CONTENTS 1. RISAT-1 Satellite Overview 4.5 2. Mission Overview 2.1 Mission Specifications 2.2 Mission elements 3.

RISAT Specifications 3.1 RISAT-1 Orbit 3.2 RISAT Subsystems with heritage / new element 3.3 Mechanical Systems 3.3.1 Structure 3.3.2 Coordinate System & Panel Nomenclature 3.3.3 Mechanisms 3.4 Thermal 3.5 BDH 3.6 SSR 3.7 RF Systems 3.7.1 TTC RF 3.7.2 X-Band RF 3.8 SPS 3.9 Power Systems 3.10 On Board Computer (OBC) 3.11 AOCS 3.12 Actuators 4. Data Reception Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Station requirements to track and receive RISAT-1 data 4.3 IMGEOS configuration 4.4 Data reception station specifications

4.6

4.7 4.8

4.9

4.4.1 Brief description of data reception station Detailed functional reception of data reception station Antenna and tracking pedestal 4.6.1 Antenna 4.6.2 Pedestal 4.6.3 Drive chain 4.6.4 Azimuth housing 4.6.5 Elevation housing Technical specifications Dual Polarized S/X band feed & RF systems 4.8.1 Dual Polarized S/X band Feed 4.8.2 Feed Specifications 4.8.3 X-band DPC (Divider, Phase, Shifter, Coupler) 4.8.4 S-band DPC 4.8.5 X-band Up/Down Converter 4.8.6 X-band down Converter 4.8.7 X-band Up Converter 4.8.8 S-band Down Converter 4.8.9 Integrated tracking system IF and Base band Systems pg.1

6 7

4.9.1 Programmable IF matrix 4.9.2 IF Fiber optic link 4.9.3 High data rate demodulators 4.10 Digital servo control system 4.11 Antenna drive unit 4.11.1 Antenna control unit 4.12 tracking network configuration 4.12.1 Station automation system 4.13 Station Control computer Level 0 Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Station work flow manager 5.3 Data ingest system 5.4 Timing systems 5.4.1 IRIG-G time code translator SAR payload for RISAT 6.1 Modes of operation RISAT data products and formats 7.1 Raw signal products (Level-0) 7.2 Ellipsoid Geocoded Products (Level-2) 7.3 Value added products 7.4 Image Quality parameters Product quality control 8.1 Meta file verification 8.2 Format validation 8.3 Geometric check

8.4 Radiometric check 8.5 Band to band registration (BBR) 9 Data Access and Distribution 9.1 Services 9.1.1 Polygon based query / ordering/ collects 9.1.2 Map sheet number based query 9.1.3 Location name based query 9.1.4 Point (Lat-Long ) based query 9.1.5 Search for images based on shape file 9.1.6 Search for images based on date of pass/ ordering 9.2 Product status monitoring 9.3 Services for offline users 10 Payload Programming 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Registered users 10.1.2 Offline users 10.1.3 Ground station users 10.2 Payload Programming activity 10.2.1 Options for placing the pg.2

programming request 10.2.2 Request status 10.2.3 PPSSystem 11 Applications 11.1 Forestry 11.2 Crop 11.3 Agricultural 11.4 Flood

1. RISAT-1 SATELLITE OVERVIEW RISAT mission is envisaged to fly a SAR imaging payload for supplementing to the needs of remote sensing users across the globe. data With its

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capabilities to operate in day, night and all weather conditions, SAR is an important sensor, which either in standalone mode or as complementary to electro-optical sensors, will cater to diverse resources and environmental monitoring applications even during cloud cover times. The basic nature of data, which is a function of a microwave returned signal, will significantly enhance the scope of satellite remote sensing and develop newer applications. RISAT will be launched by ISROs own PSLV launch vehicle, as the launch parameters are well within the capabilities. The interface of the satellite with the launch vehicle is through circular merman band clamp (937VB Version) to match with PSLV launcher interface.

ii) To develop and operate a compatible satellite to meet the mission requirements operating in three axis stabilized mode in 536.38 km circular sun synchronous orbit. iii) To establish ground segment to receive and process SAR data. iv) To develop related algorithms and data products to serve in well established application areas and also to enhance the mission utility. 2.2Mission elements To meet the defined mission objectives, various components as required by the mission including SAR payload, satellite, orbit, satellite management in orbit and data handling on ground have been defined. SAR mission will be operational in

2. Mission 2.1Mission Objectives The objectives of RISAT are, i)To develop a multimode, agile SAR payload operating in scanSAR, strip and spot modes to provide images with coarse, fine and high spatial resolutions respectively.

nature.

Mission specifications are

similar to contemporary international missions. SAR payload has a multi-mode capability for catering to Continuous fine resolution strip mode for initial reconnaissance, infrastructure development applications, disaster management etc. ,

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Wide swath scanSAR mode for agriculture, forestry, flood mapping, geological applications etc. High resolution spotlight special applications mode for

A polar sun synchronous orbit at 536.38 kms altitude and inclination of 97.554 deg. with repetivity cycle of 377 orbits in 25 days with a descending node local time of 6:00 AM +/- 5 min is chosen . Main guiding parameter for choosing the orbit for RISAT-1 is achieving a global coverage in a systematic way for a given swath. Other considerations such as interferometric of applications, oxygen the and presence atomic

The satellite is fabricated to have agility for maximizing the imaging in highresolution mode, with Data transmission in real time as well as in storage mode. RISAT technology has been chosen so that RISAT. Mission result in Elements of RISAT-1 of are userpresented in Figure :1 , and these will the continuity is maintained in follow-on missions of

atmospheric drag have also been kept in view. Orbit parameters are planned to be variable as per mission operation requirements modes. 3.2RISAT Subsystems with heritage /new elements RISAT-1 has 13 new sub systems, and hertitage and past experience exists for remaining 10 subsystems. Power Sub systems works on 70 V bus, generated from CFRP based solar panels and 70 AH Ni-H battery. Miniaturized version of TTC-RF sub systems and High data rate modulator, Phase locked loop based Xband system are used. antenna is used for Phase array SAR data for various imaging

theDevelopment

friendly data products and data archival. Fig.1 Mission Elements of RISAT-1

3RISAT Specifications 3.1RISAT-1 Orbit:

transmission using Dual polarized wave

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guide radiating elements. mission. DSS,

SPS sub

structure to accommodate the solar arrays, majority of the sensors and antennae is provided. The triangular structure with SAR antenna is identified as PAYLOAD module and the cuboid structure with solar arrays is called as SOLAR PANEL module. Sufficientgap is available between the payload module and the solar panel module so that there is no interference between the solar array and the SAR antenna in launch configuration as well as on-orbit configuration. 3.3.2 Coordinate System & Panel

system is same as used in Carto-2 INSAT type SPSS, two axes IRS-P6 Star sensor with

improvement in update rate, package density and satellite interface to MILSTD-1553B interface, Conventional conical earth sensor are used. 50NMS & 0.3NM Torque wheels , IRU sub systems as in Carto-2 and (8+1) 11 N Thrusters are used as actuators. SAR payload is based on TR module based architecture. BDH and SSR are new type of sub systems for RISAT-1. 3.3 Mechanical systems Radar Imaging satellite (RISAT) is built around a bus for ongoing IRS missions in the weight class of 2000kg. RISAT weight is 1850 kg out of which SAR payload weight is around 950 kg. 3.3.1 Structure The main structure of RISAT consists of one single cylinder of 2.77 m height (approx). cylinder The has a bottom side of the truncated triangular

Nomenclature The center of gravity of the satellite is taken as the origin of the co-ordinate system attitude considered for the satellite control and attitude Refer the purposes.

determination RISAT mission.

following figure for axis definition of

structure to hold the SAR antenna and major bus service elements. At the topside of the cylinder a cuboid

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control tapes, quartz wool blanket, Sink plates and heat pipes. Heaters will be provided to maintain temperatures during cold conditions. The orbit and orientation of RISAT gives rise to the following factors that decide the thermal design approach of the Main Bus as well as payload :No eclipse during winter and Fig. 2 Roll, Yaw and Pitch Positive Yaw Axis From CG towards and perpendicular to SAR antenna in deployed configuration (towards center of earth) Positive Pitch Axis From CG towards the bottom deck of the triangular structure supporting the SAR Antenna. Positive Roll Axis Perpendicular to +ve Yaw and +ve Pitch axis 3.5 BDH The data handling system of RISAT is configured in the form of two formatters for each of RX1 (V) and RX2 (H) receivers from the SAR payload. The 3.3.3 Mechanisms RISAT employs mechanism 3.4 Thermal Thermal control will be provided using space proven thermal control elements such as OSR, MLI, paints, thermal SAR deployment mechanism andSolar array deployment SAR data is transferred to BDH through LVDS Serializer -Deserializer interface where each data line is at the rate of 218.75 Mbps and clock signal of 31.25 MHz. The de-serialized output (SAR Data) is written in memory as long as the data window from SAR P/L is HIGH. In the next data window, the SAR data completing the right handed system. Roll axis is along the deployed SAR Antenna. equinox, Eclipse only during summer (22 minutes maximum), resulting Sun in rays high incident on SAR radiator with small incident angle temperature, More earthshine load on Earth viewing panel due to reduced altitude. Reduced albedo load due to 6AM/6PM equatorial crossing time

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is read from the memory by the formatter for formatting along with necessary auxiliary data. Two memories per receiver are used for the ping-pong operation of memory write and memory read simultaneously. The formatter clock is 32 MHz or 10 MHz depending upon the data rates of SAR P/L. All clocks are derived from 160 MHz crystal oscillators. Null flag concept is used for optimum utilization of SSR. When the data rate of SAR P/L and BDH overhead together is greater than 640Mbps, real time transmission is not possible and data have to be recorded in SSR. Recorded data can be played back later. Differential Encoder is used to remove four-phase ambiguity of QPSK. BDH has functionalities like payload interface, formatter, 1553 interface, differential encoding clock generation, final parallel to serial conversion and DC/DC. 3.6 SSR The RISAT SSR has a capacity of 300 G bits , realized with six memory boards of 50 G bits capacity each . The memory boards, by default are configured into two partitions each of 150 G bits with three memory boards per partition.

Main Mode Description a) Standby mode b) Retention mode c) Record mode d) Playback mode 3.7 RF Systems 3.7.1TTC RF The TT&C (RF) system for RISAT consists of two chains of PLL coherent SBand Transponder connected to a common null filling antenna system The (Two basic antennae system consisting of main and antenna). configuration is identical to the ones employed in earlier IRS missions. The TC demodulation scheme is PSK/PCM with a date rate of 4KBPS. Frequencies: Receiver frequency : 2071.875 MHz Transmitter frequency : 2250.00 MHz 3.7.2 X-Band RF The X-Band RF is required to do the following operations: To accept the payload data from the base band Data Handling system. To modulate the above data on two XBand carriers and transmit the same to ground after suitable amplification and filtering.

