You are on page 1of 44

TABLE OF CONTENT Page no

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. PROJECT PROFILE 2 INTRODUTION3 LEGAL ISSUE.22 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITITY..26 MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITITY.28 MARKETING FEASIBILITITY33 FINACIAL FESIBILITITY37 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY40 RISK ANALYSIS42 CONCLUSION43

1|Page

PROJECT PROFILE: ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT


1. Main product: Electronic device 2. By-product: Recycle the plastic coming from waste electronic Product. 3. Capacity: 1 tonne / month 4. Raw material: Electronic Device Like as Large household appliances Small household appliances IT and telecommunications equipment Consumer equipment Lighting equipment Electrical and electronic tools Toys, leisure and sports equipment Medical devices Monitoring and control instruments Automatic dispensers

5. Location: In West Bengal because of availability of cheap labor and efficient port. 6. Investment: Rs1 crore 7. Power: 100HP. 8. Water: 100 litre /day 9. Process Technology: Waste electronic equipment product from all over the world even from other part of India and we will take out the parts which are working properly. Try to assemble into one efficient product sell them cheaply into Indian market and underdeveloped nation like Bangladesh and Bhutan. 10. Profitability: 20% on sales. 11. Return on Investment: Around 50% 12. Payback: 4- 5 years

2|Page

13. Unique Feature: this is the segment which is not much penetrated into India. Currently global warming is biggest issue in all over the world. Cutting the carbon emission in world is the biggest problem. So after recycle the electronic equipment , it will help to cut the emission.

USING OF WASTE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT


Introduction of waste equipment E-waste is the most rapidly growing segment of the municipal solid waste stream. E-waste contains many valuable, recoverable materials such as aluminum, copper, gold, silver, plastics, and ferrous metals. In order to conserve natural resources and the energy needed to produce new electronic equipment from virgin resources, electronic equipment can be refurbished, reused, and recycled instead of being landfilled. E-waste also contains toxic and hazardous materials including mercury, lead, cadmium, beryllium, chromium, and chemical flame retardants, which have the potential to leach into our soil and water. What the benefits and advantages are of recycle e-waste? There are several! Conserves natural resources. Recycling recovers valuable materials from old electronics that can be used to make new products. As a result, we save energy, reduce pollution, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and save resources by extracting fewer raw materials from the earth. Protects your surroundings. Safe recycling of outdated electronics promotes sound management of toxic chemicals such as lead and mercury. Helps others. Donating your used electronics benefits your community by passing on ready-to-use or refurbished equipment to those who need it. Create Jobs. eCycling creates jobs for professional recyclers and refurbishers and creates new markets for the valuable components that are dismantled. Saves landfill space. E-waste is a growing waste stream. By recycling these items, landfill space is conserved.

Electronic waste management options hierarchy: Reuse of whole units: Reuse functioning electronic equipment by donating it to someone who can still use it. Repair/refurbishment/remanufacturing of units Recovery/reuse of functional peripherals or components

3|Page

Recycling of constituent materials: Recycle those components that cannot be repaired. Last. Responsible disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste in permitted landfills.

How much e-waste is exported? Reliable data on exported e-waste is not available. The 2011 Electronics Waste Management report models the number and weight of electronic products that are in use, storage, and end-of-life management in a given year, extending from purchase from the point when the product is either disposed or collected for recycling. EPA has not yet developed a methodology to estimate the amounts of electronic products that were collected for recycling and subsequently managed and processed. Consequently, EPA cannot yet estimate the portion of electronics products collected for recycling that are subsequently exported. What is the environmental impact of disposing electronics into the environment without any precaution? Electronics are complex devices which are made of a wide variety of material constituents. Some of the constituents, such as lead, nickel, cadmium, and mercury, could pose risks to human health or the environment if mismanaged at their end-of-life. EPA is very concerned about ensuring the proper management of used electronics and has undertaken important work to increase the collection and responsible recycling of used electronics. As for managing electronics disposed in the US in landfills, we believe that disposal of electronics in properly managed municipal solid waste landfills does not threaten human health and the environment. The results of landfill leachate studies, suggest that currently allowed disposal of electronics including those containing heavy metals in modern municipal solid waste landfills are protective of human health and the environment. However, we strongly support keeping used electronics out of landfills, to recover materials and reduce the environmental impacts and energy demands from mining and manufacturing. Electronics are made from valuable resources, such as precious metals, copper, and engineered plastics, all of which require considerable energy to process and manufacture. Recycling electronics recovers valuable materials and as a result, we reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce pollution, save energy, and save resources by extracting fewer raw materials from the earth. For example: Recycling one million laptops saves the energy equivalent to the electricity used by 3,657 US homes in a year. One metric ton of circuit boards can contain 40 to 800 times the amount of gold and 30 to 40 times the amount of copper mined from one metric ton of ore in the US.

4|Page

Composition of E-waste E-waste consists of all waste from electronic and electrical appliances which have reached their end- of- life period or are no longer fit for their original intended use and are destined for recovery, recycling or disposal. It includes computer and its accessories monitors, printers, keyboards, central processing units; typewriters, mobile phones and chargers, remotes, compact discs, headphones, batteries, LCD/Plasma TVs, air conditioners, refrigerators and other household appliances. The composition of e-waste is diverse and falls under hazardous and non-hazardous categories. Broadly, it consists of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, wood and plywood, printed circuit boards, concrete, ceramics, rubber and other items. Iron and steel constitute about 50% of the waste, followed by plastics (21%), non-ferrous metals (13%) and other constituents. Non-ferrous metals consist of metals like copper, aluminum and precious metals like silver, gold, platinum, palladium and so on. The presence of elements like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium, hexavalent chromium, and flame retardants beyond threshold quantities make e-waste hazardous in nature. It contains over 1000 different substances, many of which are toxic, and creates serious pollution upon disposal. Obsolete computers pose the most significant environmental and health hazard among the e-wastes. E-waste generation in India All over the world, the quantity of electrical and electronic waste generated each year, especially computers and televisions, has assumed alarming proportions. In 2006, the International Association of Electronics Recyclers (IAER) projected that 3 billion electronic and electrical appliances would become WEEE or e-waste by 2010. That would tantamount to an average ewaste generation rate of 400 million units a year till 2010. Globally, about 20-50 MT (million tonnes) of e-wastes is disposed of each year, which accounts for 5% of all municipal solid waste. Although no definite official data exist on how much waste is generated in India or how much is disposed of, there are estimations based on independent studies conducted by the NGOs or government agencies. According to the Comptroller and Auditor- Generals (CAG) report, over 7.2 MT of industrial hazardous waste, 4 lakh tonnes of electronic waste, 1.5 MT of plastic waste, 1.7 MT of medical waste, 48 MT of municipal waste are generated in the country annually. In

5|Page

2005, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) estimated Indias e-waste at 1.47 lakh tonnes or 0.573 MT per day.11 A study released by the Electronics Industry Association of India (ELCINA) at the electronics industry expo Componex Nepcon 2009 had estimated the total e-waste generation in India at a whopping 4.34 lakh tonnes by end 2009. The CPCB has estimated that it will exceed the 8 lakh tonnes or 0.8 MT mark by 2012. There are 10 States that contribute to 70 per cent of the total e-waste generated in the country, while 65 cities generate more than 60 per cent of the total e-waste in India. Among the 10 largest e-waste generating States, Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. Among the top ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. The main sources of electronic waste in India are the government, public and private (industrial) sectors, which account for almost 70 per cent of total waste generation. The contribution of individual households is relatively small at about 15 per cent; the rest being contributed by manufacturers. Though individual households are not large contributors to waste generated by computers, they consume large quantities of consumer durables and are, therefore, potential creators of waste.15 An Indian market Research Bureau (IMRB) survey of E-waste generation at Source in 2009 found that out of the total e-waste volume in India, televisions and desktops including servers comprised 68 per cent and 27 per cent respectively. Imports and mobile phones comprised of 2 per cent and 1 per cent respectively. As a large-scale organized e-waste recycling facility, the Attero Recycling Plant in Roorkee opened in January 2010. Despite 23 units currently registered with the Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests/ Central Pollution Control Board, as e-waste recyclers/reprocessors, having environmentally sound management facilities, the entire recycling process more or less still exists in the unorganized sector. The Cobalt-60 radiation tragedy at Mayapuri in Delhi in which one person lost his life and six persons were admitted to hospital served as a wakeup call drawing attention to the mounting quantity of hazardous waste including e-waste in the country while revealing systemic problems on the issue of waste disposal.The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has notified the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 for effective management of hazardous wastes, including e-waste in the country. But these rules do not apply to the radioactive wastes such as Cobalt 60 which are covered under the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. Growth of electrical and electronic industry in India A brief history Our first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had said in 1961 that the pace of change in the world was greater due to new avenues opening out with the application of electronics, atomic
6|Page

