage to a solid stage. This solidification requires heat. Metals have a melting point (clear temperature) above which the liquid is even and below that the solid is even. Solidification is a very most important process as it is widely used for shaping of materials to a required product. When molten metal is poured into the mould, a series of events take place during the solidification of the cast and then it is cooled in an ambient temperature. These events greatly manipulate the size, shape, uniformity, and chemical work of the grain formed right through the casting, which in turn influences its overall property. The important factors affecting these events are the type of metal, thermal properties of both the metal and the mould, the arithmetical relationship between the number and exterior area of the casting, and the shape of mould. Directional solidification and progressive solidification are two types of solidification inside the castings. Directional solidification occurs from furthest end of the casting, and works its mode to the sprue. Progressive solidification also known as parallel solidification, starts at the walls of casting, and the progress goes up and down from surface. Most of the metals and alloys shrink as the material changes from a liquid stage to a solid stage. When the progressive solidification dominates over, the directional solidification there will be a shrinkage defect. 1.3 Casting solidification Casting solidification is actually the conversion of liquid stage to solid stage with the discharge of underlying heat of fusion. Throughout this metallurgical procedure, it induces the casting defects such as shrinkage, porosity and hot tears. To exterminate and eliminate this struggle, accurate casting designs and appropriate designs of gating system is required. This can be predicted and designed by the means of mainframe and the simulations of casting

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solidification. This paper reviews the discussions about the simulation method of casting solidification using an example, to help foundry engineers & industrial metallurgists to optimize their design parameter; to better understand the temperature, of the solidifying casting it is imperative to spot, the hot spot regions in order to obtain the time-temperature contours. These results can be used to get defect free cast by implementing the above results which can be attained by the simulation process. In this simulation process the importance of the heat transfer is obtained. This document reviews the details of computer on simulations of the solidification and of casting used in metallurgical engineering at foundries. Since, Computers are widely employed in the industry; researchers are using a variety of programs to find out different ways to reproduce the solidification of castings. 2. Literature review Reviewing the present and recent journalism documents it has been found that the existing casting solidification simulation softwares have not taken into account all the constraints and circumstances which are necessary for trueto-life simulations [1-3]. This matters a lot and their influences are important for the output results [18].Generally easy figure castings are done mainly by cylindrical and slab type [4,14].Not all constraints and whole boundary conditions are applied, especially the incomplete and difficult shape castings of authentic engineering gears have been taken up for this research Work [5, 6]. According to this journalism review, it clearly says that the simulation of casting solidification is done only to materials like Metals & alloys [79]. Due to this reason, the working process is not complete, therefore the simulation metal matrix composites of its condition needs betterment [10, 11]. The transmit motions and the quickness of the solidification border are strong-minded by considering the unspecified boundary circumstances and constraints [12, 13]. Liqiang Zhang 2013 [15], says that an induction Model with inverse heat is used to evaluate the IHTCs from the recorded temperatures in the mold. This model is established using the least-squares (minimum square) technique and sequential function specification mode. Also in the inverse model the test process is carried out on the effects of some calculation parameters. R. Manojlovic, 2013 [16], familiarized a process of creating steel blocks by uninterrupted casting in the Steel Mill Makstil in Skopje. The technical course of slabs manufacture is defined and the collection of steel slabs in the Steel Mill is given. Similarly, the greatest recurrent defects of slabs (internal and surfaces) are examined. Superior care was given to the solidification processes in the nonstop casting of blocks. Accurate modeling of solidification procedures during the slabs forming was performed. Yevgeny SMIRNOV, Aleksey SMIRNOV, 2013 [17] established the multifaceted method providing on one hand the improvement of three-dimensional precise model, and on the other hand the formation of the practical workroom facility of the twinroll band molding procedure. Precise model attaches the nature of liquefy flow with hotness. It is applied using the finite element technique and permits to examine the flow and heat transmission in solid-liquid region throughout the process. In [18] this investigation work, typically tentative work has been accepted and the goals of research are extra absorbed on the determination of machine-driven, current and electrical possessions and on the metallographic studies of the compound slab moldings. Therefore, this examination is endeavored to strengthen graphite particulate, tungsten carbide particulate, aluminum silicate particulate, titanium carbide particulate and quartz as second phase particulates in the aluminium-11.8% silicon alloy matrix. The paper [19] studies temperature flow within the molding, as well as from the molding to the mould, and lastly register the heat history of all facts inside the molding. The most significant prompt of time is when the fieriest region inside the molding is hardened. Metallic molding is one of the straight approaches of the industry and they want the geometry of the factor. Casting refusals are a main worry in the foundry manufacturing companies. Countless saving of resources, energy and time can be attained, if molding design can be modified prior to casting based on the foundation of faults estimation [20, 21]. These evidences make solidification imitation, a prevailing tool to help the foundry men in envisaging molding faults. The twice the time roll band molding is stated as the most potential knowledge of near-net-shape molding. Twice the time band molding may save power and energy and engineering cost by eliminating some of the middle stages [22-26]. 3. Proposed approach The proposed approach in this paper is to provide cost effective and controlled heat transfer for quality based casting solidification in manufacturing systems. The complete casting cost appraisal methodology is depicted in Figure-1. User input for cost appraisal comprises of casting material, part of solid model, quality imputes (surface finish, dimensional tolerance, and maximum void size) and manufacturing necessities (production lead time, production rate, sample lead time and order quantity). The part model is employed for automatic calculation of geometric