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In the proposed data transmission for RISAT, half the data i.e. 320 MBPS will be transmitted in right hand circular polarisation (RHCP) and the remaining 320 MBPS in the left hand circular polarisation (LHCP); two identical chains operating at 8.2125 GHz are used to transmit 640 MBPS of payload data. The carrier generation section, QPSK modulator section, filter units, selection of Main and redundant chain units are identical in all the chains as the frequency of operation and modulation schemes are identical. Both the chains have end to end redundancy. The spherical phased array antenna has radiating elements distributed almost uniformly on a hemispherical surface. It generates a beam in the required direction by switching ON only those elements, which can contribute significantly towards the beam direction. It is proposed to use the 64 element array. 3.8 SPS Satellite Positioning System (SPS) for RISAT comprises of 10-channel C/A code GPS receiver at L1 (1575.42 MHz) frequency. SPS is designed for

computing the state vector of the highdynamic platform. 3.9 Power Systems Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) Power System consists of Solar array panels of rigid Al with 6 honeycomb

sandwiched between CFRP face skin and arranged in two wings with three panels in each wing in +ve roll and -ve roll axes, chemical Battery for power storage and power electronics for power conditioning and distribution. The power system for RISAT is designed to (a) meet the 6AM/6PM orbit illumination conditions; (b) to cater to large power requirement of HRSAR (High Resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar) payload; and (c) solar eclipse conditions during summer solstice. The power system configuration is arrived to meet all the requirements and consists of a fully regulated 70V Bus, regulated by Solar array regulator during sunlit. Battery Discharge Regulator (BDR) supports power to the bus when the load demand exceeds the array generation during payload operation and eclipse conditions by regulating the bus to 70V and protected against over voltage, under voltage, over current and is single point

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failure proof. To provide the required voltage to the subsystems which cannot adopt to 70V bus within RISAT time frame, there is a provision for auxiliary bus of 42V which is fully protected and distributed through two hubs as ABUS1 and ABUS2 each with separate high current fuses. Further distribution to individual users is from fuse boxes placed at convenient locations. To power the core power and uplink even under Battery Emergency conditions during eclipse two uninterrupted Buses are formed by Or-ing Battery and Main Bus. U-Bus1 and U-Bus2 will power Main &Redt Domestic & OBC DC/DCs and are distributed through separate fuses. SADA is incorporated to compensation for the reduction in power during space craft +-36 deg rotations and eclipses. The energy storage system for RISAT employs a single NiH2 battery of 70AH capacity, consisting of 42 cells. The protection mechanism exists for battery during over discharge conditions similar to other spacecrafts. Power Electronics elements ensure, regulation of solar array power to regulate the bus, and performs battery managements

Power consists

Electronics of cell

subsystem

also

Domestic monitoring,

Regulator, Four-cell

individual

logic, Battery charge controller, OBC and GC Interfaces. 3.10 On Board Computer(OBC) In order to minimize power, weight, and volume, the spacecraft functions like command, housekeeping (Telemetry), Attitude and Orbit Control, Thermal Management, Sensor data processing etc., have been integrated into a single package called On board computer (OBC) which also implements the MIL STD 1553B protocol for interfacing with other subsystems of the spacecraft.. The use of MIL-STD-1553B interfaces between OBC and other subsystems greatly decreases the volume and mass of cabling and the associated connectors. The OBC system is realizing the following spacecraft functions: Sensor electronics Command Processing Telemetry and House-keeping Attitude and Orbit Control (AOCS) (RF) for command and

Besides, the OBC interfaces with Power, TM-TTC telemetry, Sensors, Heaters, Thrusters

distributes power to the various users.

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and Reaction Wheels through special logics. A functionally redundant OBC is also present. Either of the OBCs can be selected implements spacecraft for data transfer - Star Sensor, SPS, WDE, DTG, DH, SSR and PAA. 11 AOCS RISAT AOCS modules are derived from Carto-2B with modifications required for RISAT mission and are implemented in OBC. AOCS Specifications during Imaging are stated as follows : Pointing : 0.05 (3) Drift Rate : 3.0 e-04 /s (3) The attitude orbit control system for RISAT is configured with thefollowing sensors: 4 Sun sensor 2 Nos. Magnetometer 2 Nos. IRU (Inertial Reference Unit) Digital sun sensor 1 No., Solar panel sun sensor 2 sets (4 Nos.) 3 Nos., RW 4 nos.and SADA, Star Sensor 2 Nos., Earth sensor 2 Nos., for the operation. 1553 It also for protocol

4 5

Actuators Eight Numbers of Canted 11 N thrusters (Mono propellant drazine system operating in blow down mode) with two axis canting from +Pitch axis for Acquisition and OM operation. One Nos of Reaction Center 11 N Wheels of thruster for OM operation, four Capacity (0.3 Nm Torque and 50.0 NMS @ 4410 RPM) mounted in tetrahedral configuration about Pitch axis. Maximum Operating Speed Reaction is upto wheels 4500 are used RPM. for

interfacing with other subsystems of the

Normal Mode and for OM Rotation. - 2 Magnetic Torquers of 60.0 Am2 Capacity mounted along Roll and Pitch axis for Momentum Dumping.

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Mission Requirements 1.1 Mission Requirements Basic system configuration of a high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on an IRS platform is outlined in this chapter. Primarily, the SAR system configuration is designed to meet the following basic objectives: It should meet applications conforming to national requirements. It should be multimode one to meet different resolution and swath requirements. It should be agile for minimizing revisit time and maximizing operational flexibility. Technology used should be state of the art, survive obsolescence and adaptable for other different frequency bands in future missions. As the first development of spaceborne SAR in ISRO, the SAR will be developed for single frequency because of technical complexity and the need for developing the sensor in shortest possible time frame. From application considerations, the SAR will be designed in C-band with single/dual/quad polarization capability. For this purpose, active antenna technology with the capability of electronic beam steering, meeting all the above requirements of multi mode operation, agility and state of the art features, has been identified. Implementation of High Resolution SAR development is planned in two stages: Development of prototype model SAR with scaled version of active antenna using commercial components. The basic aim is to

Basic system configuration of a high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on an IRS develop and demonstrate expertise at reduced cost. Subsequent delivery of flight model spaceborne SAR within a further time frame of 2 years. 1.2 Frequency and Polarization Selection The selection of operational frequency and polarization are driven by the applications demanding a wide range of resolution / swath / polarization combinations. From resolution considerations, resolution cell should be sufficiently large in comparison with the wavelength (about 10 times the wavelength). Hence, typically 3 m is the highest resolution in L-band, 1.5 to 2 m in Sband, 1 m in C/X-bands and 10-20 cm in Ku/Ka band. Higher resolutions (1m or better) are feasible for C-band frequencies and higher because of bandwidth allocation considerations. Total bandwidth allocation for radar applications is 80 MHz for L-band, 210 MHz for C-band, 350 MHz for X-band and 500 MHz for X-band. Hence, for ground mapping and coastal applications, like oil slick & ships detection, etc. C- and X-band are preferred. For civilian applications like agriculture, soil moisture, forestry, flood mapping and ocean related studies both C- and L-band with cross polarization are preferred. Ocean related studies are served best by VV-polarization and land related

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studies are aided by HH-polarization. Provision of both co- and cross- polar data aids significantly in discrimination of features. Co-polar return is mainly affected by surface or canopy scattering. Cross-polar return is mainly governed by volume scattering which depends on penetration through canopy/surface. So, higher the frequency poorer will be the return in cross-polarization. Hence, polarimetry is best suited in lower frequency bands like P, L and C. Polarimetry is not usually applicable for X and higher frequency bands. These considerations have led to the choice of C-band frequency operation with single/dual/quad polarization capability to exploit the maximum gamut of applications. 1.3 Modes of Operation The RISAT High Resolution SAR will be operating in C-band at a frequency of 5.35 GHz. The spacecraft altitude has been fixed at 608.958 km from the 13day repetivity considerations. The SAR system has been designed to provide constant swath for all elevation pointing and almost near constant minimum radar cross section performance. The proposed SAR will operate in the following basic modes, the details of which are given in Table-2.1. (Operational philosophy of the modes is briefly outlined here for better comprehensibility of the discussion that follows. Key issues pertaining to these modes are discussed later in this chapter under separate section.) Fine Resolution Stripmap Mode-1 (FRS-1) with 3 m resolution. This mode is based on Stripmap imaging,

which is the conventional mode of SAR. In this, the orientation of the antenna beam is fixed with respect to flight path so that a strip of constant swath (here, 30 km) is illuminated along the flight direction. The stripmap SAR image dimension is limited only in the across track and not in the along track dimension (limited only by on-board recorder capacity). Coarse Resolution ScanSAR Mode (CRS) with 240 km swath. The ScanSAR mode allows for a multifold increase of the range swath dimension. This is achieved by periodically stepping the antenna beam to the neighboring subswaths (in the range direction). In this case, the radar is continuously ON, but only a portion of the full synthetic antenna length is available for each target in a subswath. This causes a degradation of the achievable azimuth resolution with respect to the strip map case. In other words, the range swath dimension increases at the expense of azimuth resolution. In the CRS-mode of RISAT, there will 12 beams to cover each sub-swath of 20 km (either side of the intermediate sub-swaths will have an overlap of 10 km from the preceding and succeeding sub-swaths, thereby reducing the effective sub-swath width from 30 km to 20 km). Therefore, total swath in CRS mode would be 240 km. Medium Resolution ScanSAR Mode (MRS) with 120 km swath. This is a 6-beam scanSAR mode, similar to the CRS mode. Fine Resolution Stripmap Mode-2 (FRS-2) with quad polarization

pg.13

capability. Philosophically, this mode is a hybrid stripmap&scanSAR. It is stripmap in the sense that the beam orientation is kept fixed with respect to the flight path and a strip of constant swath width is covered. Also, in a way it is similar to scanSAR, because for part of the aperture time the beam polarisation is switched from V-transmit to Htransmit, and vice-versa. Hence, this mode would be used for polarimetry, as we can have all the four combinations of polarisation, viz, VV, VH, HH& HV. High Resolution Spotlight Mode (HRS) with 1 m resolution. In the spotlight mode, the antenna beam is oriented continuously to illuminate a particular spot on the ground. This way, the target aperture time is increased which results in improved azimuth resolution (compared to that in the stripmap case). The improved resolution is obtained at the cost of azimuth coverage. The latter is partly improved by making use of sliding spotlight mode (hybrid spotlightstripmap mode). This imaging would be done over a spot size of 10 km x 10 km. An experimental mode to extend the azimuth coverage upto 100 km is also planned in this.

47 corresponding to off-nadir distances of 100 km and 700 km, respectively. Hence, a repeatability period of 13 days may be reduced to 2 days. This look angle variation is effected by electronic switching of the antenna beam in the elevation direction. This electronic switching of the beams is also necessary for ScanSAR modes of operation (MRS/ CRS). As shown in Fig.-2.1, SAR will operate with basic elevation beam width of 2.48o -1.67o, over a total ground distance of 600 km, starting from an off nadir distance of 100 km and upto 700km. Radiometric performance is guaranteed for the swaths covered from off-nadir distance of 200 km to 600 km (qualified region) and for the regions lying between 100 km to 200 km and 600 km to 700 km, the performance is not guaranteed (unqualified). Figure 2.1 shows the basic system geometry of the proposed SAR for operation of all the above-mentioned modes. The variation of the look angle and incidence angle for various off-nadir distances is illustrated in Fig 2.2.

These modes have been illustrated in Fig.2.1. 1.4 RISAT Imaging Geometry In order to provide greater flexibility in the selection of the look angles for different applications and to increase the effective repeatability, a region on the ground may be accessed by different look angles ranging from 9 to

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608.958 km 100

2.480-1.670 EL.BEAM 200 490 100km 400km 200km 700km 540

100 km (UNQUALIFIED )
100 km (UNQUALIFIED)

608.958 km

FRS-1/FRS-2 Mode

200 KM
400 km (QUALIFIED )

HRS Mode CRS Mode MRS Mode

Fig.-2.1 Basic System Geometry and Operating Modes of High Resolution SAR

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Table-2.1 Major Mission Parameters for Spaceborne High Resolution SAR Altitude Orbit Frequency Polarisation Swath coverage 608.958Km Sun synchronous (6 AM / 6 PM equatorial crossing) 5.35 GHz Single / Dual / Quad-polarization Either side of the flight track Selectable within 100 700 km off-nadir distance (100-200 km & 600-700 km regions are unqualified, the rest is qualified) 18 - 43 9 47 20 49 10 54 Microstrip Active antenna, 6m x 2m 44.5dB 63 on each side of the flight track (total 126) SSR with 240 Gbits 288 10 W 2.88 kW 3.86 kW On Ground 20 s

Look angle coverage

Incidence angle coverage

Qualified (200-600 km) Total (100-700 km) Qualified (200-600 km) Total (100-700 km)

Antenna Peak Gain Total no. of beams On board storage No. of TR Modules Transmitted power per TRM Antenna peak power AverageDC Input Power Range Compression Pulse width

Imaging Modes HRS Applicable Polarization Single & combinations Dual Swath/Spot Defined 10 (Az) x (km) 10(Rng)

FRS-1 Single & Dual 30

FRS-2 Quad 30

MRS Single & Dual 120

CRS Single & Dual 240

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Imaging Modes HRS Experimenta 100 (Az) l x 10(Rng) Resolution 1m x (Az x slant range) 0.7m Minimum sigma naught -16.3 (dB) (Qualified Region) Chirp bandwidth (MHz) 225 Sampling frequency (MHz) 250 96-163 Data window (s) PRF 3500 200 Hz No. of Qualified 27040Complex (20037120 Samples 600)Km Total 23960(10040720 700)Km Data Compression 3-bit BAQ Data Rate Considering 3-BAQ (in Mbps) (for 100km azimuth) Single pol 507-739 Dual pol 10141478 Quad pol ---Data Considering 3-BAQ Coverage/ (for Storage 100km azimuth) Single pol 4 spots Dual pol Quad pol Azimuth Ambiguity (over qualified region) Range Ambiguity (over qualified region) Radiometric Resolution 2 spots ----21 dB -20 dB