energy, etc. He then observed that the nation or the community which kept pace with those developments could keep pace with the rest of the world. In fact, initiated and controlled by the Government, the Electronics Industry in India took off around 1965 with an orientation towards space and defence technologies. It was followed by developments in consumer electronics mainly with transistor radios, black & white televisions, calculators and other audio products. Successive Prime Ministers laid emphasis on electronics for industrial growth and progress and for the all round modernization and advancement of our nation. It was during Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhis tenure that the Electronics Commission composed of scientists and engineers was set up for the development of what she described as a vital industry. It was during Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhis tenure that electronics received much more serious attention followed by concrete programme of action to unleash a countrywide electronics revolution. While inaugurating the seminar Investment Opportunities on Electronics on 21 February 1985, in New Delhi, he remarked that electronics was critical to Indias growth. He stated that India missed the industrial revolution which multiplied several folds the power of human beings to carry out diverse activities. Regretting that India required almost three hundred years to catch up with that revolution, he maintained that the second revolution that is the electronics revolution or the computer revolution was about to by-pass India because we could not remain tuned to it in time. He, therefore, underlined the necessity of running behind it and joining it to use its unprecedented power for taking India to twenty first century. Exuding confidence that India was capable of doing it, he stated that application of electronics would make revolutionary impact on every segment of the industry and in every field of human activity and society. He, for the first time, introduced computers to India on a large scale and established several technology missions one of which was on telecommunication. Such forward looking initiatives ushered in computer and telecommunication revolution across the country, quickening the pace of work and providing connectivity at a faster pace. The period between 1984 and 1990, which has been called as the golden period, witnessed continuous and rapid growth in the electronics industry. Since the 1990s, the Indian economy moved away from being tightly regulated by the Government to the regime of liberalization and opening up to the global economy. The economic crisis triggered by the Gulf War in 1991, put pressure on the electronics industry but developments continued with digitalization\ in all sectors and the software boom in the mid-1990s. In 1997, the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) was signed at the World Trade Organization (WTO) whereby India eliminated all customs duties on the Information Technology (IT) hardware by 2005. Indian economy has witnessed significant growth in the last two decades. The IT sector has contributed significantly to the overall economic growth. In recent years, the electronic industry has been growing very rapidly. The electronics market in India jumped from US$ 11.5 billion in 2004 to US$ 32 billion in 2009 making it one of the fastest growing electronics market worldwide with the potential to reach US$150 billion by 2010.30 Indias low manufacturing costs, skilled labour, raw materials, availability of engineering skills and opportunity to meet
7|Page

demand in the populous Indian market have contributed significantly to facilitate the growth of the electronics industry. Besides, Indias, large and growing middle class of 320-340 million has disposable income for consumer goods.31 India, in the last couple of decades, has also been vastly influenced by the culture of consumerism. The application of electronics related technology has been very wide spread in all sectors. Coupled with the rapid pace of industrialization, Personal Computers (PCs) desktops and notebooks, televisions and mobile phones and other manufacturing items like refrigerators have experienced high growth and even faster replacement cycle. The electronics manufacturing industry has emerged as one of the most innovative industries in the world over. It is constantly engaged in creating and utilizing new technologies. This has also partly contributed to what is called inbuilt product obsolescence. This has resulted into an ever increasing quantity of electronics and electrical appliances being discarded, as it is often cheaper to buy new product than to repair or upgrade a broken or obsolete one.

Benefits of Reuse/Recycling
What are the environmental benefits of reusing and recycling e-waste? Electronic products are made from valuable resources and highly engineered materials, including metals, plastics, and glass, all of which require energy to mine and manufacture them. Reusing and recycling consumer electronics conserves our natural resources and avoids air and water pollution, as well as greenhouse gas emissions that are caused by manufacturing virgin materials. For example: Recycling one million laptops saves the energy equivalent to the electricity used by 3,657 US homes in a year. One metric ton of circuit boards can contain 40 to 800 times the amount of gold and 30 to 40 times the amount of copper mined from one metric ton of ore in the US.

What products can be made from the materials recovered by recycling cell phones? Almost all of the materials used to manufacture a cell phone can be recovered to make new products. Metals, plastics, and rechargeable batteries from recycled cell phones are turned into new materials and products. Cell phones contain a number of different metals gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, tin, and zinc that are recovered in the recycling process. The recovered metals are then used by a number of different industries such as jewelry, plating, electronics, automotive, and art foundries. The plastics recovered from cell phones are recycled into plastic components for new electronic devices or other plastic products such as garden furniture, license plate frames, non-food containers, and replacement automotive parts.

8|Page

When the rechargeable battery can no longer be reused, the battery can be recycled into other rechargeable battery products.

What environmental benefits do we get from recycling cell phones? Recycling your cell phone helps protect the environment in a number of ways. Cell phones are made from valuable resources such as precious metals, copper, and plasticsall of which require energy to mine and process. Recovering these materials by recycling avoids the need to mine and process new materials, which in turn, conserves our natural resources, and avoids air and water pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. For example, we would save the energy equivalent to the electricity used by more than 24,000 US homes in a year. Cell phones have a number of different metals in them which can be recycled. For every million cell phones we recycle, 35,274 pounds of copper, 772 pounds of silver, 75 pounds of gold, and 33 pounds of palladium can be recovered. Recovering metals from used cell phones can reduce extraction of raw metals from the earth. What are the social benefits to recycling cell phones? If the cell phone and its accessories are in good working condition, some collection programs donate them to a number of worthy charities or provide them for sale to those who need them. In addition, many reuse and recycling programs use the proceeds of their programs to benefit charitable organizations, such as domestic violence, environmental causes, childrens safety, etc. Other recycling programs work with schools and other organizations to collect cell phones as fundraising ventures. The principal markets for refurbished cell phones extend beyond the US availing access to modern communication technology to many people in developing economies with who would not otherwise be able to afford it.

Computer and computer components segment


The electronics industry is driven mainly by the computer and computer component sectors with as much as a fifth of its revenues coming from sales of Personal Computers. The huge scale of demand in the market can be observed from the sale of the P.Cs. (desktops and notebooks) in the period 20032009 as given in the table below: Total Computer Sale : 20032009 Year 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07
9|Page

Units 3,124,22 3,809,724 5,046,558 6,341,451

2007-08 2008-09

7,344,306 6,796,107

Personal computers sales have seen a major jump in the last few years from around units of 3.1 million in 2003-04 to 7.3 million in 2007-08 approximately. It dropped to 6.7 million units in 2008-09 during the recession but the industry once again picked up in 2009-10. The total sales of personal computers for the quarter October - December 2009 were 2 million (20 lakh) units, registering a growth of 42 per cent over the same period in the previous fiscal year. In the same quarter, the sales of desktops stood at 1.35 million (13.5 lakh) units, while netbooks and notebooks taken together recorded a consumption of 0.66 million (6.6 lakh) units growing 27 per cent and 90 per cent respectively, on a year-on-year basis.Overall PC sales for 2009-10 are expected to cross 7.3 million (73 lakh) units, registering a 7 per cent annual growth. A shift in the governance systems with e-governance initiatives adopted by the Central and the State Governments, the telecom, banking and education sectors, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and IT enabled services have been a major factor leading to the vibrancy of consumption in the information technology market. The third quarter of 2009-10 had also seen an increase in consumption in households and smaller towns. Today, the small cities constitute close to 50 per cent of the sales of personal computers. Region wise, the personal computers market has grown in the eastern and western regions indicating a progressive application of technology in governance and the common persons life.

