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flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
6.25
10.00
41.75
0.50
38.00
6.25
10.25
41.00
3.00
36.50
6.25
12.25
39.00
4.00
35.50
6.25
13.00
37.50
6.50
32.50
6.25
14.25
37.00
7.50
33.00
6.25
16.25
35.00
10.25
29.75
6.25
18.25
33.25
13.25
26.50
6.25
19.25
32.00
14.25
25.50
6.25
20.00
31.00
16.00
24.50
6.25
22.00
29.00
17.50
21.75
6.25
22.50
28.50
17.50
21.75
6.25
24.25
27.00
19.00
20.25
Table 2: Values obtained for central column (0.5 Rashig rings) with rotameter reading of 8cm
Water
flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
7.00
12.25
39.00
3.50
36.00
7.00
14.50
37.00
2.50
37.00
7.00
17.50
36.00
3.00
36.50
7.00
16.00
35.25
4.00
35.00
7.00
17.25
34.00
5.00
33.50
7.00
18.25
33.00
7.00
31.00
7.00
19.25
32.00
10.00
29.25
7.00
20.25
31.00
12.00
27.00
7.00
21.25
30.00
13.75
24.50
7.00
22.25
29.00
16.50
22.75
7.00
7.00
23.25
24.25
28.00
27.00
17.75
18.75
21.50
20.75
Table 3: Values obtained for central column (0.5 Rashig rings) with rotameter reading of 9cm
Water
flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
7.50
15.25
36.00
1.00
38.50
7.50
16.25
35.00
2.50
38.00
7.50
17.25
34.00
4.00
37.00
7.50
18.00
33.00
7.00
33.50
7.50
19.00
33.50
8.25
32.00
7.50
19.25
32.00
11.00
28.50
7.50
20.25
31.00
11.50
28.00
7.50
21.25
30.00
12.50
27.50
7.50
22.00
29.00
15.00
24.75
7.50
23.00
28.00
17.00
22.00
7.50
23.75
27.00
13.00
21.25
7.50
25.00
26.00
19.00
20.25
Table 4: Values obtained for central column (0.5 Rashig rings) with rotameter reading of 10cm
Water
flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
8.25
17.00
34.25
2.00
39.00
8.25
18.00
33.25
2.50
37.00
8.25
19.25
32.00
3.00
36.75
8.25
19.75
32.50
4.50
36.00
8.25
20.25
31.00
5.25
34.00
8.25
21.00
30.00
12.00
27.50
8.25
21.75
29.50
12.25
28.50
8.25
22.25
29.00
13.50
27.00
8.25
23.00
28.00
14.00
25.75
8.25
23.50
28.50
16.00
23.25
8.25
8.25
24.25
25.25
27.00
26.00
18.00
19.25
21.25
20.00
Table 5: Values obtained for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with rotameter reading of 8cm
Water
flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
7.00
1.25
41.00
12.00
28.00
7.00
3.00
39.25
13.25
25.75
7.00
5.50
37.00
14.00
25.50
7.00
9.50
35.00
15.00
24.25
7.00
9.75
33.00
15.50
23.75
7.00
11.50
31.00
16.00
23.25
7.00
13.25
30.00
16.50
22.50
7.00
13.75
29.00
16.50
22.50
7.00
15.75
27.00
17.00
22.25
7.00
17.75
25.00
17.25
22.00
7.00
19.75
23.00
17.50
21.75
7.00
20.75
22.00
17.50
21.75
Table 6: Values obtained for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with rotameter reading of 9cm
Water
flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
7.50
4.00
38.50
11.00
29.00
7.50
5.75
37.25
12.00
27.50
7.50
7.50
35.00
13.00
26.25
7.50
9.00
34.00
15.00
24.25
7.50
10.00
33.00
15.00
24.25
7.50
10.75
32.00
16.00
24.00
7.50
13.00
30.00
15.75
23.75
7.50
15.50
28.00
16.25
23.00
7.50
17.00
26.00
16.75
22.50
7.50
18.00
24.50
16.50
22.75
7.50
20.00
23.00
17.25
22.00
7.50
20.75
22.00
17.50
21.75
