How fiber optics works The operation of an Optical Fibre is based on the principle of Total Internal Reflection (TIR).

Light reflects or refracts (bends) depending on the angle at which it strikes a surface. This occurs because different interfaces between materials refract light in different ways. Core and Cladding n Optical fibre consists of two different types of highly pure! solid glass to form the core and cladding! o"er which a dual layer protecti"e coating is applied to protect the fibre during cabling # laying # terminating process Single Mode and Multi Mode Fibres MULTI MODE $ulti mode fibre was the first type of commercial fibre! which has larger core diameter (%& or '(.%nm) allowing multiple modes of light to propagate through the fibre simultaneously. It is used primarily for short distances ()(*$) such as L + communication! due to more loss and less bandwidth capacity. SI!"LE MODE ,ingle $ode fibre has a much smaller core (-./&nm) that allows only one mode of light at a time to propagate through the core. This is widely used for all "oice#data transmission applications o"er long distances and high capacities SI!"LE MODE FI#$E %E$FO$M&!CE CH&$&CTE$STICS The two key parameters are0 '( &ttuenuation and )( Dispersion '( &ttenuation It is the reduction of signal strength or light power o"er the length of the fibre and is measured in d1#*$. Lower attenuation (loss) means lesser repeaters! thus reducing cost and increasing reliability. Typical "alues are &.2%d1 at /2/&nm and &.(%d1 at /%%&nm. )( Dispersion0 It is the smearing or broadening of an optical signal that results from the many wa"elength components tra"elling at different rates. This limits the ma3. data rate carrying capacity of a ,$ fibre link. The wa"elength at which the 4ispersion e5uals 6ero is called the 78ero.4ispersion 9a"elength:! which is the wa"elength at which the fibre has its ma3. information carrying capacity. For ,$ fibres! it is around /2/&nm. It is measured in ;ico.seconds # nm.*$. It is possible to shift the 6ero dispersion wa"elength to /%%&nm by manufacturing techni5ues! to allow more bandwidth and longer distances. Cut Off *a+elengt, It is the wa"elength at which a single mode fibre will start acting as multimode fibre. This is lower than the operating wa"elength $elated &ccessories - Ter.inolog/ Fusion Splice0 fusion (arc) Techni5ue. To form permanent connections between fibres in the system using

Typical Loss . &.&< to &./d1. Mec,anical Splice0 lternate method for emergency restoration. =igher loss . &./ to &.%d1.

Connectors ;ro"ide remateable connections! typically at termination points. %igtails0 %atc, cords ,hort length of fle3ible fibre optic cables for terminations at the >5uipments . Fusion Splicer ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Inset heat shrinkable slee"e to one of the fibres $ount the prepared fibre in the ,plicing machine lign the fibres Fuse the fibres @heck the splice loss using OT4R If the splice loss is within the limit! remo"e the splice put the splice protector fter the slee"e shrinks remo"e the same fi3 it in the splice protection tray *eep the splice protection tray in the Aoint closure of fibre distribution frame frame and close it.

Factors w,ic, can affect t,e loss of a Fusion splice ? ? ? ? ? ? >3ternal factors like dirt! dust etc. @lea"e angle Fibre positioning or "iew angle Beometry of the fibres >ccentrically positioned fibre cores ;roblems with the machine itself

How to identif/ t,e factors w,ic, gi+es ,ig, loss1 /. @lean the fibre and the C.Broo"es weel to ensure that the e3ternal parameters are not affecting the splice loss. (. Ciew the splice parameters while splicing so that the clea"e angle! "iew angle and geometry of the fibre can be "erified. 2 @heck whether the machine is okay Mec,anical Splicing ? Install mechanical splice in the splice tool ? Insert the prepared fibre into one side of the mechanical splice ? Insert the second prepared fibre to the other side of the mechanical splice. ? ;ush both the fibres till they touch each other and fi3 the fibre on the tool to a"oid mo"ement. ? @heck the insertion loss using an OT4R ? ;ress the top of the mechanical splice loss using the tool if the splice loss is within the limits ? Remo"e the mechanical splice and fibres from the tool and put the same in a splice holding tray. ? @lose the splice holding tray and transfer the same to Aoint closure or fibre distribution frame depending on the application

Fibre preparation for splicing and connectorisation O%E$&TIO! /. Remo"e cable outer coating to the re5uired length (. Remo"e loose tube or tight tube Aacket to the re5uired length. 2. @ut the *e"lar in the case of tight Aacket fibre to the re5uired length <. Remo"e Aelly using isopropyl alcohol in case of dispenser and %. loose Aacked fiber %. ,trip the fiber to the re5uired length D&&#/(%um '. @lea"e the fibre to the re5uired length Ordinary @lea"er E. @lean the Fibre Test Instru.ents ? ? ? OTD$ 0 Optical Time 4omain Reflectometer .To detect faults#breaks in the FO links. Optical %ower Meter 0 To measure the optical power at the end of Fibre. Optical Source 0 To send light source in to the Fibre for testing. Laser#L>4. TOOL USED @able ,litter Loose tube stripper or @ord stripping pliers. @eramic ,cissors. Isopropyl lcohol tissuepaper Fiber stripper (%&#/(%um! =igh ;recision or Isopropyl locohol