Computer recycling
Computer recycling or electronic recycling is the recycling or reuse of computers or other electronic devices. It includes both finding another use for materials (such as donation to charity), and having systems dismantled, in a manner that allows for the safe extraction of the constituent materials for reuse in other products. Reasons for recycling Obsolete computers or other electronics are a valuable source for secondary raw materials, if treated properly; if not treated properly, they are a source of toxins and carcinogens. Rapid technology change, low initial cost, and planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of computers or other electronic components around the globe. Technical solutions are available, but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics, and other services need to be implemented before applying a technical solution. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, estimates 30 to 40 million surplus PCs, classified as "hazardous household waste", would be ready for end-of-life management in the next few years. The U.S. National Safety Council estimates that 75% of all personal computers ever sold are now surplus electronics.
10 | P a g e

In 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said that more than 63 million computers in the U.S. were traded in for replacements or discarded. Today, 15% of electronic devices and equipment are recycled in the United States. Most electronic waste is sent to landfills or incinerated, which releases materials such as lead, mercury, or cadmium into the soil, groundwater, and atmosphere, thus having a negative impact on the environment. Many materials used in computer hardware can be recovered by recycling for use in future production. Reuse of tin, silicon, iron, aluminum, and a variety of plastics that are present in bulk in computers or other electronics can reduce the costs of constructing new systems. Components frequently contain lead, copper, gold, and other valuable materials suitable for reclamation.

Dismantled SonyVaio PCG-982L and Compaq JBL Professional laptops. Computer components contain many toxic substances, like dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), cadmium, chromium, radioactive isotopes, and mercury. A typical computer monitor may contain more than 6% lead by weight, much of which is in the lead glass of the cathode ray tube (CRT). A typical 15 inch (38 cm) computer monitor may contain 1.5 pounds (1 kg) of lead, but other monitors have been estimated to have up to 8 pounds (4 kg) of lead. Circuit boards contain considerable quantities of lead-tin solders that are more likely to leach into groundwater or create air pollution due to incineration. The processing (e.g. incineration and acid treatments) required to reclaim these precious substances may release, generate, or synthesize toxic byproducts. Export of waste to countries with lower environmental standards is a major computer or electronic recycling concern. The Basel Convention includes hazardous wastes from computer CRT screens as an item that may not be exported transcontinental without prior consent of both the country exporting the waste and that receiving the waste. Companies may find it costeffective in the short term to sell outdated computers to less developed countries with lax regulations. It is commonly believed that a majority of surplus laptops are routed to developing
11 | P a g e

nations as "dumping grounds for e-waste". The high value of working and reusable laptops, computers, and components (e.g. RAM) can help pay the cost of transportation for many worthless "commodities". Regulations

An abandoned Texan monitor. Europe In Switzerland, the first electronic waste recycling system was implemented in 1991, beginning with collection of old refrigerators; over the years, all other electric and electronic devices were gradually added to the system. The established producer responsibility organization is SWICO, mainly handling information, communication, and organization technology. The European Union implemented a similar system in February 2003, under the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive, 2002/96/EC). Pan European adoption of the Legislation was slow on take-up, with the Italy and the United Kingdom being the final member states to pass it into law. The success of the WEEE directive has varied significantly from state to state, with collection rates varying between 13 kilograms per capita per annum to as little as 1 kg per capita per annum. Computers & electronic wastes collected from households within Europe are treated under the WEEE directive via Producer Compliance Schemes (whereby manufacturers of Electronics pay into a scheme that funds its recovery from household waste recycling centers (HWRCs)) and nominated Waste Treatment Facilities (known as Obligated WEEE). However, recycling of ex corporate Computer Hardware and associated electronic equipment falls outside the Producer Compliance Scheme (Known as non-obligated). In the UK, Waste or obsolete Corporate related computer hardware is treated via third party Authorized Treatment Facilities, who normally impose a charge for its collection and treatment.
12 | P a g e

United States Federal The United States Congress considers a number of electronic waste bills, like the National Computer Recycling Act introduced by Congressman Mike Thompson (D-CA). The main federal law governing solid waste is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. It covers only CRTs, though state regulations may differ. There are also separate laws concerning battery disposal. On March 25, 2009, the House Science and Technology Committee approved funding for research on reducing electronic waste and mitigating environmental impact, regarded by sponsor Ralph Hall (R-TX) as the first federal bill to directly address electronic waste. State Many states have introduced legislation concerning recycling and reuse of computers or computer parts or other electronics. Most American computer recycling legislations address it from within the larger electronic waste issue. In 2001, Arkansas enacted the Arkansas Computer and Electronic Solid Waste Management Act, which requires that state agencies manage and sell surplus computer equipment, establishes a computer and electronics recycling fund, and authorizes the Department of Environmental Quality to regulate and/or ban the disposal of computer and electronic equipment in Arkansas landfills. The recently passed Electronic Device Recycling Research and Development Act distributes grants to universities, government labs, and private industries for research in developing projects in line with e-waste recycling and refurbishment. Asia In Japan, sellers and manufacturers of certain electronics (such as televisions and air conditioners) are required to recycle them. However, no legislation exists to cover the recycling of computer- or cellphone- related wastes. It is required in South Korea and Taiwan that sellers and manufacturers of electronics be responsible for recycling 75% of their used products. According to a report by UNEP titled, "Recycling - from E-Waste to Resources," the amount of e-waste being produced - including mobile phones and computers - could rise by as much as 500 percent over the next decade in some countries, such as India.

13 | P a g e

Electronic waste is often exported to developing countries.

4.5-volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032 and LR44 cells are all recyclable in most countries .

One theory is that increased regulation of electronic waste and concern over the environmental harm in mature economies creates an economic disincentive to remove residues prior to export. Critics of trade in used electronics maintain that it is too easy for brokers calling themselves recyclers to export unscreened electronic waste to developing countries, such as China, India and parts of Africa, thus avoiding the expense of removing items like bad cathode ray tubes (the processing of which is expensive and difficult). The developing countries are becoming big dump yards of e-waste. Proponents of international trade point to the success of fair trade programs in other industries, where cooperation has led creation of sustainable jobs, and can bring affordable technology in countries where repair and reuse rates are higher.

14 | P a g e

INDIA In India, Organizations like A2Z Group have stepped in to own up the responsibility to collect and recycle e-Waste at various locations in India.

Recycling methods

Computers being collected for recycling at a pickup event in Olympia, Washington, United States .

Consumer recycling Consumer recycling options consists of sale, donating computers directly to organizations in need, sending devices directly back to their original manufacturers, or getting components to a convenient recycler or refurbished. Corporate recycling Businesses seeking a cost-effective way to recycle large amounts of computer equipment responsibly face a more complicated process. Businesses also have the options of sale or contacting the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and arranging recycling options. Some companies pick up unwanted equipment from businesses, wipe the data clean from the systems, and provide an estimate of the products remaining value. For unwanted items that still have value, these firms buy the excess IT hardware and sell refurbished products to those seeking more affordable options than buying new. Companies that specialize in data protection and green disposal processes dispose of both data and used equipment, while employing strict procedures to help improve the environment. Professional IT Asset Disposition (ITAD) firms specialize in corporate computer disposal and
15 | P a g e

recycling services in compliance with local laws and regulations and also offer secure data elimination services that comply with Data remanence standards including National Institute of Standards and Technology. Corporations face risks both for incompletely destroyed data and for improperly disposed computers. In America, companies are liable for compliance with regulations even if the recycling process is outsourced under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. Companies can mitigate these risks by requiring waivers of liability, audit trails, certificates of data destruction, signed confidentiality agreements, and random audits of information security. The National Association of Information Destruction is an international trade association for data destruction providers. Sale Online auctions are an alternative for consumers willing to resell for cash less fees, in a complicated, self-managed, competitive environment where paid listings might not sell. Online classified ads can be similarly risky due to forgery scams and uncertainty. Takeback When researching computer companies before a computer purchase, consumers can find out if they offer recycling services. Most major computer manufacturers offer some form of recycling. At the user's request they may mail in their old computers, or arrange for pickup from the manufacturer. Hewlett-Packard also offers free recycling, but only one of its "national" recycling programs is available nationally, rather than in one or two specific states. Hewlett-Packard also offers to pick up any computer product of any brand for a fee, and to offer a coupon against the purchase of future computers or components; it was the largest computer recycler in America in 2003, and it has recycled over 750,000,000 pounds (340,000,000 kg) of electronic waste globally since 1995. It encourages the shared approach of collection points for consumers and recyclers to meet.

Exchange Manufacturers often offer a free replacement service when purchasing a new PC. Dell Computers and Apple Inc. take back old products when one buys a new one. Both refurbish and resell their own computers with a one-year warranty. Many companies purchase and recycle all brands of working and broken laptops and notebook computers, from individuals and corporations. Building a market for recycling of desktop computers has proven more difficult than exchange programs for laptops, smartphones, and other smaller electronics. A basic business model is to provide a seller an instant online quote based on laptop characteristics, then to send a shipping label and prepaid box to the seller, to erase, reformat, and process the laptop, and to pay rapidly by cheque. A majority of these companies are also generalized electronic waste recyclers as well; organizations that recycle computers
16 | P a g e

exclusively include Cash For Laptops, a laptop refurbisher in Nevada that claims to be the first to buy laptops online, in 2001.