FRS-1 --3m x 2m -17 75 83.3 55-181 3000 200 Hz 742414366 486415104

FRS-2 --9m x 4m -18 37.5 41.67 55-181 3000 200 Hz 38407168 25607680

MRS --21-23m x 8m -18 18.75 20.83 55-181 3000 200 Hz 20483584 12803840

CRS --41-55m x 8m -18 18.75 20.83 55-181 3000 200 Hz 20483584 12803840

Onboard BAQ (6/5/4/3/2 bits) 6-BAQ 6-BAQ 6-BAQ 6-BAQ

176-556 3521112 ---6-BAQ

------176-556 6-BAQ

44-142 88-284 ---6-BAQ

44-142 88-284 ---6-BAQ

2950 km 1475 km ----

-------

2950 km -22 dB -20 dB

11500 km 5750 km ----

11500 km 5750 km ----

3 dB (single look)

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Imaging Modes Performanc Accuracy e (over orbit) (over Accuracy qualified (over region) Lifetime)

HRS

FRS-1

FRS-2 2 dB (Goal) TBD

MRS

CRS

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In the non-imaging mode antenna will be looking downwards towards the nadir. By having an option of roll-tilting the satellite by 34, SAR can be made to see either side of the track (one at a time), thereby improving the revisit time by a factor of two. The pointing is chosen such that between two successive beam positions, swath overlap of 10 km is always ensured. This overlap is important for achieving MRS/CRS mode. Fast electronic beam pointing and beamwidth control is achieved by electronic elevation beam control in the active antenna. 61 beam-pointing positions have been identified to enable sufficient agility in imaging anywhere over 600 km region (qualified and unqualified) with best possible performance. Each beam is centered at off-nadir intervals of 10 km. Two additional beams with no pointing (0 w.r.t. antenna orientation angle i.e.

antenna, 6m x 1m each. Therefore, there are 63 beam positions defined for imaging on each of the sides of the subsatellite track. As a result, a total of 126 beams would be used for imaging on either sides of the track. 1.5 Antenna configuration in brief and Elevation beamwidth considerations Area of the SAR antenna is dictated by the frequency band of operation, and is of the order of 12 m2 for C-band operation. Hence, RISAT active antenna is configured with 6m (azimuth) x 2m (elevation/range) dimensions, with 288 pairs (V & H) of TR-modules. The RISAT antenna consists of three panels each of 2m2m size, as shown in Fig.2.3, to facilitate stowing during launch and later, deployment in the space. The longer dimension of the antenna is aligned with azimuth direction and the width in the elevation/range direction. Each panel consists of 4 tiles of size 1m1m, each consisting of 2424 radiating elements. In the azimuth direction (antenna length) 24 elements are grouped together to be fed by a single TR-module pair (V/H polarization), hence we have 6 TRmodule pairs in the antenna length direction. Each radiating element in the width direction is fed by a different TRmodule pair, hence there are 48 (=24 x 2m) TR-module pairs in the antenna width. The total number of TR-module pairs is therefore 288 (=6m x 48). The inter-element spacing has been kept 0.7, where stands for wavelength which is 5.6 cm. If the spacing between the radiators is more than this, grating

Fig. 2.2 Variation of Angles with Off Nadir

34) are defined for two halves of

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lobes will occur in the antenna patterns. At the junction of two tiles, the interelement spacing is 1.4, therefore, one blank row of radiating elements may be assumed which is at a distance of 0.7 from the nearest radiating elements from the adjacent tiles. In short, 49 rows of TR-modules may be assumed in the antenna width (for system analysis purposes), with the centre row as a hypothetical blank (inactive) one to attribute to the inter-tile spacing. Elevation beamwidth will be made to vary with pointing angles in order to
Azimuth 6m Panel-2

achieve pointing-independent swath of 30 km and constant minimum radar cross section performance. If the antenna beamwidth is kept constant, there will be varying footprint size in the range direction, due to change in slant ranges. At near off-nadir distances, the beam footprint will be smaller than the desired 30 km. Hence, in order to maintain the constant footprint of 30 km, the beamwidth is increased by switching off the TR-modules and in effect reducing the electrical width of the antenna (at near off-nadir distances). The

Panel-1

Panel-3

2m

Elevation

1m

Group of 24 patches fed by single TR module in azimuth direction

1m

2m

1 Tile of 24 x 24 radiating elements

pg.20
2m Fig.2.3 Distributed Antenna For High Resolution SAR

TR-modules are switched off in the width direction, equally from outer edges of the adjacent two tiles, as shown in Fig.2.4. Hence, elevation beamwidth is varied from 2.48 to 1.67 corresponding to off-nadir distances from 100 km to 700 km, respectively, as shown in Fig.2.5. The corresponding number of active TR-module rows in the elevation direction is illustrated in Fig2.6. Azimuth

1.6 Selection of PRF for different Beam positions The Doppler bandwidth corresponding to antenna length of 6m and spacecraft velocity of 7.5 km/s will be 2500 Hz.

2m

Elevation 6m Illuminated region of the antenna

Fig.2.4: Change of Antenna electrical width to cater to variable elevation beamwidth

Fig.-2.5 Elevation Beam-width with Beam Pointing

Fig.2.6: Variation of No. of Active TR-modules in the width direction

pg.21

Hence, the PRF should be greater than about 1.1 times the Doppler bandwidth, i.e. 2750 Hz. Changes in slant range corresponding to off-nadir distance change from 100 km to 700 km, lead to different echo start times and variable data windows. To accommodate the same, variable PRF is necessary. Therefore all the modes, except HRS, have PRF between 2800 3200 Hz. Maximum PRF is limited by the minimum data window that has to be accommodated. In the case of HRS mode, Doppler centroid estimation (for different sub-apertures) requires additional 500 Hz (over the Doppler bandwidth of 2500 Hz), therefore PRF would lie between 3000 3700 Hz. This large range of PRF is required to satisfy the slant range change during pitch tilting of the satellite for azimuth coverage of 100 km, for each of the off-nadir distances.

for the PRFs under consideration is about 0.3 ms. Therefore, echo corresponding to a transmitted pulse is received after certain number of pulses. The number of such pulses varies from 12 to 19 for off-nadir distances starting from 100 km to 700 km, respectively. Near margin and far margin as defined in Fig-2.7 should be more than 20s to allow for pulse rise & fall times and subsystem switching (like, switching off the transmitter and switching on of the receiver(s), data acquisition enabling, etc.). PRF is optimized for nearly equal near & far margins within the given PRF ranges. The PRF is commandable from the ground through Payload Controller. The command is given in terms of 12-bit count corresponding to a clock frequency of 3.90625 MHz. Hence, the PRI should be an integer multiple of the
Start Window

Data window No. of Pulses after which echo occurs

Near Margin Pulse Width

Far Margin

Fig.2.7: Representation of Timing Window Parameters

Fig-2.7 presents nomenclature related to the timing window parameters. As the slant range varies from 616 km to 928 km for off-nadir positions of 100 km to 700 km respectively, the echo return times change from 4.1 ms to 6.2 ms. Typical PRI (Pulse Repetition Intervals)

clock interval corresponding to 3.90265 MHz. Similarly, data window start time and number of data samples to be acquired are also commandable by ground commands of 12-bit and 16-bit counts, respectively. Hence, these parameters should also be integer

pg.22

multiples of the above-mentioned clock interval. In addition to the above requirements, the number of data samples within a data window should be a multiple of BAQ (Block Adaptive Quantization, to be described later) block size of 128. Based on the above considerations, two sets of optimum PRFs have been generated for all the beam positions: 1) For all the modes, except HRS, considering a swath of 30 km 2) For HRS mode, considering a swath of 10 km.

Figures 2.8 2.11 present the PRF and timing window parameters for FRS-1, FRS-2, MRS & CRS modes. Best and worst case sigma naught values have been tabulated for MRS & CRS modes in Tables-2.2 & 2.3 alongwith the corresponding off-nadir values at which they occur. Fig.2.31 & 2.32 show comparison graphs for the best and worst sigma naught values for MRS & CRS mode, respectively. Table-2.2 Best and Worst Sigma Naught values for

Fig: 2.8 Variation of optimum PRF with off-nadir distance (for FRS-

Fig: 2.9 Variation of the number of pulses after which echo is received (for FRS 1 FRS 2 MRS CRS d )

Fig.2.10 Variation of data window with off-nadir distance (for FRS1,FRS-2,MRS,CRS modes)

Fig.2.11 Variation of timing pg.23 window parameters with off-nadir distance (for FRS-1,FRS-2,MRS,CRS modes)

RISAT-1 : Orbit
The following orbit is selected keeping in view, minimum number of days for systematic coverage in MRS and CRS mode. Repeat cycle orbits in 25 days Altitude km Inclination deg Path-to-path distance Mean Local Time descending node PSLV placed RISAT-1 into 476 km altitude with the inclination 97.63 deg. Orbit was raised to 536.4 km from 476 km and inclination is corrected to 97.59 : 106.3 km : 6 AM at : 97.554 : 536.38 : 377

deg with a series of maneuvers. When the spacecraft was launched, the Mean Local Time of the orbit was 5:51 AM and it is going to reach 6 AM around October 2013, as there is a bias of 0.04 deg with respect to nominal inclination. In the above orbit, ideally it takes 25 days for systematic global coverage with the same set of beams (i.e. with same incidence angle) but, being in the same orbit, it is possible to have global coverage in CRS mode, every 13 days with the same set of beams. The path pattern for the above orbit is provided in the diagram below.

Path pattern for the new orbit ( Repeat cycle : 377 orbits in 25 days, h = 536.38 km, i = 97.544 deg )
Paths 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

pg.24

Fig.1
Path pattern for the new orbit ( Repeat cycle : 377 orbits in 25 days, h = 536.38 km, i = 97.544 deg )
Paths 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Days

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Fig.2

Path 1

Path 2

Path 3

106 km

115 km

223 km 212 km 11 km Day 1 Day 14 Day 2

T he above diagram in fig.2 shows that the images in CRS mode on two consecutive days have overlap and with a set of consecutive 13 days, it is possible to have global coverage. Path 1 is fixed at 330.3 longitude, to avoid

pg.25

high elevation passes over Shadnagar. The ground track is maintained within 3 km with respect to the nominal

pattern. The maximum revisit time for a given region of interest is 2.5 to 3 days for latitudes between 20 and 40 deg.

Fig.

Fig.7

pg.26

Fig-6 shows the eclipse variation over a year. It is seen that the orbit is free from eclipse for almost 9 months in a year and the maximum duration is 22 RISAT-1 : Referencing Scheme The Referencing scheme implemented

minutes

on

21st Jun. The latitude

below which eclipse occurs on the calendar days is shown in fig.7.

it crosses over many ground traces. With positive and negative roll bias, the payload trace reaches latitudes beyond ground trace latitudes Referencing scheme requirements As SAR operates in ascending as well as descending pass, rows over full orbit have to be addressed Referencing address payload modes. Scenes with both positive and negative roll bias reaching latitudes beyond the ground trace latitude, have to be addressed. Scheme Nodal points are defined along scheme should scenes for different

for RISAT-1 is a generalized one due to the following factors. SAR operates in four different payload modes The swath for different payload modes can be placed anywhere within the range between 107 km and 659 km away from nadir. Imaging is done in both 36 ascending and descending passes Roll bias of +36 degand side of the track. SAR is always operated in offnadir mode Hence the payload trace never coincides with the ground trace of the orbit from which it is operated. The payload trace does not follow any one ground trace, but deg are given to view on either

meridians and parallels

pg.27

 The longitude range of 360 deg is divided into 8640 points at the interval of 2.5 arc minutes. The latitude range of +90 deg to 90 deg is divided into 4320 points at interval of 2.5 arc minutes. This means that every 1deg x 1deg grid is partitioned into 24 x 24 nodal as an points. Figure 3.3.2 shows

integers i, j, m, n i and j are the latitude and longitude of the left-bottom corner of the 1 deg x 1deg grid to which the nodal point belongs. The latitude is biased by 90 deg so that it is addressed as positive number. i ranges from 0 to 180. 0 is 90 deg latitude. 180 is +90 deg latitude. j ranges from 0 to 360. and m, n range from 1 to 24.

example, how 1 deg X 1deg grid with latitude 0 deg and longitude 100 deg as the left bottom corner, is partitioned into nodal points. Nodal points are addressed by four

Partitioning of 1 deg X 1 deg grid 90,100,24,24 (lat 0.9583 lng 100.9583)

91,100,1,1 (lat 1.0 lng 100.0)

91,101,1,1 (lat 1.0 lng 101.0) 90,100,24,1 (lat 0.9583 lng 100.0)

90,100,1,1 (lat 0.0 lng 100.0)

90,100,1,24 (lat 0.0 lng 100.9583)

pg.28

c1 c4 Ascending scene X

c3 c2 Descending scene Scene centre

c3

c1 c2 c4

The size of CRS, MRS , FRS and HRS scenes vary as per their swath and for CRS and MRS mode, the total scene with the combination of selected beams is addressed. Scene framing is done in the following manner. From the start time, a fixed along duration track is considered for each scene with sufficient between overlap consecutive scenes.

