1. INTRODUCTION 2. HISTORY OF WIND ENERGY 3. TECHNOLOGY 4. LOCATION SELECTION 5. CURRENT ISSUES 6. APPLICATIONS AND STATISTICS 7. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT 8.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. INTRODUCTION:
Wind is air in motion. The term is usually applied to the natural horizontal motion of the atmosphere; motion in a vertical, or nearly vertical, direction is called a current. Winds are produced by differences in atmospheric pressure, which are primarily due to differences in temperature. Variations in the distribution of pressure and temperature are caused largely by unequal distribution of heat from the sun, together with differences in the thermal properties of land and ocean surfaces. When the temperatures of adjacent regions become unequal, the warmer air tends to rise and flow over the colder, heavier air. Winds initiated in this way are usually greatly modified by the earth s rotation. !atural resources are grouped into two categories, renewable and nonrenewable. " renewable resource is one that may be replaced over time by natural processes, such as wind energy, solar energy etc. The goal of renewable resource conservation is to ensure that such resources are not consumed faster than they are replaced. !onrenewable resources are those in limited supply that cannot be replaced or can be replaced only over e#tremely long periods of time. !onrenewable resources include fossil fuels and mineral deposits, such as iron ore and gold ore. Wind $nergy, energy contained in the force of the winds blowing across the earth%s surface. When harnessed, wind energy can be converted into mechanical energy for performing wor& such as pumping water, grinding grain, and milling lumber. 'y connecting a spinning rotor to an electric generator, modern wind turbines convert wind energy, which turns the rotor, into electrical energy.

2. HISTORY OF WIND ENERGY:

$gyptians may have been the first to capture wind energy when they sailed boats up the !ile (iver beginning around the )th century '*. +or centuries afterward, wind,powered sailing vessels plied the world s seas and oceans, serving as the principal form of commercial transport. Wind energy has been harnessed on land since the ancient -ersians developed the first windmill in the .th century "/. Windmills have since been used to mill grain, pump water, saw timber, and provide other forms of mechanical energy. 'ecause wind is a clean and renewable source of energy, modern wind turbines are being installed in countries such as 0ermany, /enmar&, 1ndia, *hina, and the 2nited 3tates to supplement more traditional sources of electric power, such as burning coal. /esign improvements such as more efficient rotor blades combined with an increase in the numbers of wind turbines installed, have helped increase the world%s wind energy generating capacity by nearly 456 percent since 4776.
ANCIENT PERSION WIND MILL

$arly -ersian windmills were crude devices consisting of a simple tower supporting an array of paddles made from bundled reeds. These paddles spun around a vertical a#is, with a wall to protect the blades as they spun bac& into the direction of the wind. These early windmills were used for grinding grain.

TRADITIONAL EUROPEAN WINDMILLS

Traditional $uropean windmills have been used for centuries on the lowlands of northern $urope. 1n fact, the term windmill

derives from using these machines to grind, or mill, grain. The first windmills to appear in $urope were built during the 48th century in northwestern +rance and southern $ngland. 2se of the windmill subsequently spread into northern 'elgium, 0ermany, and north to /enmar& during the late 48th and 49th centuries.

3. TECHNOLOGY
BASIC STRUCTURE:

Windmill

" windmill is a machine that converts wind into useful energy. Windmills consist of a horizontal wind shaft that protrudes from The upper portion of the mill tower. +our to eight wind sails radiate from the wind shaft. The wood frames of the sails are either covered with canvas or fitted with wood shutters. The

fantail automatically rotates the sails into the wind.

Tower
1mprovements in structural design and construction materials have led to the construction of taller towers, allowing rotors to be mounted farther off the ground, where winds are typically stronger. 3mall wind turbines :less than 4 &ilowatt; are installed on simple guyed :cable,anchored; poles ranging in height from 46 to 86 m :96 to <5 ft;. Turbines from 4 to 96 &ilowatts are installed on lattice or tubular towers ranging in height from 86 to )6 m :<5 to 496 ft;. =edium,size wind turbines are typically installed on tubular steel towers ranging in height from 85 to 56 m :>6 to 4<5 ft;. Wind turbine towers, which house the cables that conduct electricity from the generator through the base of the tower, can be constructed from metal, reinforced plastics, and concrete.

