Local buckling in innitely, long cylindrical shells subjected uniform

external pressure
Jianghong Xue
n
Department of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 December 2010
Received in revised form
26 December 2011
Accepted 9 January 2012
Available online 15 February 2012
Keywords:
Local buckling
Nonlinear analysis
Long cylindrical shell
a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a unique approach to analyze the buckling of an innitely long cylindrical shell
subjected to the external pressure. Buckling is considered to occur locally in the shell, spreading over a
certain length along the longitudinal axis of the shell. A plausible function of the exural displacement
is created according to Timonshenkos ring solution of the transverse collapse mode. The governing
equations based on DonnellMYVTAPNs shell theory are solved using Ritz method and the
equilibrium conditions are educed. Numerical computations are performed for cases when shell
thickness/radius ratios are 0.1, 0.05 and 0.03. In general, the pressure decreases sharply with a very
slight increase of the normalized radial deection just at the beginning of the initiation, then falls quite
slowly till the two opposite points on the inner surface of the shell contact each other. It is found that
the buckling pressure of the shell converges to the critical value given by DonnellMYVTAPNs shell
theory and the span of the buckling mode in the longitudinal axis of the shell is independent of material
properties. Solutions given in this paper can be used to address the problem of steady-state buckle
propagation in the shells.
& 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Thin-walled cylindrical shells are the simplest yet the most
efcient engineering structures that are widely applied in indus-
tries, such as aerospace, civil, pressure vessels and piping, etc.
Shells are often designed to carry load acting on their external
surface, but if the membrane state created by the external loading
is compressive, there is a possibility that the membrane equili-
brium state will become unstable and the structure will buckle.
The classic solutions of the buckling of innitely long,
cylindrical shells subjected to external pressure are given by
Timonshenko and Gere [1]. Assuming extension of the center line
of a circular ring, Timonshenko and Gere investigated the buck-
ling mechanism of the ring subject to external pressure and
extended the solutions to innitely long, cylindrical shells using
plane strain assumption. The buckling pressure p
cr
of the shell of
radius R and thickness h undergoing ring buckling is
p
cr

E
41m
2

h
R
_ _
3
1
where E is the Youngs modulus, m the Poissons ratio. The cross-
section of the shell is buckled into an elliptical circle which is
characterized by the deformation in the radial direction w as
follows:
ww
a
cos2y 2
where w
a
is the indeterminate buckling amplitude, and y is the
circumferential coordinate.
Later Loo [2] conducted the buckling analysis for shells with
nite length under the action of external pressure using Donnell
MYVTAPNs equations. Assuming that the shell was simply
supported at its two ends, Loo suggested the collapse mode of
the shell satisfying the boundary conditions to be
ww
a
sinmpx=Lsinny=R 3
where x and y are the longitudinal and the circumferential
coordinate axes, respectively, and L is the length of the shell.
The buckling pressure was derived and extended to the case of
innitely long cylindrical shells. The buckling pressure predicted
by Donnells equation was 33% higher than the classic solution
given in Eq. (1), that is
p
bp

