avancura@ffos.hr literatura: P.Roach "Phonetics and phonology a practical course" D.

Jones "Pronouncing dictionary"

Linguistics general study of language Phonetics (study of human sounds) and phonology (study of ho sounds are com!ined) parts of linguistic Dialect variation in language hich covers differences in pronunciation and voca!ulary "ariety variations in pronunciation# grammar# voca!ulary a)regional !et een one place and another !)social difference !et een one social group and another !ased on age# gender# education# ealth..... $ccent covers differences in pronunciation %ypes of accents&pronunciation: RP (received pronunciation) it is ell received# ones that are using it are ealthy and educated# it is also called 'ueen(s )nglish and **+ )nglish ,RP (non regional pronunciation it is mi-ture of speeches of middle class and younger educated spea.ers )/%0$R1 ),2L3/4 it is used in southern part of )ngland (near river %hames estuary) 2$ (general $merican) it is mi-ture of speeches of educated spea.ers in northern 0/$ Phonology study of selection and pattering of sounds Phonetics (study of human sounds) is divided into 5 parts: a)articulatory deals ith ho sounds are produced !)acoustic deals ith physical reality of speech sound c)auditory deals ith ho listeners receive speech sound /peech continuous flo of sounds ith interruptions defined !y the rhythm# sylla!les# ord and sentences

/egmentation process of dividing speech into smaller units# resulting matter are called segments Phonemes smallest units of sound that don(t have meaning on their o n !ut can change meaning 6inimal pair its pair of 7 ords distinguished only !y a single sound (pi,&pi2) serves for defining phonemes $llophones different reali8ation of the same phoneme (i8govor simone gotovac slova 4) +omplementary Distri!ution strict separation of places here one reali8ation can occur. Difference !et een dar. and clear

9rgans of speech: $ggressive pulmonic airstream type of airstream that is going out 3ngressive go figure "ocal tract tu!e of comple- shape# different parts of vocal tract are called articulators: a) head articulatory system !) throat Phonatory system (vocal cords# glottis open (voiceless sounds) & closed (voiced sounds)) c) lungs respiratory system (!ronchial tu!es) : main articulators: ;) Pharyn- (<dri=elo) 2) "elum (me.o nepce) raised (closes the entrance to the nasal cavityoral sounds) lo ered (nasal sounds) 3) Palate (roof of the mouth) palatal sounds 4) $lveolar ridge alveolar sounds 5) %eeth dental sounds 6) Lips (!oth) !ila!ial (teeth and lips) la!iodental :) %ongue

3P$ 3,%)R,$%39,$L P49,)%3+ $LP4$*)% Phonemic transcription & & sho s only phoneme contrasts Phonetic transcription > ? sho s small details Plosives p# t# . (voiceless) !# d# g (voiced counterparts) @ricatives f# s # A# (voiceless) v# 8# # (voiced) $ffricates tA# d ,asals m# n# B Lateral L /emivo els r# =# PL9/3")/: p# t# . (voiceless)C !# d# g (voiced) 6anner of articulation (ho sounds are produced# hat happens to air stream) D phases: a)closing phase (complete stricture & !arricade)

b)compression phase (air builds up)

c)release phase (plosion & !urst of noise) d)post release phase (voicing & no voicing) Place of articulation ( here sounds are produced) P# ! !ila!ial %# d alveolar E# g velar Distri!ution initial# medial and final position in ord @R3+$%3")/: f# s# A# # h (voiceless)C v# 8# # # & (voiced)C (& h nema voiced) Produced ithout interruption as long as e have air (called continuant consonants) 6anner of articulation the air escapes through a small passage and ma.es a hissing sound Place of articulation /# 8 alveolar

A# post alveolar & palatal @# v la!iodental # dental 4 glottal Distri!ution initial# medial and final position in ord $@@R3+$%)/: t A# d +omple- sounds (!egin as plosives and end as fricatives) 6anner of articulation phonetically composed of t and A & d and %hey are homorganic !oth sounds are produced ith same articulator Place of articulation post alveolar Distri!ution initial# medial and final position in ords ,$/$L/: m# n# B 6anner of articulation velum & soft palate is lo ered and air escapes through oral and nasal cavity Place of articulation 6 !ila!ial , alveolar F velar ( hen , is follo ed !y .# g) Distri!ution m# n at initial# medial and final position B never as initial# never after a diphthong nor long vo el L$%)R$L: L 6anner of articulation air escapes from the sides of tongue Place of articulation

