Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
KARTHIK V (1010910090) SASIDHAR K.V (1010910092) NEERAJ PORWAL (1010910118) ABHINAV N (1010910119)
Under the guidance of
Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)
PROJECT REPORT on
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
KARTHIK V (1010910090) SASIDHAR K.V (1010910092) NEERAJ PORWAL (1010910118) ABHINAV N (1010910119)
Under the guidance of
Mrs. VASANTHI.P
Assistant Professor (O.G)
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report titled PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTAL BUILDING is the bonafide work of KARTHIK.V(1010910090), NEERAJ PORWAL SASIDHAR (1010910118),
REDDY.K.V(1010910092),
ABHINAV. N (1010910119) who carried out the research under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or any other candidate.
Signature of the Guide Mrs. VASANTHI .P Assitant Professor (O.G) Department of Civil Engineering Engineering SRM University Kattankulathur- 603203
Signature of the HOD Dr. R. ANNADURAI Professor & Head Department of Civil SRM University Kattankulathur- 603203
EXTERNAL
ABSTRACT The proposed Net zero residential building is located at Urapakkam. The NZERB has G+1 floor. The total land surface covered by the Net zero energy residential building is 99 square meters. A complete design shall be done for the proposed NZERB using Indian standard codes. There are three main phases in a construction project which are planning, designing and estimation. The first stage in a project is planning, in which preparation of layout of plot has to be done. To conclude the project a detailed estimate of the residential building has also been prepared.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to alma mater for congenial cooperation and granting me permission to accomplish a work on PLANNING AND DESIGN OF NET ZERO ENERGY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
and
records
Dr. T. P.
Pro Vice Chancellor (P&D) and Dr. C. MUTHAMIZHCHELVAN, Director, (E&T), SRM UNIVERSITY for providing all the necessary facilities for carrying out this work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks and Gratitude to HOD Dr. R. ANNADURAI, Department of Civil Engineering, for his valuable suggestions and advice in carrying out this thesis work.
The author expresses his sincere thanks to Department Coordinator/Civil Dr.K.GUNASEKARAN, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation during the course of this work.
The author hereby acknowledges with deep sense of gratitude the valuable guidance given by the Guide Mrs.VASANTHI P, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, for initiative and motivation during the course of this work.
The author is extremely grateful to the valuble advices given by the class
incharge Mr.K.PRASANNA, Assistant professor,Department of Civil Engineering, for constant support.
The author is grandly indebted to all the Faculty Members of Department of Civil Engineering, for their valuable help rendered during the course of study.
Finally, the author expresses his hearty thanks to Friends for their kind help and encouragement throughout the course of this thesis work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
ABSTRACT 6
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABBREVATIONS 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 OBJECTIVE NECESSITY SCOPE METHODOLOGY MAJOR DESIGN EXPERIENCE
ix x xi 1 1 1 2 2 2
REALISTIC DESIGN CONSTRAINTS REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARS APPLICATION OF EARLIER COURSE WORKS MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND TEAM WORK SOFTWARE USED CONCLUSION FUTURE SCOPE
3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7
INTRODUCTION 2.1 2.2 2.3 GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA, 2004 2.3.1 2.4 Primary Residential Use Zone
8 8
CONFORMATION TO NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2.4.1 Fire Safety, Detection And Extinguishing System 10 9
2.4.2
Security Deposits
10
OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE 3.1 3.2 3.3 OBJECTIVE SCOPE MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
11 11 12 12 13 13 13 14 15 16 16
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 PLANNING 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 Selection of Site Plot Layout Plan of the Building
4.2.6
Design of Kitchen
33
Design of Dining Room Design of Wall Design of Footing Design of Hollow Brick Wall Design of Footing (Hollow Brick) Design of Stair Case
37 40 44 44 49 51
4.3
DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL AND ITS COMPONENTS 4.3.1 Solar power system components
54
54 55 4.3.3
4.3.2
Description of Individual Solar Panel components 4.3.3.1 4.3.3.2 4.3.3.3 4.3.3.4 Solar Panels Solar Regulator Power Inverter Solar Batteries
55 55 55 56 56 57 59 60 62 62
RATE ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PANELS INFRARED THERMOMETER HOLLOW BRICK 4.6.1 Parameters of Hollow Brick
4.6.2 4.7
64 65
ESTIMATION
4.7.1
65
72 72 72 73
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
10
2.1 8 2.2 9 2.3 9 4.1 48 4.2 48 4.3 49 4.4 49 4.5 57 4.6 65 4.7 67 4.8 70 4.9 71
Front Setback
Rear Setback
Side Setback
Calculations of loads
11
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
Plot Layout Ground Floor Plan First Floor Plan Footing Design Working of Solar Panels Infrared Thermometer U- Values
13 14 15 51 54 60 63
12
ABBREVIATIONS
Effective depth Clear cover Total depth Width Ultimate limiting moment of resistance Characteristic compressive strength of concrete Ultimate moment Percentage of tension reinforcement Percentage of compression reinforcement Area of steel in tension zone Area of steel in compression zone
13
Sv fy Asv kt kc kf Pu c Ag Ly Lx Wu x Y Mx My dreq dprov Mu,max Ast( reqd) Ast (min) ast D.L L.L NC , NY, Nq CMDA PWD NBC
Spacing of stirrups Yield stress of steel Total cross sectional area of stirrup legs Modification factor for tension reinforcement Modification factor for compression reinforcement Reduction factors for flanged beams Ultimate load Permissible shear stress Gross area of cross section Length in y direction Length in x direction Ultimate load Bending moment coefficient for short span Bending moment coefficient for long span Moment in short span direction Moment in long span direction Required depth Provided depth Maximum ultimate moment Area of steel required Area of minimum steel required Area of 1 bar Dead Load Live Load Angle of internal friction Bearing capacity factors Chennai metropolitian development authority Public works department National Building Code
14
CHAPTER 1
15
OVERVIEW
1.1 OBJECTIVE
i. ii. iii.
Design a building with Net zero energy concept. To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads on the building. Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.
1.2
NECESSITY
The basic necessities of such a building are: i. As the country is developing day by day the consumption of power is also very high. ii. Now if we are going for NZERB building we can save energy locally which mean to save energy in global level. iii. The use of this technology used in residential buildings has shown huge amount savings in the electricity bill. iv. The proper design and alignment of the building can make the building cheaper than that of the conventional type of buildings. v. Usage of hollow bricks and avoidance of columns and beams will result in lowering of temperature inside the building vi. To achieve sustainability.
1.3
SCOPE
i.
16
Design of load bearing structure using hollow bricks Design of solar panels Comparison of room temperature between NZERB and conventional building
v.
1.4
METHODOLOGY
This entire project is an planning and design in nature and the methodology followed in this project is listed as below. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Selection of site where renewable energy is available Study the climate conditions of area Aligning the building to utilize maximum amount of renewable resources Planning and design of proposed NZERB building Comparison of the NZERB building with other conventional building
1.5
Design experience in the following areas has been gained during the course of the project i. ii. iii. iv. 1.6 Design of slabs Design of footings Design of wall using Hollow bricks Design of solar panels
17
i. Economic: Building shall be designed such that the entire energy requirements are met by solar energy only due to shortage of conventional energy. ii. Sustainability Constraints: The design shall be such that the requirement of cooling do not fluctuate throughout the year. iii. Economic Constraint: The materials adopted for construction are economical compared to conventional materials.