Bulk laptops at a recycling affiliate, broken down into Dell, Gateway Computers, Hewlett-Packard, Sony, and other.

Scrapping/recycling

Hoarding disassembling (center) and collecting (right) electronic waste in Bengaluru, India.

The rising price of precious metals coupled with the high rate of unemployment during the Great Recession has led to a larger number of amateur "for profit" electronics recyclers. Computer parts, for example, are stripped of their most valuable components and sold for scrap. Metals like copper, aluminum, lead, gold, and palladium are recovered from computers, televisions and more. Where does e-waste really go? A hefty criticism often lobbed at reuse based recyclers is that people think that they are recycling their electronic waste, when in reality it is actually being exported to developing countries like China, India, and Nigeria. For instance, at free recycling drives, "recyclers" may not be staying true to their word, but selling e-waste overseas or to parts brokers. Studies indicate that 50-80%
17 | P a g e

of the 300,000 to 400,000 tons (270,000 to 360,000 tonnes) of e-waste is being sent overseas, and that approximately 2 million tons (1.8 million tonnes) per year go to U.S. landfills. Although not possible in all circumstances, the best way to e-cycle is to up-cycle your e-waste. On the other hand, the electronic products in question are generally manufactured, and repaired under warranty, in the same nations, which anti-reuse recyclers depict as primitive. Reuse-based e-recyclers believe that fair-trade incentives for export markets will lead to better results than domestic shredding. In the European Union, debate regarding the export of e-waste has resulted in a significant amendment to the WEEE directive (January 2012) with a view to significantly diminishing the export of WEEE (untreated e-waste). During debate in Strasburg, MEPs stated that "53 million tonnes of WEEE were generated in 2009 but only 18% collected for recycling", with the remainder being exported or sent to landfill. The Amendment, voted through by a unanimous 95% of representatives, removed the re-use (repair and refurbishmet) aspect of the directive and placed more emphasis upon recycling and recovery of precious metals and base metals. The changes went further by placing the burden upon registered exporters to prove that used equipment leaving Europe was "fit for purpose". What's happening now: Policy issues and current efforts Currently, pieces of government legislation and a number of grassroots efforts have contributed to the growth of e-cycling processes which emphasize decreased exports over increased reuse rates. The Electronic Waste Recycling Act was passed in California in 2003.It requires that consumers pay an extra fee for certain types of electronics, and the collected money be then redistributed to recycling companies that are qualified to properly recycle these products. It is the only state that legislates against e-waste through this kind of consumer fee; the other states' efforts focus on producer responsibility laws or waste disposal bans. No study has shown that per capita recovery is greater in one type of legislated program (e.g. California) versus ordinary waste disposal bans (e.g. Massachusetts), though recovery has greatly increased in states which use either method. As of September, 2006, Dell developed the nations first completely free recycling program, furthering the responsibilities that manufacturers are taking for e-cycling. Manufacturers and retailers such as Best Buy, Sony, and Samsung have also set up recycling programs. This program does not accept televisions, which are the most expensive used electronic item, and are unpopular in markets which must deal with televisions when the more valuable computers have been cherry picked. Another step being taken is the recyclers pledge of true stewardship, sponsored by the Computer TakeBack Campaign. It has been signed by numerous recyclers promising to recycle responsibly.[citation needed] Grassroots efforts have also played a big part in this issue, as they and other community organizations are being formed to help responsibly recycle e-waste. Other grassroots campaigns are Basel, the Computer TakeBack Campaign (co-coordinated by the
18 | P a g e

Grassroots Recycling Network), and the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. No study has shown any difference in recycling methods under the Pledge, and no data is available to demonstrate difference in management between "Pledge" and non-Pledge companies, though it is assumed that the risk of making false claims will prevent Pledge companies from wrongly describing their processes. Many people believe that the U.S. should be following the European Union model in regards to its management of e-waste. In this program, a directive forces manufacturers to take responsibility for e-cycling; it also demands manufacturers' mandatory take-back and places bans on exporting e-waste to developing countries. Another longer-term solution is for computers to be composed of less dangerous products. Many people disagree. No data has been provided to show that people who agree with the European model have based their agreement on measured outcomes or experience-based scientific method.

Electronic waste dump at Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Organized criminals commonly search the drives for information to use in local scams

Data security E-waste presents a potential security threat to individuals and exporting countries. Hard drives that are not properly erased before the computer is disposed of can be reopened, exposing sensitive information. Credit card numbers, private financial data, account information and records of online transactions can be accessed by most willing individuals. Organized criminals in Ghana commonly search the drives for information to use in local scams. Government contracts have been discovered on hard drives found in Agbogbloshie, Ghana. Multi-million dollar agreements from United States security institutions such as the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), the Transportation Security Administration and Homeland Security have all resurfaced in Agbogbloshie.

19 | P a g e

Reasons to destroy and recycle securely There are ways to ensure that not only hardware is destroyed but also the private data on the hard drive. Having customer data stolen, lost, or misplaced contributes to the ever growing number of people who are affected by identity theft, which can cause corporations to lose more than just money. The image of a company that holds secure data, such as banks, law firms, pharmaceuticals, and credit corporations is also at risk. If a company's public image is hurt, it could cause consumers to not use their services and could cost millions in business losses and positive public relation campaigns. The cost of data breaches "varies widely, ranging from $90 to $50,000 (under HIPAA's new HITECH amendment, that came about through the American Recovery and Revitalization act of 2009), as per customer record, depending on whether the breach is low-profile or high-profile and the company is in a non-regulated or highly regulated area, such as banking or medical institutions. There is also a major backlash from the consumer if there is a data breach in a company that is supposed to be trusted to protect their private information. If an organization has any consumer info on file, they must by law (Red Flags Clarification act of 2010) have written information protection policies and procedures in place, that serve to combat, mitigate, and detect vulnerable areas that could result in identity theft. The United States Department of Defense has published a standard to which recyclers and individuals may meet in order to satisfy HIPAA requirements. Secure recycling Countries have developed standards, aimed at businesses and with the purpose of ensuring the security of Data contained in 'confidential' computer media [NIST 800-88: US standard for Data Remenance] [HMG CESG IS5, Baseline & Enhanced, UK Government Protocol for Data Destruction]. National Association for Information Destruction (NAID) is the international trade association for companies providing information destruction services. Suppliers of products, equipment and services to destruction companies are also eligible for membership. NAID's mission is to promote the information destruction industry and the standards and ethics of its member companies. There are companies that follow the guidelines from NAID and also meet all Federal EPA and local DEP regulations. The typical process for computer recycling aims to securely destroy hard drives while still recycling the byproduct. A typical process for effective computer recycling: Receive hardware for destruction in locked and securely transported vehicles, Shred hard drives, Separate all aluminum from the waste metals with an electromagnet, Collect and securely deliver the shredded remains to an aluminum recycling plant, and Mold the remaining hard drive parts into aluminum ingots.

20 | P a g e

An iMac G4 that has been repurposed into a lamp (photographed next to a Mac Classic and a flip phone).

21 | P a g e

LEGAL ISSUE EQUIPMENT

REGARDING

RECYCLING

THE

ELECTRONIC

While the Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules regulate the disposal of municipal solid wastes in an environmentally acceptable manner and the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary) Rules define and regulate all aspects of the hazardous waste, there are no specific environmental laws for the management and disposal of e waste. None of the existing environmental laws has any direct reference to the electronic waste or its handling as hazardous in nature. However, there are several provisions in these laws which have been applied to various aspects of the electronic waste. The report prepared by the Environment Protection Training & Research Institute (EPTRI), Hyderabad under the aegis of the WHO, New Delhi revealed that on an enquiry, the workers stated that there was no health problem but a study needed to be taken up to find the actual pollution load generated and health problems among the workers. ORGANIZATIONS/NETWORKS WORKING ON E-WASTE ISSUES Within India 1. Knowledge bank for e-waste management in India. The Asia Pro Eco-programme supported by the European Commission is dedicated to the environmental performance in Asian Economic sectors through the exchange of environmental policies, technologies and practices and to promote sustainable investment and trade between the European Union Member States and South Asia, South-East Asia and China. 2. The E-waste Guide, India (www.ewaste.in). An Initiative of the IndoGermanSwiss Partnership [Ministry of Environment and Forests, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs] It is designed to serve as an information resource on e-waste as well as a common collaborative work platform for stakeholders. 3. National Solid Waste Association of India (NSWAI) (www.nswai.com). A leading professional non-profit organization in the field of solid-waste management, including toxic and hazardous waste and also biomedical waste in India. It was formed in 1996. Its objectives include development of solid-waste management as a profession, research and development, development of expertise, standards and goods practices with regards to solidwaste management. Some of the others include improvement in legislation and creating awareness and community involvement.

