Appendix 15

The Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.l B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 B.9 Newton's law of viscosity Fourier's law of heat conduction Fick's (first) law of binary diffusion The equation of continuity The equation of motion in terms of The equation of motion for a Newtonian fluid with constant p and fx The dissipation function ^ for Newtonian fluids The equation of energy in terms of q The equation of energy for pure Newtonian fluids with constant p and

B.1O The equation of continuity for species a in terms of )a B.ll The equation of continuity for species A in terms of (oA for constant

B.l

NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY

[T = Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z): (f/x - K)(V v) (f/x, - K)(V v) (la fc)(V v) (B.l-4) (B.l-5) (B.l-6) (.1-2 - K)(V v)5]

dz dx

- + dy ~d~z ~dvx dz in which dy

dZ

(B.l-7)

When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V v) may be omitted. For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity is zero.

843

844

Appendix B

Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.l

NEWTON'S LAW OF VISCOSITY (continued)

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z): v) (B.I-9)" (.1-10 (B.l-ll) (B.l-12) (B.l-13)

T(ir

\ ) 1 ^

= T,/, = i

^ dz \

dvr dVz ~dz+~dr in which

(B.l-14)
a

When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V v) may be omitted. For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity is zero. Spherical coordinates (, , ):
= -fL

Too =

V 1 ^ , Pr + Pfl COt g\] 21 : - -- + I + (/, - fc)(V v) r \ Sin 0 > /J

"

(.1-17 (B.l-18)

TrO = T0r =

sin

\ sin
r sin
+

r sin dr \

(B.l-19) (B.l-20)

in which ~

(B.l-21)

When the fluid is assumed to have constant density, the term containing (V v) may be omitted. For monatomic gases at low density, the dilatational viscosity is zero.

B.2

Fourier's Law of Heat Conduction

845

B.2

FOURIER'S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION" [q = -fcVT]

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

(B.2-3) Cylindrical coordinates (, , z): (.2-4) (.2-5) (B.2-6) Spherical coordinates (, , ): (B.2-7) (B.2-8)
(B

-2"9)

For mixtures, the term Xa(Ha/MQ)]a must be added to q (see Eq. 19.3-3).

846

Appendix B

Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.3 FICK'S (FIRST) LAW OF BINARY DIFFUSION"

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

(B.3-2) (B3-3) Cylindrical coordinates (, , z): ^ (B.3-4)

J~ ^
Spherical coordinates (, , ):

(B.3-5) (.-6)

(B.3-7) (B.3-8)
( B 3

"9)

To get the molar fluxes with respect to the molar average velocity, replace \A, p, and by J% c, and xA.

B.4 THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY"

[dp/dt + (V pv) Cartesian coordinates (x, ,z): dp dt Cylindrical coordinates (r, 0, z):
?
(

= 0J

, (pV ) 6 )X r x
x

+ "" (pi

dy

V*

(B.4-1)

ipv0)

= 0

(B.4-2)

Spherical coordinates (, , ): #9 dt
3 +

- (pr2vr) + 21

r sin

PVe

sin 0)

1 ( +r sin 0

(.4-3)

When the fluid is assumed to have constant mass density p, the equation simplifies to (V v) = 0.

B.5

The Equation of Motion in Terms of

847

B.5 THE EQUATION OF MOTION IN TERMS OF r

[pDv/Dt = - Vp - [V ] + pg]
Cartesian coordinates(x,y, z):
P
a

(dvx \-dt+V

dv.

dvx dvx\ = J I- v dy ' z dz)

S

ix~
dy
dp

dx

xx

+ Pgx

(B.5-1) (B.5-2) (B.5-3)

A. 1- v
>vz

dvtJ\
z

dz)

= -

d dx

Txy

^ d ' dz

+ Pgy

i~dt
a

(dVz

+i

+ Vy

dvz_

dvz\ dz)

Tzz

+ Pgz

These equations have been written without making the assumption that is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, rvl/ and ryx may be interchanged.

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z):b dvr

dv
0

dvr

ve dvr

dvr

v2o\

dp

\i

]
ror -
p g e

(B.5-4) (B.5-5) (.5-6)

+ Vr

^r+
dvz
+

ve dvz
+ v

*>e

W Wo)
+

_ _ 1 *P *P _ f l

m
dv

)dp

Tie

\ydr

l_,Y
{r

d
Toe

Tde

dvz
+ v

These equations have been written without making the assumption that is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, 1. = 0. Spherical coordinates (r, , ): (dVr
p

dV,
Vr

VgdV, t

1
:

dVr

V] + V\\ _
r

\ dt

dr

r\

r sin d$

dp dr
1
d

d , . . . ^ -T \ Sin 0) dve

+T
"7 i dp

^1 ,
+

P^r

(B.5-7)

dv0

dve

ve dv0

vrve - vl cot 6) _

r sin elkj>

(1. - ) - c o t (.5-8)

dV(h
p

Ve
+Vr

dV

COt

[ dt

dr

r sin
sin

r sin
(T^r

) + COt

(.5-9)

These equations have been written without making the assumption that is symmetric. This means, for example, that when the usual assumption is made that the stress tensor is symmetric, - = 0.