1.7
REFERENCE TO CODES AND STANDARDS The codes for design of buildings and structures, Design co-efficient, Limit state design method and Fixing of dimensions are shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 Reference to codes and standards
Codes /Standards
Context Design loads for buildings and structures (Dead load , Imposed load ) Design co-efficient, Limit state design method used for slab and footing Design of Hollow bricks Structural use of Unreinforced Masonry Handbook of Masonry design and Construction
18
1.8
The codes for Computer aided building drawing, layout and planning and Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor area ratio are shown in Table 1.2 Table 1.2 Application of earlier course work Course Code and Name CE 0104- Computer aided building drawing CE0102- Elements of building science and Architecture CE0209- Building technology CE0303-Structural Design II CE0304-Structural Design III Context Computer aided building drawing layout and planning Byelaws, Setbacks, Open space, Floor area ratio R.C.C Design R.C.C Design
1.9
i.
This project involves in multidisciplinary team work and helps interacting with the builders who deal with the non conventional building methods and use of waste and cost effective building materials.
ii.
It also involves interaction with software people to learn about the function and operation of the softwares used in this project for the design, analyse and estimation of the parts of the structure.
1.10
SOFTWARE USED
i. ii. iii.
19
1.11
CONCLUSION
The two types of buildings are analyzed with respect to cost, time, availability of skilled labour and ease in construction.
AVAILABILITY COST ELECTRICITY OF RESOURSES NORMAL CONVENTIONAL BUILDING High Low
Easily Available
Difficult
NZERB
1.12
The building is designed as a NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING which produces its own electricity, thus we can save a huge amount in electricity bill.
20
CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION
2.1 GENERAL
Fast rate of urbanization and increase in the consumption of electricity has become a major problem in Tamil Nadu. Due to increase in consumption of electricity the Tamil Nadu electricity board is unable to fulfill the requirements of the public and industrial sectors .In Tamil Nadu, This is the major problem faced. Officials were banking on a number of projects, which would generate 14,000 MW of power, from thermal, nuclear and other power projects. Most of these should have been completed by 2012. But the projects have got delayed, with the KKNP turning out to be a big challenge .Hence requirement has brought in new building technologies by utilizing the renewable energy resources.
In housing aspects it is necessary to design the material adopted structurally in a proportion with reference standard codes. Designing of building is the most essential work to be proposed in any projects. Before starting the project it is necessary to prepare layout and plan in a plot as per the Government Rules and Regulation for getting an approval without any delay and to execute the project. Overall cost of the project should be economical so estimation of building is very important. As a whole we have incorporated all the needs for a building to be built with efficient, eco-friendly and economic, also abiding by the Government Rules.
21
This project envisages the preparation of a Residential layout by incorporating the Tamil Nadu Government rules and the preparation of a plan for a residential building in a plot by using software AutoCAD. Finally this project will end up with the preparation of an estimation of the prepared plan (Ref 1).
2.2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Anna Joanna, Aalborg University, Department of Civil Engineering, According to ANNA, With energy conservation arrangements, such as highinsulated constructions, solar heating system. Extra Energy supply for the electric installations in the house is taken from the municipal mains (Ref 2). Saitoh, (1988) (JAPAN) According to SAITOH, a multi-purpose natural energy autonomous house will meet almost all the energy demands for solar panel and cooling as well as supply of hot water. For this purpose, solar energy, the natural underground coldness and sky radiation cooling are utilized. i. ii. Solar panels are designed to harness. Solar energy in buildings include systems that capture heat (such as Solar water heating systems and passive heating). iii. It converts solar energy into electrical energy, its done with the help of photovoltic (PV) systems (Ref 3).
22
2.3
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES FOR CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA, 2004 Primary Residential Use Zone
2.3.1
In this primary residential use zone, buildings shall be permitted only for the following purposes and accessory uses. (a) Professional consulting offices of the residents and incidental uses there to occupy a floor area not exceeding 40 square meters. (b) Petty shops dealing with daily essentials including retail sale of provisions, soft drinks, cigarettes, newspapers, tea stalls, mutton stall and milk kiosks, cycle repair shops and tailoring shops. (c) Nursery, primary and high school. (d) Parks and playgrounds occupying an area not exceeding 2 hectares. (e) Taxi stands and car parking. Front setback according to the CMDA code is shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Front Set Back Abutting Road Width Front Set Back Above 30m Above 15m but less than 30m Above 10m but less than 15m Below 10m 6.0m 4.5m 3.0m 1.5m
Rear setback according to Chennai Metro Development Authority (CMDA) code is shown in Table 2.2.
23
Table 2.2 Rear Set Back Depth of Plot Rear Set Back Up to 15m Between 15m to 30m Above 30m 1.5m 3.0m 4.5m
Side setback according to CMDA code is shown in Table 2.3. Table 2.3 Side Set Back Width of Plot Side Set Back Not more than 6m More than 6m but not more than 9m More than 9m 1.0m on one side 1.5m on one side 1.5m on either side
In so far as the determination of sufficiency of all aspects of structural designs, building services, plumbing, fire protections, construction practice and safety are concerned the specifications, standards and code of practices recommended in the National Building Code of India (Ref.4), shall be fully confirmed to any breach thereof shall be deemed to be a breach of the requirements under these rules.
Every multi-storied development erected shall be provided with (i) Lifts as prescribed in National Building Code; (ii) a stand-by electric generator of adequate capacity for running lift and water pump, and a room to accommodate the generator; (iii) a room of not less than 6 meters by 4.5 meters in area with a minimum head room of 3 meters to accommodate electric transformer in the ground floor; and (iv) at least one meter room of size 2.4 meters by 2.4 meters for every 10 consumers or three floor whichever is less. The meter room shall be provided in the ground floor.
24
All building in their design and construction shall be such as to contribute to and ensure individually and collectively and the safety of life from fire, smoke, fumes and also panic arising from these or similar other causes.
In building of such size, arrangement or occupancy than a fire may not itself provide adequate warning to occupants automatic fire detecting and alarming facilities shall be provided where necessary to warn occupants or the existence of fires, so that they may escape, or to facilitate the orderly conduct of fire exit drills. Fire protecting and extinguishing system shall conform to accepted standards and shall be installed in accordance with good practice a recommended in the National Building Code of India, and for the satisfaction of the Director of Fire Services by obtaining a no objection certificate from him (Ref.4).
2.4.2
Security Deposits
The applicant shall deposit a sum at the rate of Rs.100 per square meters of floor area as a refundable non-interest earning security and earnest deposit. The deposit shall be refunded on completion of development as per the approved plan as certified by CMDA, if not, it would be forfeited.
25
Net-zero energy buildings start with energy-conscious design A zero-energy residential building is a building with zero net energy consumption A net-zero energy (NZE) building is one that relies on renewable sources to produce as much energy as it uses, usually as measured over the course of a year.
ii.
