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Rivers of Gujarat
Himanshu Thakkar
(with thanks to Parineeta Dandekar)
www.sandrp.in
What is a River?
Concise Oxford English Dictionary 2008 Oxford University Press: river/rv(r)/ noun A large natural flow of water travelling along a channel to the sea, a lake, or another river. However, this seems to be a very limited definition. Surprisingly, we could not find a scientific paper that actually tries to define a River. It is also connected to the word rival, which derives from Latin rivalis, originally meaning person using the same stream as another, from rivus stream USGS for Schools: What is a river? A river is nothing more than surface water finding its way over land from a higher altitude to a lower altitude, all due to gravity. Interestingly, Ganga, which is used interchangeably with rivers in India, means (Gan Gachhati): That which flows! By this definition, there are hardly any rivers left in the country!!
Definition of a river
Recently heard at IIT Kanpur: River has four dimensions: three spatial (longitudinal, lateral and vertical) and fourth temporal dimension. The temporal dimension has evolutionary trajectory, and this needs to be respected, its not just for you, now. It cannot be handled by reductionist science. There are many parts of the river, the whole is greater than the parts. We do not have a good inventory of the rivers and what we have done to them. Rivers also under go natural changes, but what we have done to rivers have had much more far reaching impact. Our take: River is a hydrological, geomorphic, ecological, biodiversity rich, landscape level system that serves as key part of freshwater cycle, balancing dynamic, though not always continuum (e.g. discontinuity when tributaries meet a river) equilibrium between soil moisture, snowfall, rainfall, surface water and groundwater and providing large number of social, environmental, economic, cultural, aesthetic, religious services to the people and ecosystems all along its watershed.
Gujarat has total 185 river basins. Out of 185, Saurashtra region have 71 river basins while Kutchh region have 97 river basins. The river basins of Kutchh are very small. The available water resources of Gujarat: (1) Available Surface Water : 38,000 MCM (2) Available Ground Water : 12,000 MCM Total 50,000 MCM with inequitable distribution
17 major river basins in N and S Gujarat, 71 river basins in Saurasht ra & 97 river basins in Kachchh.
Luni Basin
The tube wells and open wells in north Gujarat pump out about 3,000 mcm groundwater annually against an annual replenishment of 2,400 mcm, annual deficit of about 600 mcm. The direct cost of groundwater depletion to the economy is to the tune of Rs 300 crore per year, as per one estimate. About 90% of irrigation in Gujarat depends on groundwater, as per one estimate. Excessive groundwater use has led to increasing salinity ingression in coastal areas. Out of 223 talukas in the state, 31 units are over exploited (level of GW development > 100%), 12 are Critical (level of GW development between 90 & 100%) and 42 are Semi Critical (level of GW development between 75 & 90%). Over exploited talukas are mostly located in north Gujarat Alluvial plain area, where the predominanace of flurosis due to high levels of floride in groundwater (> 10ppm in Banaskantha) is recorded. 80% of the states total canal irrigated area falls within only 20% of talukas.
2011 CAG report has said that there has been an increase of 15 % in salinity ingress area, involving an additional affected area of 88,947 ha when compared with the base data for 1977-1984. About 5 to 7.5 km wide strip of the inland area had been rendered saline till 1996. The groundwater quality has been deteriorated to more than 2000 ppm of TDS in many places of coastal Gujarat (Barot 1996). Accoriding to 2011 CAG Report, A baseline study carried out (2007-08) in 1165 villages by CSPC indicated that 890, 753 and 337 villages reported high number of cases of kidney stones, gastric problems and fluorosis respectively While there is an immense evidence that salinity ingression, loss of estuarine biodiversity, fish & mangroves had been happening due to no freshwater flows from the upstream reservoirs, the Gujarat WRD refuses to believe these facts and states that the major reasons are less rainfall, weak land management and excessive water groundwater lifting by farmers. (http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1470&lang=English) Along with Salinity ingress, coastal erosion is found in 449 villages, which accelerates just before monsoon. Many studies have established the links between upstream dams which trap sediments and water and their direct impact on coastal erosion.
