Everyday Science: Key Facts

The temperature at which all of solid becomes a liquid is called its melting point The temperature at which all of a liquid becomes a gas is called its boiling point Only 2% of the world's water is in the form of ice The heavies solid is the element osmium The lightest gas is hydrogen. About 99.99% of the volume of hydrogen gas is empty space The average adult has a blood volume of about 5 liters Each day human body breathe in 15000 to 20000 liters of air The aveage human body contains about 250g of sodium chloride The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen The most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen The second most abundant element in the earth's crust is silicon The deepest place on Earth is Mariana Trench Bond making is Exothermic Reaction, and Bond breaking is Endothermic Reaction

How important the Atmosphere is....?? Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun, then why Venus is more hotter than Mercury?
Mercury: Mercury is the closeset planet to the sun, but it doesnt have an atmosphere to trap the heat from the Sun. As a result, the temperature rises to 427C at noon, and drops down to -173C at night.

Venus: Venus has the thickest atmosphere (97% Carbondioxide) in the solar system, causes a severe greenhouse effect, that is it traps heat from the Sun. The temperature on Venus is 461C, and it remains same in day and night, because of large amount of heat trapped by the atmosphere. So, the atmosphere of venus makes it the hottest planet in the solar system. Life on Earth: Conditions on Earth are perfect for life. We need a reasonable size of Carbondioxide for reasonable Green house effect, so that we could get reasonable heat from the Sun. On the other hand, if we increase the size of Carbondioxide in atmosphere, it will result in more Green house effect, and the temperature on Earth will increase. And, the Earth will not remain supportive for life as other planets. The Solar System The Sun, Planets, Asteroids and other objects in orbits, are together known as the Solar System.

The Sun The Sun is extremely hot and brightly glowing star of gas. Its temperature is ranging from 6000C on the surface to 15,000,000C in the centre. Its energy comes from nuclear reactions deep in its core. The Planets The Earth is one of the eight planets in orbit around the Sun. The Planets do not have their on light, but they are visible as they reflect light from the Sun. The Planets are kept in orbit by the gravitational pull of the Sun. In general, the further a Planet is from the Sun, the slower it travels and lower its average surface temperature. The Inner Planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are inner Planets. They are also called rocky dwarfs. Mercury Mercury is the closeset planet to the sun. It has cratered surface but it doesnt have an atmosphere to trap the heat from the Sun. As a result, the temperature rises to 427C at noon, and drops down to -173C at night. Venus Venus is the brightest Planet. Venus has the thickest atmosphere (97% Carbondioxide) in the solar system, causes a severe greenhouse effect. The temperature on Venus is 461C, and it remains same in day and night. Earth Eath is the only known Planet where conditions are perfect for life. Its distance from the Sun, and atmosphere makes it perfect for life. The Earth also has a bodyguard, Jupiter, that save it from any collision with the Asteroids. Mars Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. Mars is also called Red Planet because of its reddish color because of iron oxide. It has a thin atmosphere, mainly Carbon Dioxide, a dusty surface and polar caps. The rotation of Mars is also tilted like Earth that produces seasons. The Asteroids Asteroids are smaller objects than Planets, in orbit around the Sun. Their sizes are ranging from diameter of few kilometers to 1000km. Most Asteroids have orbits between Mars and Jupiter, and thus separates inner Planets from outer ones. Some Asteroids have much more elliptical orbits that cross the path of other Planets. So, there is possibility of collision of Asteroids with other Planets.

The outer Planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are outer Planets. They are also called "Gassy Giants". Jupiter Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun in the Solar System. It is largest Planet in the Solar System. It is mainly gas and has no solid surface. Its atmosphere 90% hydrogen. The great spot on Jupiter is a huge storm that is known to have existed for centuries. Saturn Saturn is another gassy giant, and second largest Planet in the Solar System. It is surrounded by rings. These are not a solid mass, but millions of pieces of ice and rock. Uranus Uranus is another gassy giant. Its axis of rotation is tilted at more than 90. It also has rings, but much fainter than Saturns. Neptune Neptune is the outermost Planet in the Solar System It is also a gassy giant. It also has a faint ring system. Solar System: Key Facts

There are 8 Planets in orbit around the Sun Mercury is the closest, and Neptune is the outermost Planet in the Solar System The further a Planet is from the Sun, the slower it travels, and the more time it takes to complete an orbit The further the Planet is from the Sun, the lower its average surface temperature. Except for Venus, where 97% Carbondioxide in the atmosphere causes severe greenhouse effect, and makes Venus the hottest Planet in the Solar System Mercury is the smallest, and Jupiter is the largest Planet in the Solar System The axis of rotation of Earth is tilted by 23.5, and the axis of rotation ofUranus is tilted at more than 90
SOME PROPERTIES OF PLANETS Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

Average distance from Sun (million km) Period of revolution (years) Diameter at Equator (km)

58 0.24 4880

108 0.62

150 1.00

228 1.88

778 11.86

1420 29.46

2870 84.01 51120

4490 164.8 49530

12100 12800 6790 142980 120540

Mass compared with Earth (Earth = 1) Average Surface Temperature Average Density (g/cm^3) Surface gravity at equator (m/s^2) Number of Moons