Solar panels is one of the technologies used to achieve net-zero status. To eliminate the necessity of active energy loads solar techniques are used which include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. iii. Comparing the net zero energy building with conventional building.
The comparison of NZERB and conventional building is shown in Table 3.1 Table 3.1 Comparison of NZERB and Conventional Building Sl.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brick Material Temperature Electricity Initial Cost Solar Panels Energy Efficient NZERB Hollow brick 4 to 5 degree less compared To conventional building Produced on its own High 250 w panels Provided in NZERB Uses less energy CONVENTIONAL Normal brick More than NZERB It requires an active source Less compared to NZERB Not provided Uses more energy
26
3.2
SCOPE i. ii. iii. iv. Functional planning of G+1 Residential building. Design of load bearing structure using hollow bricks. Design of solar panels. Comparison of room temperature between NZERB and conventional building. v. Comparison of energy consumption between NZERB and conventional building.
3.3
METHODOLOGY This entire project is an planning and design in nature and the methodology followed in this project is listed as below. i. Selection of site where renewable energy is available Urappakam has a tropical wet and dry climate. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June. Hence solar energy is available on the site which makes the site suitable to harness solar energy ii. Study the climate conditions of area The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. maximum temperatures is around 35 40 C (95104 F). The highest recorded temperature is 45 C (113 F) iii. Aligning the building to utilize maximum amount of renewable resources Elongated east-west and oriented to astronomic south (Ref 5). South-facing windows harvest solar energy. iv. v. Planning and design of proposed NZERB building Comparison of the NZERB building with other conventional building
27
CHAPTER 4
28
The ground floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning, one kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due consideration of sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan has been prepared using Auto CAD software. The Ground Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.2
29
The first floor of the building consist of one hall, two bedrooms, one dinning, one kitchen. The allocations of the rooms in the plan has been done with due consideration of sun diagram as per the requirement of zero energy building. The plan has been prepared using Auto CAD software. The First Floor plan is shown in Figure 4.3
30
4.2
ANALYSIS AND DESIGNS SLAB DESIGN (Ref 6) The analysis and designs of the slab for Hall, Bedroom, Bathroom, Dinning, Kitchen, Stair case, Portico are done with proper considerations as per IS 456:2000. 4.2.1 Design of Hall
Using M 20 Concrete Fe 415 steel Live Load = 2 1. Effective Span Lx = 3.26 m Ly = 5.1 m Aspect ratio = = 1.56<2 Hence Two Way Slab 2. Load Calculation Assuming Slab Thickness (Ref 7)
Actual Depth
Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96 Imposed Load = 2 Total Load = 6.21 31 (Ref 8)
Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 6.21 = 9.315 Consider 1m width of slab Load per meter Length = 9.127 3. Finding Design Bending Moment Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456 Two adjacent edges are discontinuous (already found out ) Refer Table 26 Short Span x = 0.068 Long Span y = 0.037 [Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only coefficient varies]. Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2 (4.1)
Mu is calculated by equation 4.1 Where, Mu = Moment in short span direction Wu= Ultimate load Lx = Length in x direction Mu(+) Short = 0.068 9.315 3.262 = 6.731 kN.m (Ref.9) Mu(+) Long = 0.037 9.315 3.262 = 3.662 kN.m Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section. Mu,lim= (or) = 0.138fckb d2 Mu,lim is calculated by equation 4.2 Where, * + (4.2)
32
Mu,lim = Ultimate limiting moment of resistance fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete b = Width d = Effective depth = 0.138 20 1000 1052 =30.42 kN.m (Mu Limit) > (Mu Short) Hence its ok 4. Calculation of Steel Ast(+) Short = [1 - 1-4.598 ] (4.3)
Ast(+) Short is calculated by equation 4.3 Where, Ast(+) Short = Area of steel required b = Width d = Effective depth fck = Characteristic compressive strength of concrete R= fy = Yield stress of steel = 6.731 = 0.6105
Ast(+) Short = 1000 105 ( ) 415 [1 - 1-4.598 = 184.27 mm2 Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B Ast,min = ( ) 130 1000 = 156 mm2 Ast(+) Short <Ast,min 5. Check for maximum Spacing
i. ii. 3d = 3 105 = 315 mm 300
33
Same as equation 4.3 R= = = 0.4057 Ast(+)Long = 1000 95 ( ) 415 [1 4.598 = 109.37 mm2 Ast(+)Long<Ast,min 7. Spacing for all Steel i. ii. 3d = 3 95 = 285 mm 300 ] d2 952
Spacing = 285 mm 8. Check for Deflection Short Span Lx = 3260 mm Ast(+) Short Basic Value = 116.37 mm2 = 20 =240.2 =( )
Fs = 0.58 415 Pt
( )
34
Using M20 Concrete Fe415 steel Live Load = 2 1. Effective Span Lx = 3 m Ly = 3.5 m Aspect ratio = = Hence Two Way Slab
2. Load Calculation Assuming Slab Thickness Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover = 20mm
Actual Depth (d) = 125-5-20 = 100 mm Self Weight of a Slab Assume 40 mm Floor Finish Weight of Floor Finish Imposed Load Total Load Factored Load (Wu) Consider 1m width of slab Load per meter Length = 9.127 = 0.04 X 24 = 0.96 =2 = 6.08 = 1.5 6.96 = 9.127 =
35
Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456 Two adjacent edges are discontinuous ( already found out ) Refer Table 26 Short Span Long Span x = 0.043 y = 0.035
[ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only coefficient varies ]. Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2 Same as equation 4.1 Mu(+) Short = 0.043 9.13 3.232 = 4.09 kN.m Mu(+) Long= 0.035 9.13 3.232 = 3.33 kN.m Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section. Mu,lim= * (or) Mu,lim = 0.138 fckbd2 Same as equation 4.2 Mu,lim Mu,lim = 0.138 20 1000 1002 = 27.6 (Mu Limit) > (Mu Short) Hence its ok 4. Calculation of Steel Ast(+) Short = [1 - 1-4.598 ] +
36
R=
= 4.1
Ast(+) Short = = 116.37 mm2 Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B Ast,min = 125 1000 = 150 mm2 Ast(+) Short <Ast,min 5. Check for maximum Spacing i. ii. 3d = 3 X 100 = 300 mm 300
Max Spacing = 300 mm d for long span bars d= D Clear Cover d= 125 20 10/2 - 10 d= 90 mm 6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
Same as equation 4.3 R= = 3.33 = 0.33 Ast(+)Long = 1000 100 = 93.2 mm2 Ast(+)Long<Ast,min 7. Spacing for Steel Ast 102 = 78.5 mm2 * +