The duration for scene in each payload mode is specified by payload team. So, there are no fixed latitudes for scene centres and this avoids partial scenes in the beginning. The center latitude () and longitude () of the actual scenes are identified with respect to nearest nodal point addressed by i, j, m, n.

pg.29

i = int() + 90 j = int() m = int((- int()) *24) +1 n = int((- int()) *24) +1 For example, = 1.750 deg and = 30.499 deg i = int(1.750) + 90 = 91 j = int(30.499) = 30 m = (int(0.750*24)) + 1 = 19 n = (int(0.499*24)) + 1 = 12 Also the pass type Ascending / Descending has to be attached. Imaging paths As the orbit follows the repeat cycle (377 orbits in 25 days), the concept of path still holds good and these are the nadir ground traces from which imaging is done. As imaging is done in both ascending and descending part of the orbit, the descending ground trace is extended on both sides (to the previous ascending node from north pole and next ascending node from south pole) to get one path. Hence there will be a break in the path number at ascending node.

pg.30

pg.31

4.DATA RECEPTION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION RISAT-1 (Radar Imaging Satellite) satellite transmits SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) payload data through X-Band carrier using dual polarization. The data is transmitted through depending one or two RF chains on mode of payload

for data reception in X-Band is being 375 MHz, the two streams with a total data rate of 640 Mbps are transmitted to ground through RHC and LHC polarized signals at X-Band carrier frequency of 8212.5 MHz using the frequency re-use technique. A new ground station has been designed and established under the project to cater for RISAT-1 data

operation. The data stream of each chain is at 320 Mbps data rate and modulated using QPSK modulation scheme. The bandwidth available

pg.32

reception..

The

ground

station

consists of a high efficient 7.5 m cater for future mission requirements in order to time achieve for reduced the data and

diameter antenna system with dual shaped reflectors in Cassegrain configuration. A new dual polarized feed has been designed, fabricated and integrated with antenna system . The station provides G/T of 32 dB/deg K. The new dual polarized feed has been designed, fabricated and evaluated at CATF for primary radiation patterns and at BEL Test range patterns All the RF and IF subsystems of the receive station will handle bandwidth of 320 of MHz. implementation higher Design individual for secondary antenna

turnaround product

generation

dissemination. In IMGEOS scenario, four terminals with dual polarized S/X band feed and identical receive chain configuration are being established. Two of the four terminals are currently completed and made operational.

Data

Reception

Station

Configuration
4.1Station requirements to track and receive RISAT-1data Dual circularly polarized

X/S-Band composite Feed Reception of high data rate (320 Mbps) modulated signals Additional LHCP chain for X-Band Auto Track Synthesized Converter channels X-Band Auto Track either through RHCP or LHCP carrier with Up/Down additional

subsystems of ground station and the specifications of each unit are so drawn out that they will cater for the required over all ground station link margin. Integrated segment Multi for mission Ground Earth Observation

Satellites (IMGEOS) is being established at NRSC Shadnagar with an objective to have a highly reliable and an easily adaptable system to

pg.33

Auto tracking

diversityto on

facilitate of

All the subsystems are with provision for

designed remote Thus in a

either

threetracking Channels IF transfer Fiber of optic link for rate rate

monitoring and control capability through Ethernet interface. subsystems network are all the

high data

data

common

configuration

modulatedIF spectrums. High data rate

,controlled and monitored through a central station control computer. The Data and Tracking IF signals from each of the four Primary antenna systems are driven from Concrete pedestal to Centralized control room through Fiber Optic links. The IF Outputs from the Fiber optic receivers in Control room are fed to the common Programmable routes these IF respective second subsystems. the signals IF matrix ,which signals to the down converter of the

Demodulators at 320 Mbps (I+Q) High 1 RF signals Data Rate RF

Simulator for simulation of RISAT-

4.2IMGEOS configuration
The configuration room of in centralized IMGEOS of the

control automation the

architecture is designed to meet the requirements primary of in the the data reception systems. In each of four antenna Digital concrete systems, some are located

The output

Second down converter is fed to Multi-mission programmable from each of the Demodulators . The Data and clock demodulators are hard patched to Data ingest systems. The data ingest systems are colocated with respective five Demodulators. There will be

Servo control and RF subsystems pedestal , all the IF/base band subsystems control room . and Antenna control computer are located in centralized

dual channel data demodulators

pg.34

with systems

dedicated

Data

ingest cater to data

Antenna systems, one of them being a common redundant system .

in order to

simultaneous dual carrier

reception requirements of the four Fig. 3 IMGEOS Configuration of Data Reception Station

4.3Data Stationspecifications

Reception :7.5 dia,

Dual shapedmain reflector meter dia, parabolic dish Sub-reflector : 0.8 meter Hyperbolic dish Frequency Range X-Band S-Band : :

Half power beam width X-Band S-Band Type of mount

: : :

0.27 1.1

Elevation over Azimuth Maximum Velocity : AZ- 20/sec , EL- 10/sec Maximum acclration : AZ- 10/sec , EL- 2/sec Data rates : 320 Mbps (I+Q) in each chain Tracking : S/ X (R) /X (L) AutoTrack Program Track as back-up Threshold Eb/No :13.3 dB for 1X106 BER 4.3.1Brief description of Data Reception Station

8.000 to 8.500 GHz 2.2 to 2.3 GHz

Feed : X/S band composite, Cassegrain Single Channel MonopulsePolarization X-Band : Simultaneous RHCP & LHCP S-Band : RHCP Cross pol. Isolation :20 dB Antenna gainX-Band: 54dBi S-Band: G/T X-band S-Band 40 dBi : : 32 dB/K @ 5 EL 16 dB/K @ 5 EL

pg.35

The station consists of a dual shaped antenna system with a 7.5 m with dia parabolic reflector. The dual shaped antenna along feed in Cassegrainconfiguration provides G/T of 32 dB/ K. The composite S/X feed is in the dual both circularly S & X to polarized bands.with

Telemetry Data and Tracking signals are down converted to 70 MHz IF. The down converted X and S band tracking IF signals are fed to a three channel Integrated Tracking system (ITS), located at antenna pedestal. The ITS demodulates the tracking IF signal and extracts AZ and EL DC error information from the tracking video. The DC errors are fed to Digital Servo System to control the antenna movement for satellite tracking in Auto Track mode. The Digital of Servo System

capability

receive LHC and RHC polarized signals simultaneously. The antenna and feed system is mounted over an EL over AZ drive pedestal. The feed and front-end system realizes single channel monopulse tracking. The X-Band data is received through RHCP and LHCP frequency simultaneouslyusing re-use technique. The X Band data and tracking error signals from RHCP & LHCP chains in identical configuration are amplified in LNA and down converted toa first Intermediate frequency in the range of 2.2 to 2.9 GHz IF. The S-band

comprises Drive

Antenna Control and Optical shaft

Computer, Drive Power Amplifiers motors Encoders to operate the Antenna in different modes of operation viz, Rate mode, PTS mode, command angle mode and Auto mode . The System has provision for remote control and configuration Ethernet interface The Drive system consists of Power Amplifiers, Brush less DC motors, Gear boxes (Dual drive mode) and Slew-rings through

pg.36

in each El. and Az, axis. Each axis is driven by two motors in counter torque mode to avoid backlash. Absolute optical shaft encoders antenna. All safety are used for interlocks are

System for further processing and product generation. The total data acquisition system for all the Antenna Systems are automated through Station Control Computer. 4.4Detailed Functional Reception of Data Reception station

measuring the angular position of the provided in the drive system. The IF outputs from first data down converter (2 carriers) and room through S band

The data reception station comprises of the following major systems. The functional block diagram of data reception station is given in fig 2. Antenna &Tracking Pedestal Dual Polarized Feed& RF systems Digital Servo & Automation

data IF are driven to the control a multi-core optical fiber cable. The S band Data IF is driven to SPS receiver in control room for further processing of SPS Data. The twodata IF signals received to the

system IF &Base-Band system Data Ingest System The detailed functional description and specifications of each of the subsystems is given in the following sections.

in control room are fed through programmable IF Matrix second down converter and then to High data rate digital demodulator. The data and clock signals from demodulators LVDS interface aredriven through to Data Ingest

pg.37

Fig.4 Data Reception Station

4.5 Antenna Pedestal

4.5.1 Antenna The reflector is

&Tracking

block age and sub reflector spill over, which significantly affect the gain of the antenna. The main reflector consists of a machined, reinforced other circular hub, trusses which and braces. supports 16 radial

7.5-meter

diameter Parabolic Antenna with a focal length to diameter ratio (F/D) of 0.41. The reflector focal length of has the been reflector is 3.07 meters. The sub diameter selected as an optimum value in the trade-off between reflector

interconnecting

The 16 trusses support 16 solid surface reflector panels. Aviation warning reflector. lights Sub and lightening on the is arrestor are mounted

reflector

pg.38

hyperboloid aluminum

supported quadri-pods.

by

four the

4.5.3Drive chain The drive chain is a dual drive

Antenna

mounting frame

attaches

system in both Azimuth and Elevation axes, using brush less DC motors to enhance the reliability and performance. The

reflector to a pair of Yoke arms with Counter weight arms. 4.5.2 Pedestal The pedestal system is an housing

drive system is configured with precision system anti and backlash torque gear bias Azimuth mount necessary drive

Elevation over contains the

type. The Elevation

arrangement to provide better tracking and pointing accuracies. All the four drive motors are identical with integral tachometer, resolver and brakes. The brushless DC servo motors are coupled to the output axis by means of a high efficiency gear reducer and torque coupling. A cable wrap system will be provided in the pedestal housing to protect the cable elements from damage due to uncontrolled cable twist loops, during the antenna movement. 4.5.4Azimuth housing The Azimuth Slew ring bearing is supported at the top of the Azimuth housing which is properly machined

system for antenna movement about an Elevation axis between 2 (below the horizon) to zenith and Azimuth housing containing the drives to achieve 360 rotation about the Azimuth axis. The Azimuth of on The housing a a (Fig.) consists supported pedestal. fabricated concrete drive

stiffened cylindrical steel drum Azimuth

mechanism is housed inside it. The Pedestal of drive assembly consists components, gear

boxes, optical encoders, Electrical limit switch assembly and Stow lock motors.

pg.39

to match the Slew ring bearing surface and attached to it using high strength bolts. The Azimuth housing is connected to Elevation housing using high tension bolts fitted to inner ring of Azimuth Slew ring bearing.

4.5.5Elevation housing The Elevation housing (Fig. 4) is a structure plates. drive fabricated It out of the The steel houses

elevation

mechanism.

bottom of the Elevation housing is machined to suit the fixed part of the Azimuth Slew ring bearings and is fitted to it by high tensile steel bolts. An access is provided in the Elevation housing for routing cables through the hatch. The Yoke arms are attached through Slew ring bearings to Elevation housing. The Physical structure of the antenna with details of complete mechanical components of the pedestal assembly is shown in fig.3. Fig.5 5m Dia. Antenna System

pg.40

4.7Technical Specifications: Antenna Type reflector Diameter Main Reflector dish Sub-reflector Hyperbolic dish F/D : 0.41 3.077 meters : 8 Helices :4 Conical dielectric Focal length : S Band X-band elements Overall RMS (a) Main Dish RMS (b) Sub-reflector mm Sky coverage (a) Elevation : 2to182(Mech),0to 180 (Electrical) (b) Azimuth :360Velocity (a) Elevation Axis (b) Azimuth Axis : Angular Acceleration (a) Elevation Axis : 2 /sec
2

Pointing Error to 55 C Wind Speed

0.08 peak 0 C

Operating Temperature : : Parabolic :

(a) Operational wind speed : Kmph ( c)Drive to stow : : 4 Hz Weight : 1.4 Tons 200 Kmph : 100 Kmph (d) Survival wind speed in Zenith Natural resonant Frequency 60 Kmph 80 (b) Occasional gusting :

7.5 meter shaped parabolic solid : 0.736 meter

FeedConfiguration :Cassegrain

: :

0.5 mm 0.05

4.8Dual Polarized S/X Band Feed &RF Systems 4.8.1Dual Polarized S/X Band Feed The feed is of multi-element Single channel mono pulse tracking type, capable of receiving dual circularly polarized S & X-band signals. The feed comprises of an array of 4 conical radiating elements designed for simultaneous reception of RHCP&LHCP X-band signals and an array of 8 helical elements, 4 elements for reception of RHCP & 4

10 / sec. 20 / sec.