848

Appendix B

Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.6 EQUATION OF MOTION FOR A NEWTONIAN FLUID WITH CONSTANT p AND /x

[pDv/Dt Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z): dVx dVx dVx dVx\ dp dx dVu dVu dVx dy2 dVz dVz dVz dVz\ dp d2V7 d\,7, \ d2Vx d2Vx d2V: = - V p + fiV2v + pg]

- i + - \+Pgz
Cylindrical coordinates (, , z): dVr
ut

(B.6-3)

dVr
/

Vo dVr
'

dp
2

Ow

dz

(
dr\rdr r dO
2 2

+
dz
2

(B.6-4)

(dVi

dve dVz

VodVe dve vrv\ _ dp dp \ (\ d , 1 d2vz Vo dVz dvz\ \\ d ( dvz\

, 1 <? , d2vJ

4 S \+PZe

(B.6-5)
(.6-6)

(dVz

Spherical coordinates (, , ): (dvr \dt dvr ~dr~ ve dvr T~d6+

dvr r sin 1

dr (.6-7
dl

+Vr

dv0 dt
r

dv0 dr

vQ dve SO

dv0

vrve - v\ cot
r

Idp
r dO

r sin 0 d sin

2 COt 0 2 Sin 2 d2 cot r sin d ~ 1 dp r sin d 2 d6

(B.6-8)

dt

dr

r SO

The quantity in the brackets in Eq. B.6-7 is not what one would expect from Eq. (M) for [V Vv] in Table A.7-3, because we have added to Eq. (M) the expression for (2/r)(V v), which is zero for fluids with constant p. This gives a much simpler equation.

B.8

The Equation of Energy in Terms of q

849

B.7

THE DISSIPATION FUNCTION FOR NEWTONIAN FLUIDS (SEE EQ. 3.3-3)

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

[ dx )

\ dy )

\dvy

Sv^V
[ _ dy dz J

~ 3 [li" ^

dvx

dl
+

(B.7-1)

Cylindrical coordinates (r, ( I z):

m H(")' f
dr)

[t

Spherical coordinates (, , ):

+ \r f

01

)]

< ? (v\ \ )

1 ^ . l 2 , sin ( v+ \ ] \_ \ sin )

1 dv^V sin ]

1 ^ [ sin

i_fM \
(B.7-3)

-^ * (s i n W + - L _
sin 0 (?0

sm

.8

THE EQUATION OF ENERGY IN TERMS OF q

[pC,,DT/Dt = -(V q) - (d In p/d In T)pDp/Dt - (T:VV)]

Cartesian coordinates (x, y,,z):

pL

p, (dT , dT , v +Vx \dt dx

dT

dT

/<?ln p\ dy dz\

Dp

\d In r/ F Dt

(T:VV)

(.8-1

Cylindrical coordinates (r, 0, z):

pel
^\ot

+ v,.
dr

\dq0 r dO

di d zj

Dp

V^lnT/p
i

(B.8-2)fl

Spherical coordinates (, , ): x (dT , dT ^vfl pC[ + vr + sT dT\

r sin (^)

'

) 1

l ^ (a sin ^ + r sin ^ du r sin d\

<^< / d In p\ Dp
\i In T/p Dt

(T:VV)

(.8-
a

The viscous dissipation term, -(T:VV), is given in Appendix A, Tables A.7-1, 2,3. This term may usually be neglected, except for systems with very large velocity gradients. The term containing (d In p/d In T)p is zero for fluid with constant p.

850

Appendix B

Fluxes and the Equations of Change

B.9

THE EQUATION OF ENERGY FOR PURE NEWTONIAN FLUIDS WITH CONSTANT" p AND [pCpT/Dt = kV2T +

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z):

* ^ = \ + +
z

Sz)

|_

(.9-1)

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z): p (dT _ , _ dT

v

o dT

Hr{rf)V<i>

2 6>02

^z2j

(B.9-2)b

Spherical coordinates (, , ):
pL

\dt

1v 71

' 'dr

' ' rsin )

V&

It

Sin vv \

^ 1 cin fl ^ 1 1
OV

67 i

2 s i n 2 ^ <?</>2J

(.9-3)/;

This form of the energy equation is also valid under the less stringent assumptions = constant and {d In pi In T)t,Dp/Dt = 0. The assumption p = constant is given in the table heading because it is the assumption more often made. b The function is given in B.7. The term /, is usually negligible, except in systems with large velocity gradients.

B.1O

THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES a IN TERMS" OF )a

[pDtjJDt = -(V

Cartesian coordinates (x, yf z):

dz J

(B.10-1)

Cylindrical coordinates (r, , z):

()

() 1>0 da>a
Vr

do)a\
+ Vz

dt

3 < ~de~

~dz~)

~\J~dr^r]ar'

~r~de+~>

(B.10-2)

Spherical coordinates (r, , ): () \ dt ) ve )

1 \_
r

Vy

r sin d )

dr

(r /> ) 1
ar

S i n

Sin de \JaO

> ) ~H

+ ra

(B.10-3)

To obtain the corresponding equations in terms of J* make the following replacements:

p ] v ra

Replace

by

V*

Ra-Xaf,Rfi
3 1

B.ll

The Equation of Continuity for Species A in Terms of OJA for Constant

851

B.ll

THE EQUATION OF CONTINUITY FOR SPECIES A IN TERMS OF <oA FOR CONSTANT" p<3)AB
p<d)ABV (DA + rA]
2

Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z): (( ) () v

SWA

U2a>A

()

+ ^ 1+ r
^ ^2
n2

Cylindrical coordinates (, , z): 1 ) ) Ve do)A

[- * j
1 (
2

1 (x)A

u>A

Spherical coordinates (, , ): ) ) v0 > \ , 1 ( . (.11-3)

obtain the corresponding equations in terms of xA, make the following replacements: p con v v* ra RQ - xQ 2 Rp
8 1

Replace by