E
31m
2

h
R
_ _
3
4
Recently, Kyriakides and Bobcock [35] published a series of
papers regarding the postbuckling behavior of circular rings
subjected to the external pressure and its relevance to the
understanding of the buckle propagation phenomenon in long
cylindrical shells. The outcomes from their research indicated that
the postbuckling conguration of such a ring is unstable up to the
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tws
Thin-Walled Structures
0263-8231/$ - see front matter & 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2012.01.008
n
Tel.: 86 20 85220476; fax: 86 20 85227932.
E-mail address: txuej@jnu.edu.cn
Thin-Walled Structures 53 (2012) 211216
point where the two opposite points on the rings circumference
come into contact and the original round cross section of the ring
is deformed into the dog-bone shape. Based on the prebuckling
and postbuckling responses of a ring, Kyriakides illustrated that
the buckle propagation pressure of a long cylindrical shell is a
condition that can sustain the buckled, unbuckled and the
transition regions.
Much has been written on the topic of buckling of thin
cylindrical shells subjected to external pressure [611]. However,
research activities in this area, ever since the rst conducted,
have never ceased since the technical innovations and the rapid
development of our world have put forward more and more
scientic problems. Among them is the phenomenon of buckle
propagation in very long cylindrical shells. Although the above
mentioned analyses facilitate the calculations of the buckling
pressure as well as the buckle propagation pressure, they cannot
be applied to determine the length of transition zone in a buckle
propagating pipe. The existence of the transition zone between
the unbuckled and the buckled regions indicates that buckling
can only occur over a certain length along the longitudinal
direction of the shell. Thus, the ring techniques are invalid in
analyzing this problem due to the plane strain assumption in
which the inuences of membrane stretching are ignored and the
whole shell is presumed to buckle as an elliptical cylinder. The
same holds for Loos analysis in which the collapse mode is
assumed to spread over the entire length of the cylindrical shell.
This paper analyzes the local buckling in an innitely long
cylindrical shell subjected to external pressure. Once initiated, the
buckle will propagate along the longitudinal direction of the shell,
causing more and more areas of the shell to collapse into a nal
conguration. Governing equations are educed from Donnell
MYVTAPNs shell theory and solved using Ritz Method by
assuming a likely function of radial deection with variable
boundary conditions. Numerical computations are carried out
for several shell geometries. The equilibrium paths and the
buckling pressures are obtained and are validated against the
available well-established results.
2. Governing equations
Consider a long cylindrical shell with radius R and thickness h
subjected to external pressure p. Let x and y be the longitudinal
and the circumferential axes in the median surface of the
undeformed cylindrical shell and u, v and w be the components
of displacement at a point on the median surface in the x axis, y
axis and z axis which correspond to warping, circumferential and
exural displacements, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1. The strain
components at any point P in the deformed conguration are
expressed as follows:
e
x

@u
@x

1
2
@w
@x
_ _
2
e
y

@v
@y

1
2
@w
@y
_ _
2

w
R
g
xy

@u
@y

@v
@x

@w
@x
@w
@x
5
By eliminating the components of displacement u and v from
above equation, the equation of compatibility is derived as
@
2
e
x
@y
2

@
2
e
y
@x
2

@
2
e
xy
@x@y

@
2
w
@x@y
_ _
2

@
2
w
@x
2
@
2
w
@y
2

1
R
@
2
w
@x
2
6
Using KirchhoffLoves assumptions for thin shell, the stress
strain relationship in the cylinder is given by Hookes law
as follows:
e
x

E
1m
2
s
x
ms
y

e
y

E
1m
2
s
y
ms
x

t
xy

21m
E
g
xy
7
where E is the Youngs modulus of elasticity, and m is the Poissons
ratio. The stress components s
x
, s
y
and t
xy
in Eq. (7) denote the
membrane stresses in the median surface of the cylinder shell and
are induced by the exural displacement. According to Donnell
MYVTAPNs shell theory, the differential equations of equili-
brium of the cylindrical shell in the post-buckling stage are given
as follows:
@s
x
@x

@t
xy
@y
0
@t
xy
@x

@s
y
@y
0
@
2
M
x
@x
2
2
@
2
M
xy
@x@y

@
2
M
y
@y
2
hs
x
w
x
hs
y
1
R
w
y
_ _
2ht
xy
w
xy
p 0
8
where M
x
, M
xy
and M
y
are the in-plane bending moments, and w
x
,
w
xy
and w
y
are the changes of curvature. The bending moments
and the curvature changes are all related to the exural displace-
ment w as follows:
M
x
D
@
2
w
@x
2
m
@
2
w
@y
2
_ _
M
y
D
@
2
w
@y
2
m
@
2
w
@x
2
_ _
M
xy
D1m
@
2
w
@x@y
9
w
x

@
2
w
@x
2
w
y

@
2
w
@y
2

1
R
2
w
w
xy

@
2
w
@x@y
10
and D(Eh
3
)/(12(1m
2
)) is the exural rigidity. The rst two
equations in Eq. (8) are satised by introducing the following
stress function F
s
x

@
2
F
@x
2
Fig. 1. Geometry and coordinate axes of a long cylindrical shell.
J. Xue / Thin-Walled Structures 53 (2012) 211216 212
s
y

@
2
F
@y
2
t
xy

@
2
F
@x@y
11
Substituting Eqs. (9) and (10) into the third equation of Eq. (8) and
substituting Eq. (11) into (7) and then into (6) yields the following
equations:
D
t
r
2
r
2
w
@
2
w
@x
2
@
2
F
@y
2

