Y- transform

Y- transform
The Y- transform, also written wye-delta and also known by many other names, is a mathematical technique to simplify the analysis of an electrical network. The name derives from the shapes of the circuit diagrams, which look respectively like the letter Y and the Greek capital letter . This circuit transformation theory was published by Arthur Edwin Kennelly in 1899.[1] It is widely used in analysis of three phase power circuits. The Y- transform can be considered a special case of the star-mesh transform for three resistors.

Names
The Y- transform is known by a variety of other names, mostly based upon the two shapes involved, listed in either order. The Y, spelled out as wye, can also be called T or star; the , spelled out as delta, can also be called triangle, (spelled out as pi), or mesh. Thus, common names for the transformation include wye-delta or delta-wye, star-delta, star-mesh, or T-.

Illustration of the transform in its T- representation,

Basic Y- transformation
The transformation is used to establish equivalence for networks with three terminals. Where three elements terminate at a common node and none are sources, the node is eliminated by transforming the impedances. For equivalence, the impedance between any pair of terminals must be the same for both networks. The equations given here are valid for complex as well as real impedances.

and Y circuits with the labels which are used in this article.

Equations for the transformation from -load to Y-load 3-phase circuit

The general idea is to compute the impedance adjacent nodes in the circuit by at a terminal node of the Y circuit with impedances , to

where

are all impedances in the circuit. This yields the specific formulae

Y- transform

Equations for the transformation from Y-load to -load 3-phase circuit

The general idea is to compute an impedance in the circuit by

where individual edges are thus

is the sum of the products of all pairs of impedances in the Y circuit and is the impedance of the node in the Y circuit which is opposite the edge with . The formula for the

A proof of the existence and uniqueness of the transformation

The feasibility of the transformation can be shown as a consequence of superposition theorem in electric circuit. A short proof, rather than derived as a corollary of the more general star-mesh transform, can be given as follows. The equivalence lies in the statement that for any external voltages ( , and ) applying at the three nodes ( , and ), the corresponding currents ( , and ) are exactly the same for both the Y and circuit, and vice versa. In this proof, we start with given external currents at the nodes. According to superposition theorem, the voltages can be obtained by studying the linear summation of the resulting voltages at the nodes of following three problems: apply at the three nodes with current (1) , , , (2) , , and (3) laws, one has , , . It can be readily shown that due to Kirchhoff's circuit . One notes that now each problem is relatively simple, since it only involves one

single ideal current source. To obtain exactly the same outcome voltages at the nodes for each problem, the equivalent resistances in two circuits must be the same, this can be easily found by using the basic rules of series and parallel circuits. Considering all three problems, one results in six equations which connect the three resistances in the Y circuit and the three resistance in the circuit, namely,

Though usually six equations are more than enough to express three variables ( three variables(

) in term of the other

), here it is straightforward to show that these equations indeed lead to the above

designed expressions. In fact, superposition theorem not only establishes the relation between the values of the resistances, but also guarantees the uniqueness of such solution.

Y- transform

Simplification of networks
Resistive networks between two terminals can theoretically be simplified to a single equivalent resistor (more generally, the same is true of impedance). Series and parallel transforms are basic tools for doing so, but for complex networks such as the bridge illustrated here, they do not suffice. The Y- transform can be used to eliminate one node at a time and produce a network that can be further simplified, as shown.

Transformation of a bridge resistor network, using the Y- transform to eliminate node D, yields an equivalent network that may readily be simplified further.

The reverse transformation, -Y, which adds a node, is often handy to pave the way for further simplification as well.

Transformation of a bridge resistor network, using the -Y transform, also yields an equivalent network that may readily be simplified further.

Y- transform

Graph theory
In graph theory, the Y- transform means replacing a Y subgraph of a graph with the equivalent subgraph. The transform preserves the number of edges in a graph, but not the number of vertices or the number of cycles. Two graphs are said to be Y- equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a series of Y- transforms in either direction. For example, the Petersen family is a Y- equivalence class.

Demonstration
-load to Y-load transformation equations
To relate from from to Y, the

impedance between two corresponding nodes is compared. The impedance in either configuration is determined as if one of the nodes is disconnected from the circuit. The impedance between N1 and N2 with N3 disconnected in :
and Y circuits with the labels that are used in this article.

To simplify, let Thus,

be the sum of

The corresponding impedance between N1 and N2 in Y is simple: hence: (1) Repeating for : (2) and for : (3)

Y- transform From here, the values of can be determined by linear combination (addition and/or subtraction).

For example, adding (1) and (3), then subtracting (2) yields

thus,

where For completeness: (4) (5) (6)

Y-load to -load transformation equations

Let . We can write the to Y equations as (1) (2) (3) Multiplying the pairs of equations yields (4) (5) (6) and the sum of these equations is (7) Factor from the right side, leaving in the numerator, canceling with an in the denominator.

(8)

Y- transform Note the similarity between (8) and {(1),(2),(3)} Divide (8) by (1)

which is the equation for

. Dividing (8) by (2) or (3) (expressions for

or

) gives the remaining equations.

Notes
[1] A.E. Kennelly, Equivalence of triangles and stars in conducting networks, Electrical World and Engineer, vol. 34, pp. 413414, 1899.

References
William Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis 3rd ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 1975, ISBN 0-07-061285-4

External links
Star-Triangle Conversion (http://www.designcabana.com/knowledge/electrical/basics/resistors): Knowledge on resistive networks and resistors Calculator of Star-Triangle transform (http://www.stud.feec.vutbr.cz/~xvapen02/vypocty/transfigurace. php?language=english)

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