37
Ast(+)Short Ast(+)Long
= =
8. Check for Deflection Short Span Lx = 3230 mm Ast(+) Short Basic Value = 116.37 mm2 = 20 =240.
Fs = 0.58 415 Pt
( )
Using M20 Concrete Fe415 steel Live Load = 2 1. Effective Span Lx = 3.85 m Ly = 3.95 m Aspect ratio = = = 1.027<2
38
= 120.31mm = 120 mm
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm D = 120+ +20 = 145mm = 150 mm Actual Depth (d) = 150-5-20 Self Weight of a Slab = = 125 mm 25
25 = = 3.75
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96 Imposed Load = 2 Total Load = 6.75
Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 6.75 = 10.125 Consider 1m width of slab Load per meter Length = 10.125 3. Finding Design Bending Moment Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456 Two adjacent edges are discontinuous = 1.027 (already found out) Refer Table 26 Short Span x = 0.048 Long Span y = 0.047 [ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only coefficient varies ]. Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2 Same as equation 4.1 Mu(+) Short = 0.048 10.125 3.852 = 7.203 kN.m
39
Mu(+) Long = 0.047 10.125 3.852 = 7.063 kN.m Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section. Mu,lim= (or) = 0.138fckb d2 Same as equation 4.2 = 0.138 20 1000 1252 = 43.125 kN.m (Mu Limit) > (Mu Short) Hence its ok 4. Calculation of Steel Ast(+) Short = [1 - 1-4.598 ] * +
Ast(+)Short = 1000 125 ( ) 415 [1 - 1-4.598 = 164.08 mm2 Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B Ast,min = ( ) 150 1000
= 180 mm2 Ast(+) Short <Ast,min 5. Check for maximum Spacing i. ii. 3d = 3 125 = 375 mm
300
Max Spacing = 300 mm d for long span bars d= D Clear Cover d= 150 20 - 10
40
Same as equation 4.3 R= = = 0.553 Ast(+)Long = 1000 115 ( ) 415 [1 4.598 = 181.11 mm2 Ast(+)Long<Ast,min 7. Spacing for all Steel i. ii. 3d = 3 115 = 345 mm 300 = 300 mm ]
Spacing
8. Check for Deflection Short Span Lx = 3850 mm Ast(+)Short Basic Value = 181.11 mm2 = 20 =240.2 =(
)
Fs = 0.58 415 Pt
( )
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.8 = 36 = = 30.8 30.8 < 35.6 Hence its ok
41
4.2.4
Design of Bathroom
Using M20 Concrete Fe415 steel Live Load = 2 1. Effective Span Lx = 2.38 m Ly = 4.28 m Aspect ratio = = = 1.798<2
Hence Two Way Slab 2. Load Calculation Assuming Slab Thickness d= = 74.375 mm = 80 mm
d = 110-5-20 = 85 mm = = 2.75
Assume 40 mm Floor Finish Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96 Imposed Load = 2 Total Load = 5.75 Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 5.75 = 8.625 Consider 1m width of slab Load per meter Length = 8.625
42
3. Finding Design Bending Moment Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456 Two adjacent edges are discontinuous = 1.798 (already found out) Refer Table 26 Short Span x = 0.085 Long Span y = 0.047 [ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only coefficient varies ]. Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2 Same as equation 4.1 Mu(+) Short = 0.085 8.625 2.382 = 4.127 kN.m Mu(+) Long = 0.047 8.625 2.382 = 2.29 kN.m Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section. Mu,lim= (or) = 0.138fckb d2 Same as equation 4.2 = 0.138 20 1000 852 =19.94 kN.m (Mu Limit) > (Mu Short) Hence its ok 4. Calculation of Steel Ast(+) Short = [1 - 1-4.598 ] * +
= 0.574 ]
43
= 139.92 mm2 Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B Ast,min= ( ) 110 1000 = 132 mm2 Ast(+) Short <Ast,min 5. Check for maximum Spacing
i. ii. 3d = 3 855 = 255 mm 300
Max Spacing = 255 mm d for long span bars d= D Clear Cover d= 110 20 d= 75 mm 6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ] - 10
Same as equation 4.3 R= = = 0.4082 Ast(+) Long = 1000 75 ( ) 415 [1 4.598 Ast(+) Long <Ast,min 7. Spacing for all Steel
i. ii. 3d = 3 75 = 225 mm 300
= 86.88 mm2
MaxSpacing
= 225 mm
8. Check for Deflection Short Span Lx = 2380 mm Ast(+) Short = 139.92 mm2
44
Basic Value
= 20 = 240.2
) ( )
Fs = 0.58 415 Pt
( )
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.9 = 38 = = 28 28 < 38 Hence its ok 4.2.5 Design of Portico
Using M20 Concrete Fe415 steel Live Load = 2 1. Effective Span Lx = 3.78 m Ly = 6.93 m Aspect ratio = Hence Two Way Slab 2. Load Calculation Assuming Slab Thickness d = 118.124 mm = 120 mm = 1.83<2
45
= 3.75 Assume 40 mm Floor Finish Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96 Imposed Load = 2 Total Load = 6.75 Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 6.75 = 10.125 Consider 1m width of slab Load per meter Length = 10.125 3. Finding Design Bending Moment Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456 Two adjacent edges are discontinuous (already found out) Refer Table 26 Short Span x = 0.087 Long Span y = 0.047 [ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only coefficient varies ]. Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2 Same as equation 4.1 Mu(+) Short = 0.087 10.125 3.782 = 12.58 kN.m Mu(+) Long = 0.047 10.125 3.782 = 6.79 kN.m Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section. Mu,lim= (or) = 0.138fckb d2 Same as equation 4.2 46 * +
= 0.138 20 1000 1252 = 43.125 kN.m (Mu Limit) > (Mu Short) Hence its ok 4. Calculation of Steel Ast(+) Short = [1 - 1-4.598 ]
Max Spacing = 300 mm d for long span bars d= D Clear Cover d= 130 20 10/2 - 10 d= 95 mm 6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ]
47
= = 0.4057 Ast(+)Long = 1000 95 ( ) 415 [1 4.598 = 109.37 mm2 Ast(+)Long<Ast,min 7. Spacing for all Steel i. ii. 3d = 3 95 = 285 mm 300 ]
Spacing = 285 mm 8. Check for Deflection Short Span Lx = 3260 mm Ast(+) Short Basic Value = 116.37 mm2 = 20 = 240.2
( )
Fs = 0.58 415 Pt
( )
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.62 =32 = = 31.047 31.047 < 32.8 Hence its ok 4.2.6 Design of Kitchen
Lx = 2.23 m Ly = 3.73 m Aspect ratio Hence Two Way Slab 2. Load Calculation Assuming Slab Thickness d= = 65 mm
Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm D = 65+ +20 = 90 mm Actual Depth (d) = 90-5-20 = 65 mm Self Weight of a Slab = = 2.25 Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm Weight of Floor Finish = 0.04 24 = 0.96 Imposed Load = 2 Total Load = 5.25
Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 5.25 = 7.875 Consider 1m width of slab Load per meter Length = 7.875 Finding Design Bending Moment Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456 Two adjacent edges are discontinuous = 1.67 (already found out) Refer Table 26 Short Span x = 0.06 49
Long Span y = 0.035 [ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only coefficient varies ]. Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2
Same as equation 4.1 Mu(+) Short = 0.06 7.88 2.232 = 2.35 kN.m Mu(+) Long = 0.035 7.88 2.232 = 1.373 kN.m Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section. Mu,lim= (or) Mu,lim = 0.138 fckb d2 Same as equation 4.2 = 0.138 20 1000 652 =11.66 kN.m (Mu Limit) > (Mu Short) Hence its ok 3. Calculation of Steel Ast(+) Short = [1 - 1-4.598 ] * +
Ast(+) Short = 1000 65 415 [1 - 1-4.598 = 103.56 mm2 Minimum Steel = 0.12% D B Ast,min 90 1000 = 108 mm2 Ast(+) Short <Ast,min 4. Check for maximum Spacing
50
i. ii.