L alveolar
Distri!ution initial# medial and final position in ords +lear L Dar. initial# medial# never appears !efore consonants or pause final position# never appears !efore vo els

$PPR9G36$,%/: r# =# (semiHvo els) 6anner of articulation hile forming them# articulators come close one another# !ut they aren(t properly connected. Phonetically vo els Phonological consonants

ith

Place of articulation: R post alveolarC tip of tongue approaches alveolar ridge !ut it is curled !ac. ards IJ R)%R9@L)G Rhotic and non rhotic accent

"oicelessfr"oiced: P ! % d E g tA d s 8 A @ v 4 &

"oiced: m# n# B r# =# L

Phoneme p#!#8....has no meaning !y itself# !ut hen itKs ith other phonemes can change meaning 6orpheme mostly has grammatical meaning dis&li.eC run&s $llophone different pronunciation of same phoneme $llomorphs runs & r a n 8 & "o els no o!stacles to the air flo Lhat distinguishes vo els from consonants is their distri!ution 1) /hape vertical distance !et een upper surface of the tongue and palate 2) Position of the tongue part of the tongue IJ front# centre# !ac. & open# open mid# closed mid# closed ( vo el diagram ) Lip rounding rounded ( o# u )# spread ( i# e )# neutral ( Mva ) Diphthongs ones that glide (move from one position to other) closing centering 5 levels of stress:

Primary type hich results from pitch movement (strongest type of stress) /econdary stress ea.er from primary and stronger than unstressed. 0sually in compound ords 0nstressed is it necessary to e-plainN ,ature of sylla!le: 6inimum sylla!le contains only a vo el (slog) 9nset prvi dio sloga +entre sredn=i dio sloga (a.o ga ima) +oda .ra=n=i dio sloga /ylla!ic consonant .ad 8adn=e slovo u trans.ripci=i ima onu crticu dol=e seven & s e v nO & (improvi8irana crtica ali inaPe ide ispod slovaC computer says no :H) /tress placement: a)ho many sylla!les ord has !)morphology of the ord (simple# comple- (stem Q affi-)# compound) c)grammatical category (,# "# $d=) d)phonetical structure of the sylla!le ea. (short vo el & no coda) strong (diphthongs & long coda) /uffi-es ith primary stress: Hese# Hee# Heer# Hette# es'ue /uffi-es that do not affect stress placement: Ha!le# Hage# Hal# Hen# Hful# Hing# H ise# Hish# Hli.e# Hless# Hly# Hment (,)# Hness# Hous# Hy /uffi-es that influence stress in stem: Heus# Hgraphy# Hial# Hic# Hion# Hious# Hty# Hiue $spects of connected speech: ;.)Rhythm repeated pattern on speech (regular or irregular) a) ord stress H can shift according to the word category (N,V,adj.) !) sent stress (ho sentence is stressed) H mar.s hat e are going to perceive as information R hat the spea.er thin.s is already .no n content words (nouns, adj., adv. receive sent.stress function information ain ver!s) " ost #i$e#y to

ords (determiners# con=unctions# pronouns# au-.ver!s...) S little

7.)$ssimilation an instance here phoneme is reali8ed differently as result of !eing near of some other sound Regressive follo ing consonant influences proceeding one to change Progressive vice versa a)$ssimilation of place changes place of articulation of one of the sounds only in rapid speech !)$ssimilation of manner changes manner of articulation of one of the sounds c)$ssimilation of voice changes sound into one of its voiced or voiceless counterparts Elision Phenomenon here in certain circumstances a phoneme may !e realised as T)R9& have 8ero reali8ation& !e D)L)%)D %ypical of rapid# casual speech ;. $voidance of comple- consonant clusters e.g. 2eorge the UthKs throne 7. $voidance of repetition of same sounds e.g. that person 5. Loss of final VvK in VofK !efore consonants e.g. aste of money# lots of them D. Loss of ea. vo el after p#t#. or !ecause it !ecomes sylla!ic e.g. tonight# today# potato Lin.ing phenomenon of lin.ing ords in special ays Lin.ing r 3ntrusive r J0,+%0R) 3ntonation 0se of changing pitch to convey syntactic information @9R6 : Level R moving tone @0,+%39,: ;. $%%3%0D3,$L 7. $++),%0$L

5. 2R$66$%3+$L D. D3/+90R/) H a)attention focusing !) regulation of conversational !ehaviour