(b) Azimuth Axis

10 /sec

elements for LHCP signals in S-

pg.41

band. The feed array inmono pulse configuration beams Hand receives offset to Azimuth corresponding

which are offset in AZ plane, and two beams offset in EL plane .The feed assembly also contains Converter stripline waveguide Mono Pulse Comparator (MPC)and in X-band Mono Scan and micro (MSC) for RHCP and LHCP chains MonoPulse Comparator and Mono Scan Converter (MSC) for S-band. The Mono Pulse Comparator compares each pair of beams to produce the tracking error signals, when the antenna RF axis is exactly on Boresightaxis , each beam has equal amplitude and their

and Elevation axes in both Right Circular and Left Hand Circular Polarizations . The septum polarizer receives the signals from feed elements of X Band and provides linear polarized signals corresponding to RHC and LHC signals. The linearly polarized signals are in turn fed to a wave guide mono pulse comparator to generate sum and difference signals. The feed elements are assembled on a cylindrical shroud and covered with a radome casing which protection. gives The environmental shaped antenna

comparison results in zero signals in difference port. The sum channel is formed in the MPC by adding all AZ and to that MSC, the four beams together. The the MPC are given

system together with the RF frontend system realizes a G/T of better than 32 dB /deg. K at 5 deg. Elevation in X Band. The antenna has highly directive pattern with half-power beam widths of 0.27 in X-band and 1.1 in S-band. The feed elements are arranged to produce two beams

EL error signals coming out of which carries out multiplexing Azimuth such time division tracking

and elevation

error signals are combined in to

pg.42

a single channel tracking signal , with reference to the AzimuthElevation Scan pulses and 0, 180 phase scan driven band, from these pulses which are Tracking Integrated pulses are

through driver card in RF junction box. Fig.4shows the feed. . functional block diagram of dual polarized

System to the feed. In case of Xrouted

Fig.6 Block diagram of dual polarized feed One output of power divider is taken The received signals in X-Band are passed through 30 dB test loop coupler and amplified in low noise amplifiers. The loop coupler is used to introduce the test signal in the RF chain to evaluate the system performance in Local loop simulation mode. The amplified outputs are fed to 2 way in-phase power divider. out as Sum/Data signal and applied to X-band down converter to generate Data IF. The other output of power divider is combined with the Single channel tracking error signal to generate the Amplitude modulated tracking Signal, which is then down converted to generate tracking IF.

pg.43

The input X-band sum signal is divided 4.8.2Feed specifications Type : Cassegrain feed by a power divider to provide two outputs. One output is used for data and the other output is given to a 6 dB coupler, where amplified error signal is coupled for generation of tracking error signal. The Xband directional coupler is a 6 dB

Frequency Range X-Band S-Band Polarization X-Band: RHC & LHC S-Band: RHC & LHC Half power beamwidth X-Band: 0.27 S-Band: 1.1 Side lobe level : 14 dB Null depth Axial Ratio : Better than 25 dB : 2.0 dB max : 8.000 to 8.5 GHz : 2.2 to 2.3 GHz

strip line type with SMA coaxial connectors. It has minimum insertion loss and good directivity. Before getting coupled with sum signal, the difference signal at the input is passed through a digital phase shifter in order to compensate for phase mismatch between sum channel and difference channel. The phase shift is digitally using 6 bit TTL controlled driven signals,

4.8.3X-Band DPC (Divider, Phase Shifter, Coupler) The X-band sum and error signal amplifier outputs of both RHC and LHC signals are fed to the input ports of DPC. The unit has independent channels to tracking and data signals of and LHC chains. two RHC provide

from

Integrated Tracking System.

The step size of minimum phase shift is about 5.6 . These 6 bits can be optimized facilitate carrier can be and programmed over to tracking through any frequency adjusted X-Band if

frequency range.The phase match periodically required through local or remote control.

pg.44

The DPC subsystem comprising 2 way power divider, digital phase shifter and a 6 dB directional coupler is wall mounted in pedestal room. 4.8.4 S-Band DPC The S-Band DPC has a single

signal

derived

from

frequency

synthesizer. The frequency of built-in synthesizer is programmable over the range 1560-2185 MHz in order to derive the desired Intermediate Frequency facilitate reception. synthesizer interface. 4.8.6 X-Band Down Converter The data and tracking consists for down of two the housed they first in are is of multi 720 The MHz and data frequency and mission controlled

channel to process RHC signals. and the rest of the configuration and function are the same as that of Xband DPC.The S band Data signal is driven to the control room for further processing of SPS data after down conversion to 70 MHZ.

monitored through TCP/IP remote

converters, each 4.8.5 X- Band Up/Down Converter Down & RHCP

identical channels to support LHCP chains conversion. The down separate boxes data and tracking and

The up/down conversion of X-Band signals is based on dual conversion technique.The 8500 MHZ MHzduring received X-Band signal in the frequency range 8000is converted into first first conversion, by IF signal in the range 2345-2845 mixing with a fixed local oscillator signal at 5655MHz. In the second conversion, the first IF signal beats with a local oscillator

converters are

located at antenna pedestal. The second down converter for tracking is located at pedestal. Integrated signals and The second IF output of tracking at 720 MHz is fed to and EL DC error tracking system for extraction of AZ drive the digital servo system. The second data down converter unit is

pg.45

co-located

with

demodulators

in

carried interface.

out

through

remote

control room.

4.8.7X-Band Up Converter Up-converter is used to convert

4.8.8 S-Band Down converter The S-Band Down converter based on down single converter consists of is two

conversion. The

desired IF signal

at 720MHz to a

suitable first Intermediate frequency in the range 2345-2845 MHZ in first conversion unit and to subsequently converted

identical channels to support data and tracking. The received S-Band data and tracking IF signals in the range of 2.2 to 2.3 GH z are down converted to a 70 MHZ IF. The L.O signal derived for down conversion using a is programmable

desired X-Band signal second converter.

frequency in

the range of 8000-8500 MHz in the conversion unit of up-

frequency synthesizer module. is and sight

The first up-conversion unit located in the control room the outputs compatible The Local pedestal system is to both bore

4.8.9Integrated Tracking System The S tracking IF at 70 MHz and X band (R&L) tracking IF signals at down to Integrated The ITS in by nonsimple method. gain 720 MHzfrom corresponding converters are fed Tracking system (ITS). IF signals. is ITS works

of up-converter are

system and local loop simulation. second up-converter unit for Loop and is that located located at at of Boresight Boresight between loop is

demodulates AM tracking video from coherent mode and the AM video detection ITS has achieved envelope/peak detection

room .The selection for routing of the up-converter bore sight and output local

built-in

Automatic

pg.46

control modules to provide constant amplitude signal and DC errors for varying input signal leevls. The AGC bias signal is also provided as an output signal for facilitating auto diversity acquisition. Two Spectrum analyzers are required for real time monitoring of the X band data and S band tracking IF signals and for carrying out regular maintenance of the receive chain. ITS has auto diversity reception to select any one of the two (In case of both S & X band inputs) input signals being present, based on their signal strength (AGC). ITS uses separate error demodulator modules in both Elevation and Azimuth axes to extract dc error. ITS unit also consists of a Scan code generator module which generates two sets of Scan pulses. One set of Pulses called AZ-EL scan pulses are of 1 KHz frequency and the other set called Phase scan pulses are of 500 Hz frequency. These pulses to are the simultaneously applied reception and auto

Monoscan converter module in the Single channel monopulse feed and used in the tracking demodulator circuits in both Elevation and Azimuth channels for synchronizing the process of Error generation and demodulation. The Azimuth and Elevation DC output errors are applied to the Servo system for driving the antenna towards the target position and to nullify the tracking errors. ITS has provision for adjustment of various parameters of the tracking chain like Phase shifter adjustments, DC offset error gradient and Acquire /Loss threshold.

4.9IF and Systems

Base

Band

4.9.1Programmable IF Matrix The Programmable IF 4X4 (RHCP ) facilitates down-

4X4 (LHCP) signals(Output

Matrix of first

automated inter connectivity of IF converter) from different Antenna Terminals to the input of the Second

pg.47

down-converter

followed

by

the

receivers are placed controlroom to

at the the

Demodulator. The main function of the IF matrix is to facilitate total automation of the data reception chain including the IF signal path routing. the manual contact operator improving system flexibility complexity. 4.9.2IF Fiber Optic Link The first IF signal in the range of 2345-2845 MHz from the output of 1st down converter is driven to control room through Fiber Optic link. The of Fiber fiber optic optic at the a linkcomprises IF Matrix also eliminates problems associated with patch panel like, loose problems, errors the ,while and etc., reliability mechanical thereby of the the the

receive

signals. The two downlink data IF signals corresponding to RHCP and LHCP, two uplink data IF signals and S-Band data IF signals are driven through F.O link from pedestal to control room.

wear and tear of the patch chords, 4.9.3High Demodulators Data Rate

increasing reducing

The down converted IF signals of data channels passed through band pass filters. The pass band of band pass filters is 320 MHz with minimum group delay and good rejection characteristics. The filtered signal levels are amplified in IF amplifiers so that the boosted levels are within the dynamic range of demodulators. The multi mission High Data Rate capability demodulate Receivershave to receive signals QPSK the and of

transmitters and receivers. The transmitters are placed Pedestal end and the output of transmitter is driventhrough optic cable. The Single mode multi core fiber Fiber optic

RISAT, which are modulated at a very high data rate of 320 Mbps. The demodulator and bit

pg.48

synchronizer are supported in a single unit. MHz IF The unit receives and data provides and clock QPSK modulated signals at 720 synchronized

of ACSS

Monitoring

&

Control

of

through TCP/IP Automated/unmanned FO link for remote operation Built in Test & calibration for comprehensive tracking operations

signals as outputs. The LVDS I and Q output data and clock signals arefed to Direct System (DIS) of for data. data processing of supporting Ingest further The

software maintenance

Demodulator unit has the feature any rate continuously variable from 1 to 320 Mbps.

Specifications:
Tracking Velocity : 20 deg/sec in AZ, 10deg/sec in EL Tracking Acceleration : 10 deg/sec in AZ, 2 deg/sec in EL Servo pointing accuracy : < 0.03 deg Position display Resolution : 0.001 deg Position Transducer :19 bit or higher, single turn Absolute rotary shaft optical encoders Position loop bandwidth : Tunable from 0.1 to 2.0 Hz Rate loop bandwidth : Tunable 1.0 to 10.0 Hz Operating modes : Standby, Slew, Manual, Program, Designate,X-Auto,S-Auto,Sun/Star, Auto sequence mode Type of motor/drive :

4.10 Digital Servo Control System

The Servo Control System has all the salient features of modern digital control system available in any of the latest ground stations, using the state of the art technology. The main features of the system are Unit Software based digital control loops Zenith pass handler DSP based Antenna Control

pg.49

Brushless

AC

servo

motor

with R e s o l v e r f e e d b Two

a c k a n d b u i l t 4. Tracking software 4.11Antenna Drive Unit The ADU houses the DC servo drive unit that includes 4 Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) servo amplifiers to drive the azimuth and elevation Brushless DC servo motors. Two motors are used for each axis. The drive unit operates as a current / torque loop with torque bias set by the ACU to minimize backlash and maximize pointing and torque tracking bias in accuracy. parameters the ACU The are to & Control

in brake/PWM drive Drive configuration : motor Counter-torque Secant correction : Azimuth axis through software System Control Options Local/Remote

The Servo Control System has the following sub systems. The complement of above equipments shall provide a wide variety of operating modes for the antenna. The block diagram of servo control system is shown in fig 4. 1. Antenna control unit (ACU) 2. Antenna drive unit (ADU) 3. Tracking configuration Network

configurable

optimize performance.

pg.50

ADU contains drive amplifiers and logic for azimuth and elevation axes control, power on sequence and safety interlocks. The ADU also provides power and interface points for the discrete I/O antenna points. The ADU includes all the required power supplies for drive amplifiers, drive electronics, switches, stow pins, alarms and motor brakes. These status points are controlled and monitored the short drive circuit by the ACU. are The bus Over additional protections built into systems voltage under/over protection,

hardware and firmware to close each axis position loop with the position feedback from the on axis position transducers (optical rotary sources commands internally shaft of encoders). the apart The from include position

shall,

generated,

tracking receiver generated error signal. The generated position error is frequency compensated and converted to rate commands. For the full motion control, the rate command is compared with the motor rate feedback. The error is then used to control drive amplifiers that effectively apply armature supply to the brush less DC servomotors. all The ACU and provides manual

protection,

Temperature (Heat sink)., Over current trip, circuit). 4.11.1Antenna Control Unit The Antenna Control Unit (ACU), along with the Antenna Drive Unit, is responsible for closing the position position the loop, sensors, reading the commanding Electronic fusing, Resolver connection fault (open

automatic target acquisition and antenna positioning functions. The ACU communicates with the drive system and Ethernet through TCP/IP protocol. ACU issues drive enable commands as well as to read the various status parameters from Drive system through this interface.