3d = 3 65 = 195 mm 300
Max Spacing = 195 mm d for long span bars d= D Clear Cover d= 90 20 d= 55 mm 5. Calculation of Ast for Long Span Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ] - 10
Same as equation 4.3 R= = 1.373 = 0.115 Ast(+) Long =1000 55 415 [1 4.598 = 71.05 mm2 Ast(+) Long <Ast,min 6. Spacing for all Steel Ast
=
7. Check for Deflection Short Span Lx = 2230 mm Ast(+) Short Basic Value = 103.56 mm2 = 20 = 240.7
Fs = 0.58 415 Pt
( )
= 0.16%
51
Modification Factor
= 1.8
Using M20 Concrete Fe415 steel Live Load = 2 1. Effective Span Lx = 2.6 m Ly = 3.73 m Aspect ratio Hence Two Way Slab 2. Load Calculation Assuming Slab Thickness d= Assume 10 bar, Clear Cover 20 mm D Actual Depth (d) = 105-5-20 = 80 mm Self Weight of = 2.625 Assume Floor Finish = 40 mm
52
Total Load
= 5.62
Factored Load (Wu) = 1.5 5.62 = 8.43 Consider 1m width of slab Load per meter Length = 8.43 3. Finding Design Bending Moment Refer Table 26, Page No.91 of IS456 One edge discontinuous = 1.43 (already found out) Refer Table 26 Short Span x = 0.049 Long Span y = 0.028 [ Note that Lx only to be taken, where it is long span or short span only coefficient varies ]. Mu = Wu Co-efficient Lx2 Same as equation 4.1 Mu(+) Short = 0.049 8.43 2.62 = 2.79 kN.m Mu(+) Long = 0.028 8.43 2.62 = 1.595 kN.m Take the Highest Moment and check for adequacy of the section. Mu,lim= (or) Mu,lim = 0.138fckb d2 Same as equation 4.2 Mu,lim = 0.138 20 1000 802 Mu,lim =17.66 kN.m (Mu Limit) > (Mu Short) Hence its ok 4. Calculation of Steel * +
53
Ast(+) Short =
[1 - 1-4.598
= 126 mm2 Ast(+) Short <Ast,min 5. Check for maximum Spacing i. ii. 3d = 3 80 = 240 mm 300
Max Spacing = 240 mm d for long span bars d= D Clear Cover d= 105 20 d= 70 mm 6. Calculation of Ast for Long Span Ast(+)Long [1 - 1- 4.598 ] - 10
Same as equation 4.3 R= = 1.595 = 0.325 Ast(+) Long =1000 = 64.34 mm2 4.598 ]
54
1000 = 791.7 mm
1000 = 1200.08 mm
8. Check for Deflection Short Span Lx = 2600 mm Ast(+) Short Basic Value Fs = 0. Pt = = 0.14% Modification Factor = 1.8
( )
= 99.15 mm2 = 20
Modified Basic Value = 20 1.8 = 36 = 32.5 32.5 < 36 Hence its ok 4.2.8 Design of Wall
Design of a wall 1.Calculation of Loads Maximum short span Width of corridor Height of the storey Live load 2. Assumptions = 3.60 m = 1.50 m =3m =2
55
= 0.5 m
Height of the Plinth above Footing = 1 m Height of the Parapet Wall Thickness of Roof Slab Brick Size =1m =110 mm = 230 115 75
3. Slenderness Ratio and Stress Factor Ground Floor + First Floor H = 3+0.115+0.5+3+0.115+1 = 7.73 m Effective Height (h) = 0.75H = 0.75 7.73 = 5.797 m Slenderness Ratio 4. Shape modification factor: Crushing Strength of Modular Brick = 5
Shape Modification Factor = Kp = 1 ( From table 10 of IS: 1905-1987) 5. Area reduction factor: Area Reduction Factor Ka = 0.7 + 1.5 A = 0.7 + 1.5X0.3 = 1.15 A > 0.2 m2 Ka = 1 ( From clause 5.4.1.2) 6. Stress Reduction Factor: ks = 0.46 ( from table 9) 7. Permissble Stress Fc = Ks Ka Kp Basic compressible stress Fc is calculated by equation 4.4 Where, Ks= Stress reduction factor Ka= Area reduction factor Kp= Shape modification factor (4.4)
56
Fc = 0.44 0.48 1 1 = 8. Safe Load Q=( = = 63 9. Wall Area Outer wall = Total Perimeter x 3(floor height) = ((11.312) + (8.932))3 = 40.83 m3 Inner wall = (4.873) + (4.873) + (3.523) = 29.22 + 21 = 50.22 m3 Total wall volume 10. Deductions: Outer Deductions = 1.098+1.089+2.226+1.089+1.4884+1.4884+1.4884+ 1.4884+1.4884+1.098 = 14.042 m3 Inner Deductions = 1.89+1.89+2.496+1.746+1.746 = 9.768 m3 Total Deduction =23.81 m3 Total wall volume Total Deductions = 91.05 -23.81 = 67.25 m3 % Opening = = 35.4 % Thickness = 1 Brick thick wall (using nomograms) 11. For Hall : Wu= {3- ( ) 2} (4.5) = 91.05 m3 )
57
Where, Wu= Factored load W=Load from the slab Lx=Short span Ly=Long span Wu =(
( ))
( ) }
))
= (9.127
{3- *
+ }
{3- *( )+2}
( ))
{3- [ (
) 2 )
]}
= 9.81
103 103
4.2.9
Design of Footing
Load from Walls = 126.7 10% for the weight of the Building = 63+6.3 = 70
58
Consider 1m Length room Breadth of the Footing Required = 2. Minimum Width = (2w+300)mm = (2x230+300) = 760 mm Provide Width of P.C.C= 760 mm It is customary to provide 150 to 300 mm P.C.C thickness Provide = 300 mm The Projection of P.C.C beyond the brick work should not be more than of the thickness of P.C.C Projection = = 150 mm = 0.47
Actual work of Brick work = 760 300 = 460 mm Brick work projection beyond the wall 1.Depth of the Brick work = 115 2 = 230 mm These depth has to be Provided by means of series steps The thickness of each step is given by modular brick = 200 mm The offset in the brick is also given as modular = 100 mm
4.2.10
Step 1: Calculation of loads Maximum short span = 3.6 m Height of the storey = 3 m Live load =2
Step 2: Assumptions
59
Height of the Plinth from ground Height of the Plinth above Footing Height of the Parapet Wall Thickness of Roof Slab Hollow Brick Size
EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF WALL (From Table 5 of IS 1905-1987) Wall A = 3.820.9=3.438 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall B = 3.230.8=2.584 m (continuous on both ends & supported by cross wall) Wall C = 3.70.9 =3.33 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall D = 3.20.9 =2.88 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall E = 2.570.8=2.056 m (continuous on both ends & supported by cross wall) Wall F = 2.80.9 =2.52 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall G = 3.7 m (discontinuous on both ends and braced by cross wall) Wall H = 3.230.9 =2.907 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall I = 3.82 0.9=3.438 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall J = 3.438 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall K = 3.72 0.8=2.976 m (continuous on both ends & supported by cross wall) Wall L = 2.15 0.9 =1.935 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end) Wall M = 5.07 m (continuous on one end & discontinuous on other end)