@
2
w
@y
2
@
2
F
@x
2
2
@
2
w
@x@y
@
2
F
@x@y

1
R
@
2
F
@x
2

p
h
1
E
r
2
r
2
F
@
2
w
@x@y
_ _
2

@
2
w
@x
2
@
2
w
@y
2

1
R
@
2
w
@x
2
12
where r
2
(@
2
)/(@x
2
)(@
2
)/(@y
2
)
Eq. (12) are the governing equations of the innite long
cylindrical shell subjected to the lateral external pressure. Theo-
retically, the exact solutions of the exural displacement w and
stress function F can be obtained by solving the two equations
simultaneously. In practice, such consideration is proved to be too
difcult to realize. In this paper, we will adopt the Ritz method to
obtain the approximate solutions.
3. Approximate solutions from Ritz Method
The rst step in applying the Ritz method is to assume a likely
function for exural displacement w which satises the boundary
conditions with several undetermined parameters. In reality the
precondition to propagate a buckle is to initiate it locally. Based
on this observation, we assume that a local buckle occurs in the
shell extending over a certain length 2L along its longitudinal
direction, as illustrated in Fig. 2. When local buckling occurs, it
creates a transversal collapse over the buckled region which,
according to Timoshenkos solution, can be depicted as an
elliptical circle. We assume that when the shell buckles from its
undeformed conguration into its deformed conguration, each
cross section experiences the same collapse mechanism but with
different amplitudes, as indicated in Fig. 2. The boundary condi-
tions in this case are
At x 7L, ww
0
u 0
At x 0, u 0
13
where w
0
is the uniform contraction in radial direction and L a
half of the span of the collapse mode along the longitudinal
direction. By satisfying the boundary conditions (13), the follow-
ing function is chosen as the exural displacement w:
ww
0
w
1
cos
px
2L
_ _
cos
2y
R
_ _
w
2
cos
2
px
2L
_ _
14
where w
0
, w
1
and w
2
are undetermined parameters. In the
problem concerned, the parameter L is also regarded as undeter-
mined. Such consideration is justied by the experimental obser-
vation on the development of a small dent initiated by the
buckling into the nal collapse prole of the shell. Substituting
Eq. (14) into the second equation of Eq. (12) and solving the
acquired equations, the stress function is obtained as follows:
FE Acos
px
2L
_ _
cos
2y
R
_ _
Bcos
3px
2L
_ _
cos
2y
R
_ _ _
Ccos
px
L
_ _
Dcos
4y
R
_ __

a
2
x
2

b
2
y
2
15
where
A
L
p
_ _
2
w
2
2R

w
2
1
2R
2
_ _
B
pR
16L
_ _
2
w
2
1
2
C
2L
pR
_ _
2
w
1
R4w
1
w
2

14L=pR
2

2
D
4L
9pR
_ _
2
w
1
w
2
14L=3pR
2

2
and (a)/(2)x
2
and (b)/(2)y
2
are the homogenous solutions, repre-
senting the uniform stress condition before buckling. The uniform
stress in the hoop direction of the shell before buckling is
a
pR
h
16
To determine the value of b, we have to apply the single-value
condition for circumferential displacement v. From Eqs. (5),
(7) and (11), the formula of (qv)/(qy) is expressed as follows:
@v
@y

1
E
@
2
F
@x
2
m
@
2
F
@y
2
_ _

1
2
@w
@y
_ _
2

w
R
17
Substituting Eqs. (14) and (15) into (17) and simplifying the
acquired formulas yields
@v
@y

a
E

mb
E

w
0
R

w
2
1
2R
2

w
2
2R
_ _

4
R
_ _
2
mB
1
2
w
1
R
_ _
2
_ _
cos
4y
R
_ _

w
1
R

p
2L
_ _
2

2
R
_ _
2
m
_ _
C
_ _
cos
px
2L
_ _
cos
2y
R
_ _

3p
2L
_ _
2
m
2
R
_ _
2
_ _
Dcos
3px
2L
_ _
cos
2y
R
_ _

1
2
w
1
R
_ _
2
cos
px
L
_ _
cos
4y
R
_ _
18
Since y is measured along the circumferential axis, the single-
value condition of v requires that @v/@y must be a periodic
function of y. Otherwise when the value of y changes from 0 to
2pR, that is, if we return to a given point after making a complete
circle around the shell, the displacement v will have a net gain.
Thus, the constant term in the rst bracket of Eq. (18) must
vanish, from which we have
b
E
m
a
E