Antenna

azimuth/elevation

Drives. The ACU contains the

pg.51

The system

Antenna shall

Control have

servo

extensive

operational modes to meet the antenna requirements for orbiting satellites. The system shall have two operating control environments. One is Local mode (operator control) from Remote antenna control computer (ACC) at Control room or Antenna Control Unit (ACU) at Antenna pedestal room and another is Remote mode via Station Control Computer (SCC) system from Earth station control room. The operating modes supported by ACU are Standby, Ready, Manual Position, Slew Rate, Command angle , Auto track (Xband & S band) and Program Track.
AZ absolute encoder, cable wrap & limit

Fig.7

Block

Diagram

of

servo

control system 4.12Tracking Configuration Network

The primary operational interface for the Antenna control servo system is the Remote the Antenna Control Computer (RAC), which provides remote control of

S-band Signal Generato

GPS Timing Signal

Down Converter Etherne Ethernet Switch Etherne

Other I/O Signals

Drive AZ Axis Drive

RS-232 RS-232

ACU Computer

Delta Tau UMAC Motion Controller

Drive EL Axis E Drive

Analo Integrated RAC Tracking

EL absolute encoder & limit signals

pg.52

Fig 5: Block Diagram of servo control system

Ethernet. ACU issues drive enable commands to the drive system as well as monitor the status of the drive system through this network. The other important sub systems like Integrated Tracking System, Multi channel tracking down Antenna control unit (ACU) from the Control room. The Remote antenna Control Computer Unit (ACU) (RAC) over communicates with the Antenna dedicated Fiber optic link. The ACU communicates with the drive systems of both azimuth and elevation axis through Converter etc. are connected on the same network. The typical network configuration is shown below.

pg.53

DRS LAN Switch

FO Link

Tracking Down Converter

Antenna Drive System

Antenna Pedestal Switch Integrated Tracking System Antenna Control Unit

Fig.8 Tracking Configuration

Network

4.12.1Station System

Automation

automation are carried out by Station Control Computer in coordination with Antenna

The purpose of the station automation system is to operate the ground station in a fully automated environment aiming towards unmanned operations. The main functions of the Station

Control Computer.

pg.54

Fig.9 NRSCground

Station

Automation

System Configuration station has four antenna systems and five data receive chains and its configuration is shown in Figrue-6. The Antenna Systems are located in the Antenna Pedestal room and its purpose is to track satellite in auto or program track mode. The 2 GHz Data output from the antenna system is driven by another Fiber Optic link DFO to bring to the DACR. These outputs from all four antenna systems are routed through IF Matrix to connect it to different Data Receive Chains. Each Data Receive chain has two streams to support etc. Single IRS-P5, the Resourcesat-2 streams missions are like Both Acquisition Control Room (DACR) by Remote Antenna Control Computer (RAC) through Servo Fiber optic (SFO) link. These antenna systems are

controlled from the Data

configured to same in case of stream Carotsat-2/2A, Oceansat-2 etc.

pg.55

receive 4.13Station Control Computer Station Control Computer carries out the automation of IF matrix and Data

chain

and

its

configuration

diagram shown in Figure-7. Each data receive chain has one down converter and one demodulator. These systems are connected on Two 24 Port Ethernet Switches.

Fig.10 Devices connectivity Station Control Computer

of configuration parameters in various configuration file. All the independent modules are made to run on different threads. This helps in running other modules smoothly when a particular module faces some problem.

The software is developed with the following features to carry out the above functions It facilitates highly environment change in

configurable deletion or

which is adaptable to addition,

pg.56

Two TCP/IP application level protocols are developed for message passing between SCC and various ACC systems. One for SCC server to ACC client and the other for ACC server to SCC client.

pg.57

5.LEVEL0 SYSTEMS
5.1Introduction
RISAT-1 is the first Microwave Indian Remote Sensing Satellite. It carries an Active Microwave payload SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) operating in C-Band, enabling data collection in Day/Night and all weather conditions. The Ground Segment comprises the Data sections RISAT-1. Level 0 Systems Station Work Flow Manager for Event Scheduling and Monitoring Reception, describe Processing the various & subdissemination facilities. The following

Data Ingest and Quick Look Display System Ancillary Data Processing System SPS PB Data Archival System Data Serializer System Timing System.

Level-0 Systems will be realized in IMGEOS Configuration. Each of the FOUR antenna and Data Receive Chains have a dedicated Data Ingest System (Shown in Figure 8) for real-time data ingest onto RAID and subsequent transfer to SAN for ADP Processing. Based on clash scenario Two antenna & data receive chains will be assigned for RISAT-1 as Main & redundant chains.

systems of the Level-0 Systems for

pg.58

AS - 1

AS - 2

AS - 3

AS - 4

IF MATRIX

DEMODULATOR 1

DEMODULATOR 2

DEMODULATOR 3

DEMODULATOR 4

Data Ingest System 1

Data Ingest System 2

Data Ingest System 3

Data Ingest System 4

Fig.11 Data Chain Configuration

Control assignment

Computer of

System Systems

for &

5.2 Station Manager

Station Workflow

Work

Flow

Antenna

Receive Chains. It also generates WO for the respective Data Ingest Systems. On receipt of successful data ingest message post pass from DI, Work Orders are issued by SWFM for the ADP Processing Nodes. Event Monitor & Controller displays Process status and provides control for Process initiation, restart & abort.

Manager

provides

centralized event monitor and control functions for Station operations with appropriate interfaces with UOPS for pass schedules, state vectors, and Urgent/Emergency requests. On receipt of Pass Schedules for a Day, SWFM generates Work Orders for Station

pg.59

Pass Schedules / Urgent Requests / SVs

UOPS

Data Exchange Gateway

RAW Data

ADIF FRED

W O Files
Data Ingest Systems ADP Systems

Station Work Flow Manager

Fig.12 Station Interfaces

Work

Flow acquires real-time data, provides a realtime display of important parameters like Sync Status, FS Errors, GRT & Line Count Jumps, etc. After the completion of LOS, RAW data acquired in RAID is transferred over FC network to SAN along with the quality report. Appropriate Event Message indicating the status of data acquisition is sent to SWFM for further initiation of ADP Processes.

5.3Data Ingest System

The Data Ingest systems consist of PC servers with RAID for real-time data ingest. 2 Nos of PCI Front End Hardware (FEH) Cards which are connected to the Demodulators with LVDS interface. IRIG-G Time is fed to the Time Code Translator which translates the serial time and provides parallel BCD Time to FEH for time stamping the Raw Data. TCT provides RS-232 I/F for system time synchronization.Data the supported Ingest passes, System gets work orders from SWFM, schedules

pg.60

IRIG - G TCT

Fig.13Data SWFM Configuration

Ingest

System

D E M O D U L A T O R

LVDS/ECL

Stream1

FEH 1 FEH card 1

DI Work Orders Status Messages
PCI (64 BIT, 66 MHZ) Parallel BCD time I/F

LVDS/ECL

FEH 2

Stream2

4 Gbps FC Link
PCI (64 BIT, 66 MHZ)

Data Ingest Server RAID LEVEL-0 SAN

5.4Timing Systems
Station Timing Systems consist of XLI Time and Frequency Unit (NTP Server), Serial Time Distribution Unit and Time Code Translator Units. The XLI Time & Frequency System has 12-channel GPS Receiver, GPS synchronized Time Code Generator, high precision rubidium oscillator for clocking the TCG.

The NTP server port on the Unit is used for accurate system Time synchronization. Serial IRIG-G time code from XLI unit is fed to the Serial Time Distribution Unit, which buffers and provides the Serial Time to the Time Code Translators Systems. on Data Ingest

pg.61

GPS Antenna

NTP Time Unit

NTP Time N/W Switch

IRIG-G

Serial Time Distribution Unit

TCT 1

TCT 2

TCT 3

TCT 4

Fig.14 Timing Diagram

System

Block

5.4.1IRIG-G Translator

Time

Code Serial Interface provides the ASCII time for System time synchronization and scheduling of events. The Set-time and Readtime Utilities are provided for offline configuration of the system and validation of the interface respectively. Displays DAYS: HOURS: MINUTES and SECONDS on the front panel.

IRIG-G TCT has been developed in-house for meeting the GRT time stamping requirements of RISAT1. The TCT accepts IRIG-G Serial Time Code and translates it into Parallel BCD format up to 10 Microseconds to Front End Hardware (through 68 Pin SCSI connector) for Time stamping the RAW data being ingested. The

pg.62

AGC Logic
IRIG -G MODULATED SIGNAL

IRIG A DC CODE

DECODER Frame Sync

Decoded Parallel BCD Code

MINOR FRAME SECTION SCAN LOGIC

1 PPS Clock Load Pulses

MAJOR FRAME SECTION

68 PIN SCSI Connector / 50 PIN Centronics Connector

Parallel BCD Data

BCD TO 7 SEGMENT DECODER / DRIVERS

7-SEGMENT DISPLAY

Fig.15Time Code Translator

pg.63

provide constant swath for all 6.SAR Payload for RISAT Radar as backscattering depends and as upon the sensor parameters such frequency, polarisation such incidence angle as well as on target parameters dielectric constant, roughness and geometry. In RISAT, SAR sensor is selected in C-band (5.35 GHz) with both coand crosspolarization, which will meet most of the resource applications and also enable achieving The high SAR resolution capability. elevation pointing and almost near constant minimum radar cross section performance. The proposedSAR will operate in the following basic modes: Figure15&Table-1 Fine Resolution Stripmap Mode-1 (FRS-1): This mode is basedon Stripmap imaging, which is the conventional mode of SAR. In this,the orientation is of the with antenna beam fixed

respect to flight pathso that a strip of constant swath (here, 30 km) is illuminated along theflight direction. The intended resolution is 3m for FRS-1 mode. Coarse Resolution ScanSAR Mode (CRS): The ScanSAR mode allows for a multifold increase of the range swath dimension. This isachieved by periodically stepping the antenna beam to (in the the neighboringsubswaths

sensor is based on active phased array antenna technology, which will provide requiredelectronic agility for achieving multimode capability. 6.1Modes of Operation The RISAT High Resolution SAR will be operating in C-band at a frequency at of 5.35 GHz. The spacecraft altitude has been fixed 536kmfrom has the 25-day to repetivity considerations. The SAR system beendesigned

range direction). In the CRS-mode of RISAT, therewill 12 beams (either side of the intermediate sub-swaths will have anoverlap of

pg.64

7km

from

the

preceding

and

High mode,

Resolution

Spotlight

succeeding sub-swaths). This results, total swath in CRS mode would be 220 km. the resolution offered in this mode will be 50 m. Medium Resolution ScanSAR Mode (MRS): This is a 6-beam scanSAR mode, similar to the CRS mode, providing a resolution of 25 m over a swath of 115 km. Fine Resolution Stripmap capability. Mode-2 (FRS-2): This mode has quadpolarization Philosophically, this mode is a hybrid strip mapand scanSAR. It is stripmap in the sense that the beam orientation iskept fixed with respect to the flight path and a strip of constant swathwidth is covered. Also, in a way it is similar to scanSAR, because forpart of the aperture is time the beam from polarisation switched