(?T?(

The rotor, which spins when driven by the wind, supports blades that are designed to capture &inetic energy in the wind. !early, all modern wind turbines have rotors that spin about an a#is parallel to the ground. The spinning rotor turns a shaft, which converts the wind%s energy into mechanical power. 1n turn, the shaft drives the generator, which converts mechanical energy into electricity. "lthough some modern wind turbines have rotor blades made of composite wood, most modern wind turbine blades are made of fiberglass, a lightweight, strong material typically composed of polyester resins and glass fibers. 2nli&e the "merican farm windmill, contemporary wind turbines do not use blades made from aluminum or steel; aluminum is unable to withstand continuous stress from fle#ing in strong winds, and

steel is too heavy. 3mall wind turbines :see Wind Turbine 3ize section below; typically use a tail vane to &eep the rotor pointing into the wind. =ost medium,size wind turbines use an electric motor to mechanically aim the rotor into the wind.
0$!$("T?(3

The generator converts the mechanical energy of the spinning rotor into electricity. =ost wind turbines use a generator and transmission in combination. =any of these wind turbines use two generators, a small generator for light winds and a large generator for strong winds. ?ther wind turbines use a single generator that contains dual electric windings. These dual electric windings accomplish the same tas& as the combination of a small and a large generator. 3ome wind turbines use another type of specially designed generator that is driven directly by the rotor without a transmission.
W1!/ T2('1!$ 31@$

Wind turbines can be arbitrarily divided into three classesA small, medium, and large. 3mall wind turbines are capable of generating between 56 watts and <6 &ilowatts of power, and use rotors ranging in diameter from less than 4 to 45 m :9 to 56 ft;. 3mall wind turbines are installed primarily in remote areas where power is needed but access to conventional sources of electricity is either too e#pensive or too unreliable. 3ome small turbines, &nown as micro,turbines, are so compact they can be carried to remote locations on horsebac&. =ost commercial wind machines are medium,size turbines. =edium,size turbines use rotors spanning diameters between 45 and <6 m :56 and 866 ft;, and have a generating capacity ranging from 56,4,566 &ilowatts. =ost medium,size commercial turbines

have a generating capacity in the range of 566 &ilowatts to .56 &ilowatts. Barge wind turbines are behemoths with rotors spanning diameters between <6 and 466 m :866 to 996 ft;, and are capable of generating 8 to 9 megawatts of power. 'ecause the cost, effectiveness of conventional coal,fired and oil,fired power plants increases with the size of the plants, it was originally thought that giant wind turbines would be more economical than smaller turbines. Various countries have attempted to develop commercial multi,megawatt wind turbines, but these machines have proved less economical and less reliable than medium,size turbines.

4. LOCATION SELECTION:
Bocation is critical for ma#imizing the electricity wind turbines can produce. The amount of &inetic energy available in the wind is a cubic function of wind speedCthat is, for every doubling of wind speed, there is a corresponding eight,fold increase in available energy. This e#ponential relationship between wind speed and wind energy ma&es location e#tremely important. " site with high average wind speeds can provide considerably more wind energy than a site with only slightly lower wind speeds. +or most continental locations, winds are strongest during winter and spring and wea&est during summer and fall. (egional weather patterns and local topographic conditions can also cause wind patterns to vary.

SOME WINDMILLS:

Windmill on =D&onos

This seaside windmill is on =D&onos, one of the many islands that ma&e up about one,fifth of 0reece s land area. =D&onos is part of the *yclades, a larger island group in the southern "egean 3ea..

(uisdael%s Windmill at Wij&

The Windmill at Wij& :(ij&smuseum, "msterdam; ran&s among the masterpieces by /utch painter Eacob van (uisdael. The windmill towers over everything in the flat landscape, and sun brea&ing through the clouds casts light on the structure. (uisdael painted the typical /utch landscapeA flat, water,filled, and dominated by the e#panse of s&y.

Wind +arm

These turbines are part of a wind farm located near Ba&e 'enton, =innesota. This region is one of the most productive wind energy sites in the =idwestern 2nited 3tates.

0ermany s =odern Windmills

3tate,of,the,art windmills in 0ermany generate energy from an age,old renewable source. =ost installations are relatively small, with ten or more windmills arranged in a grid to ta&e advantage of wind shifts. 3ince 4776 design improvements and added installations have helped boost worldwide generating

5. CURRENT ISSUES:
With the growing worldwide demand for electric power and the rising concern about global warming, many e#perts believe that the use of wind energy will continue to increase. "s wind power becomes an increasingly cost,effective source of electricity, the mar&et for wind power should continue to e#pand. 3ome environmental and political factors, however, will also influence the growth of wind energy.