w
0
R

w
2
1
2R
2

w
2
2R
_ _
19
In the post-buckling stage, the transverse collapse of the shell
induces a nonlinear exural displacement in the radial direction,
causing the shell to undergo not only the circumferential bending
but also the membrane stretching. The strain energies dissipated
by the circumferential bending W
b
and by the membrane stretch-
ing W
m
in the shell are given by the following formulas:
W
b
2
D
2
_
L
0
_
2pR
0
@
2
w
@x
2

@
2
w
@y
2
_ _
2
21m
@
2
w
@x
2
@
2
w
@y
2

@
2
w
@x@y
_ _
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
dxdy
20
W
m
2
h
2E
_
L
0
_
2pR
0
s
x
s
y

2
21ms
x
s
y
t
2
xy
dxdy 21
Using Eqs. (11), (14)(16) and (19) and after some algebra calcula-
tion, the strain energies W
b
and W
m
are obtained as follows:
W
b

EhpR
2
2y
1
31m
2

h
R
_ _
2
1y
2

2
w
2
1
8y
4
w
2
2
22
z
y
x
L L
R
Fig. 2. Illustration of local buckling in a deformed cylindrical shell subjected to
external pressure.
J. Xue / Thin-Walled Structures 53 (2012) 211216 213
W
m

EhpR
2
2y
1
8
y
4
w
4
1

1
8
w
2
w
2
1

4y
4
1y
2

2
1
4
w
2
_ _
2
w
2
1
_

4y
4
19y
2

2
w
2
1
w
2
2

a
E
_ _
2

b
E
_ _
2
2m
a
E
b
E
_
23
where
w
0

w
0
R
, w
1

w
1
R
, w
2

w
2
R
, y
pR
4L
, p
pR
Eh
24
The work done by the external pressure W
p
is equal to the pressure
p multiplying the volume change of the shell, i.e.
W
p
2p
_
L
0
_
2pR
0
wdxdy 25
Introducing Eq. (14) into the above equation and integrating, the
external work W
p
is found to be of the form
W
p

2EhpR
2
y
p w
0

1
2
w
2
_ _
26
The negative sign in Eq. (26) represents a volume decrease of the
shell. The total potential energy of the entire shell P is the
summation of the strain energies W
b
and W
m
and the work of
external force W
p
PW
b
W
m
W
p
27
Substituting Eqs. (22), (23) and (26) into the above equation and
normalizing the total potential energy with respect to Et(pR)
2
, the
non-dimensional total potential energy P is obtained as the
following:
P
1
2
1
31m
2

h
R
_ _
2
1
y
1y
2

2
w
2
1
8y
3
w
2
2
_ _

1
8
y
3
w
4
1
_

1
8y
w
2
w
2
1

4y
3
1y
2

2
1
4
w
2
_ _
2
w
2
1

4y
3
19y
2

2
w
2
1
w
2
2
1m
2

p
2
y

1
y
1
2
w
2
1
w
0

1
2
w
2
_ _ _ _
2

2p
y
w
0

1
2
w
2
_ _
_
28
where P
P
EhpR
2
.
According to the principle of virtual work, the actual displace-
ment w of the shell under the given external pressure must be
such that the rst variation of the total potential energy is
stationary. In particular, it must be a minimum under the
condition of equilibrium. This condition is satised by taking
the rst derivative of the total potential energy P with respect to
w
0
, w
1
, w
2
and y, and set these values to zero, i.e.
@P
@w
0
0,
@P
@w
1
0,
@P
@w
2
0,
@P
@y
0 29
From the rst equation of Eq. (29), we have
w
0