Mode (HRS): In the spotlight the antenna beam is oriented continuously to illuminate a particularspot on the ground. This way, the target aperture time is increasedwhich improved results in azimuth resolution

(compared to that in thestripmap case) which will be 1m for this mode. The improved resolution is obtained at the cost of azimuth coverage. sliding The latter is partlyimproved by making use of spotlightmode (hybrid This spotlightstripmapmode). spot size of 10 kmx 10 km. Circular (C-HRS, Polarimetric C-FRS-1, Modes C-FRS-2,

imaging would be done over a

CMRS,C-CRS): All the modes mentioned above can be operated inhybrid-circular polarization. This is achieved by transmitting H & V polarized signals simultaneously but with a relative phase-shift of 90.Hence, the transmit signal is in circular polarization and the receivesignal is in linear (dual-pol)

Vtransmitto H-transmit, and viceversa. Hence, this mode would be used for polarimetry, as we can have all the four combinations of polarisation, viz, VV, VH, HH & HV.

pg.65

this

makes the

it

hybridpower-

FIGURE-15 Basic modes of SAR

circularpolarization operation. To keep average requirements sameas the original specifications, the pulse-width is reduced to half. Except FRS-2 mode, which is inherently quad pol mode, all othermodes can be operated either in single polarization modes (HH, VV,HV, VH), dual polarization modes (HH+HV / VH+VV) or Circularpolarization modes. Also it shouldbe remembered that as it is a side looking active sensor around 107 Km either side of the Sub satellite Track comes under Fig.17 Basic Mode of SAR Non Imagable area for that orbit under consideration.( Figure 14) Fig.16 Non Imagable area

Antenna Pedestal Room

pg.66

Table.2 Payload Modes

DRS Systems

7.RISAT DATA PRODUCTS & FORMATS pg.67

Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1) will acquire data in C band with following modes: Fine Resolution Strip map Mode-1 (FRS-1): It provides 2 m slant resolution image over 25 km swath in either single or dual polarisations Fine Resolution Strip map Mode-2 (FRS-2): It provides 4 m slant resolution image over 25 km swath in quad polarisation. Medium Resolution ScanSAR Mode (MRS): It provides 8 m slant resolution image over swath of 115 km in either single or dual polarisation Coarse Resolution ScanSAR Mode (CRS): It provides 8 m slant resolution image over swath of 223 km in either single or dual polarisation. High Resolution Spotlight Mode (HRS): It generates better than 1 m resolution image fora spot of 10 km (Azimuth) and 10 km (ground range swath) for either single or dual polarisation. The various levels of products defined for RISAT-1 are as follows: 7.1 Raw Signal Products (Level0):This product contains raw or unprocessed radar echo data in complex in-phase and quadrature signal (I and Q) format. The only processing performed on the data is the stripping of the downlink frame format, BAQ decoded (optional) and re-assembly of the data into contiguous radar range lines. Each range line of data is represented by one Signal Data Record in the RAW CEOS product. Auxiliary data required for processing is also made available along with echo data.

Geo-Tagged Products (Level-1) :The image is geo-tagged using orbit and attitude data from the satellite. This allows latitude and longitude information to be calculated for each line in the image. The earth geometry is assumed to be the standard ellipsoid. Each image line contains auxiliary information which includes the latitude and longitude of the first, mid and last pixels of the line. The raw radar signal data is processed to provide SAR image data pixels. The image pixel data is represented by a series of CEOS processed data records, each record containing one complete line of pixels lying in the range dimension of the image. The product can be obtained as slant range data (16 bit I and 16 bit Q) or ground range data (16 bit) amplitude data. Additionally, an auxiliary file containing a dense grid of geo-locations is associated along with the data file. 7.2Ellipsoid Geocoded Products (level-2) : This product contains geometrically corrected data. There exists provision for UTM (default) and Polyconic map projections. For systematic processing UTM projection will be provided. The pixel spacing in the product will depend on mode, no. of looks and look angle. For a given mode and a range of look angle, no. of range and azimuth looks will be worked out in such a way that pixel spacing in both range and azimuth direction remain uniform. The options for product format are CEOS and GEOTIFF. 7.3Value added products: Beside the above mentioned standard data products, additional products such as precision geocoded and terrain

pg.68

geocoded will be available for FRS-1 & 2 and MRS mode data with user supplied GCPs information and available Digital Elevation Map information. Also for FRS2 mode Polsar products will be available after proper validation. 7.4Image Quality Parameters: RISAT-1 products will nominally provided in CEOS format. This format will contain various products quality parameters like range resolution, ground resolution, azimuth resolution, peak side lobe ratio, integrated side lobe ratio, radiometric resolution, geometric error, resampling option, Datum used, relative phase error etc depending on the level of product. Also format will have information on processing related parameters such as no. of range and azimuth looks, azimuth bandwidth, range and azimuth weighting, Doppler centroid etc. The derivation of product code and the product code list are provided in Table2& Table-3 Fig.19ScanSAR Imaging: MRS

(ii) Level-1 : Geo-Tagged Products (iii) Level-2 : Ellipsoidal Geocoded products Value added Products: Precision Geocoded Terrain Geocoded Pol-SAR Products Fig.18 Strip map Imaging: FRS-1

Control Room

Definition of RISAT Data Products LEVELS (i) Level-0 :Raw signal products TABLE.3 DPWFM RISAT-1 PRODUCT CODES Code is 9 chars: PTMREELFM DATA SL.NO 1. Description Product Type Typical Values ST Meaning Standard

pg.69

PT 2. Map Projection M Resampling R Enhancement EE Correction Level L 0 P U 0 C 00 0 G** K N 6. Format No Projection F Polyconic UTM 7. Media M No Resampling Cubic Convolution C T V D CEOS GeoTIFF DVD DISK

3. 4. 5.

No Enhancements Note Please note that geo-referenced products are corrected for terrain heights. Raw Georeferenced (Terrain Corrected) ** Single Look Complex Slant range Multi Look Ground range

TABLE.4 DPWFM

PRODUCT

CODE LIST FOR RISAT-1

Product type Map Proj
0

Resampling
0

Enhancement
00

User Products
ST 1) Level 0 Raw Products Multi Look Ground Range Products

Product type
ST

Map Proj
0

Resampling
0

Enhancement
0

Proc. Level
0

Format
C

Media
V/D

Product type
2) Level-1 Geotagged Products Single Look Complex (SLC) Products ST

Map Proj
0

Resampling
C

Enhancement
00

pg.70

3)

Level-2 Terrain Corrected Products

8.Product Quality Control

Enhancement
00

Product type
ST

Map Proj
U/P

Resampling
C

Proc. Level
G

Medium /Format
C/T

Media /Size
V /D

Product Quality Control is responsible for checking the quality of all satellite data products that reach users. All RISAT-1 data products will be thoroughly verified and are subjected for stringent quality checks at PQC. Data products that conform to quality standards and specifications will be delivered to users. QC criteria for digital data products: All digital products will be verified as per thefollowing Checksheetthat comprises of different checks for products clearance. The main components of the checksheet are Meta file verification Format validation Geometric check adiometric check R inspection method Band to formultidate products ) through Visual

Band Registration ( registered & merged

8.1Meta file verification: A meta file is a .txt file that contains information about Satellite,Product and User. QC ensures the generation of a correct product from this file by crossverifyingthe information of user product with Data Products Work Flow Manager ( DPWFM ). QC verifies user specified parameters like Satellite, Mode ,Frequency, Incidence angle, date of pass, scene centre and corner coordinates , Projection, datum ,resampling and product code etc.

pg.71

8.2Format validation: RISAT-1 data products are supplied in CEOS and Geotiff formats. Data products are validated for correctness of format in auto mode at PQC through indeginous software. 8.3Geometric check :All digital products are checked for correctness of datum,mapprojection,resampling, resolution, scene centre, area coverage ( in terms of Lat./Long.) etc and should meet the user requirements ( in terms of corner co-ordinates and scene centre Lat./Long. ) and Location accuracy (as per mission ). 8.4Radiometric check :Radiomeric quality of data products is thoroughly verified for all products. . Different types of radiometric anomalies can be observed in data due to the complex nature of SAR data acquisition and processing. All RISAT-1 data products are subjected for data qualification through Visual quality assessment method. All digital products are displayed and viewed in full resolution mode with an option to zoom and roam in the image.Cent percent visual check is carried out to ensure good radiometric quality product. 8.5Band to Band Registration ( BBR ): BBR is a parameter that is to be verified for colour composite products . This is not an applicable parameter for RISAT-1 images since they are in black & white .But a colour composite product can be generated by registering different dates of SAR images or through merge process with optical data ( multi date registered product, merged etc). For such type of products , Band to band

registration check will be carried out byPQC .

pg.72

Products that meet QC standards will be delivered to users. Non conformal

products will undergo regeneration and re-certification.

pg.73

Flow

chart

of

Digital

products

process Chain

RAC Computer

pg.74

9DATA ACCESS DISTRIBUTION Introduction Data products will be announced to the users after the initial phase validations by mission. User will be able to request for the data products either directly or through the User Order Processing System (UOPS). UOPS is an integrated web based application enables the user to register, browse and select the satellite images either from archives or plan for future collections, perform account related transactions, place orders and monitor the order status. Users, after browsing the images using the various queries and selecting the scenes, can place an order for the same using the ordering tools. Facility to obtain the status of user accounts and the orders placed is also available

AND

online. Registered users can also change their details like address and their login password and send general queries through e-mail. ( Figure-15) Upon connecting to the NRSC User order processing system site, the user is presented with a page with various links which enable the user to navigate through the application. If the user is new, he has to register himself for the ordering service to be enabled. While registering, the user has to agree to the terms and conditions displayed. A registration form is displayed in which he has to provide details like name, user identification (uid), password, user category, mailing address etc.,. Users

Pg58

have to remember their password for future logins.

uid

and

If the user is a registered user, he can sign in with his uid and password and enable the services.

UOPS opening page

Fig.20 Block diagram of User Order Processing System

Pg59

First page presented to the user. 9.1Services Pre-requisites The services provided through UOPS are Browsing , ordering & future collections. If the user wants to just browse the data available in the archives browse should be clicked. If he wants to order the data he needs to click the order button then it will help him to browse as well as place order. If future collections are required then click on the collect button. Browsing / ordering services is a pre-requisite information provided to the users for converting the required area of interest into scenes and checking the data availability for the required area of interest. Before placing an order for data, the users need to browse through the data, to check for cloud and quality of the data. To meet this requirement, NRSC generates sub-sampled and compressed browse images along with necessary ancillary information. This facility is made available to users through Internet. Compressed JPEG images are generated only for the Optical data sets for RISAT-1 no images are generated only the meta information is populated. This enables the user to verify coverage. The Browse facility has been integrated with data ordering and payload programming systems. Data can be browsed online and suitable scenes can be selected and converted into and data request by registered users who have an account with NDC. The different means of searching the image catalogue / ordering are : Either Map based search can be performed , which allows free draw on the world map or the options are AOI ,

Pg59

Path based

and Date options. Under AOI following options are provided. Polygon Mapsheet Location Point

Shape file.

Any one of these means can be selected as per the user convenience.

Browsing / ordering services

9.1.1 Polygon query/ordering/collects

based

This option is useful to browse/order the images for a given geographical area. Users can input their area of interest either in terms of latitude/longitude in degrees, minutes, seconds or degrees decimal format of top left and bottom right corners or draw the area on a map with the help of mouse. On submitting the query, a form requesting the user to

enter the period of interest is displayed. On submitting, a list of scenes covering the users area of interest during the desired period shown to the right of the screen. On selecting the scenes and clicking on the layout option the scenes are plotted on the map. This enables the user to verify his area of coverage and also the number of scenes required. If the order button is clicked then the scenes selected can be ordered.

Pg59

Polygon based search

Pg59

The next screen presents the valid products based on the sensor , and allows various combinations of projections datum & resampling. The mode of dispatch also needs to be mentioned. If courier is opted then the products will be sent by courier if FTP is opted then the products will be uploaded on the web site for the users to download. On clicking the estimate button it shows the cost estimate of the products.

Once the cost estimate is shown Save PI Append PI and Generate Order are presented to the user. The user can Save the PI or Append into a already existing PI or directly generate order.