Tapi is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with a length of around 724 km. It is one of 3 rivers in peninsular India that run east to west - others Narmada and Mahi The river rises in the eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh, and flows westward, draining Madhya Pradesh's Nimar region, Maharashtra's Kandesh and east Vidarbha regions in the northwest corner of the Deccan Plateau and south Gujarat, before emptying into the Gulf of Cambay of the Arabian Sea, in the Surat District of Gujarat. The Western Ghats or Sahyadri range starts south of the Tapti River near the border of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The 80 m tall Ukai Dam with a gross storage of 8511 MCM is situated in the Songadh Taluka of Surat
On the 7th Aug 2006, a massive flood engulfed Surat after release of water from Ukai dam on the tapi river in the upstream , causing a major human tragedy and property damage estimated at Rs 22,000 cr. 150 people died directly due to flood, 100 died due to Leptopirosis epidemic, 30,00,000 people affected, 1500 cattle died, direct industrial loss of 16,000 cr, loss of production 6,500 cr, loss of public infrastructure 2,500 cr, loss to diamond processing industries 2,600 cr, loss to textile processing industry 2,000 cr, loss to around 70,000 small and big shops 1,000 cr, structural damage to 6559 houses and 1262 houses completely destroyed. However an analysis of the dam operation and rainfall pattern in the catchment of the reservoirs makes in amply clear that this was a completely avoidable, mand made mishap. The underlying issues that caused the UKAI mishap are still not being addressed. Similar conditions led to flood in Orissa from Hirakud in 2008 and again in 2011 Due to lack of timely release of water by the Gujarat water resources dept, the storage in the Ukai reservoir was allowed to go up beyond the levels it should have, leading to sudden release of unmanageable quantities from Aug 7, for prolonged periods. Since this coincided with the days of high tide when the rivers drainage capacity is further reduced, the floods brought catastrophic results.
97.85% of the catchment u/s from the dam is in Maharashtra & MP 81.3 % in Mah. During 8 days preceding the 7th Aug, all the talukas of Nandurbar district had received over 25mm rainfall at least for 4-5 days including an instance of 260 mm rainfall in a day and seven instances when rainfall was over 100 mm. Surgana taluka in Nashik was also getting similar pattern of rainfall. As late as on Aug 6 evening, the water releases from Ukai were just 254 780 cusecs when the level had already built up to 102.57 m, that is reservoir was 83.6% full at 5.528 BCM live storage. A day earlier the releases were just 23640 cusecs. As per Ukai reservoir design, it is supposed to have a flood cushion of 1.332 BCM (which would be actually more now as the carrying capacity of the river has decreased over the years), for this 3 L cusecs had to be released before Aug 1, but this was not done One reason why the dam authorities tend to keep high storages at dams like Ukai is for maximization of power generation. But the figures we found from the Central Electricity Authority equally shocking. Even as the Ukai had unprecedented water storage and Gujarat was facing power deficit of up to 1500 MW, Ukai was not being used to generate power. And this situation continued right up to end of July 2006, when the power generation at Ukai was the lowest in 2006 till that date.
The much small rivulet, mostly sewage downstream of Vasna barrage in the same Sabarmati River
Here you can see one of the sewage stream entering the Sabarmati River
Around 2,000 of these people are those whose houses and hutments have been demolished in the riverfront area. The HC had appointed a committee headed by retired judge D.P. Buch in May 2010 to examine the claims of the hutment dwellers affected. 5,000 applicants have claimed before the Buch committee that their names have not appeared in any lists accepted by the court for providing alternative accommodation. Not a single livelihood survey has been carried out in the last 14 years to document all the different kinds of economically productive activity undertaken by vast numbers of mostly poor people- Prof Navdeep Mathur, IIM A A community organization & several NGOs argued that 30,000-40,000 households will be affected by the project, and they filed a case in the Guj HC in 2005. The civic body did not submit a resettlement policy to the court until 2008. Even at this time (2012) the full list of project-affected households according to a 2000-02 survey was not made public- Renu Desai The 2000-02 survey enumerated some 14,500 households, there were several reports by the AMC and project consultants between 2000-2006 that cited this survey, but gave different numbers for affected households
(http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_mosquitoes-sting-charm-out-of-sabarmati-riverfront-project_1654175)
From the Sardar Sarovar dam to the ocean, the Narmada River runs for 180 kilometers through a rich lowland region which represents about 10% of its catchment area. In the course of our environmental review we sought information that described the ecology of this lower reach of the river, the estuary, and near shore region in the Gulf of Cambay. We hoped to find a description of the aquatic ecosystem, including parameters indicating the quality and quantity of water and its seasonal changes, biological species, processes, and resource linkages. We looked forward to finding a systematic treatment of flow regimes and geomorphology. We expected to find systematic documentation of resource use, from drinking water to fisheries. We thought there would be documents establishing the kinds of physical, biological and socioeconomic changes to be expected as the Sardar Sarovar Projects are brought on stream and more and more of the natural flow is stored, used or diverted out of the river. We looked for a set of ameliorative measures that would be implemented to mitigate impacts. We thought these measures would be scheduled to begin with phased development of the Sardar Sarovar Projects. We hoped they would also be related to the cumulative effects of other developments on the Narmada further upstream, in particular the Narmada Sagar Projects, and to the expansion of industrial activity in the downstream rive basin in Gujarat itself. In all our expectations we have been disappointed. (emphasis added.) This was what Independent Review said about what is supposedly the most studied project of the world. The situation even today, two decades later is no different.