Table 7: Values obtained for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with rotameter reading of 10cm
Water
flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
8.25
5.75
37.00
12.50
26.75
8.25
7.75
35.00
13.00
26.00
8.25
10.00
33.00
14.00
25.00
8.25
10.75
32.00
15.25
24.00
8.25
13.00
30.00
17.50
22.25
8.25
13.75
29.00
17.75
22.50
8.25
16.00
27.00
17.50
21.50
8.25
17.00
26.00
17.75
21.00
8.25
17.25
27.00
18.25
21.25
8.25
19.00
26.00
18.75
20.75
8.25
20.00
25.00
18.50
20.75
8.25
20.75
24.00
18.75
20.75
Table 8: Values obtained for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with rotameter reading of 11cm
Water
flow rate
(l/min)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
h1 (cm)
h2 (cm)
9.00
6.75
36.00
12.00
26.75
9.00
9.00
34.00
11.25
28.00
9.00
10.00
33.00
12.50
27.00
9.00
11.00
32.00
13.00
26.50
9.00
13.00
30.00
15.00
24.25
9.00
13.50
29.00
15.25
24.00
9.00
15.00
28.00
15.75
23.75
9.00
15.75
27.00
16.25
23.50
9.00
17.00
26.00
16.50
23.00
9.00
18.00
25.00
17.00
22.50
9.00
19.75
23.00
17.50
22.00
9.00
20.75
22.00
17.75
21.75
Table 9: Calculated data for central column (0.5 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 7cm
Water
flow rate
(L/min)
Water
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
Difference in head
across orifice
(m)
Difference in head
across column
(m)
Pressure drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
6.25
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
46086.6
3.18E-01
3.08E-01
2.68E-01
2.45E-01
2.28E-01
1.88E-01
1.50E-01
1.28E-01
1.10E-01
7.00E-02
6.00E-02
2.75E-02
3.75E-01
3.35E-01
3.15E-01
2.60E-01
2.55E-01
1.95E-01
1.33E-01
1.13E-01
8.50E-02
4.25E-02
4.25E-02
1.25E-02
3100.1
3002.5
2611.9
2392.2
2221.4
1830.8
1464.6
1244.9
1074.1
683.5
585.9
268.5
Pressure drop
across column
(Pa)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/s)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr m^2))
log pressure
drop across
column
3665.9
3274.8
3079.3
2541.7
2492.8
1906.3
1295.3
1099.8
830.9
415.5
415.5
122.2
6.64E-03
6.53E-03
6.09E-03
5.83E-03
5.62E-03
5.10E-03
4.56E-03
4.21E-03
3.91E-03
3.12E-03
2.89E-03
1.95E-03
2946.5
2899.8
2704.6
2588.4
2494.2
2264.3
2025.3
1867.2
1734.4
1383.5
1280.9
867.2
3.56
3.52
3.49
3.41
3.40
3.28
3.11
3.04
2.92
2.62
2.62
2.09
3.47
3.46
3.43
3.41
3.40
3.35
3.31
3.27
3.24
3.14
3.11
2.94
Table 10: Calculated data for central column (0.5 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 8cm
Water
flow rate
(L/min)
Water
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
Difference in head
across orifice
meter (m)
Difference in head
across column
(m)
Pressure drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
2.68E-01
2.25E-01
1.85E-01
1.93E-01
1.68E-01
1.48E-01
1.28E-01
1.08E-01
8.75E-02
6.75E-02
4.75E-02
2.75E-02
3.25E-01
3.45E-01
3.35E-01
3.10E-01
2.85E-01
2.40E-01
1.93E-01
1.50E-01
1.08E-01
6.25E-02
3.75E-02
2.00E-02
2611.9
2196.9
1806.4
1879.6
1635.5
1440.2
1244.9
1049.7
854.4
659.1
463.8
268.5
Pressure drop
across column