1
2
w
2

1
2
w
2
1
2m
2
1p 30
Introduce Eq. (30) into (28), then continue taking derivatives of
the last three equations of Eq. (29) to the following:
p
1
31m
2

h
R
_ _
2
1y
2
_ _
2

1
4
y
4
w
2
1

2y
4
1y
2

2
w
2
1
8y
4
1
1y
2

2

1
19y
2

2
_ _
w
2
1
w
2

4y
4
1y
2

2
1
4
w
2
_ _
2

4y
4
19y
2

2
w
2
2

16y
4
31m
2

w
2
h
R
_ _
2
31
w
2

1
4

2y
4
1y
2

2
_ _
1
4

16y
4
31m
2

h
R
_ _
2
8y
4
1
1y
2

2

1
19y
2

2
_ _
w
2
1
_ _w
2
1
32
1
61m
2

h
R
_ _
2
1y
2
3
1
y
2
_ _
w
2
1
24y
2
w
2
2
_ _

3
16
y
2
w
4
1

1
16y
2
w
2
1
w
2

2y
2
3y
2

1y
2

3
1
4
w
2
_ _
2
w
2
1

6y
2
13y
2

19y
2

3
w
2
1
w
2
2

1
y
2
p
1
2
w
2
1
2m
2

3
2
_ _
p
_ _
0 33
Eqs. (31)(33) are the equilibrium conditions of the cylindrical
shell, and can be used to obtain the post-buckling equilibrium
path of the shell.
4. Equilibrium path
It can be seen from Eq. (24) that w
1
o1 and yo1 since the
deformation cannot be beyond the radius and the span of the buckle
in the longitudinal direction must be much greater than its radius.
With this observation, one can see that the leading terms in the right-
hand side of Eq. (31) are (1)/(3(1m
2
))((h)/(R))
2
and (y
4
)/(4(1y
2
)
2
):
the rst one represents the inuence of the circumferential bending
and the second one the membrane stretching. In order to take into
consideration the effect of the membrane stretching on the post-
buckling behavior, the magnitude of y
2
must be of the same order as
the ratio of (h/R). Thus, we have
y
2
n
h
R
_ _
34
where n is an undetermined coefcient. Substituting Eq. (34) into
(32) and noticing that the ratio (h/R)
2
is a very small quantity for thin
shell, the following formula is approximated from Eq. (32):
w
2
w
2
1
35
Using Eqs. (34) and (35), Eqs. (31) and (33) are simplied as follows:
p
h
R
_ _
2
1
31m
2