VISION AND PLANNING : To store State's 25% average annual surface water resources by constructing 30 km long dam across the Gulf of Khambhat. This reservoir will store about 10 BCM of surface water and will be the worlds largest fresh water reservoir in sea.
Justification Every year 38 BCM meter average surface water is available in the State. However, even after SSP, only 20.48 BCM (54%) is possible to store. There is no suitable site of land in the State, available for the creation of river valley project to store surplus / untapped surface water. The Gulf of Khambhat is envisaged to be an eligible option to create a reservoir by construction of a Gulf closure dam which can store water inflows of 12 rivers (Narmada, Dhadhar, Mahi, Sabarmati and some of the Saurashtra rivers), which accounts for 25% of total surface water resources of Gujarat.
(http://www.kalpasar.gujarat.gov.in/mainpage.htm)
In its turn, the state Industries Dept quotes its officials as admitting that there exists large industrial activity which is resulting in substantial pollution. The dept underlines Meeting the standards may be difficult by for the industrial units and it may result in closing down of several units as past experience shows 3. Serious questions about the geological feasibility of constructing this earth and rock-filled, longest dam in the middle of the surging sea, the foundation is yet to be gauged, the issue of salinity that exists in the gulf water and the soil underneath and how much more will leak into the dam. 4. The reservoir with shallow depth and huge area will have huge evaporation losses, and pumping all the water into the canals through 65 m + height would be hugely energy intensive. The claims of project As a first step in execution of the Kalpasar project, the state govt has decided to construct a barrage on the Narmada river near Bhadbhut village in Bharuch district This barrage will divert Narmada water to the Kalpasar area, a move that will address the water requirement of Petroleum, Chemicals and Petrochemical Investment Regions (PCPIRs) and irrigation The proposal of the Bhadbhut barrage project has been forwarded to the MEFfor environmental clearance. There will be partially operated under a PPP mode.
Damanganga Pinjal Link This link proposes to divert surplus waters at Bhugad and Khargihill reservoirs in Damanganga basin to Pinjal dam across the river Pinjal in Vaitarna basin. It will transmit 909 MCM of water to Mumbai City for meeting the domestic & industrial demands. The submergence areas coming under the proposed Bhugad and Khargihill reservoirs will be 1,903 ha and 1,558 ha respectively. In the case of Pinjal reservoir the same will be 1,900 ha, of which 1,175 ha is forest.
This link proposes to transfer surpluses available between Par and Tapi to water deficit areas in N Guj, to transfer 1,350 MCM through a 401 km canal. The enroute irrigation benefits envisaged are 1.63 lakh ha in Gujarat by utilizing 460 MCM and 190 MCM for meeting the transmission losses. In addition, 700 MCM is to be provided to Saurashtra and Kutch. There is a provision for 32.5 MW of power. The seven proposed reservoirs in this link would submerge 7,559 ha of which 3,572 ha is forest. 14,832 people and 9,029 livestock would be affected by the submergence.
The Yatra which spanned more than 50 villages concluded at the Chasmandva village meeting, which was attended by 3500 4000 people from all over the region. More than 4000 people were a part of this Yatra, which was denied the right to hold public meetings, use microphones, or even distribute leaflets. Many of these villages have not allowed a land survey to take place.
In Jan 2011, a 7 day yatra was planned by community groups like the Par Nar Adivasi Sangathan and the 208 netwrok with an aim of linking the affected communities of two states spread over three districts.
Is the feasibility of the proposal established? Is the Optimality of the proposal established? Is it the least cost option? Has the social, environmental viability been established? Is the economic and financial viability of the project established? Is ILR feasible in current constitutional set up? Is the project desirable? Has there been any democratic planning, decision making process?
The Central Gujarat region that experienced serious floods in 2006 were to receive MORE water from Paar-Tapi Narmada Link proposal. Mumbai that experienced unprecedented floods in 2005 was to receive more water from Damanganga Pinjal link proposal. In both cases, the floods in these recipient basins would have gone worse if the ILR were being implemented.