(Pa)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/s)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr m^2))
log pressure
drop across
column
3177.1
3372.6
3274.8
3030.5
2786.1
2346.2
1881.8
1466.3
1050.9
611.0
366.6
195.5
6.09E-03
5.59E-03
5.07E-03
5.17E-03
4.82E-03
4.52E-03
4.21E-03
3.86E-03
3.48E-03
3.06E-03
2.57E-03
1.95E-03
2704.6
2480.5
2249.2
2294.3
2140.2
2008.3
1867.2
1714.5
1546.8
1358.6
1139.7
867.2
3.50
3.53
3.52
3.48
3.44
3.37
3.27
3.17
3.02
2.79
2.56
2.29
3.43
3.39
3.35
3.36
3.33
3.30
3.27
3.23
3.19
3.13
3.06
2.94
Table 11: Calculated data for central column (0.5 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 9cm
Water
flow rate
(L/min)
Water
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
Difference in head
across orifice
meter (m)
Difference in head
across column
(m)
Pressure drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
2.08E-01
1.88E-01
1.68E-01
1.50E-01
1.45E-01
1.28E-01
1.08E-01
8.75E-02
7.00E-02
9.00E-03
3.25E-02
1.00E-02
3.75E-01
3.55E-01
3.30E-01
2.65E-01
2.38E-01
1.75E-01
1.65E-01
1.50E-01
9.75E-02
5.00E-02
8.25E-02
1.25E-02
2026.1
1830.8
1635.5
1464.6
1415.8
1244.9
1049.7
854.4
683.5
87.9
317.3
97.6
Pressure drop
across column
(Pa)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/s)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr m^2))
log pressure
drop across
column
3665.9
3470.4
3226.0
2590.6
2321.7
1710.7
1613.0
1466.3
953.1
488.8
806.5
122.2
5.37E-03
5.10E-03
4.82E-03
4.56E-03
4.48E-03
4.21E-03
3.86E-03
3.48E-03
3.12E-03
1.12E-03
2.12E-03
1.18E-03
2382.0
2264.3
2140.2
2025.3
1991.2
1867.2
1714.5
1546.8
1383.5
496.1
942.7
522.9
3.56
3.54
3.51
3.41
3.37
3.23
3.21
3.17
2.98
2.69
2.91
2.09
3.38
3.35
3.33
3.31
3.30
3.27
3.23
3.19
3.14
2.70
2.97
2.72
Table 12: Calculated data for central column (0.5 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 10cm
Water
flow rate
(L/min)
Water
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
Difference in head
across orifice
meter (m)
Difference in head
across column
(m)
Pressure drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
1.73E-01
1.53E-01
1.28E-01
1.28E-01
1.08E-01
9.00E-02
7.75E-02
6.75E-02
5.00E-02
5.00E-02
2.75E-02
7.50E-03
3.70E-01
3.45E-01
3.38E-01
3.15E-01
2.88E-01
1.55E-01
1.63E-01
1.35E-01
1.18E-01
7.25E-02
3.25E-02
7.50E-03
1684.3
1489.0
1244.9
1244.9
1049.7
878.8
756.7
659.1
488.2
488.2
268.5
73.2
Pressure drop
across column
(Pa)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/s)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr m^2))
log pressure
drop across
column
3617.0
3372.6
3299.3
3079.3
2810.5
1515.2
1588.5
1319.7
1148.6
708.7
317.7
73.3
4.89E-03
4.60E-03
4.21E-03
4.21E-03
3.86E-03
3.53E-03
3.28E-03
3.06E-03
2.63E-03
2.63E-03
1.95E-03
1.02E-03
2171.9
2042.1
1867.2
1867.2
1714.5
1568.8
1455.8
1358.6
1169.3
1169.3
867.2
452.9
3.56
3.53
3.52
3.49
3.45
3.18
3.20
3.12
3.06
2.85
2.50
1.87
3.34
3.31
3.27
3.27
3.23
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.07
3.07
2.94
2.66
Table 13: Calculated data for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 8cm