22 | P a g e

4. Toxics Link (www.toxicslink.org). A Delhi-based environment activist group with a mission of working for environmental justice and freedom from toxics. It is also actively involved in creating public awareness on environmental issues through publications, reports, articles and environment news bulletins besides organizing various events. 5. Others are STEP Work web, WEEE Forum, Clean India, Indian Environmental Society, INDIA HABITAT CENTRE and Microbial Biotechnology Area of Tata Energy Research Institute. International networks 1. Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Formed in 1982, located in San Jose, California, it is a diverse grassroots coalition that engages in research and advocacy and is organized around the environmental and human health problems caused by the rapid growth of the high-tech electronics industry. The Coalition has built a united campaign of allies, including community residents, consumers, electronics and technology workers and government policy makers to raise the environmental consciousness and performance of the high-tech sector. 2. The Basel Action Network (BAN) A global network of toxics and development activist organizations are sharing a vision of international environmental justice. The network seeks to prevent all forms of toxic trade in toxic wastes, toxic products and toxic technologies. It works to prevent the globalization of the toxic chemical crisis. BAN is administered by the Secretariat services of the Asia-Pacific Environmental Exchange (APEX) based in Seattle, Washington, USA. APEX is an activity of the Tides Centre. 3. Others are the International Solid Waste Association, Solid Waste Association of North America, Environmental Protection Agency, etc. Policy-level interventions Clear definition of e-waste for regulation. Import and export regulatory regime. An integrated IT waste management policy

Lack of clarity on the issue of e-waste and the inability of current hazardous waste rules to govern and effectively monitor the e-waste recycling are some of the prime reasons for experts and members of civil society demanding a separate set of rules to guide and control these processes.
23 | P a g e

Take back policies Producers must be responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products. In developed countries, several efforts have been made on this front. Several dozen cities in the states of California and Massachusettes, including San Francisco, also have passed resolutions supporting producer take back rules. Wipro Infotech has launched an e-waste disposal service for end customers. Others offering recycling options include Dell (dell.com), HP (hp.com) and Apple (apple.com). The following three categories of WEEE account for almost 90% of the generation: Large household appliances: 42%, Information and communications technology equipment: 33.9% and Consumer electronics: 13.7%.

Environment and health hazards.

Computer/e-waste component Process Potential occupational hazard Breaking, removal of copper yoke and Cathode ray tubes dumping Desoldering and Printed circuit boards removing computer chips Silicosis Cuts from CRT glass Inhalation or contact with phosphor containing cadmium or other metals Tin and lead inhalation Possible brominated dioxin, beryllium, cadmium and mercury inhalation Air emission of the same substances Tin and lead contamination of Toxicity of workers and nearby Dismantled printed circuit board processing Plastics from the computer and Open burning of waste boards Shredding and low-temperature residents rom tin, lead, brominated dioxin, beryllium, cadmium and mercury inhalation Probable hydrocarbon, brominated dioxin and PAH exposure to immediate environment, including surface and ground waters, brominated dioxins, beryllium, cadmium and mercury inhalation Emission of brominated dioxins and heavy metals and hydrocarbons Lead, barium and other heavy metals leaching into ground water and release of toxic phosphor Potential environmental hazard

24 | P a g e

Computer/e-waste component peripherals Process melting Potential occupational hazard workers living in the burning works area Potential environmental hazard

Secondary steel or

Furnace recovers Exposure to dioxins and heavy metals Brominated and chlorinated dioxin Open burning to and PAH exposure to workers living in the burning works area Emission of dioxins and heavy metals Hydrocarbon and ashes, including PAHs discharged into air, water and soil

copper and precious steel or copper metal smelting from waste

Wires

recover copper

25 | P a g e

Technical feasibility
Product design and engineering interventions The solution for the e-waste crisis lies in prevention at the manufacturing source or the precautionary principle. This can be done by employing waste minimization techniques and b y a sustainable product design. Waste minimization in industries involves adopting: Inventory management Production process modification Volume reduction Recovery and reuse Sustainable product design involves: Rethinking on procedures of designing the product (flat computers) Use of renewable material and energy Creating electronic components and peripherals of biodegradable material Looking at a green packaging option Utilizing a minimum packaging material

Extended Producer Responsibility is considered one of the most appropriate frameworks that amalgamate all the enlisted principles on environmental justice. This shifts the responsibility of safe disposal onto the producers. It promotes sound environmental technology and also aims at better raw material, cleaner production technology and designing for longevity. Restructuring recycling: Some recycling procedures require improvements, up-gradation (both in skills and technologies) and some have to be abandoned altogether due to severe risks for health and the environment. Implementation and capacity building Legislation for collection, recycling and disposal. Institutional capacity building. Formalizing the informal recycling sector.

Technical advantage of processes improvement (restructuring recycling) At Ash Recyclers, one of just two authorized recycling plants in Bangalore, hazardous metals are safely extracted at a special plant and everything else down to the keys is recycled.

Protective protocol for workers in e-waste disposal

26 | P a g e

Workers are given formally recognized jobs where they can use skills and where occupational health safety (information about their occupation-related health hazards involved and selfprotection, protective gear and equipment and periodic medical checkups) is assured. Awareness building The current awareness regarding the existence and dangers of e-waste are extremely low, partly because the e-waste being generated is not as large as in developed countries. Urgent measures are required to address this issue. The role of citizens in e-waste management include: Donating electronics for reuse, which extends the lives of valuable product, keeps them out of the waste management system for a long time. While buying electronic products, opting for those that are made with fewer toxic constituents, use recycled content, are energy efficient, are designed for easy upgrading or disassembly, use minimal packaging and offer leasing or take back options. Building of consumer awareness through public awareness campaigns is a crucial point that can attribute to a new responsible kind of consumerism.

India is placed in a very interesting position. The need of the hour is an urgent approach to the e-waste hazard by technical and policy-level interventions, implementation and capacity building and increase in public awareness such that it can convert this challenge into an opportunity to show the world that India is ready to deal with future problems and can set global credible standards concerning environmental and occupational health.

27 | P a g e

MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITITY The total e-waste generation in India is approximately 1, 46,000 tonnes to 3.3 lakh tonnes a year and is expected to touch 4.7 lakh tonnes by 2014. The projected growth for e-waste generation for India is about 34% year on year says Sinha (Associate Director of Toxics Link). Of the total e-waste generated in the country, western India accounts for the largest population at 35%, while the southern, northern and eastern regions account for 30, 21 and 14%, respectively. The top states in order of highest contribution to waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) include Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. The city-wise ranking of the largest WEEE generators is Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. Total WEEE generation in Maharashtra is 20,270.6 tonnes, of which Navi-Mumbai contributes 646.48 tonnes, Greater Mumbai 11,017.06 tonnes, Pune 2584.21 tonnes and Pimpri-Chinchwad 1032.37 tonnes. An estimated 30,000 computers become obsolete every year from the IT industry in Bangalore alone. Home to more than 1200 foreign and domestic technology firms, Bangalore figures prominently in the danger list of cities faced with e-waste hazard. As many as 1000 tonnes of plastics, 300 tonnes of lead, 0.23 tonnes of mercury, 43 tonnes of nickel and 350 tonnes of copper are annually generated in Bangalore. While on the basis of scrap handled by the Delhi-based scrap dealers, their total number of personal computers (PCs) meant for dismantling would be around 15,000 per year. This figure does not include PCs handled by large dealers who get scraps from foreign sources. Mumbai, the financial nerve-center of India, alone throws away 19,000 tonnes of electronic waste a month, excluding the large e-waste it imports from developed nations through its port. Besides the domestic e-waste generated, an additional 50,000 MT a year is illegally imported into the country. In a single month, there is a reported case of import of 30 MT of e-waste at the Ahmedabad port. While northern India is not a leading generator, it happens to be the leading processing center of e-waste in the country. There are only two formal recyclers in the south of India (at Chennai and Bangalore) and one in western India. Currently, there are no formal recyclers operating in the north or the east. Over 1 million poor people in India are involved in the manual recycling operations. Most of the people working in this recycling sector are the urban poor with very low literacy levels and hence very little awareness regarding the hazards of e-waste toxins. There are a sizeable number of women and children who are engaged in these activities and they are more vulnerable to the hazards of this waste. A comprehensive study is yet to be made of the health problems of women and children employed by the scrap dealers.