Pg59

Once the generate order button is clicked the complete PI is presented to the user along with accounts handled/allotted to the user. Then the user needs to select the account .

through which the data cost has to be debited. Once the account number is selected. The Shipping address needs to be filled and confirm button to be clicked

After the confirmation a pop-up window will be shown on the screen showing the Order No. This order number needs to be quoted for all future correspondences. After generation of products the status will be updated automatically. For the products through FTP mode , a mail will be sent to the user with the ip address and user name password. User can download the data using this. 9.1.2 Query Map sheet number based

Map sheet based products are one of the most popular products. So provision to query by map sheet number has been provided to facilitate easy querying by the user. In this case, apart from satellite, sensor, user has to select the map sheet number, either in open series map or as per the old SOI mapsheet numbers along with the period of interest. On submitting the query, a list of scenes covering the map sheet, during the desired period, are displayed. The user can then select the scenes and click layout option. This will plot the scenes on the map.

Pg59

9.1.3 Location name based query In case the user does not know anything other than the name of the location, he can use this query to browse the images covering the place during the desired period. The inputs to be provided by the user are satellite, sensor and the name of the place. Option is available to use the data base of locations with prefix or suffix matching. The user is presented with the details of the scene covering his place and on what dates it was covered. The user can then, view the meta along with the plot on the map.

Location name based search

9.1.4. query

Point

(Lat-Long)

based

This query takes latitude and longitude of a single point and it maps to a square

based on the extent chosen. This query is useful if particular area around a point is to be viewed. User has to select the satellite, sensor, enter latitude and longitude of the point in degrees minutes seconds or degrees decimal

Pg59

format and choose the extent of region desired. The extent of the region varies w.r.t. the sensor. On submitting, a list of scenes covering the extent with the

point as center, during the desired period, along with a graphical plot, is displayed. The user can then, view the meta along with the plot on the map.

Point based search 9.1.5 Search for images based on shape file This query is useful for viewing the images dates when the input is in the form of a shape file generated in arcview format with geographic coordinates. The maximum number of points required in constructing the shape file should not exceed 10,000 .Users have to choose the satellite and sensor and submit along with the shape file in WGS 1984 Geographic /UTM projection format only. On submitting, a list of scenes covering the shape file are displayed. Provision for viewing the selected scenes plotted on the shape file is also provided. The users can then view the images and select.

Shape file based search 9.1.6Search for images based on date of pass /ordering When the date field is not entered at all, an alert message asking the date is displayed. However, a calendar is also provided along the date field for easy operation. Based on the satellite relevant paths or orbits and sensor/modes are presented to the user. Users have to choose the satellite, sensor and the date of pass in dd-mm-

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yyyyformat . If a wrong value entered, an alert is displayed asking the correct This query is useful if the user wants to browse the images for a specific date.

These scenes can then be ordered in the way explained in previous options.

Date based search

9.2

ProductStatusMonitoring Order Processing and monitoring on Intranet by NDC

Users can view the status of the request placed through the above options. This option gives the status as , dispatched , under production or alternate action .After viewing the status of the products, in case if any of the product fails due to technical reasons, it can be re-generated by submitting a different date using the utility - Alternate date provided under pending actions. 9.3 Services for Offline Users: An off-line user is one who has one or more account numbers with NDC but has been placing orders for data by filling a paper order form. Order processing facility on Intranet enables NDC to monitor, distribute, process and dispatch the generated products to the customers placed offline.

10. Payload Programming

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10.1 INTRODUCTION RISAT is the first of the type with Synthetic Aperture Radar payload. Radar backscatter depends upon the sensor parameters such as frequency, polarization and incidence angle as well as on target parameters such as dielectric constant, roughness and geometry. The SAR on RISAT will operate in C band with both horizontal and vertical polarization. The SAR sensor is based on active phase array antenna technology and it provides electronic agility for achieving multimode imaging capability. So the imaging can be done both in ascending and descending passes of a day. The payload basically consists of an antenna 6mx2m in size consisting of 12X2 = 24 tile each tile having 24 X 24 radiating elements. The antenna is capable of generating 126 beams on either side of roll (i.e., +34 / -34). The payload is designed to operate in five different operation modes varying in swath and resolution. The swath and resolution are dictated by the usage of any set of beams out of 126 beams. (63 on each side) covering a very large of look angles. The beam width of the beams are so adjusted o provide a constant swath on ground irrespective of look angle. Table 1 & Table 2 gives the details of the modes an polarisations that are operable. Table.5 Imaging Modes

Table.6 Mode wise Polarization

RISAT is a programable satellite. The data will be collected based on the

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user specifications and as users need to give the look angle, period mode etc. Details of the inputs are discussed in the further sessions.Apart from data from arriving at the data collection needs NDC is also responsible in generating the final schedule files which is used by ISTRAC to further command the satellite. ISTRAC uploads the state vectors and other related files through the online facility which are further used for preparing the schedules. Total flow of action is described in the flow chart.

Flowchart of the programming activities

Various types of users are Handled by NDC as described below. 6.1 TYPES OF USERS: For programming 10.1.1 Registered Users: They are the registered users who can place programming requests for data acquisition. The users can place their programming request online through Internet . Once the inputs for collects are fed an online along with the product details ,proposal is displayed to the user. The proposal shows the dates on which the request can be serviced. Once the confirm button is clicked the dates are blocked for the user. After the data collection the status will be updated as serviced in the request status. Further the data

will be processed and dispatched to the user. 10.1.2 Offline Usres: The usres who do not have online accounts for placing request or still follow the conventional methods send us the request through fax or email. UOPS INTRANET ( used by NDC scientists) has a provision for placing request offline. The proposals are sent to the usres and confirmation is saught for the user before planning. 10.1.3 Ground Station Users: Ground station users are the registered users who will acquire data in real time over their respective ground stations. These users are:

Nodal Ground station: They are responsible for the requests received from the ground stations handled by them. Ex. Space Imaging, Scanex. Individual Ground stations: These stations take care of the requests planned over their respective ground stations. Ex; TRN, DIP, DDN etc. Virtual Ground Stations: These are stations, which act as ground stations and they are governed by visibility circles. The data is collected by SSR and dumped at Svalbard or Shadnagar.

planning and ordering of RISAT data slightly more complex than that for other systems such as Resources at I; This activity is split across three different systems located at NRSA and SCC. The UOPS is the front-end module, which accepts requests from users and International Ground stations online, through a web application. This system validates and transfers the requests to Swath planner. The Swath Planner is a tool, which calculates the predicted RISAT's orbit. It allows to generate, view, edit and analyse swath plans in order to identify the most suitable acquisition plan. Then a technical proposal is displayed to the user along with the graphical representation. After receiving the confirmation from user, PPS at NDC generates the schedules based on NDC selected options and sends it to SCC. At SCC the command sequence is generated for uplinking the satellite. The flow is described in the following flow chart.

10.2 PAYLOAD PROGRAMMIGN ACTIVITY Payload programming activity involves programming the satellite acquisitions - based on the user requirements, International ground station requirements and for archival buildup. As RISAT provides different beam modes and the incidence angle or "beam positions, this flexibility makes the

10.2.1 Options for placing the programming request The different means of placing request for programming are Either Map based (free draw on the map) can be done or the options are AOI , Path and Date options. Under AOI based following options are provided. Polygon Mapsheet Location Point Shape file. Location name is treated as point request with specific radius around the point. Mapsheet:Can input Open series or the old SOI mapsheet numbers. Inputs required form the user: Specify pass direction 1. Ascending mode 2. Descending mode 3. Ascending and descending mode Specify the imaging mode 1. Coarse resolution mode 2. Medium resolution mode 3. Fine resolution striping mode 4. Fine resolution strip map mode

5. High resolution spot light mode Specify a range positions an/or angles of beam incidence

Based on the modes acceptable beam positions will automatically be decided while planning. CRS Mode 12 Beams MRS Mode 6 beams FRS Mode Or Minimum and Maximum Incidence angle should will be taken as input. Or User application will be taken as input Period of Interest Start Date End Date Polarization: Dual /circular Priority: Urgent Normal Emergency User can choose one of the priority options. Normal: These requests can be placed 15 days in advance. These requests will not be charged for programming. Urgent: The requests, which are placed within T-2 days of

acquisition are treated as urgent. These will be included in the daily acquisition plan. These requests will be charged extra for acquisition. Ground stations send their stations request for a period of one week. The urgent request can be placed up to T-2 day Emergency: The user requests are of highest priorty followed by the archival build up. However in case of Natural calamities and man madeemergencies , all other requests take a lower priority. Requests placed in such cases with have high priority. 10.2.2 REQUEST STATUS A request can have various statuses between posted and closed. The user will be able to view his request status online by keying in the request number. Various statuses are: Posted: After the requests are finalized at SWATH PLANNER/UOPS they are posted at NDC-PPS. These requests show the status as posted. Scheduled: The requests which are accepted by NDC-PPS and sent to SCC-PPS

Confirmed: The requests which are confirmed for acquisition at SCC-PPS Serviced: The requests which are acquired on the specified day Cancelled: The requests which are cancelled by SCC due to various reasons Closed: The requests which are successfully acquired (good quality,), will be updated as closed Repost: The requests for which the acquisition is not successful (bad quality) can be posted for another date. The status of such requests will be shown as Reposted. We need to have three such alternate dates for reposting. Only normal and urgent requests can have the reposting facility. Emergency requests for natural calamities will have only one acquisition. 10.2.3 PPS - System The Payload Programming system at NDC is designed as a multi mission Payload Programming system. It takes inputs from UOPS and allows for scheduling.

11.Applications

SAR is often used because of its allweather, day or night capability, it also finds application because it renders a different view of a target with synthetic aperture radar being at a much lower electromagnetic frequency.Observations of the Earth using the SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) have a wide range of practical applications, such as:

11.1Forestry
BACKGROUND National Programmes as well as several corporates are investing

hugely on afforestation / plantation projects under Forestry / NREGS as well as social responsibility projects. In order to sustain them in long term, it is very important to monitor the progress of these planting efforts. Delineation of plantations in the forested area with optical RS data has several constraints. Use of high resolution SAR data has been very useful in the delineation of different type of plantations such as teak and associated species in deciduous forest areas.

INDIVIDUAL TREE DETECTION IDENTIFICATION OF

CROWN AND

FOREST OPENINGS

Forest edges are generally marked by remnant trees and clearances.

Individual trees are considered as key resources to sustainable livelihoods; contribute to above and below ground carbon stock and play a key role in the regulation of nutrient cycling. Forest clearances need to be

monitored for maintaining ecosystem quality. Hence, an all-weather observation tool is essential in tropical forest context. It can be realized with C-band high resolution remote sensing for this purpose.

Fig.21 (A) RISAT-2- x-band VV data (B) FCC of variance (R),mean(G),Second moment (B) generated from GLCM matrix Fig.22 (A)RISAT-2 X-band data (B) Cartosat-1 data showing individual tree crowns(C) FCC of IRS-P6 LISS-IV data and (D) RISAT-2 X-band data showing forest openings

11.2
One of major applications of SAR data is in the field of agriculture due to non-availability of cloud free optical data during the monsoon season and presently,
Spot mode
Scrub land

Crop

High resolution
Strip mode
Water

Urban

Scrub land

Water

Mango-old, Mango-new, Subabul, Trees,

Plowed fields, Unplowed

Ur ba n

SAR data is useful for delineating field boundaries, analysis of inter-field

variability and discrimination crops.

Fig.23Various

Crop

Fields

11.3 AGRICULTURE
High resolution SAR data has potential application in the field of agriculture especially for generating field level information.
R IS AT 2 DL R E S AR X

ICRISAT Office

Fig.24 fields

various

agricultural

11.4 Floods
Identification of flood inundated areas and estimation of flood DL R E S AR C damages are very crucial and difficult tasks to achieve during/after a flood wave. Flood mapping is one of the successful applications of SAR data in providing a synoptic view of the flood affected area due to its ability to penetrate through clouds. SAR data also helps in monitoring the flood situation at regular intervals of time.

DL R E S AR L

ICRISAT Office

Mango Subabul Trees Plowed land Urban Water

To reduce the impact of flood disaster on human life and property, various flood control measures are implemented to protect the vulnerable areas. The major thrust was given for structural measures such as construction of embankments and spurs. Monitoring of these flood control structures are planned by flood control departments to identify the vulnerable river reaches after the flood recedes. High resolution SAR data helps in monitoring the vulnerability of these structures and plan for future flood control structures.

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