Determination of the modulus of elasticity of prismatic bars by longitudinal vibration Laboratory practice Instructions Principle Dynamic longitudinal modulus

of elasticity (MOE) of homogenous prismatic bars is given by the following term

MOE dyn "long = V !

where is the density and V is the velocity of sound# $ precise sound velocity determination is given by longitudinal vibration
V = ! Lf

where L is the length of the beams" f is the longitudinal vibration fre%uency# Material and dimensions Material is basically any solid material# &ecommended length minimum '"(m and minimum ( times of the width of the bar# )e can test shorter beams" but high fre%uency respond microphone is re%uired" li*e dynamic microphone# +his case the minimum length goes down to '",m# -etup .sing the following setup determination of the longitudinal vibration fre%uency is easy

PC FFT

The test bar is supported by two rubber strips. End of the bar is hit by hammer. There is a microphone at the opposite end. +est procedure Please hit the end of the bar# Direction of hit is longitudinal# )eigh of the hammer is '"(/(0 of the weight of the sample# Material of the hammer head is steel or hard wood (hard type)# $ perfect hit is speedy and the hammer spring bac* from the bar# -ettings of the 11+ software 1re%uency range 22'!( (or ((2!) 34" +rigger level (0 but in noisy environment higher trigger level is recommended# +ypically more the one pea* is observed# -electing of the longitudinal vibration fre%uency please predict the longitudinal fre%uency of dry wood samples by the following term
f = !('' 5 L

where the L is the length in m and the predicted fre%uency is given in 34# +he actual fre%uency will be in the range of predicted fre%uency 65/!'0# 1or wet wood samples please use 27'' instead of !(''# E%uipment list 8alance &ubber strips -amples Measuring tape and5or caliper -oft and hard hammers P9 with sound card" microphone and 11+ software

Example spectra: Length= !"m! longitudinal #ibration fre$uency = %&"%'(. Velocity = %&"%m)s. Material: *obinia pseudoacacia! dimensions: +, x - x " mm Determination of the modulus of elasticity of prismatic bars by bending vibration Laboratory practice Instructions Principle Dynamic bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) of homogenius prismatic bars is given by the following term" where the effect of the shear is neglected
MOE dyn "bending ! f n mL, = n .
!

where fn is bending vibration fre%uency" n is the mode number" support condition is free n = /n0 ."12" n is mode number" but + : !#!7; m is the mass of the bar L is the length of the bar . is the inertia" . =
ab, where a is the width and b is the thic*ness of the bar 2!

Effect of shear is minor if the length of the bar is higher than ,' times of the thic*ness# )hen the length is shorter" the obtained result is lower than the correct one# Perfect solution provided by +imoshen*o e%uation# $nother practice deals with this problem# Material and dimensions Material is basically any solid material# &ecommended length is at least ,' times of the thic*ness of the bar# -lender beam is recommended# -etup .sing the following setup determination of the bending vibration fre%uency is easy

L 0.22L 0.22L

PC FFT

The test bar is supported by two rubber strips at !22,L locations from the end. 3enter of the bar is hit by hammer! where a microphone pic4s up the #ibration signal. +est procedure Please hit the center of the bar# )eigh of the hammer is '"(/(0 of the weight of the sample# Material of the hammer head is rubber (soft type)# -ettings of the 11+ software 1re%uency range 22'! 34" +rigger level (0 but in noisy environment higher level is recommended# +he tallest pea* is belongs to the bending vibration" mode number 2# 1or testing higher modes please place rubber supports at nodal points and the ma<imum amplitude locations are the hit and microphone locations# +he following figure shows the nodal locations at the first = modes

Mode no# 2#

'"!!=L

'#;;7L

Mode no# !#
'#2,!L

'#(L

'#>7>L

Mode no# ,#

'#'?=L '#,(7L

'#7==L

'"?'7L

Mode no# =#
'#';,L

'#!;;L

'"(L '#;!,L

'#?!;L

+he nodal locations" bending of uniform cross/section bar" free support condition# E%uipment list 8alance

Measuring tape and5or caliper ,

&ubber strips -amples

-oft and hard hammers P9 with sound card" microphone and 11+ software

Example spectra: 5ending #ibration! mode no. +. 6re$uency=27,!7'( Material: *obinia pseudoacacia! dimensions: +, x - x " mm Determination of the shear modulus of prismatic bars by torsional vibration Laboratory practice Instructions Principle Dynamic shear modulus (@) of homogenius prismatic bars is given by the following term ! ! Lf n . p
9dyn "torsion = n 8t

where fn is torsional vibration fre%uency" n is the mode number" n = /n0 ."12" n is mode number" but + : !#!7; is the density of the bar L is the length of the bar .p is the inertia" . = a/b C

ab ! ( a + b ! ) where a and b are the cross/sectional dimensions 2!

8 t = cab , where a:=b and c is given in the following table

2 2#!( 2#( 2#;( ! !#( , = ( 2' !' '#2=2 '#2;! '#2?7 '#!2= '#!!? '#!=? '#!7, '#!>2 '#!?2 '#,2! '#,!,

Material and dimensions Material is basically any solid material# &ecommended length is at least ,' cm# &atio between with5thic*ness is at least ! or higher# -etup =

.sing the following setup determination of the bending vibration fre%uency is possible

PC FFT

The test bar is supported by a rubber strips at the center of the bar and two small rubber support is placed at the ends according to the figure abo#e. 'it location mar4ed by a circle close to the corner. Microphone location is another corner. +est procedure Please hit the bar close to the corner# )eigh of the hammer is '"(/(0 of the weight of the sample# Material of the hammer head is depends on the fre%uency# 1or low fre%uency please use soft" for high fre%uency please use hard hammer# -ettings of the 11+ software 1re%uency range depends on dimensions" +rigger level (0 but in noisy environment higher level is recommended# Identification of torsional pea*s is not easy# +ypically bending and torsional pea*s appears together# 1irst determine the bending fre%uencies and deselect those pea*s# +he remaining are the torsional pea*s# +he torsional pea*s are almost Ae%uidistantB pea*s" ratio between 2" ! and , modes are 2" ! and ,# In practice 65/2' percent deviation is possible# Please use mode number 2 data in the evaluation# E%uipment list 8alance &ubber strips -amples Measuring tape and5or caliper -oft and hard hammers P9 with sound card" microphone and 11+ software

82 +2 8! +! 8, +,

5ending /5+! 52 and 5,1 and torsional /T+! T2 and T,1 #ibration of a bar. Material: *obinia pseudoacacia! dimensions: +, x - x " mm