28 | P a g e

The main sources of computer usage and thereby e-waste generations are the business sector (government departments, public or private sector, multinational corporation offices, etc. accounting for 78% of the total installed PCs today. Other sources are individual households (22%), foreign embassies, PC manufacturing units, PC retailers, secondary markets of old PCs and imported electronic scrap of other countries. Dealing with e-waste Currently, around the world, the volume of obsolete computers and other e-wastes temporarily stored for recycling or disposal is growing at an alarming rate. The generation of huge quantity of electronic waste presents an enormous environmental and health hazard to any community. This is best indicated by the table below which shows the amount of waste that 500 million computers can create. How much waste is in 500 million computers? Plastic Lead Cadmium Chromium Mercury 6.32 Billion Pounds 1.58 Billion Pounds 3 Million Pounds 1.9 Million Pounds 632,000 Pounds

There are basically four ways in which e-waste has been treated till date. But none has been found to be fully satisfactory. The most common one has been storing e-wastes in landfills, but it is replete with all the dangers of leaching described earlier. The hazardous effects are far worse in the older or less stringently maintained landfills or dumpsites. In the US, about 70 per cent of heavy metals (including mercury and cadmium) found in landfills come from electronic discards. Because of its hazardous nature, dumping in landfills have been banned in most of the states in the US and European Union. Another method commonly used has been to incinerate or burn the goods concerned, but this process releases heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury into the atmosphere. Municipal incinerators have been some of the largest point sources for dioxins in the US and Canadian environments and of heavy metal contamination of the atmosphere. Reusing and recycling are the other ways of dealing with e-wastes. They have been preferable because they increase the lifespan of the products and therefore imply less waste over time. Reuse constitutes direct second hand use, or use after slight modifications are made to the original functioning equipment like memory upgrades, etc. However, they end up as waste eventually as they have limited life span. The reuse of second-hand electronic goods in the developing world including India falls in this category, where the waste ends up locally and where there is no
29 | P a g e

adequate facility and competence to deal with them appropriately. While recycling appears to be a safe method to utilize or dispose e-wastes, it can be a misleading characterization of disparate practices-including dismantling, shredding, burning, exporting, etc. which are mostly unregulated and often create additional hazards itself. Recycling of hazardous wastes, even under the best of circumstances, has little environment benefit as it simply moves the hazards into secondary products that eventually have to be disposed of. One view says that unless the goal is to redesign the product to use nonhazardous materials, recycling may be a false solution. On the other hand, the Toxics Link, NGO based in Delhi holds that recycling isnt just good for the environment but also good business practice. Recycling is therefore an important solution, especially if we consider that e-waste contains many valuable and rare materials.

Processing Techniques

Recycling the lead from batteries.

In developed countries, electronic waste processing usually first involves dismantling the equipment into various parts (metal frames, power supplies, circuit boards, plastics), often by hand, but increasingly by automated shredding equipment. A typical example is the NADIN electronic waste processing plant in Novi Iskar, Bulgariathe largest facility of its kind in Eastern Europe. The advantages of this process are the human's ability to recognize and save working and repairable parts, including chips, transistors, RAM, etc. The disadvantage is that the labor is cheapest in countries with the lowest health and safety standards. In an alternative bulk system, a hopper conveys material for shredding into an unsophisticated mechanical separator, with screening and granulating machines to separate constituent metal and plastic fractions, which are sold to smelters or plastics recyclers. Such recycling machinery is enclosed and employs a dust collection system. Some of the emissions are caught by scrubbers
30 | P a g e

and screens. Magnets, eddy currents, and trommel screens are employed to separate glass, plastic, and ferrous and nonferrous metals, which can then be further separated at a smelter. Leaded glass from CRTs is reused in car batteries, ammunition, and lead wheel weights, or sold to foundries as a fluxing agent in processing raw lead ore. Copper, gold, palladium, silver and tin are valuable metals sold to smelters for recycling. Hazardous smoke and gases are captured, contained and treated to mitigate environmental threat. These methods allow for safe reclamation of all valuable computer construction materials. Hewlett-Packard product recycling solutions manager Renee St. Denis describes its process as: "We move them through giant shredders about 30 feet tall and it shreds everything into pieces about the size of a quarter. Once your disk drive is shredded into pieces about this big, it's hard to get the data off". An ideal electronic waste recycling plant combines dismantling for component recovery with increased cost-effective processing of bulk electronic waste. Reuse is an alternative option to recycling because it extends the lifespan of a device. Devices still need eventual recycling, but by allowing others to purchase used electronics, recycling can be postponed and value gained from device use. The E-Waste Recycling Life-Cycle Though individual countries might have their own domestic laws governing specific aspects of e-waste management, the overall mode of execution of an e-waste recycling model in developed countries in current times includes the following three broad stages collection of Advance Recycling Fee at the point-of-sale of EEE components, disposal of WEEE at dedicated collection points at their end of life and the final recycling/ safe disposal of e-waste by recyclers. This activity flow can be pictorially captured as follows: Stage #1 Advance Recycling Fee Stage #2 Collection of WEEE at end-of life Stage #3 E-Waste recycling & precious metal extraction Stage #1: The first step in e-waste recycling takes place at the time of buying new Electric or electronic products, when the customers are charged an Advance Recycling Fee (ARF, or Advance Disposal Fee, ADF) which contributes towards the expense incurred for all processes required for a safe disposal of the article at the end of its life. The amount of ARF is defined by the type of the product and is included in the sales price and is usually stated separately in the invoice. This introduction of ARF enables customers to return retired equipment free of charge at designated collection sites. Stage #2: The second step in the process is at the time of returning the various end-of life appliances. Customers are not allowed to dispose - off WEEE through other than certain
31 | P a g e

dedicated collection points. Retailers, traders and manufacturers are obliged to take back WEEE free of cost and independent of any purchase for all types of products that they deal in. In other words, if a retailer sells only computers belonging to a certain brand, he would be obliged to take back computers of all brands, but not televisions or refrigerators. Stage #3: The final stage in the process is the recycling of e-waste material. This broadly involves segregation of e-waste (e.g., into monitors, keyboards, CPUs, etc.), and the dismantling of equipment in order to obtain recyclable material. E-waste is subjected to processes such as crushing, shredding, and magnetic/ eddy current/ air separations in order to segregate recyclable material from the e-waste. The final step in the recycling process is extraction of precious materials and safe disposal of hazardous waste. After subjecting the e-waste to crushing and shredding material that contain precious metals such as the printed circuit boards is usually sent to refineries such as Umicore in Belgium, Boliden in Sweden, etc. where it is subjected to refinement and precious materials are extracted. The hazardous components of e-waste are sent to authorised waste treatment and disposal facilities for their safe treatment disposal.

32 | P a g e

MARKETING FEASIBILITITY In recycling process of e waste, the new product which is come out from waste that product will be going to sale to the market and it will be 20 % profit on sale. The product which we will going to sale it will available at cheaper price and country like India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan has huge market for the cheap product even china are doing the same thing they are supplying the huge product which coming from e waste at cheaper available price. Raw material: Raw material which is requiring that is waste from household appliance and industrial product. Some company are having a huge problem of that product they will not able to use neither they have time to look at waste nor they wanted to invest their money into it. Supplier: company like Apple and HP those company having huge waste they can sale it us even the regular household appliance which the consumer throw strait a way that appliance we will get from waste picker in exchange of some money. Collection Channels There are several channels for collection of WEEE although three primary ones: municipal collection sites, in store retailer take-back, and producer take-back. The majority of schemes have organised themselves primarily around the municipal collection system. Some, such as ICT Milieu, the Danish system and El Kretsen use this channel exclusively. Others, such as Recupel, NVMP and El-Retur encourage retailer participation, but this does not exceed more than 30% of total volume. Some non EU schemes, such as SWICO achieved much higher levels of collection via the retail chain (upwards of 55%). Retailer Take Back and Storage. Consumers can take back WEEE to retail stores that distribute similar products. This may be dependent upon purchase of a new product, or without any purchase required, and is sometimes done at the point of home delivery and installation of a new item by the retailer/distributor. Where available, this service is usually free to private households. Producer Take Back and Storage WEEE is taken back directly by producers and then fed into the WEEE system. This usually applies to larger commercial equipment and operates on a new for old bases. Municipal Collection Parks Consumers and or businesses can leave WEEE at municipal sites. A number of sorting containers and/or pallets are provided according to the product scope and logistical arrangements with recyclers and transporters. This is usually free for household WEEE, although charges sometimes apply for commercial companies.
33 | P a g e

Other Collection Points Consumers and or Businesses can leave WEEE at specially created sites/centers. These can be specialized sorting centers controlled by the PRO or more commonly third party sites, whose operators may be remunerated for the provision of space. A number of sorting containers and/or pallets are provided according to the product scope and logistical arrangements with recyclers and transporters. This is usually free for household WEEE, although charges sometimes apply for commercial products. Doorstep Collection Household WEEE is collected from the doorstep by the PRO or by municipality. Charges may apply. Commercial Collection WEEE is collected on request from industrial enterprises. Charges may apply. Existing manufacture: currently in India only Chirag computer are sale the recycled computer in India and A2Z is the only e waste picker and who segregating the waste into different parts. A2Z is the registered public ltd company in India. Marketing strategy: The strategy is very simple for the product selling. The price of the product is cheaper than the fresh product The better technology we will going to provide since are the HP, DELL& APPLE are the one of the supplier so we will get the better product than Chirag computer India has a huge market for low cost product and India people if they will get cheaper computer so they are going to buy are product.