6.STATISTICS:

Installed windpowe !apa!it" #MW$%&'(%&6( Ran) Nation 4 8 9 0ermany 3pain 2nited 3tates *++' 4>,)45 *++6 Latest

86,<88 84,8>9 48,>64 49,>>5

46,68> 44,<45 7,4)7 44,<69

) 5 < . > 7 46 44 48 49 4) 45 4< 4. 4> 47 86 84 88 89 8) 85 8< 8. 8> 87 96 94 98

1ndia /enmar& :F +Groe 1slands; *hina 1taly 2nited Hingdom -ortugal *anada +rance !etherlands Eapan "ustria "ustralia 0reece 1reland 3weden !orway 'razil $gypt 'elgium Taiwan 3outh Horea !ew @ealand -oland =orocco =e#ico +inland 2&raine *osta (ica Iungary

),)96 9,49< 4,8<6 4,.4> 4,998 4,688 <>9 .5. 4,847 4,6<4 >47 .6> 5.9 )7< 546 8<. 87 4)5 4<. 46) 7> 4<7 >9 <) 9 >8 .. .4 4>

<,8.6 9,4)6 8,<6) 8,489 4,7<9 4,.4< 4,)57 4,5<. 4,5<6 4,97) 7<5 >4. .)< .)5 5.8 94) 89. 896 479 4>> 4.9 4.4 459 48) >> >< >< .) <4

.,894

8,75<

8,879 4,>.) 4,<.6 8,466

>6) ><<

5>6

988 84<

46.

99 9) 95 9<

Bithuania Tur&ey *zech (epublic 1ran (est of $urope (est of "mericas (est of "sia

< 86 8> 89 487 467 9>

55 54 56 )> 4<9 467 9> 94 48

(est of "frica F =iddle $ast 94 (est of ?ceania Wo ld total #MW$ 48

',-+,& ./-**0 .,-0/&

Appli!ations o1 wind ene 2"

The following table shows some applications of wind energy, who uses it and how wind energy is obtained.

W3at is wind ene 2" 4sed 1o 5 2sing wind to generate electricity

W3o 4ses wind ene 2"5 6ow is wind ene 2" o7tained5

!ational and -rovincial networ&s *ommunities Iomes and farms -rocess industries (emote communities +arms

The wind powers a wind turbine that produces electricity.

2sing wind to pump water

The wind powers a wind pump that pumps water.

Ho !" #$% &#' "(

As usual the electricity is one of the most important parts of human life. The electricity is used for many home appliances like computer, mixer, washing machine, fans. tube lights, ac. The electricity is also used in farming sector for pumping the water from

wells, differene machines etc. Using electricity generated by wind mill is economical and also ecofriendly.

P'o)!"" *$%+",'*!"( Many of industries in India use electricity from its own power plant or from the Electricity generation board. This electricity is further utili ed for different engines, for heating purpose etc. It is economical for both, industry as well as nation to ha!e its own power generation plan, then why not wind mills" The most popular industry in India TATA uses its own windmill for industrial purpose.

R! o,! )o

+$*,*!"(

The electricity is generated in low cost but if its utili ation is far away from generation place the there are many difficulties while transferring the electricity. The only option is to generate the electricity nearby the utili ation area but by the eco#friendly way. The windmills are used for this purpose where the electricity board is unable to supply the electricity.

OPTIONAL USE(
Many times it is not possible to use the whole electricity generated by wind mills on the other hand the electricity generated by mills is insufficient. To a!oid this, the communities use the batteries to store the electricity during less demand of power and supply the power during more utili ation.

7. IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

Although wind energy is a relati!ely clean means of generating electricity, there are associated impacts. In addition, noise associated with spinning wind turbine rotors has generated complaints from the public. Another en!ironmental concern associated with wind energy is the impact on wildlife. $ind turbines in some areas are responsible for killing birds%including some protected species%that are accidentally caught in the rotor blades. &ome of these en!ironmental concerns are being addressed by more careful siting of wind turbines. 'ther concerns, such as the noise of spinning rotor blades, may be partially sol!ed by design refinements that successfully reduce aerodynamic and mechanical noise..