Water
flow rate
(L/min)
Water
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
Difference in head
across orifice
meter (m)
Difference in head
across column
(m)
Pressure drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
51617.0
3.98E-01
3.63E-01
3.15E-01
2.55E-01
2.33E-01
1.95E-01
1.68E-01
1.53E-01
1.13E-01
7.25E-02
3.25E-02
1.25E-02
1.60E-01
1.25E-01
1.15E-01
9.25E-02
8.25E-02
7.25E-02
6.00E-02
6.00E-02
5.25E-02
4.75E-02
4.25E-02
4.25E-02
3881.3
3539.5
3075.7
2489.9
2270.2
1904.0
1635.5
1489.0
1098.5
707.9
317.3
122.1
Pressure drop
across column
(Pa)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/s)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr m^2))
log pressure
drop across
column
1564.1
1222.0
1124.2
904.2
806.5
708.7
586.5
586.5
513.2
464.3
415.5
415.5
7.43E-03
7.09E-03
6.61E-03
5.95E-03
5.68E-03
5.20E-03
4.82E-03
4.60E-03
3.95E-03
3.17E-03
2.12E-03
1.32E-03
3296.9
3148.4
2934.9
2640.7
2521.5
2309.2
2140.2
2042.1
1754.0
1408.0
942.7
584.7
3.19
3.09
3.05
2.96
2.91
2.85
2.77
2.77
2.71
2.67
2.62
2.62
3.52
3.50
3.47
3.42
3.40
3.36
3.33
3.31
3.24
3.15
2.97
2.77
Table 14: Calculated data for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 9cm
Water
Water
Difference in head
Difference in head
flow rate
(L/min)
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
across orifice
meter (m)
across column
(m)
Pressure
drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
55304.0
3.45E-01
3.15E-01
2.75E-01
2.50E-01
2.30E-01
2.13E-01
1.70E-01
1.25E-01
9.00E-02
6.50E-02
3.00E-02
1.25E-02
1.80E-01
1.55E-01
1.33E-01
9.25E-02
9.25E-02
8.00E-02
8.00E-02
6.75E-02
5.75E-02
6.25E-02
4.75E-02
4.25E-02
3368.6
3075.7
2685.2
2441.0
2245.8
2074.9
1659.9
1220.5
878.8
634.7
292.9
122.1
Pressure drop
across column
Mass flow
rate of air
(Pa)
GA (kg/s)
1759.6
1515.2
1295.3
904.2
904.2
782.1
782.1
659.9
562.1
611.0
464.3
415.5
6.92E-03
6.61E-03
6.18E-03
5.89E-03
5.65E-03
5.43E-03
4.86E-03
4.16E-03
3.53E-03
3.00E-03
2.04E-03
1.32E-03
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr
m^2))
3071.5
2934.9
2742.3
2614.6
2507.9
2410.6
2156.1
1848.8
1568.8
1333.2
905.7
584.7
log pressure
drop across
column
3.25
3.18
3.11
2.96
2.96
2.89
2.89
2.82
2.75
2.79
2.67
2.62
3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.38
3.33
3.27
3.20
3.12
2.96
2.77
Table 15: Calculated data for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 10cm
Water
flow rate
(L/min)
Water
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
Difference in head
across orifice
meter (m)
Difference in head
across column
(m)
Pressure drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
8.25
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
60834.4
3.13E-01
2.73E-01
2.30E-01
2.13E-01
1.70E-01
1.53E-01
1.10E-01
9.00E-02
9.75E-02
7.00E-02
5.00E-02
3.25E-02
1.43E-01
1.30E-01
1.10E-01
8.75E-02
4.75E-02
4.75E-02
4.00E-02
3.25E-02
3.00E-02
2.00E-02
2.25E-02
2.00E-02
3051.3
2660.7
2245.8
2074.9
1659.9
1489.0
1074.1
878.8
952.0
683.5
488.2
317.3
Pressure drop
across column