60
Step 3: Slenderness ratio and stress factor Ground floor: H = 2.6+0.6+1 = 4.2 m Effective height Slenderness ratio = 0.75 H = 3.15 m =
=
= 15.75
=1
Step 6: Area reduction factor Gross area = 200 1000 = 200000 mm2 A = 0.2 m2 Ka= 1( From clause 5.4.1.2) Step 7: Permissible stress Fc= 0.74 1.2 1 0.44 = 0.39 Safe allowable load per meter length is q = 0.39 2 105 = 78
Step 7: Slenderness ratio and stress factor First floor: H = 2.6+0.8 = 3.4 m
61
Step 10: Area reduction factor Gross area = 200 1000 = 200000 mm2 A = 0.2 m2 Ka= 1
Step 11: Permissible stress Fc= 0.81 1.2 1 0.44 = 0.427 Safe allowable load per meter length is q = 0.427 2 105 = 85 The values of slenderness ratio for effective length and height of the building is given in Table 4.1 Table 4.1 Values of slenderness ratio (Ref 10) Brickwork Ground floor First Floor
62
H A B C D E F G H I J K L M 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15 3.15
L 3.44 2.58 3.33 2.88 2.056 2.52 3.7 2.90 3.44 3.44 2.976 1.935 5.07
S.R 15.75 12.92 15.75 14.4 10.28 12.6 15.75 14.5 15.75 15.75 14.88 9.7 15.75
H 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55 2.55
L 3.44 2.58 3.33 2.88 2.056 2.52 3.7 2.9 3.44 3.44 2.976 1.935 5.07
S.R 12.75 12.75 12.75 12.75 10.28 12.6 12.75 12.75 12.75 12.75 12.75 9.675 12.75
The values of stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio of the building is given in Table 4.2 Table 4.2 Stress reduction factor for slenderness ratio Wall type Ground floor First floor A 0.74 0.81 B 0.81 0.81 C 0.74 0.81 D 0.75 0.81 E 0.89 0.89 F 0.83 0.83 G 0.74 0.81 H 0.75 0.81 I 0.75 0.81 J 0.74 0.81 K 0.75 0.81 L 0.88 0.88 The calculation of permissible stress of the building is given in the Table 4.3 Table 4.3 Calculation of permissible stress
63
Wall type A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Fc=kskpka basic compressive stress Permissible stress- ground Permissible stress- first floor(N/mm2) floor(N/mm2) 0.5280.74=0.390 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.74=0.390 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.75=0.396 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.89=0.469 0.5280.89=0.469 0.5280.83=0.4382 0.5280.83=0.4382 0.5280.74=0.390 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.75=0.396 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.75=0.396 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.74=0.390 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.75=0.396 0.5280.81=0.427 0.5280.88=0.4646 0.5280.88=0.4646 0.5280.75=0.390 0.5280.81=0.427
The values of safe allowable load for the building is given in Table 4.4 Table 4.4 Safe allowable load Wall type A B C D E F G H I J K L M q = fc2105 kN/m(ground floor) 78 85 78 79.2 93 87.6 78 79.2 79.2 78 79.2 92 78 q = fc2105 kN/m(first floor) 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 93.8 87.6 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 85.4 92 85.4
4.2.11
64
Load from Wall = 78 Load from wall (critical wall M) +10% for the weight of the Building + weight of slab (hall, bed room & dining) + floor finish = 78 + 7.8 + 4.6575 + 4.125 + 4.5635 + 1 =100.236 =100 Factored load= 1.25 100=125 1. Area of Footing = Assume SBC = 150 Consider 1m Length room 2. Minimum Width = (2w+300) mm = (2 x 200+300) = 700 mm Provide Width of P.C.C = 700 mm It is customary to provide 150 to 300 mm P.C.C thickness Provide = 300 mm The Projection of P.C.C beyond the brick work should not be more than of the thickness of P.C.C = = 150 mm = = 0.833 m2
Actual work of Brick work = 700 300 = 400 mm Brick work projection beyond the wall Depth of the Brick work = 200 x 2 = 400 mm These depth has to be Provided by means of series steps
65
The thickness of each step is given by hollow brick = 200 mm The footing design is shown in the Figure 4.4
Fig.4.4 Footing Design 4.2.12 Length Live load Rise Thread Design of Stair Case: =4m =2 = 150 mm = 250 mm
Step1: Calculation of self weight Assume waist slab thickness = D = 200 mm Self weight = 2 = 5.83 (4.6) = 200 mm
66
Step 2: Calculation of load on waist slab 1. Assume 40 mm Floor finish Floor Finish = 2. Weight of steps= 3. Live load 4. Self weight Wu = 11.075 Wu=1.5 11.075 =17.55 24 = 1 RT =3 = 5.83 25 = 1.875
35 106 = 0.36 0.48(1-0.42 0.48) 1000 d2 20 d=113 mm Assume Clear cover 20 mm Diameter of bar = 20 mm D= 113+20+10 = 143 mm D= 150mm (approximately) d= 150-20-10 = 120 mm
67
Step 5: Check for deflection Basic value = 20 Fs = 0.58fy = 0.58 415 = 185.89
For Pt =1.04% , Modification factor = 1.2 (Fig 4 of IS 456-2000) drequired = dactual = 120 mm = = 104.166 mm
68
4.3 4.3.1
DESIGN OF SOLAR PANEL AND ITS COMPONENTS Solar Power System Components Brief revision of the major components found in a basic solar power system. A basic solar powered system is shown in Figure 4.5
Fig.4.5 Working of solar panels The solar panel consists of solar regulator it is connected to DC storage battery and then DC is converted to AC by an inverter. AC can be directly used for the appliances.
69
4.3.2
The solar panel converts sunlight into DC power or electricity to charge the battery.
i.
This DC electricity (charge) is controlled via a solar regulator which ensures the battery is charged properly and not damaged and that power is not lost/(discharged).
ii. iii.
DC appliances can then be powered directly from the battery. AC appliances need a power inverter to convert the DC electricity into 220 Volt AC power.