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imputes such as casting minimum and maximum section thickness, cored hole size and shape complexity and weight and volume. Set the process Parameters Methoding and Process Planning Proposed Model Parameters Quality assessment in model, metal and production

Figure-1: Cost estimation system The above mentioned inputs in turn propel the process, method, which is effectuated by automated programs which implements the casting process designing and scheming (feeding and gating design). Process planning are decisions regarding, process parameters, tooling types, equipment, methods, steps, and time required. A case based deducing method, which comprises of looking for the process plan of the nearest matching product fabricated earlier, has been used for this purpose. Methoding includes designing the feeding system and gating. These are planned and molded using the 3D methoding program. The output of the method designing program, combined with the material, quality, geometric, and production imputes of the part, are employed for casting cost evaluation. The cost model and casting process design are elucidated below. 3.1 FEM- Finite Element Analysis Method A tentative on-site revision of the inspiration of the functioning parameters on the quality of the casting created in an operational steel industry would be very costly and time-consuming. It is far more pragmatic to simulate the complete complex practice numerically and to read the problem by simulation. Any suitable mathematical model should be proficient in accommodating dissimilarities of the functioning parameters as they arise in exercise, so that their possessions on the last product can be projected. Additional necessity placed on the model is that it be appropriate for a conniving mould so that the best type of mould may be used for the given manufacturing circumstances and steel qualities. Since the complete process is reliant on temperature flow from the ingot to the mould and consequently to the surroundings, it is logical to control the heat recorded at several stages of the development. Since this heat is recorded, initial strains can be planned and the resulting thermal pressures controlled. 3.2 Simulation and settings This paper provides a FEM used to solve the heat transfer equation taking into account the initial temperatures, pouring temperatures, material properties, boundary conditions, and the unapparent heat of the solidifying metal. By taking into account the impact of phase transformations, casting part geometry and environmental conditions the cooling and solidification of the metal in the mold can be verified during the solidification process. To replicate the heat transmission and solidification process of the molten metal the computer program developed by industrial soft (SimCADE v.2.0) is employed. The SimCADE v.2.0 can replicate the cooling and solidification of the metal in the mold by taking into account the impact of phase transformations, casting part geometry, and environmental conditions during the solidification process. The Finite Element Method (FEM) is employed to unscramble the heat transfer equation considering the having in view the initial temperatures, pouring temperatures, material properties, boundary conditions, and the latent heat of the solidifying metal. An arithmetical model is employed to replicate the heat transmission during the process of solidification. The variation of temperature T with time in a two-dimensional region W bounded by a curve G, for both ingot and the mould are given by the equation * ( ) ( ) + ----- [1] Where T represents temperature, conductivity, C specific heat, t time and is density. The initial condition (2) and the boundary condition (3) attached to the Equation (1) formulated to obtain a complete model are