(Pa)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/s)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr m^2))
log pressure
drop across
column
1393.0
1270.8
1075.3
855.4
464.3
464.3
391.0
317.7
293.3
195.5
220.0
195.5
6.58E-03
6.15E-03
5.65E-03
5.43E-03
4.86E-03
4.60E-03
3.91E-03
3.53E-03
3.68E-03
3.12E-03
2.63E-03
2.12E-03
2923.3
2729.8
2507.9
2410.6
2156.1
2042.1
1734.4
1568.8
1632.8
1383.5
1169.3
942.7
3.14
3.10
3.03
2.93
2.67
2.67
2.59
2.50
2.47
2.29
2.34
2.29
3.47
3.44
3.40
3.38
3.33
3.31
3.24
3.20
3.21
3.14
3.07
2.97
Table 16: Calculated data for left-hand column (0.625 Rashig rings) with manometer reading of 11cm
Water
flow rate
(L/min)
Water
flow rate
2
(kg{hr.m })
Difference in head
across orifice
meter (m)
Difference in head
across column
(m)
Pressure drop
across orifice
meter (Pa)
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
66364.7
2.93E-01
2.50E-01
2.30E-01
2.10E-01
1.70E-01
1.55E-01
1.30E-01
1.13E-01
9.00E-02
7.00E-02
3.25E-02
1.25E-02
1.48E-01
1.68E-01
1.45E-01
1.35E-01
9.25E-02
8.75E-02
8.00E-02
7.25E-02
6.50E-02
5.50E-02
4.50E-02
4.00E-02
2856.0
2441.0
2245.8
2050.5
1659.9
1513.4
1269.3
1098.5
878.8
683.5
317.3
122.1
Pressure drop
across column
(Pa)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/s)
Mass flow
rate of air
GA (kg/(hr m^2))
log pressure
drop across
column
1441.9
1637.4
1417.5
1319.7
904.2
855.4
782.1
708.7
635.4
537.7
439.9
391.0
6.37E-03
5.89E-03
5.65E-03
5.40E-03
4.86E-03
4.64E-03
4.25E-03
3.95E-03
3.53E-03
3.12E-03
2.12E-03
1.32E-03
2828.2
2614.6
2507.9
2396.4
2156.1
2058.8
1885.4
1754.0
1568.8
1383.5
942.7
584.7
3.16
3.21
3.15
3.12
2.96
2.93
2.89
2.85
2.80
2.73
2.64
2.59
3.45
3.42
3.40
3.38
3.33
3.31
3.28
3.24
3.20
3.14
2.97
2.77
Table 17: Actual values of loading and flooding points for central column (graphical determination)
Water flow rate, L/min
6.25
7.00
7.50
8.25
Loading rate
logG
G
3.14
1380
2.94
871
2.72
525
2.60
398
Flooding rate
log G
G
3.41
2570
3.36
2291
3.27
1862
3.20
1585
Table 18: Actual values of loading and flooding points for left-hand column (graphical determination)
Water flow rate, L/min
7.00
7.50
8.25
9.00
Loading rate
logG
G
3.11
1288
2.98
955
2.97
933
2.77
589
Flooding rate
log G
G
3.50
3162
3.42
2630
3.33
2138
3.32
2089
Table 19: Theoretical values of loading and flooding points for central column (by calculation)
Water flow rate, L/min
6.25
7.00
7.50
8.25
Loading rate
1001
854
760
623
Flooding rate
1568
1316
1153
916
Table 20: Theoretical values of loading and flooding points for left-hand column (by calculation)
Water flow rate, L/min
7.00
7.50
8.25
9.00
Loading rate
3229
3153
3043
2936
Flooding rate
2880
2656
2331
2017
3.80
3.60
3.40
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.40
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.50
2.40
2.30
2.20
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
GRAPH 10: Logarithmic plot for left-hand column (0.625" Rashig rings)
L = 9.00 L/min
3.30
3.20
3.10
3.00
2.90
2.80
2.70
2.60
2.50
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50