71
Table 4.5 Calculation Of Loads (Ref 12) PARTICULA RS HALL ITEMS CFL (Ref 13) FAN T.V CFL FAN CFL FAN OVEN CFL EXHAUS T Mixer AUTOFRIDGE CFL FAN CFL HEATER CFL UNITS 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 USAGE IN HRS 5 5 5 3 10 3 10 1 4 4 1 18 4 3 1 1 2 1 2 VOLTA GE W 20 50 80 15 50 15 50 900 15 50 450 150 15 50 15 150 15 750 90 CONSUM PTION 400 500 400 90 500 90 500 900 180 200 450 2700 180 150 15 150 30 750 180 8365 INVER TORS 80 100 80 30 50 30 50 900 45 50 450 195 45 50 15 150 15 750 90 3175
DINING ROOM
72
Size of Regulators
Lets say we had 20A regulators at our disposal. One 250W panel produces around 4.8Amps. The regulators are put in series 14 x 4.8A=67.2 So 14 solar panels would need 4 x 20 A solar regulators . Complete the solar power system Well we have the following: i. ii. 7x2x 250W solar panels 4 x 20A solar regulators
iii. iv.
x 105A.H deep cycle batteries( 3 in series) 1 x 3500W modified sine wave power inverter
4.4
RATE ANALYSIS
Solar panels =Rs.32/W Regulator Batteries Inverter Total Cost Solar panels =14x250x32=Rs 112000 Regulator = Rs 1800 Batteries = Rs 8000x3=24000=Rs 24000 Inverter = Rs 4800 = Rs 1800 = Rs 8000/series = Rs 4800
The total cost of the solar panel is Rs. One lakh forty two thousand six hundred for our residential building .In these solar panel cost is based on the solar panels, regulator, batteries and inverter. The output of solar panel can be expected to vary by 0.25% for every 5 degrees variation in temperature. In NZERB, decrease in temperature for using of hollow bricks and solar panels produces the electricity. When compared to conventional building, the intial cost is high but in future the electricity cost is reduced.
4.5
INFRARED THERMOMETER
ii
Fig.4.6 Infrared Thermometer The instrument Infrared Thermometer is shown in Figure 4.6 I. An infrared thermometer is a thermometer which infers temperature from a portion of the thermal radiation sometimes called blackbody radiation emitted by the object being measured. II. They are sometimes called laser thermometers if a laser is used to help aim the thermometer, or non-contact thermometers or temperature guns, to describe the device's ability to measure temperature from a distance refer Figure.4.6 III. By knowing the amount of infrared energy emitted by the object and its emissivity, the object's temperature can often be determined. IV. Infrared thermometers are a subset of devices known as "thermal radiation thermometers". V. The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared thermal radiation on to a detector, which converts the radiant power to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature after being compensated for ambient
iii
temperature. This configuration facilitates temperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object to be measured. VI. Infrared thermometers can be used to serve a wide variety of temperature monitoring functions. A few examples provided to this article include: VII. VIII. Detecting clouds for remote telescope operation Checking mechanical equipment or electrical circuit breaker boxes or outlets for hot spots IX. X. Checking heater or oven temperature, for calibration and control purposes Detecting hot spots / performing diagnostics in electrical circuit board manufacturing XI. XII. Checking for hot spots in fire fighting situations Monitoring materials in process of heating and cooling, for research and development or manufacturing quality control situations XIII. The distance-to-spot ratio (D:S) is the ratio of the distance to the object and the diameter of the temperature measurement area. For instance if the D:S ratio is 12:1, measurement of an object 12 inches (30 cm) away will average the temperature over a 1-inch-diameter (25 mm) area. The sensor may have an adjustable emissivity setting, which can be set to measure the temperature of reflective (shiny) and non-reflective surfaces. XIV. XV. The most common infrared thermometers is the: Spot Infrared Thermometer or Infrared Pyrometer, which measures the temperature at a spot on a surface (actually a relatively small area determined by the D:S ratio).
iv
4.6
4.6.1 Parameters of Hollow Brick Used In Net Zero Energy Residential Building I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. LENGTH : 400 mm WIDTH : 200 mm HEIGHT: 200 mm WEIGHT: 11.1 kg DENSITY: 694 kg/m COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH : 4.1 WATER ABSORPTION : 15% U-VALUE : 1.1 W/m SOUND INSULATION : 46 DB FIRE RESISTANCE 240 min
Available Sizes
400 X 200 X 200 mm 400 X 150 X 200 mm 400 X 100 X 200 mm 200 X 200 X 200 mm 200X 150 X 200 mm 200 X 100 X 200 mm
Hollow Brick Bigger Size I. II. III. IV. Hollow brick is same in size as that of concrete blocks 1 Hollow brick = 9 Clay Bricks Less mortar joints, hence less plumb & alignment Faster construction
Light Weight I. II. III. IV. Ease of handling, Transportation Saves labour Less dead load, Savings in Structural Cost (Steel & Concrete) by 10 to 15% v
Thermal Insulation I. II. III. IV. Savings on mortar Low U Values 1.0 W/m Better Thermal Insulation = less energy loss through walls Savings on Energy consumption ,Comfortable inside temperature
U-value determines thermal Insulation.Lesser the Value higher the Insulation and vice versa. U-values are mentioned in Figure 4.7
Fig.4.7 U-VALUES
4.6.2
Advantages Of Hollow Bricks i. Highly Durable: The good concrete compacted by high pressure and vibration gives substantial strength to the brick. ii. Low Maintenance, Colour and brilliance of masonry withstands outdoor elements. vi
iii. iv.
Fire Resistant Provide thermal and sound insulation: The air in hollow of the brick, does not allow outside heat or cold in the house. So it keeps house cool in summer and warm in winter.
v.
Constructional Advantages
i.
No additional formwork or any special construction machinery is required for reinforcing the hollow brick masonry.
ii. iii.
Only skilled labour is required for this type of construction. It is a faster and easier construction system, when compared to the other conventional construction systems.
iv. v. vi.
Savings on RCC-Frame structure (steel/concrete). Faster construction and ease for handling at site. Hollow brick consist of four elements earth, water, fire, air which makes easy work of construction.
Less wastage through half bricks. Excellent thermal insulation. Reduction in energy consumption. World class and best walling materials.
