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1 INTRODUCTION Today computer is available in many offices and homes and therefore there is a need to share data and programs among various computers with the advancement of data communication facilities. The communication between computers has increased and it thus it has extended the power of computer beyond the computer room. Now a user sitting at one place can communicate computers of any remote sites through communication channel. The aim of this chapter is to introduce you the various aspects of computer network.

DEFIN TI!N Mobile Computing is a generic term describing your ability to use technology "untethered"# that is not physically connected# or in remote or mobile $non static% environments. The term is evolved in modern usage such that it re&uires that the mobile computing activity be connected wirelessly to and through the internet or to and through a private network. This connection ties the mobile device to centrally located information and'or application software through the use of battery powered# portable# and wireless computing and communication devices. This includes devices like laptops with wireless ( N or wireless ) N technology# smart mobile phones# wearable computers and *ersonal Digital ssistants $*D s% with +luetooth.

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,pecification .obile computing represents a ma/or point of departure from the traditional distributed computing paradigm. The potentially very large number of independent computing units# a decoupled computing style# fre&uent disconnections#

continuous position changes# and the location0dependent nature of the behavior and communication patterns present designers with unprecedented challenges in the areas of modularity and dependability. This complements this perspective by considering the nature of the underlying formal models that will enable one to specify and reason about such computations. ,pecification mobile computing is a new paradigm characterised by the ability of computers to change location while still able to communicate with one another when they so desire. ,o far# the write0up on specification mobile computing is dominated by concerns having to do with the development of protocols and services. The notation we employ is a highly0modular extension of the 1NIT2 programming notation.3D interfaces.

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.obility services can be classified into three groups. First there are services designed to overcome common restrictions of mobile computing# which arise mainly from the slowness# insecurity and instability of wireless or analogous connection lines utili5ed by the mobile user. These services are called common mobility services $-.,%. Examples are connection management# caching or encryption services. The second group of services handles the management and administration of mobile users moving around and connecting their portables to networks at different places. These mobility management services $..,% include tasks such as the authentication of users# accounting and billing issues or profiling of the users" habits. The tasks necessary to adapt certain existing applications to mobile usage are implemented by high level services# which are called special mobility services $,.,%. ,pecial mobility services adapt existing services to the mobile conditions. For example to allow remote database access over a wireless connection line one has to take special care of possible fre&uent connection losses especially in the context of the state of the database. 4iewing services as distinct building blocks# we are able to sketch an architecture for a 6mobility services enhanced system6.

F3E71EN-IE, The fre&uencies used vary according to the cellular network technology implemented.For 8,.#9:;0:<= .>5 range is used for transmission and :?=0:@; .>5 for reception.The D-, technology uses fre&uencies in the <9;;.>5 range while *-, in the <:;;.>5 range.

INTE3NET TE->N!(!82 and ,E34I-E, Definition ofA 4oI* $Voice Over IP% digital telephone service that uses the public Internet and private

backbones for call transport. ,upport for the public switched telephone network $*,TN% is also provided so that 4oI* calls can originate and terminate from regular telephones. .any companies# including 4onage# 9x9 and TBT $-all4antage%# typically offer calling within the country for a fixed fee and a low per0minute charge for international. -ustomers are re&uired to have broadband Internet access $cable or D,(%.

Definition ofA+(!8 blog $a portmanteau of the term 6web log6%C<D is a type of website or part of a website. +logs are usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary# descriptions of events# or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reverse0chronological order. 6+log6 can also be used as a verb# meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. .any blogs provide commentary or news on a particular sub/ectE others function as more personal online diaries. typical blog combines text# images# and links to other blogs# )eb pages# and other media related to its topic. The ability of readers to leave comments

in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. .ost blogs are primarily textual# although some focus on art $ rt blog%# photographs $photoblog%# videos $4ideo blogging%# music $.*? blog%# and audio $podcasting%. .icroblogging is another type of blogging# featuring very short posts. s of December F;;G# blog search engine Technorati was tracking more than <<F#;;;#;;; blogs.CFD

T2*E, !F NET)!3H * N personal area network $P N% is a computer network used for communication among computer devices# including telephones and personal digital assistants# in proximity to an individual"s body. The devices may or may not belong to the person in &uestion. The reach of a * N is typically a few meters. * Ns can be used for communication among the personal devices themselves $intrapersonal communication%# or for connecting to a higher level network and the Internet $an uplink%. *ersonal area networks may be wired with computer buses such as 1,+ and Fire)ire. wireless personal area network $!P N% can also be made possible with network technologies such as IrD # +luetooth# 1)+# I0)ave and Iig+ee.

4*N

"irtual pri"ate network $VPN% is a network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure# such as the Internet# to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organi5ation"s network. It aims to avoid an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can only be used by one organi5ation. The goal of a 4*N is to provide the organi5ation with the same# secure capabilities# but at a much lower cost.

It encapsulates data transfers between two or more networked devices not on the same private network so as to keep the transferred data private from other devices on one or more intervening local or wide area networks. There are many different classifications# implementations# and uses for 4*Ns.

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!ireless #o$al rea Network $!# N% links two or more devices using some wireless distribution method $typically spread0spectrum or !FD. radio%# and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the network. )ireless ( Ns have become popular in the home due to ease of installation# and the increasing popularity of laptop computers. *ublic businesses such as coffee shops and malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customersE sometimes for free. (arge wireless network pro/ects are being put up in many ma/or citiesA New 2ork -ity# for instance# has begun a pilot program to cover all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access.

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!iM % $!orl&wi&e Interoperabilit' (or Mi$rowa"e $$ess% is a telecommunications protocol that provides fixed and fully mobile internet access. The current )i. J revision provides up to K; .bit'sC<DCFD with the IEEE 9;F.<@m update expected offer up to < 8bit's fixed speeds. The name 6)i. J6 was created by the )i. J Forum# which was formed in Lune F;;< to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes )i. JC?D as 6a standards0based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and D,(6.CKD

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The 2ork'>abitat Networking Initiative showed that in the absence of resources allocated to promote collaborative activities among people busy with their own current endeavours# it is very difficult to maintain interpersonal interactions. people across several traditional fields. The Native -omputer -ommunications Network *ro/ect was a good example of how a focus on creating a network of computers does not necessarily ensure the interpersonal networking of the potential users of that technology. If the people were not communicating with each other before# developing another method of communication doesn"t mean they"ll start. >abnet was a pro/ect that tried to overcome the limitations of these initiatives. It succeeded as an exploration of the potentials of online interactions# but failed to thrive when it ceased to grow. It again showed how difficult it is to create an online network without sufficient numbers of people to maintain enough interaction# and thereby enough interest# to make it worthwhile to use. -omputer communication# it seems# will become a much more useful networking tool when large numbers of people with similar interests ac&uire access to the technology. Though it can expedite the formation of new interpersonal networks by overcoming the space and time barriers faced by traditional networking techni&ues# it still re&uires a great deal of concentrated effort and resources to get the people to use it. This problem should become increasingly minimi5ed over the coming years as the technological innovations become more diffused throughout society. great deal of organi5ing must be done by those most involved in establishing a new network# especially one that links

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