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---- [2] ( ( ) ( ) - [3] Where T0 denotes temperature at initial moment and denotes the heat transfer co-efficient on the surface .A significant factor during the process of solidification is the latent heat which acts like an external source of heat. This factor has to be taken into account in the arithmetical model to obtain valuable models. There are a lot of ways to incorporate this external source in the heat transferring model. The method used here: ------ [4] Where denotes the specific heat along with the latent heat, C1 denotes the specific heat without latent heat; L denotes latent heat and denotes the differences between liquidus and solidus temperatures. It is essential to transform the analytical equations into an integral model as they cannot be used to fathom the computer program. Identifying the differential equation [1], the initial [2] and the boundary condition [3] the integral equation for the arithmetical model is: [ ( ) ( ) ] ( ) ------ [5] Considering that the scrutinized domain V can be fractured into finite elements with a quadrilateral shape using the linear functions, the temperature can be describe employing the following equation: ( ) ( ) () ( ) () ( ) () ( ) ( ) ---- [6]. N1(x,y), N2(x,y), N3(x,y) and N4(x,y) denotes shape functions and T1(t), T2(t), T3(t) and T 4(t) denotes the temperature of finite element nodes. Taking into account this last relation and enforcing the stationary conditions for Equation (5), we derived at the following equation: ( ( ( ) ( ( ) ) ) --- [8] --- [9] ( ) -- [10] --- [7]

Employing the arithmetical model portrayed, to develop a computer program, SimCADE v.2.0, which replicates the heat transfer during the solidification process. The software replicates the cooling and solidification of the metal to examine the consequences of diverse manufacturing parameters and environmental conditions that occur during solidification process can be examined. The computer program, scripted using C++ language, considers the internal sources and the diverse material properties with temperature. Over 450.000 finite elements are employed by the software to acquire a perfect geometrical description of the domain. It takes about 60 seconds for a PC computer system to compute the problem and decipher the equations system. 4. Results and Discussion The cost estimation can be simulated using numerical Analysis and the numerical illustration of the Cost for the Aluminum with die cast is given below. Quantity: 100,000 Material: Aluminum A360.0, Die Cast Envelope X-Y-Z (in): 5.00 x 5.00 x 5.00 Weight (lb): 6.78 Tolerance: High precision (<= 0.005) Surface roughness: Highest quality 1. Die Casting Material Part weight (lb): 6.78 Material price ($/lb): 1.88 Material markup (%): 25.00 Production Machine type: Cold chamber Machine clamp force (tons): 400 Machine setup time (hrs): 8.00

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Machine uptime (%): 95.00 Post-processing time (hrs.): 0.00 Defect rate (%): 5.00 Production rate (parts/hr): 85 Hourly rate ($/hr): 115.00 Production markup (%): 10.00 Tooling Number of cavities: 1 Number of dies: 1 + repair Die-making rate ($/hr): 65.00 1. Die Casting Material cost Production cost Tooling cost Total cost

$1,804,223 ($18.042 per part) $1,592,360 ($15.924 per part) $149,631 ($1.496 per part) $62,232 ($0.622 per part) $1,804,223 ($18.042 per part)

Table-1: Cost Estimation for Alloy Die Casting A sequential approximation method with a changeable supra-relaxation factor is utilized to decipher the equation system. The software has facilities for auto-meshing the analyzed geometry and graphically displays the outcomes. The replication of aluminum castings solidification is performed using the SimCADE software and the outcomes are provided below in figure-2. The solidification process one of the most vital factors that have an effect on the internal quality of the castings. Vacuums and porosity in castings happens because of either material shrinkage or accumulation of gas. Mostly the Gas porosity consists of an even regular shape and appears close to the castings surface. Shrink porosity is categorized by its irregular shape and uneven walls and enclosures. It occurs in almost all alloys as they interact during cooling from the torrential temperature to the solidus. It is one of main general common defects in metal casting due to design technology and is shown in the Figure-2.

Figure-2: Aluminum Castings Solidification using SimCADE Figure-2 shows that the simulation of aluminum casting solidification using simCADE software. It shows that solidification of alloy process predict shrinkage porosity position in aluminum castings. The solid model of an alloy casting with an insulated feeder which was analyzed by the program is shown in figure-2. The feed metal flowing paths inside the casting and the profile of the solidification in a section through the hot spot are shown in red color. The solidification profile of an aluminum alloy unloader value produced by the gravity die casting process shows the last freezing regions which coincides with the shrinkage cavity observed in the section cut through the actual casting. Using the replication software the manufacturer can assess the technology before acquiring any expensive tools and can also make better decisions, save energy and time and fine-tune the internal quality of the final product.