1n
h
R
_ _
2

1
4
n
2
w
2
1

2n
2
1nh=R
2
w
2
1
_
8n
2
1
1nh=R
2

1
19nh=R
2
_ _
w
4
1

4n
2
1nh=R
2
1
4
w
2
1
_ _
2

4n
2
19nh=R
2
w
4
1

16n
2
31m
2

w
2
1
h
R
_ _
2
_
36
1
61m
2

h
R
_ _
2
1n
h
R
_ _
3
1
nh=R
_ _
w
2
1
24n
h
R
_ _
w
4
1
_ _

3
16
n
h
R
_ _
w
4
1

23nh=R
1nh=R
3
n
h
R
_ _
1
4
w
2
1
_ _
2
w
2
1

613nh=R
19nh=R
3
n
h
R
_ _
w
4
1

1
nh=R
p
1
2
w
2
1
2m
2

3
2
_ _
p
_ _
0 37
Eqs. (36) and (37) show that both p and n are functions of w
1
only,
even though these two functions are coupled with each other. For a
given value of w
1
, which denotes the amplitude of the exural
displacement at any particular stage of the collapse, the correspond-
ing pressure p and n are calculated from Eqs. (36) and (37), and then,
the longitudinal spreading 2L at this instant is obtained fromEqs. (24)
and (34).
To obtain the equilibrium path at the post-buckling stage,
numerical computations are carried out. The computation is
terminated when the two opposite points on the inner surface
of the pipe contact each other. Numerically, such condition
requires that the exural displacement w cannot exceed the value
Rh/2. Three cases when h/R0.1, 0.05 and 0.03 are studied.
J. Xue / Thin-Walled Structures 53 (2012) 211216 214
Variations of the normalized pressure (p/E)(h/R)
3
with respect
to the normalized buckling amplitude w
1
are plotted in Fig. 3 for
different values of (h/R). It can be seen from Fig. 3 that 0.3o
(p/E)(h/R)
3
o1, this implies that the magnitude of the buckling
pressure p is proportional to the value of (h/R)
3
. The same
prediction is given by Xue and Hoo Fatt [10]. In Ref. [10], they
suggested that the buckling pressure for a non-uniform, long
cylindrical shell be (E)/(12(1m
2
))((h)/(R))
3
(k1), where kA(1,2)
is the buckling mode parameter.
Fig. 3 shows that the normalized pressures start to drop
sharply once a local buckling is initiated in the pipe and then
falls quite slowly until the two opposite points on the inner
surface of the pipe contact each other. Such postbuckling behavior
is in favor of the experimental results given by Kyriakides and
Bobcock [3] and the nite element solutions given by Chater and
Hutchinson [12]. The pre-buckling and postbuckling paths given
in Ref. [12] is replotted in Fig. 4. The postbuckling response in
Fig. 4 conrms that the shell subjected to the external pressure
will collapse as far as buckling occurs even though the material
properties for both circumstances are different.
5. Results and discussions
It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the normalized pressures
decrease and approach a limit value as the deformation progresses
to the fully collapsed mode. It is justiable to consider that such
limit value must theoretically be in accord with the classical
solution p
cr
given in Ref. [1] since both represent the lowest load
that the shell can sustain. The limit value is found from Eq. (36) to
be (E)/(3(1m
2
))((h)/(R))
3
, which is exactly the buckling pressure
given in Eq. (4). The over-prediction in Timoshenko and Geres [1]
solution in this paper is due to ignoring the shells initial curvature
in the circumferential direction.
The exural displacement w given in Eq. (14) is characterized
by two parameters: the transversal buckling amplitude w
1
and
the longitudinal span 2L. The buckling mode is the failure mode
when the two opposite points on the inner surface of the shell
contact each other. From Eqs. (24) and (34), the value of L is found
to be
L
p
4
R
3=2
n
1=2
h
1=2
39
where the value of n is calculated from Eqs. (36) and (37) when
w
1
R. Since the value of n is hardly affected by the material
properties, the span of the buckling mode is determined by
geometric parameters of the pipe R and h only, and the material
properties have no inuence on it. Solutions of the span of the
buckling mode in the longitudinal direction can be used to predict
the length of transition zone of pipelines experiencing buckle
propagation, which will be discussed in another paper.
6. Conclusion
Local buckling in an innitely long cylindrical shell subjected
to the external pressure was analyzed using DonnellMYV-
TAPNs shell theory. The buckling was considered to occur over
a certain length along the longitudinal axis of the shell with a
transverse prole of an elliptical circle. Assuming that the span of
the buckling mode in the longitudinal axis is undetermined, the
governing equations were solved using Ritz method, and the
equilibrium conditions of the shell at the post-buckling stage
were acquired. Numerical computations were conducted for three
cases when the ratios of thickness/radius are 0.1, 0.05 and 0.03.
Variations of the normalized buckling pressure with respect to
the normalized buckling amplitude indicate that the load carrying
capacity of the shell decreases precipitously once the local
buckling is initiated and then falls very slowly till the middle
plane is fully collapsed. Solutions of the buckling pressure were
shown to converge to the critical value predicted by Donnell
MYVTAPNs shell theory. In addition, the span of the buckling
mode in the longitudinal direction of the shell was found to be
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.038 0.042 0.087 0.164 0.239 0.302 0.383 0.436 0.477 0.51 0.54 0.566 0.589 0.601
h/R= 0.1
h/R= 0.05
h/R= 0.03
1
w
3
p h
E R
Fig. 3. Variations of the normalized pressure (p/E)(h/R)
3
with respect to the normalized buckling amplitude w
1
for several values of h/R.
Elastic deformation
Elastic buckling
Elastic-plastic deformation
P
External.
pressure
Change in area A
Plastic collapse
Touching
Buckle propagation
Fig. 4. Pre-buckling and post-buckling behaviors of a ring undergoing plain strain
deformation (taken from Chater and Hutchinson [12]).
J. Xue / Thin-Walled Structures 53 (2012) 211216 215
proportional to (radius)
3/2
/(thickness)
1/2
and independent of the
material properties.
Acknowledgment
The work presented herein was conducted with the Financial
Support of National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant
nos. 11172113 and 11032005.
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