0.06 350C 5.4 3.78

0.82 480C 5.2 8.60

1.00

0.11

318

95.2

14.5

17.2 -220C 1.8 11.0

22C -23C -150C -180C -210C 5.5 9.78 3.9 3.72 1.3 22.9 0.7 9.05 1.3 7.77

0 0 1 2 52 30 21 8 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC TERMS Scalars Vectors Quantities which have magnitude only, and no direction are Quantities which have a direction as well as a magnitude called Scalars. are called Vectors. For example, Speed, Temperature, For example, Velocity, Weight, Force etc. Mass etc. Speed Velocity Rate of change of distance is Velocity means the speed of something and its direction of calledSpeed. For example, This car travel. can travel with speed 80m/s. Speed For example, A car is moving with velocity 80m/s towards can be calculated as: Speed = East. Distance / Time Heat Temperature Heat is the energy an object has because of the movement of its atoms Temperature is not energy, but a measure of it. and molecules. Heat depends on the Temperature does not depend on the size or type of object. size or type of object. For example, the temperature of a small cup of boiling For example, A 1000 watt light bulb water is the same as the temperature of a large pot of will give off more heat as compare to boiling water. 100 watt light bulb. Periscope / Telemeter Perimeter A perimeter is the length of boundaries or outer lines of an Periscope: A Periscope is a scientific instrument object. For example, for observation from a concealed position. Telemeter: A Telemeter is a scientific instrument for measuring distance from The perimeter of this rectangle is: observer. Perimeter = 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 = 12 inches Microscope Telescope Microscope is a scientific instrument Telescope is a scientific instrument for viewing objects at

for magnifying small objects. Element An Element is a single substance which cannot be split into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. Mixture When two or more atoms or molecules combine together, they form Mixture. For example, Alloys are mixture of two or more metals, so they contain two or more different types of atoms. Other Differences: 1. It can be separated by physical means. 2. Its physical properties are intermediate between those of the substances in it. 3. A mixture's composition can vary. 4. Its chemical properties are the result of the substances in the mixture. Atomic Number The atomic number of an element is the number of protons or electrons in its atom. Isotopes Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. As they contain same number of protons or electrons, so chemically they are identical. But, as they have different number of neutrons, so they have different masses. For example, Deuterium is isotopes of Hydrogen. Both have same atomic number (1). But different mass number: Hydrogen = 1; Deuterium = 2 Reversible Reaction A chemical reaction that can proceed in both directions; from reactants to

great distances. Molecule A Molecule is the smallest particle of a compond. Molecules are made up of two or more atoms. Compound

When two or more elements chemically combine together, they formCompounds. Compounds are pure substances as they contain only one type of molecules, e.g. Water, Carbon dioxide. Other Differences: 1. It cannot be separated by physical means. 2. Its physical properties are individual and not the result of its elements. 3. A compound's composition cannot vary. 4. Its chemical properties are quite different from those of its elements.

Mass Number The mass number of an element is the total number of protons and neutron in its atom. Isomers

Molecules with identical molecular formulae but with different structural formulae are called Isomers. For example, Butane and Isobutane are isomers because they have same molecular formulae, but different structure. As they have different structures, so they have different physical properties. And, as they have identical molecular formulae, so they react in a similar way.

Irreversible Reaction A chemical reaction that can proceed in one direction only; from reactants to products, and NOT from products

products, and from products to reactants, is called Reversible Reaction. Endothermic Reaction A chemical reaction which takes in energy (heat) and involves bond breaking is called Endothermic Reaction. Oxidation Oxidation is a/an:

to reactants, is called Irreversible Reaction.

Exothermic Reaction A chemical reaction which gives out energy (heat) and involves bond making is called Exothermic Reaction. Reduction Reduction is a:

gain of oxygen loss of hydrogen loss of electron increase in oxidation state

loss of oxygen gain of hydrogen gain of electron decease in oxidation state

Anode Cathode The anode is the electrode connected The cathode is the electrode connected to the negative to the positive terminal of a cell terminal of a cell (battery). (battery).

Alloys Mixture of two or more Metals is calledAlloy. By mixing Metals, we usually improve the quality of Metals. For example, Steel an alloy of Iron is stronger than Iron is made by adding 99% Iron with 1% Carbon. Metals: Key Facts

Over 75% of the elements in the Periodic Table are Metals The metal having lightest density isLithium The metal having heavyiest density isOsmium The metal having lowest melting point isMercury The metal having highest melting point is Tungsten The most expensive metal is Platium The most rarest metal is Rhodium The most abundant metal is Aluminium The most inert (unreactive) metal isIridium The most reactive metal is Francium The most brittle metal is Manganese

Air Air is a mixture of gases. Its composition is:

Component Composition by Volume Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% Noble gases 1% (mainly argon) Carbon Dioxide 0.03%

Nitrogen Nitrogen gas is essential for the formation of all animal and plant proteins. Oxygen All animal and plants need Oxygen for respiration. Oxygen is essential for combustion. Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is used in fire extinguisher. It is used to deep-freeze and preserve food. It is used in carbonated drinks.

Computer Network A computer network is a group of connected communicating devices such as Computers and Printers. Local Area Network (LAN) A local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that connects computers and other devices in a limited geographical area such as college, university, office building etc. internet (lower case letter) An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. Internet The Internet is collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands interconnected networks. The Internet allows communication and data sharing among hundreds of thousands interconnected networks.