Commercial Behavior and Product Pricing Strategy Many producers were unable to identify specific impacts of the WEEE Directive on product pricing strategy and consumer behavior as yet and were waiting for Directive implementation in major markets before making an assessment, as WEEE remains just one cost component of much more complex supply chains. Some however, did express the negative impact that the Directive would have in their product markets citing experience from countries with established national schemes.

34 | P a g e

Visible Fee Some respondents regarded a mandatory visible fee, i.e., where the recycling element is shown separately as providing some cushion against the impact of the Directive on price competition. Where the fee is integrated in the sales price of new products, it affects psychological price setting (e.g. 99, 199 Euro) which could influence competitive behavior between players on the market. Possible changes of visible fee, certainly increases, will have a greater impact on psychological price setting as an increase of the fee will affect the final price. It might be the case that any increase of the fee will directly affect producers profitability. Where the visible fee is not mandatory, it tends to disappear, leading to more pressure from dealers and retail price bargaining. Business-to-Business take back unaffected Those companies operating in B2B markets do not regard the Directive as impacting upon pricing strategy as implementation of the Directive remains less developed in the B2B area, and many companies already manage their own take back systems due to the specific highvalue nature of B2B used goods. Impacts of National Collective Schemes on Product Pricing Those producers in favour of competitive compliance models claimed their experience of what they consider national de facto monopolistic compliance schemes in Belgium, NL, Sweden, Norway, Switzerland indicate that although take back and recyclinMarket Impact of Directive activities are generally performed well, cost remains a major issue, impacting product pricing and margins. Competition rules A minority of producers expressed concerns that some of the activity under the Directive might be seen as a breach of EC competition law. They pointed out in particular to the operation of the Directive on the market for systems to fulfill obligations under the Directive, the market for the collection and treatment of WEEE, and the market for recovery and sale of secondary material. In particular, producers expressed concerns over the relationship between producers and waste management companies regarding of exclusivity of relationships, and restrictions on reselling of secondary material amongst other issues. Respondents based in Germany cited, in particular, the role played by the German Cartel office in this field and the caution expressed by industry of developing collective schemes with more than 25% of the market. Those who supported national collective schemes cited the fact that provision of services and subcontracts for collection and Recycling created an effective competitive market within the scheme itself.

35 | P a g e

Consumer behavior Established European compliance schemes owe their success to prevailing consumer recycling behavior. The level of WEEE recycling awareness in relation to specificproduct groups is also a key driver of success. Even in those countries that have a strong track record in WEEE recycling, it is proving difficult to influence disposal behaviour in relation to new product categories such as small bin-size items and items with perceived economic value such as mobile phones, where collection rates are significantly lower than in other categories.

Packaging Prior to shipment, e-waste must be carefully packaged to prevent breakage, loss or theft during transport. Materiel must be shrink-wrapped on pallets, contained in tri-wall/Gaylord boxes, or securely packaged in smaller boxes. At no time is materiel to be transported in bulk (loose materiel in roll-off bin, container or truck). This ensures that space is maximized during transport and storage, that materiel can be easily moved, and that the risk of theft is reduced during storage and transport. Poorly packaged materiel may topple and cause injury to employees or damage to property. Some types of materiel can also release toxins when broken. Employees of the federal government can watch a video which shows how to properly package a pallet of e-waste.

36 | P a g e

FINANCIALLY FEASIBILITY Our financial plan is based on receiving several loans to purchase/fabricate the production equipment, provide initial operating capital, and establish the customer base. We will achieve profitability early in the first year and due to the expected high growth rate, we will realize strong profits on sales by year three. Start-up Funding The start-up funding will be provided as follows: Owner equity investment of in the form of a loan from the Governments Revolving Loan Fund; this loan is secured by the owner's real estate assets. The Regional Revolving Loan Fund is an economic development fund sponsored by Govt. of India The balance of funding will be provided through an SBA guaranteed loan. Details of funding are shown in the table below. Start-up Funding Start-up Expenses to Fund 921800 Start-up Assets to Fund 9078200 Total Funding Required 1000000 Assets Non-cash Assets from Start-up 8269200 Cash Requirements from Start-up 809000 Additional Cash Raised 0 Cash Balance on Starting Date 80,9000 Total Assets 9078200 Liabilities and Capital Liabilities Current Borrowing 0 Long-term Liabilities 8500000 Accounts Payable (Outstanding Bills) 0 Other Current Liabilities (interest-free) 0 Total Liabilities 8500000 Capital Planned Investment Owner 1500000 Additional Investment Requirement 0 Total Planned Investment 1500000 Loss at Start-up (Start-up Expenses) (921800)
37 | P a g e

Total Capital Total Capital and Liabilities Total Funding

578200 9078200 10000000

Use of Funds The bulk of our Start-up funding will be used for capital asset purchases, listed in the table below. Use of Funds Use Processing Plants 2 x 1904600 Processing Plants built in-house 2 x 400000 Skid Truck 2 x 730000 (avg price) Sheds 48'x72' 4 x 185000 Backhoe Front-end Loader 2 x 500000 Tandem Dump Trailer Total Break-even Analysis
The chart and table below contain the break-even analysis for Mid-Atlantic Recycling.

Amount 3809200 800000 1460000 740000 400000 1000000 60000 8269200

38 | P a g e

Pro Forma Profit and Loss Sales Direct Cost of Sales Other Costs of Goods Total Cost of Sales Gross Margin Gross Margin % Expenses Payroll Sales and Marketing and Other Expenses Depreciation Rent Utilities Insurance Payroll Taxes Maintanence and Repair Other Total Operating Expenses Profit Before Interest and Taxes EBITDA Interest Expense Taxes Incurred Net Profit
39 | P a g e

Year 1 1,121,168 122,550 0 122,550 998,618 89.07% 374,053 12,000 165,384 0 18,000 18,000 56,108 4,800 24,000 672,345 326,273 491,657 57,217 67,264 201,792

Year 2 2,555,069 297,853 0 297,853 2,257,215 88.34% 766,326 24,000 325,384 40,000 36,000 36,000 114,949 9,600 48,000 1,400,259 856,956 1,182,340 52,956 201,000 603,000

Year 3 5,108,918 612,688 0 612,688 4,496,230 88.01% 1,422,040 48,000 645,384 100,000 72,000 72,000 213,306 20,000 96,000 2,688,730 1,807,500 2,452,884 48,223 439,819 1,319,458

Net Profit/Sales

18.00%

23.60%

25.83%

IMPEMENTATION STRATEGY We have clearly defined our target markets and have differentiated ourselves by offering a unique solution to our customers' needs. The primary focus of our marketing strategy must be to increase sales and profitability business quickly. This can be achieved by face-to-face contact, and an effective publicity and promotion campaign. Value Proposition Our value proposition is two-fold. Value proposition for municipalities: We offer a service that is a cost effective, budget saving means to addressing a growing waste disposal problem. Value proposition for end users of compost material: Compost is a valuable soil amendment that improves many soil properties, such as porosity, structural and thermal stability, water retention, resistance to wind and water erosion, and tillage. Compost also decreases soil crusting, regulates storage and release of nutrients, enhances the development of beneficial microorganisms, builds up plant resistance to parasites and disease, and promotes faster root development. Plants and crops treated properly with compost may produce higher yields and have less weed growth. Chemical fertilizers do not offer this value. Competitive Edge The competitive edges we have are summarized as follows. Cost: The price of our compost product is much less than chemical fertilizers. Organic product: We offer an organic product which is responsive to current market trends. This includes all of the advantages organics offer over chemicals. Recycled: Recycled products characterize a "caring company" and are more appealing to the customer's changing attitude toward organic fertilizer as opposed to chemical fertilizer. Elimination of disposal issues: Municipalities now have a waste that takes up landfill space. Our service recycles the waste which saves valuable landfill space. More effective between application times: Normal times between applications can range from two to four weeks. Our product lasts for many months, thereby saving the customer time and money (no additional expenditure for more product). HUBZone location: Provides advantage in selling to the government.
40 | P a g e