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This enables the casting or forging part buyer to have complete knowledge about the final product as the replication software has the manufacture record as the data input. The buyer can get to know the homogeneous mechanical properties of the final product and whether it is free of any defects such as porosity or macro segregation . It also gives information about the exact location of the defect. SimCADE v.2.0 can correctly identify the location of the shrinkage defects (centerline shrinkage, porosity, sink and pipe) in castings and macro segregation in steel ingots but cannot be depended on for other defects associated with solidification and subsequent cooling (such as tears, cracks and distortion). The main replication system of the software comprises of three processors: 1) the pre-processor module for evaluating the 3D CAD drawing of the analysis model and automated production of the finite element mesh; 2) a replicator for the solidification process; and 3) the post-processor module for displaying the results. This software has been verified under industrial conditions by applying slab reheating and casting solidification. The results from heat transfer replication and from the taking under industrial conditions are similar. The solidification time can be dogged by equating the temperature given by the molding temperature shifted from side to side the mold. Solidification Time Where V A : : : volume of the casting cooling of the surface area casting modulus 2500 2000 Heat Transfer 1500 Real 1000 500 0 10 28 40 50 Simualtion casting solidification Industry Vs. Realtime ( ) to the

Time 60 70

80

90

100

Figure-3: Heat Transfer according to Time The heat transformation in the casting and solidification process completely depends on time. When time increases the heat transformation also increases until a certain constant level is shown in figure-3.

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Percentage of shrinkage

Comparison of Various Metal Solidification

8 6 4 2 0 Percentage

Various Metals

Figure-4: Solidification Shrinkage Comparison of Various Metals For the materials that have thin solidification varieties piping can be dazed, by deceitful, the molding to promote indicator solidification, which means the molding restrictions start first at the point extreme from the gate, then increasingly solidifies near the gate. This permits a continuous feed of watery material to be contemporary at the point of solidification to recompense for the shrinkage. It is noted that still there is a shrinkage void where the last material solidifies but, if the designing of the metal with solidification is proper. This kind of process is happen in the gating system or in the riser and also it depends on the different kinds of metals, which is depicted in Figure-4. The cost analysis is shown below, and it taken the data from a real time industry averages and production practices. The cost of the metal and the solidification cost may differ based on the manufacturer, equipment used, the GIS location and market price. The following tables show that the data used in industries, on average typical manufacturing practices. The actual cost may vary slightly based on the specific manufacturer, equipment, geographical location

Table-1.1: Cost for Material Production Aluminum / Aluminum alloys Pure metal / Easily alloyed with small amounts of copper, manganese, silicone, magnesium, and Low density, good Window frames, aircraft parts, electrical conductivity automotive parts, kitchenware (approx. 60% of copper), nonmagnetic, noncombustible, ductile, malleable, corrosion