Sr
Name of Fish
1999-2000
23,18,654 24,96,327 15,14,284 2,88,253 44,561 14,827 82,097 10,52,359 1,26,662 8,34,873
2003-2004
2,02,062 3,11,189 23,449 0 0 0 1,200 39,390 150 66,260
Reduction % In 5 years
91.20% 87.50% 98% 100% 100% 100% 98.50% 96.25% 99.80% 92%
1 Catla catla 2 Labeo rohita 3 Cirrhina mrigala 4 Kalbasu 5 Minor carp 6 Bekti 7 Mahasheer 8 Wallago attu 9 Scorpion 10 Murrel
Amla khadi the Most polluted creek of the India as per CPCB (M.S.H.SHEIKH)
More than 100 villages of Bharuch district and Over 50,000 people depend on fishing. (M.S.H.SHEIKH)
Stories of River Revival and sustainable water management from Gujarat Indias biggest and most unique people initiated and people driven movement for well recharging and check dam construction also happened in Gujarat. There are also many other cases of exemplary work
Community organizations and NGOs like AKRSP, DSC, Kutch Mahila Sangathan, Sambhav, Utthan, Charitable Trusts , Sadguru Foundation, Swadhyay Pariwar, swaminarayan etc., have also contributed towards exemplary local water related work, including groundwater recharging, rainwater harvesting, check dams development Community Restoration of Multifunctional Mangrove Forests: Mangroves perform a number of functions: Protect the river mouth from salinity ingress and erosion, Provide nursery for eustuarine and marine fish, Provide firewood and fuel, Protect against coastal storm, Refuge for biodiveristy. In Gujarat
expansion in mangrove cover has been mainly contributed by the community through Restoration of Mangroves project implemented by Gujarat Ecology Commission during 20022007. 22 villages have been a part of this exercise and have contributed funds, raised mangrove nurseries and planted mangroves along the coastline for more than 8326 ha (GEC, 2010). Benefits in terms of increasing fish catches, reduced salinity and protection against smaller storms is being felt. Main problems for mangrove restoration are pollution of the rivers from upstream, infrastructure activities near shore like thermal plants, Cement factories and reduced freshwater flows due to upstream Dams.
Optimum utilization and restoration of 62 rivulets in Tribal areas of Gujarat, MP and Rajasthan by local communities and organizations
Like it has happened with many rivers of the country, In the Dahod District, River Kali had become seasonal, unlike its original perennial nature. Local tribal community, with the help of Sadguru Foundation constructed a series of small check dams and allied water harvesting structures in the watershed. Since 2007, the river has regained its original perennial nature and villagers who crossed the dry river bed for 8 months have now built cause ways on the check dams for crossing the full river! In Gujarat, this has model has been implemented by the community through facilitating and guiding NGOs like Sadguru Foundation on rivers like Khan, Kali-I, Dudhimati, Machhan, Hadaf, Panam, Walwa, Welwa, Wankdi, Ujol, Chandroi, etc. In a radius of 75 kms, spanning three states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, 62 local rivers and rivulets have been optimally harvested and revived, as per Foundation. In 2005, the biggest check dam though small in technical definition was constructed on river Mahi on the border of Banswara and Dungarpur district at Baneshwardham at the cost of Rs 4.5 crores to store 310 mcft, a huge storage by the standard of small structure. According to Sadguru Foundation, two persons selected by the community, one man and one woman, supervised the entire process of construction. The post construction management is handed over to the local community. The structures on which lift irrigation schemes are installed and managed by the lift irrigation co-operatives as the beneficiaries of the check dams and lift irrigation scheme are the same and where there is no lift irrigation scheme, the structures are managed by the community forming a group Compared to the benefits accrued from these structures, Sadguru foundation claims that these are built at 1/5th of the cost of conventional large structures. And this has happened without uprooting any family from its place or clearing forests. Source: http://www.nmsadguru.org/
Mithivirdi is a traditional coastal village on the Gulf of Khambat, named after the numerous fresh water holes called virdas that have been the source of clean drinking water for many years. Until 50 years ago, such fresh water columns covered the entire region and even existed in the middle of the sea. But over the years, pollutants from the sea and the ports, salinity and reduced flows destroyed these virdas, leading to severe water scarcity. Under the guidance from organisations like Utthan and Sambhaav, Mithivardi and several villages from the Bhal region of Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar districts have been protecting their water security and reviving smaller rivers, like Chaya in Mithivardi through: using rainwater to regenerate and maintain the local water resources for the entire community; collecting rainwater through innovative collection storage schemes for individual households. Small check dams built across rivers help in conserving water, replenish groundwater and also protect the river against salinity ingress Between 1992 and 1998, 99,355 abandoned wells were voluntarily recharged and rebuilt 554 run-off ponds.
THANK YOU
We publish Dams, Rivers and People www.sandrp.in cwaterp@vsnl.com Feb 29, 2012 India International Centre, Delhi