CHAPTER 3 STOICHIOMETRY

Stiochiometry The part of chemistry which deals with the quantities of substances taking part in chemical reaction is called stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is based on the laws and principles of chemistry, primarily on: (1) Conservation of mass (2) Relative masses of atoms (3) The concept of mole The law of conservation of mass as applied to chemical reactions states that the total mass of the products formed must be equal to the total mass of the reactants. The mass of the substances taking part in a chemical reaction can be expressed in terms of the masses of their constituent atoms. What does stoichiometry involve? Stoichiometry involves Prediction of the quantities of materials required to produce a given quantity of products or, vice versa, the determination of the quantity of product which may be obtained from given quantities of resultants. Interpreting the results of a chemical analysis. Choosing the most economical way of carrying out a chemical reaction on a commercial scale. Preparing solutions containing the required concentrations of dissolved substances. Molarity Molarity (M) of a solution is the quantities in moles of solute dissolve in one cubic decimeter (1 dm3) of the solution. Molar solution Molar solution of a compound is one which contains one mole of solute in 1 dm3 of the solution. Standardization Determination of the concentration of standard solution volumetrically by use of a primary standard is called standardization. A standard solution A reagent of exactly known concentration that is used in titration is called standard solution. One mole of a substance One mole of a substance is the amount of substance that contains the same number of particles as there are in 12g of 12C atoms. The chemical formula may be used to refer to one atom, one molecule, one formula unit, or to a mole of atoms, molecules or formula unit. 1

Limiting quantities If the reacting mixture contains one of the reactants in lesser quantity than is required by the equation is called limiting quantities. Avogadros number The number of particles as there are atoms in 12g of 12C is known as Avogadros number. Formula mass or formula weight Formula mass or formula weight is the amount of that substance which contains the Avogadros number of particles as represent by the formula. Titration The term titration is a procedure in which a solution of standard reagent is added to a specific volume of a solution of unknown molarities. The accuracy of a volumatic analysis depends upon the primary standard used to establish the concentration of the standard solution. Good primary standard include the following (1) Highest purity (2) Stability (3) Absence of hydrate water (4) Ready availability at reasonable cost (5) Reasonably high molecular mass End point By the use of indicator, it is the point used to indicate a change in colour as a result of concentration changes near the equivalence point. The law of conservation of mass Matter can neither be created nor destroyed. Equivalence point The point at which one reactant reacts with the other in an amount of chemically equivalence is called equivalence point. When a given aqueous solution is diluted with water the quantity or mole of the solute does not change but the concentration or molarity does change. When a solution is diluted, the concentration decreases and the concentration of the resultant solution are inversely propertional to its final volume. To detect equivalent point suitable indicator (dyes), which change colour at this point are added to the solution. Eg., the dye Phenolphthalein is colourless in acid, and red in alkali solution. The equivalent point in a titration is a theoretical concept.

Standard solution in acid-base titration Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and concentrated sulphuric acid absorb water from air. So it can not be used as primary standard. Compound commonly used for primary standard is anhydrous sodium carbonate. Concentrated sulphuric acid absorbs water rapidly from the air and is never reliably pure. A molar solution of sulphuric acid contains 98g of pure acid in 1 dm3 of the solution. Redox titration Oxidation-reduction reaction. Potassium permanganate solution is widely used of all standard oxidizing agent. The colour of permanganate solution is violet blue and so indicator is not ordinarily required. Solid potassium permanganate is always contaminated with manganese (IV) oxide to some extent. Calculations I. Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass of each of the following compounds? (a) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (b) Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) (c) nitric acid (HNO3) (d) potassium nitrate (KNO3) (e) lead II chloride (PbCl2) (f) Silver nitrate (AgNO3) (g) Sulphurous acid (H2SO3) (h) Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) (i) Sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) (j) ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) (k) Caustic soda (NaOH) (l) Sodium Hydroxide

(H = 1, Na = 23 , C = 12 , N = 14, S = 32, O = 16, Ag = 108, Cl = 35.5) II. Calculate the percent by mass of the element in each of the following compound. Potassium oxide (K2O), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2, Calcium sulphate (CaSO4), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), Magnesium oxide (MgO), (K = 39, O = 16, N = 14, Mg = 24) (III) 1. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 4.0 moles of solute in sufficient solvent to make 2.0dm3 of solution. 2. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 10.0 moles of solute in sufficient solvent to make 20.0dm3 of solution. 3. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 3.0 moles of solute in sufficient solvent to make 6.0dm3 of solution. 4. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 2.0 moles of solute in sufficient solvent to make 4.0dm3 of solution. 5. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 5.0 moles of solute in sufficient solvent to make 10.0dm3 of solution.

6. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 moles of solute in sufficient solvent to make 5.0dm3 of solution. 7. 8.0g of sodium hydroxide pellets are dissolves in sufficient water to make 2.0 dm3 of solution. Calculate the molarity of the solution. (IV) 1. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 1.0dm3 of 0.025M solution? 2. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 2.0dm3 of 0.025M solution? 3. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 2.0dm3 of 0.02M solution? 4. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 2.0dm3 of 0.035M solution? 5. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 3.0dm3 of 0.035M solution? 6. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 2.0dm3 of 0.05M solution? 7. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 4.0dm3 of 0.01M solution? 8. How many cubic centimeter of a 0.1M solution must be diluted with water to make 2.0dm3 of 0.01M solution? 9. How many cubic centimeters of water must be added to 100cm3 of a 0.1 M solution to make 0.05M? 10. How many cubic centimeter of water must be added to 150 cm3 of a 0.1M solution to make 0.05M? 1. What volume of 2.0M sulphuric acid is required to react with 5.0g of zinc? (Zn = 65.4, H= 1, Cl = 35.5, O= 16) 2. How many cubic centimeters of 1M hydrochloric acid is needed to react with 0.5g of magnesium? (Mg = 24) 3. Vinegar contains the organic acid, acetic acid (ethanoic acid) HC2H3O2. When 6g of vinegar was treated with 0.10 M sodium hydroxide, 40.00 cm3 of this base to be added to reach the equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in the sample of vinegar? (C= 12, H = 1, O = 16)

4. Vinegar contains the organic acid (ethanoic acid), HC2H3O4. When 5g of vinegar was titrated with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, 40 cm3 of this base had to be added to reach the equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in this sample of vinegar? (H = 1, C = 12, O = 16) 5. An organic acid, acetic acid (ethanoic acid) HC2H3O2 is the main constituents of vinegar solution. When 8 g of vinegar was titrated with 0.10 M sodium hydroxide, 60 cm3 of this base had to be added to reach the equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in this sample of vinegar solution? (H = 1, C = 12, O = 16). 6. Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) HC2H3O2 is the main constituents of vinegar. When 10 g of vinegar was titrated with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution, 60 cm3 of this base had to be added to reach the equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in this sample of vinegar? (H = 1, O = 16, C = 12). 7. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 23.5 cm3 of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of sodium carbonate solution and convert the concentration in to gdm-3. (The relative atomic mass of Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16). 8. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 27.5cm3 of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarities of sodium carbonate solution and convert the concentration in to gdm-3. 9. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 25.5 cm3 of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarities of sodium carbonate solution and convert the concentration in to gdm-3. 10. How many grams of sulphur would be precipitated on mixing 5 dm3 of sulphur dioxide with 12 dm3 of hydrogen sulphide if both gases were originally at 756 mmHg pressure and 25C? (S =32) 11. 25 cm3 of 0.1M sodium carbonate solution required 24 cm3 of sulphuric acid to neutralize it. (i) Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid. (ii) What volume of water should be added to 24 cm3 of sulphuric acid so that the concentration becomes exactly 0.1 M? 12. 25 cm3 of 0.1M sodium carbonate solution required 22 cm3 of sulphuric acid to neutralize it. Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid. What volume of water should be added to 20 cm3 of this sulphuric acid so that the concentration becomes exactly 0.1 M? 13. 5 g of mixture of calcium carbonate and sand is treated with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid, and 0.88 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What are the percentage of calcium carbonate and sand in the original mixture? (Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16).

14. 3g of mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up to 250 cm3 of solution. 25 cm3 of this solution required 21 cm3 of 0.1050M hydrochloric acid for neutralization. Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the mixture. (H = 1, C= 12, O = 16, Na =23) 15. 2.5g of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up to 250cm3 of solution. 25 cm3 of this solution required 20 cm3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid for neutralization. Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the mixture. (C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23) 16. 5 g of mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up to 250 cm3 of solution. 25 cm3 of this solution required 23 cm3 of 0.105 M hydrochloric acid for neutralization. Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium carbonate in mixture. 17. 0.48 g of magnesium was dissolved in 50 cm3of 1M hydrochloric acid. How many cubic centimeters of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess acid? 18. 100 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid were diluted to 1 dm3 with distilled water. 26.8 cm3 of this dilute acid were needed to neutralize 25 cm3 of 0.5 cm3 0.5 M sodium carbonate solution. What is the molarity of the original acid? 19. An approximately 0.02 M potassium permanganate solution was standardize against exactly 0.1 M iron (II) sulphate solution 25 cm3 of the solution of the iron (II) salt were oxidized by 24.6 cm3 of the permanganate solution. What is the molarity of the permanganate solution? 20. 5g of mixture of unhydrous sodium sulphate decahydrate on heating to constant mass produces 3.2g of unhydrous salt. What percentage of unhydrous and hydrate are presented in the mixture? True or False 1. An indicator is required in the redox titration using potassium permanganate. 2. The equivalence point in a titration is a theoretical concept. 3. Sodium hydroxide may be used as a primary standard. 4. A standard solution is a reagent of exactly known concentration. 5. When a given aqueous solution is diluted with water, the quantity or mole of the solute change. 6. Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb water from the air. 7. When the solution is diluted the concentration decreases. 8. A pipette is used to measure the amount of solvent.

9. A molar solution has one mole of solute dissolved in 1 cm3 of the solution. 10. A molar solution has one mole of solute dissolved in 1 cm3 of the solution. 11. A hydroscopic compound is preferred to use as a primary standard. 12. Molarity does not change due to dilution. 13. Molarity represents the quantity in milimoles of solute per cm3 of solution. 14. A standard solution is the reagent of unknown concentration. 15. Molarity is the quantity in moles of solute dissolved in one cubic decimeter of solution. 16. A pipette is used to measure the amount of solution. 17. A conical flask is used to measure the amount of solution. 18. Equivalence point and end point ate identical in all type of titrations. 19. When a solution is diluted, the concentration of the resultant solution is directly proportional to its final volume.

The Avogadro number is named in honor of the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro, who postulated in 1811 that equal volumes of gases, at equivalent temperatures and pressures, contain the same number of molecules (see Avogadro's theory). The theory was significant in the development of chemistry.