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other elements

resistance; easily formed, machined, or cast

Table-2: Produced Material and the Description 5. Conclusion It has been shown that mathematical model provide a powerful alternative to numerical simulation for predicting solidification approach based on the proposed approach which considers the cost factor and time factor with optimum quality. The finite element method as applied to casting problem is demonstrated in terms of both temperature and stress fields for an alloy casting where the experimental data was available. Special considerations in the modeling of the casting process are also included. The material presented here is collected from several papers apart from our own work. The authors gratefully acknowledge, the authors and publishers of such papers which we have made use of in preparing this article. References [1] J. Henzel, J. Keverian, Comparison of calculated and measured solidification patterns in a variety of castings, AFS (Am. Foundry mens Soc.) Cast Met. Res. J. (1) (1965) 1930. [2] R.D. Pehlke, M.J. Kirt, R.E. Marrone, D.J. Cook, Numerical simulation of casting solidification, Trans. Am. Foundry mens Soc. (81) (1972) 517523. [3] K.G. Upadhya, D.M. Stefanescu, K. Lieu, D.P. Yegar, Computer-aided cooling curve analysis, principles and applications in metal casting, Trans. Am. Foundry mens Soc. (97) (1989) 6166. [4] V.R. Voller, C.R. Swaminathan, B.G. Thomas, Fixed grid techniques for phase change problems: a review, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 30 (1990) 875898. [5] J. Isaac, G.P. Reddy, Variation of Heat Transfer Coefficients During Solidification of Castings in Metallic Molds, British Foundry man, 1985, pp. 465 468. [6] Y. Nishida, W. Droste, S. Engler, The air-gap formation process at the casting-mold interface and the heat transfer mechanism through the gap, Metall. Trans. 17B (1986) 833 844. [7] I.Y. Kodra, M. Sayawaki, A generalized automatic mesh generation scheme for finite element method, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 15 (1980) 713 731. [8] C.S. Wei, J.T. Berry, Solidification simulation based on the edge function approach, Trans. Am. Foundry mens Soc. 91 (1983) 509514. [9] Z. Abdullah, M. Salaudean, K. Davis, Modeling permanent mould casting processes, Cast Met. (3) (1990) 7 14. [10] Y.W. Lee, E. Chang, C.F. Chien, Modeling of feeding behavior of solidifying Al 7Si0.3Mg alloy plate castings, Metall. Trans. 21B (1990) 715722. [11] E.N. Pan, C.S. Lim, C.R. Loper, Effects of solidification parameters on the feeding efficiency of A 356 Aluminium alloy, Trans. Am. Foundry mens Soc. (98) (1990) 735746. [12] K. Kubo, R.D. Pehlke, Mathematical modeling of porosity formation in solidification, Metall. Trans. B 16B (1985) 359366. [13] G. Comini, S. Del Guidice, R.W. Lewis, O.C. Zienkiewicz, Finite element solution of non-linear heat conduction problems with special reference to phase change, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 8 (1974) 613624. [14] R.L. Lewis, S. Liou, D. Ye, Literature review of solidification simulation in the design of sand castings, Res. J 17 (1987) 111. [15]. Liqiang Zhang, Luxoing Li, Identification of Interfacial Heat transfer coefficient during cas ting solidification based on an inverse heat conduction Model, Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, Vol. 20, February, 2013, pp. 27-34.

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[16]. R. Manojlovic, Mathematical Modeling Of Solidification Process Of Continuous Casting Steel Slabs, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 48, 4, 2013, 419-427. [17]. Yevgeny Smirnov, Aleksey SMIRNOV, Modeling Of Melt Flow And Solidification In The Twin -Roll Strip Casting Process, Metal 15. - 17. 5. 2013. [18]. Dr. Thoguluva Raghavan Vijayaram, Interpretation & Comparison of Properties of Different Particulate Reinforced LM6 Alloy Matrix Composite Processed by Metal Casting Technology, Metal 2013. [19]. C M Choudhari, B E Narkhede, S K Mahajan, Modeling and Simulation with Experiment al Validation of Temperature Distribution during Solidification Process in Sand Casting International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 8887) Volume 78 No.16, September 2013. [20] C .M. Choudhari, K. J. Padalkar, K. K. Dhumal, B. E. Narkhede, S. K. Mahajan, Defect free casting by using simulation software, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 2013, 313-314, 1130-1134. [21] Ravi B, Computer aided Casting Past, Present and Future, Indian Foundry J, 1999, 45, 65-74. [22] Bo Wang, Jie Yu Zhang, Xiang Mei Li, Wei Hua Qi. Simulation of solidification of micro structure in twin-roll casting strip[J]. Computational Materials Science 49 (2010). [23] Mingbo Yang, Fusheng Pan. Analysis about forming mechanism of equiaxed crystal zone for 1Cr18Ni9Ti stainless steel twin roll thin strip[J]. journal of materials processing technology 209 (2009):2203-2211. [24] Ch. Gras, M. Meredith, J. D. Hunt. Micro structure and texture evolution after twin roll casting and subsequent cold rolling of Al-Mg-Mn aluminum alloys[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology 169(2005):156-163. [25] Yucel Birol. Analysis of macro segregation in twin-roll cast aluminum strips via solidification curves[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 486 (2009):168-172. [26] Sanjeev Das, N. S. Lim, J. B. Seol, H. W. Kim, C. G.Park, Effect of the rolling speed on micro structural and mechanical properties of aluminum-magnesium alloys prepared by twin roll casting [J]. Materials and Design 31(2010).

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