OTD$ and its principle

OT4R system inAects the pulse in optical fiber F measure the amplitude ( and pulse width) of back reflected pulse in time domain. OT4R system consist of Optical ,ystem and measuring >lectronics in single module

It uses t,e si.ple principle of reflection2

G,ome amount of an optical signal ( that is light of certain wa"elength) is reflected back from point (or points) where it found irregularity in refracti"e inde3 of propagation medium. The amount of reflection gi"es the information regarding surface 5uality at that point and distance of point from source.H
&pplication in TTL !etowork / To all the 4oT ;oIs (. From $ain ,witch to @oncentrator sites 2. $ain ,witch to a few @4$ @ell sites. <. In future to @ustomers (I,;s) for high capacity leased lines. %resent Intracit/ capacit/ Future #ackbone Capacit/ D*DM . ,T$./ (/%%$1#s /-D& "oice chls) ,T$.< ('(($1#, E%'& "oice chls) . ,T$./' ((.%Bb#,) . 4ense 9a"elength 4i"ision

$ultiple3ing (n 3 ,T$./') *,/ Use Fiber Optics1 2 *ide #andwid, ? =igh carrying capacity including "oice! data and Cideo ? 94$ Technology supports lakhs of channels on a pair of optical fiber ? @an carry hundreds of =4TC @hannels )2 *,/ Use Fiber Optics1 ? 4igital Transmission is superior to analog transmission because the original signal transmitted can be faithfully reproduced at the recei"ing stations. ? Light pulses spread much less compared to other signals ? Low 1it error rates.

32 Low &ttenuations ? ? ? ? ? ,pacing between the repeater stations can be increased. ,peed of transmission increases as the number of repeater stations is reduced Iuality of ser"ice impro"es as the no. of repeater stations is reduced. @ost of the systems will reduce with the reduction in repeater stations. Reliability increases as the no. of repeater stations is reduced

42 Electro Magnetic I..unit/ ? +ot affected by stray magnetic fields. ? 4oes not create electro.magnetic radiation ? >3tremely good for applications in areas with high magnetic field like induction e5uipment! high tension o"er head lines etc. ? Ideal for computer networking process control etc. 52 S.all Si6e ? ? ? 72 Lig,t *eig,t ? ? 82 Safet/ ? ? 92 Securit/ ? ? :2 $eliabilit/ ? Fiber optic cables do not radiate any electro magnetic energy. ,o! it is "ery difficult to tap the same. >3tremely good for applications like security agencies! 4efense etc. 4oes not react with most of the known chemicals ,uperior resistance to most of the acids! alkalis! water! nuclear radiation etc. 1est suited for applications in ha6ardous areas and difficult terrain. >asy to install and maintain Ideal for applications like airplanes! rockets! satellites! submarines etc. Fiber Optic cable is only one tenth the si6e of co.a3ial cable for the same carrying capacity. @an replace co.a3ial systems in underground ducts directly. Replacement of co.a3ial cable by fiber optic cable of the same si6e! the capacity increases by many folds.

? 4oes not react with water ? =igh resistance to nuclear radiation and heat ? Cery few breakdowns ? +o insulation failures ';2 Ease of Installation < Maintenance ? >asier to install in comparison to a copper cable. ? utomatic splicing machines ha"e impro"ed the splice loss to &.&(d1 per splice ? Latest Aoint closures! termination bo3es! splice trays etc. are e3tremely easy to handle. ? d"anced test instruments can locali6e the faults within /m in a few minutes ''2 Upgradabilit/ ? @apacity can be increased considerably by Aust changing the terminal e5uipment +o need to replace the cables ,ame fiber can also operate at different wa"elengths using 94$ technology increase the capacity further. ')2 %rice ? Cery good price to performance ratio ;rices of cables! e5uipment! accessories and test instruments are steadily coming down due to high "olumes. $ultimedia and more such ser"ices in the same fiber will bring down the cost further in the future. Fiber Optics = #asics Optical Fiber . Light . Optical Fiber . $edium of @ommunication @arrier of Information @ore and @ladding (@ore inner part and @ladding outer part

Speed of lig,t and refracti+e inde> in different .edia Refracti"e Inde3(n) of a medium medium. Material Cacuum ir 9ater /.22 Fused Iuart6 Blass 4iamond $efracti+e Inde>?n( /.& /.&&&2(I) /.<' /.% (.% J ,peed of light in "acuum#speed of light in the

Speed of lig,t ?k.ps( 2&&.&&& 2&&.&&& ((%.&&& (&%.&&& (&&.&&& /(&.&&&