ADVANTAGES:
$ind energy is a promising source of electrical power because it is a clean and renewable resource. &uch a system helps pro!ide reliable power supplies to consumers. (eople located in remote sites that rely on electricity from wind turbines often use batteries or a backup generator to pro!ide auxiliary power during extended periods without sufficient wind. 'perationally, modern wind turbines are as reliable as con!entional power plants. Most commercial wind turbines are offline )down for maintenance or repair* less than + percent of the time. $ind turbines are also known for their longe!ity%many turbines ha!e been generating electricity since the early ,-./s. Many American farm windmills ha!e been in continuous use for generations, while some traditional European windmills ha!e been working for almost +// years. $ind power consumes no fuel for continuing operation, and has no emissions directly related to electricity production. 0ompared to other power sources, howe!er, wind energy1s direct emissions are low, and the materials used in construction )concrete, steel, fiberglass, generation components* and transportation are straightforward. $ind power1s ability to reduce pollution and

greenhouse gas emissions will depend on the amount of wind energy produced.

2 $ind energy is an ideal renewable energy because3 ,. it is a pollution#free, infinitely sustainable form of energy 4. it doesn5t re6uire fuel +. it doesn5t create greenhouse gasses 7. it doesn5t produce toxic or radioacti!e waste. 2 $ind energy is 6uiet and does not present any significant ha ard to birds or other wildlife. 2 $hen large arrays of wind turbines are installed on farmland, only about 48 of the land area is re6uired for the wind turbines. The rest is a!ailable for farming, li!estock, and other uses. 2 9andowners often recei!e payment for the use of their land, which enhances their income and increases the !alue of the land. 2 'wnership of wind turbine generators by indi!iduals and the community allows people to participate directly in the preser!ation of our en!ironment. 2 Each megawatt#hour of electricity that is generated by wind energy helps to reduce the /.. to /.- tones of greenhouse gas emissions that are produced by coal or diesel fuel generation each year.

8. DISAD9ANTA:ES
Land 4se

0learing of wooded areas is often unnecessary, as the practice of farmers leasing their land out to companies building wind farms is common. $ind turbines should ideally be placed about ten times their diameter apart in the direction of pre!ailing winds and fi!e times their diameter apart in the perpendicular direction for minimal losses due to wind effects. As a result, wind turbines re6uire roughly /., s6uare kilometers of unobstructed land per megawatt of nameplate capacity. Areas under onshore and near#shore wind farms can be used for farming, and are protected from further de!elopment. Although there ha!e been installations of wind turbines in urban areas, these are generally not used. :uildings may interfere with wind, and the !alue of land is likely too high if it would interfere with other uses to make urban installations !iable. Installations near ma;or cities on unused land, particularly offshore for cities near large bodies of water, may be of more interest

O11s3o e and O!ean Noise

The ocean noise that is generated due to mechanical motion of the turbines, other !ibrations which can be transmitted !ia the tower structure to the sea, will become significant enough to harm sea mammals. Tests carried out in <enmark for shallow installations showed the le!els were only significant up to a few hundred meters. =owe!er, sound in;ected into deeper water will tra!el much further and will be more likely to impact bigger creatures like whales which tend to use lower fre6uencies than porpoises and seals. This could impact the communication fre6uencies of a6uatic life.

=owe!er, because wind speeds !ary by time of day, season, and e!en from one year to the next, wind energy is an intermittent resource. At windy sites it is common for wind turbines to operate >/ percent of the year. E!en when operating, howe!er, the wind may be insufficiently strong for wind turbines to generate at full capacity. '!erall, turbines installed on windy sites operate at an a!erage of 4? to +? percent of full capacity. In comparison, coal#fired power plants usually operate at an a!erage of @? to .? percent of full capacity. The intermittent nature of wind energy does not affect consumers when wind turbines are tied to an electrical network, or power grid. The effect of windless days can be offset by production from other power#generating sources, such as coal#fired plants and hydroelectric plants that are connected to the power grid . $ind power stations, howe!er, consume resources in manufacturing and construction, as do most other power production facilities. $ind power may also ha!e an indirect effect on pollution at other production facilities, due to the need for reser!e and regulation, and may affect the efficiency profile of plants used to balance demand and supply, particularly if those facilities use fossil fuel sources.

REFERENCES
1.MICROSOFT ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA -SOFTWARE. 2.NEWS PAPERS 3./OO0 -/ASIC MECHANICAL.