SDB and 8(a) certifications: Provide additional advantages in selling to the government. Marketing Strategy The marketing strategy is the core of the main strategy: Emphasize high value, high quality products and services. Build a relationship oriented business. Focus on municipalities, fertilizer manufacturers, landscapers, nurseries, and the federal government as key initial markets. Promotion Strategy Our promotional strategy will be two-fold: first phase promotion will focus on before, during, and six months following our opening; the second phase of promotion will deal with the long term. The purpose of the first phase is to assist with rapid market entry to ensure early and sustained profitability. The purpose of the second phase is to ensure long-term growth and help propel us toward achieving our goal of expanding state wide and across the Mid-Atlantic region.

First Phase Promotions Publicity: We will send news releases to all of the major newspapers in West Virginia. Publication of news articles about Mid-Atlantic Recycling will lend great credibility and be an excellent way to let all target markets know about this new, innovative business and the solutions it provides for municipalities and users of compost or fertilizers. We will similarly seek publicity in the form of news stories from local (eastern West Virginia) radio and television stations. Advertising: We will utilize direct mail and face-to-face promotional strategies to raise awareness about our products and services in the target markets. Newspaper advertising may also be used. Radio and television ads are not certain, we will evaluate their effectiveness before further implementation. Internet: We will have a content heavy website geared toward educating potential customers about the benefits of our products and services. All literature, business cards, etc. will include our website and e-mail address information. Alliances: We intend to form alliances with fertilizer manufacturers to use our product in their fertilizer and/or distribute our product for us. Second Phase Promotions Publicity: As the business grows and expands we will continue to seek publicity through news media to tout our successes. Advertising: We will continue to make face-to-face contact with customers and potential customers. Mail-outs will be done again within a few months of start up. The second round of mail outs will be updated to reflect the benefits provided to customers thus far. Such mail-outs will be sent periodically. Internet: We will continue to have a comprehensive website. The website will be updated to provide responses to frequently asked questions. After the first six months, and certainly after the first year, we will evaluate the viability of having target clients advertise on our site, and conversely, we will evaluate viability of advertising on our target clients websites (if applicable). Alliances: We will continue to seek mutually beneficial and complementary alliances with manufacturers where applicable.

41 | P a g e

Positioning Statement For municipalities seeking an answer to their waste disposal problems, Mid-Atlantic Recycling is the service of choice and trusted strategic ally who gives them a cost effective solution. For users of fertilizer and soil amendment products, Mid-Atlantic Recycling is a dependable provider of low cost and consistent high quality compost products. Pricing Strategy The going rate per ton for compost is $50 and up. This price is low enough to ensure rapid growth in the market yet still provide a very healthy profit, given that we have no direct competition and chemical fertilizer is much more expensive. This is possible because we are on the front end of the industry growth in this region. However, according to the West Virginia University Cooperative Extension Service, we may be able to analyze and register our material as a fertilizer. In that case the price per ton will be in the 10000 per ton range still well below the rate of 25000 per ton charged for manufactured chemical fertilizers; given this scenario, the sales figures below are very conservative. Additionally, we will be priced at market rates for the waste disposal service we offer to municipalities. Tipping fees are generally 150 and up per ton. Additionally, we will charge competitive skid box rental fees and transportation costs. Sales Strategy Mid-Atlantic Recycling's sales strategy is relatively straightforward. Get the word out about our products and services to potential customers, educate them as to the value added by our products and services, and the product/service will sell itself. Our present management team will become the main sales force when operations begin. MidAtlantic Recycling's sales force will increase as business demand permits. In the first six to twelve months of operations, our sales team will focus its efforts on municipalities, fertilizer manufacturers, farmers, small nurseries and other related companies. The team will promote the products based on their environmental strengths and extended duration. Mid-Atlantic Recycling will use other channels of selling after the first year. Face-to-face contact and direct mail selling are part of the selling plan. Sales Forecast The table below outlines the sales forecast and cost of goods sold. The forecast is based on reasonable sales projections within this very large market. An additional revenue stream will be the collection and removal of sawdust, wood chip, and bark from the International Paper Company on a full time basis; the contract for this work has been won. The sawdust materials collected will be used in the composting process. The high growth is based on our plans to expand by increasing operations in Monroe County and placing similar facilities in other areas of the West Virginia. We anticipate that by 2005 we will have two such facilities and by 2006 we anticipate having four. Thus our sales forecast doubles in each of those years. Improperly managed e-waste disposal has serious implications for the environment, human health, and information security. The environmentally sound and secure management of e-waste is a key element of the federal government greening government operations agenda. As part of its 2007-09 Sustainable Development Strategy, PWGSC has committed to implement a government-wide strategy to reduce the environmental impact of electronic and electrical equipment by 2010. This strategy will address the lifecycle management of these assets through the planning, acquisition, use/maintenance and disposal phases.
42 | P a g e

RISK ANALYSIS
Health and Safety Issue Potential for unexpected release and hazardous uncontrolled swinging of the skip and overbalancing of the skip lorry. This can occur when the tipping hooks fail to engage with the catch bar on the skip but temporarily snag on a lip protruding from the base of the skip instead. During tipping the hooks are pushed off the lip which releases the skip causing it to swing, the momentum of which may cause the front of the lorry to lift and may result in the lorry overbalancing. Skips should be examined and modified as applicable so as to ensure the hooks engage only on the catch bar. People in commercial waste containers. Risk of serious injury or death. New guidance issued to help those producing, storing or collecting commercial waste to eliminate or minimize the risks. CONCLUSION Monitors & CRT, keyboards, laptops, modems, telephone boards, hard drives, floppy drives, Compact disks, mobiles, fax machines, printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires & cables can be recycled. Recycling involves dismantling i.e. removal of different parts of e-waste containing dangerous substances like PCB, Hg, separation of plastic, removal of CRT, segregation of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and printed circuit boards. Recyclers use strong acids to remove precious metals such as copper, lead, gold. The value of recycling from the element could be much higher if appropriate technologies are used. The recyclers working in poorlyventilated enclosed areas without mask and technical expertise results in exposure to dangerous and slow poisoning chemicals. The existing dumping grounds in India are full and overflowing beyond capacity and it is difficult to get new dumping sites due to scarcity of land. Therefore recycling is the best possible option for the management of e-waste. If a local authority, business or charity collects and segregates non-household WEEE for re-use, the re-usable WEEE will only cease to be waste at the time of segregation if there is an auditable system that ensures that almost all of the items segregated will in fact be re-used (following repair if necessary). In describing the amount of electronic products sold, stored, recycled, disposed of, and exported in the United States, we made a series of assumptions and estimates because information was not always complete or current, and it was sometimes developed for purposes other than deriving national estimates. The products covered in this analysis are: Televisions Personal computers (desktops, laptops, portables, and computer monitors) Hard copy computer peripherals (including printers, scanners, and fax machines) Computer mice Keyboards

43 | P a g e

Cell phones

In response to stakeholder requests for detailed examination of the sales and management of the electronics most commonly addressed by community collection programs and state recycling legislation, EPA looked at this issue from two different points of view. EPA assembled two different data sets and used two different methodologies to estimate the amounts of commonly handled electronics that are stored, reused, recycled and disposed. The analyses: Estimate the number and weight of products that become obsolete and need EOL management annually. Estimate the amount of electronic products that are recycled or disposed of. Estimate the amount of EOL electronic equipment that is stock-piled. Examine the collection rates of current electronics recycling programs to indicate the amount of material that is available for recycling. Examine the export of EOL electronic material that is collected for recycling.

Looking at both of the detailed reports together, it is evident that the results are quite similar. We believe that the dual approaches lend credibility to the range of results obtained and enable readers to view the results from several different and helpful angles. We used different data sets to estimate primary outcomes, including recycling, and disposal rates, which we present as ranges.

44 | P a g e

You might also like