4.7
ESTIMATION
4.7.1 Abstract estimate of conventional building The quantities of the various materials in conventional building are calculated as shown in the Table 4.6 The abstract estimate of conventional building is given in Table 4.6 Table 4.6 Abstract estimate of conventional building S.No 1 Description Excavation Exterior wall Interior wall vii 1 1 39.48 22.51 0.76 0.76 0.53 0.53 15.9 9.06 24.96 Nos Length Breadth (m) (m) Depth (m) Quantity (m3)
P.C.C Exterior wall Interior wall Brick work 1st Footing Exterior wall Interior wall 2nd Footing Exterior wall Interior wall Wall Exterior wall Interior wall Deductions Window W Window W1 Window W2 Door D Door D1 Door D2 Spacing S1 Spacing S2
1 1
39.48 22.51
0.76 0.76
0.3 0.3
9 5.13 14.13
1 1 1 1 1 1
2.08 1.19 1.4 0.8 68.1 38.82 112.39 0.51 1.71 0.5 0.81 1.035 1.035 0.57 0.43 6.6 7.378 3.89 6.73 5.25 4.147 4.55 31.649 1.48 0.778 1.346 1.05 0.829 0.91 5.473
12 15 12 12 13 1 1 1
Earth Filling Hall Water closet Bed Room1 Bed Room2 Dinning Kitchen Flooring Concrete Hall Water closet Bed Room1 Bed Room2 Dinning Kitchen R.C.C Lintel & Sun shades Door D
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
12 viii
1.4
0.23
0.15
0.078
Door D1 Door D2 Sun Shade Window W Sun Shade Window W1 Sun Shade Window W2 Sun Shade Roof Slab Hall, Water Closet, Bed Room1 Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen 7 Plastering Exterior wall Interior wall Deductions Window W1 Window W2 Window W3 Door D Door D1 Door D2 Spacing S Spacing S1 8 9 White Washing Colour Washing
13 1 1 12 12 15 15 12 12
0.108 0.04 0.04 0.104 0.103 0.2622 0.26 0.083 0.081 1.1592 3.24 2.79 6.8496 296.1 168.8 464.92 2.196 7.442 2.178 3.528 4.5 1.89 2.496 1.89 26.12 438.8 438.8
1 1
6.65 3.5
4.87 7.97
0.1 0.1
1 1
39.48 22.51
7.5 7.5
12 15 12 12 13 1 1 1 -
The abstract estimate of NZERB is given in Table 4.7 Table 4.7 Abstract Estimate of NZERB S.No 1 Description Excavation Exterior wall Interior wall P.C.C Exterior wall Interior wall NoS 1 1 Length Breadth (m) (m) 39.24 22.51 0.7 0.7 Depth (m) 0.5 0.5 Quantity (m3) 13.734 7.87 21.604 8.24 4.72 12.96
1 1
39.24 22.51
0.7 0.7
0.3 0.3
ix
Brick work 1st Footing Exterior wall Interior wall 2nd Footing Exterior wall Interior wall Wall Exterior wall Interior wall Deductions Window W Window W1 Window W2 Door D Door D1 Door D2 Spacing S1 Spacing S2 Earth Filling Hall Water closet Bed Room1 Bed Room2 Dinning Kitchen Flooring Concrete Hall Water closet Bed Room1 Bed Room2 Dinning Kitchen R.C.C Lintel & Sun shades Door D Door D1 Door D2 Sun Shade Window W
1 1 1 1 1 1 12 15 12 12 13 1 1 1
39.24 22.51 39.24 22.51 39.24 22.51 1.22 1.22 0.9 0.84 0.75 0.9 1.2 0.9
0.4 0.4 0.25 0.25 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 7.5 7.5 0.9 1.22 1.21 2.1 2 2.1 2.08 2.1
3.13 1.8 1.96 1.12 58.86 33.76 0.4392 1.4884 0.432 0.705 0.9 0.378 0.504 0.378 95.02 7.378 3.89 6.73 5.25 4.147 4.55 31.649 1.48 0.778 1.346 1.05 0.829 0.91 5.473
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
12 13 1 1 12 x
Sun Shade Window W1 Sun Shade Window W2 Sun Shade Roof Slab Hall, Water Closet, Bed Room1 Bed Room2,Dinning,Kitchen 7 Plastering Exterior wall Interior wall Deductions Window W1 Window W2 Window W3 Door D Door D1 Door D2 Spacing S Spacing S1 8 9 White Washing Colour Washing
12 15 15 12 12
0.1026 0.228 0.0256 0.072 0.081 0.8237 3.24 2.79 6.8496 294.3 168.82 463.12 2.196 7.442 2.178 3.528 4.5 1.89 2.496 1.89 26.12 437 437
1 1
6.65 3.5
4.87 7.97
0.1 0.1
1 1
39.24 22.51
7.5 7.5
12 15 12 12 13 1 1 1 -
xi
4.7.3 Rate Analysis The rate analysis for various description of work are calculated based on the PWD. The rate analysis proposed for conventional building is given in the Table 4.8 Table 4.8 Rates Proposed Conventional Building
S.NO DESCRIPTION OF WORK QTY in m QTY in cft RATE PER AMOUNT
1 2 3 4
Earth Work Excavation Sand Filling with good river sand PCC 1:5:10, Brick Work in C.M. 1:5, using country brick For Basement level Flooring Work PCC 1:4:8 R.C.C (LINTEL,SUNSHADES & ROOF SLAB) Plastering in C.M 1:4, Inside and outside wall surface White washing Colour washing Steel
112.39
3973.00
90.00
Cft
357570.00
5.50
194.23
90.00
Cft
17480.00
7.19
253.91
350.00
Cft
88868.50
7 8 9 10
xii
The rate analysis proposed for NZERB building is given in the Table 4.9 Table 4.9 Proposed NZERB Building
S.NO DESCRIPTION OF WORK QTY in m QTY in cft RATE PER AMOUNT
Earth Work Excavation Sand Filling with good river sand PCC 1:5:10, Brick Work in C.M. 1:5, using country brick For Basement level Flooring Work PCC 1:4:8 R.C.C (LINTEL,SUNSHADES & ROOF SLAB) Plastering in C.M 1:4, Inside and outside wall surface White washing Colour washing Steel Solar Panel System
21.60
763.56
9.50
Cft
7253.82
2 3 4
31.65 12.96
1118.80 458.10
35.00 90.00
Cft Cft
39158.00 41229.00
95.50
3376.00
125.00
Cft
422000.00
5.50
194.23
90.00
Cft
17480.50
6.84
241.55
350.00
Cft
84542.50
7 8 9 10 11
TOTAL
1399046.82
CHAPTER 5
xiii
CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
In this project we has completed the design of the Conventional building by using modular bricks and Net Zero Energy Residential Building by using Hollow Brick .The plan of the building was prepared by Auto-Cad software. IS 456:2000 code book was used to design Slab and Footing. Design of wall was done by using IS 1905:1987.
The Comparison of the Conventional Building and NZERB was completed by using the parameters such as the temperature by using instrument infrared thermometer which was found to be 4oC less in NZERB compared to conventional building under same condition. Hence by using the renewable resources the impact on the active energy loads can be reduced, Thus we can conserve electricity locally and globally.
5.2
The building designed as a NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING produces its own electricity, thus it can save a huge amount in electricity bill. These kind of buildings are environmental friendly reducing the environmental hazards (eg. It would release zero carbon content that would help in controlling global warming).The design for the building should be such that the requirement of temperature regulation does not fluctuate throughout the year.
REFERENCES
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4. National Building Code of India (NBC) and Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA). 5. S.P. Arora and S.P Bindra .(2010), Building Construction , Fifth edition, Dhanpat Rai publishing company limited, New Delhi. 6. IS: 456 : 2000, Indian Standard Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (Fourth Revision ), Bureau if Indian Standards, New Delhi 7. IS: 1905 (1987), Code of Practice for Structural use of unreinforced masonry. 8. IS 875 : Part 2 : 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and structures: Part 2 Imposed loads 9. IS 875 : Part 1 : 1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake)for buildings and structures Part 1 Dead loads - Unit weights of building material and stored materials (Incorporating IS:1911-1967) 10. SP 20 (S & T):1991 Handbook on masonry design and construction. 11. IS 2572:1963(R 1997) Code of practice for design of Hollow bricks 12. http://www.solarpanel.co.za/solar-power-calculator.htm
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