Popular Science USA - September 2013

SPACE SHUTTLE
Hybrid engines make runway-to-orbit

missions a reality
T H E N E X T
GRAVE
DIVERS
THE ROBOTIC SEARCH
FOR LOST
WORLD WAR II
AIRMEN
HOW TO BECOME ANYTHING

DEMOLITIONS EXPERT ALIEN HUNTER INDIANA JONES

POPULAR SCIENCE called on the youth of America to submit projects to help improve
the world that we live in, and they answered! We would like to congratulate the
Grand Prize Winners of the 1
st
Inaugural Science Fair for their inspiring ideas.
To view the winning Science projects visit: POPSCI.COM/SCIENCEFAIRWINNERS
Special Promotion
science fair
AMERICAS YOUTH HELP IMPROVE THE WORLD!
In Partnership with:
ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Henry Stanley
What happened to my Easter grass?
HIGH SCHOOL
Emily McDonald
Why do you buy bottled water?
MIDDLE SCHOOL
Anushka Jogalekar
Effect of composting on herbicide residues in soil
COLLEGE
Othon Nunez
How isoprene emissions react to drought stress

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Contents
Go/Do/Learn
THE EDUCATION ISSUE
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S E P T E MB E R 2 0 1 3 F E AT U R E S D E PA R T ME N T S V O L U ME 2 8 3 N O . 3
06
From the Editor
09
Peer Review
10
Megapixels
75
FYI: Do insects have
personalities?
84
From the Archives
38
AWESOME LABS
Thinking about a science
degree? Consider a college
lab where research meets
white-knuckled adventure.
By Brooke Borel
46
SHORT CIRCUIT
A 12-year-olds quest to
remake educationone
Arduino at a time.
By Susan Moran
52
AFTERMARKET
EDUCATION
Fine-tune your knowledge with
online courses.
By Jefferson Mok
54
FROM RUNWAY TO
ORBIT AND BACK
A new hybrid engine could
enable the first fully reusable
spaceplane. By Nicole Dyer
58
DOWNED
Hundreds of warplanes
shot down in World War II
sit in the western Pacific
Ocean. Robotic subs have
been sent to find them.
By Andy Isaacson
SEPTEMBER 2013 / POPUL AR SCI ENCE / 05
Access videos,
animations, and
more with the POPSCI
Interactive app. Just
hover your smartphone
over pages with this icon.
DIY electronics have
trickled down to kids,
whose creations include
the autonmous FuzzBot.
HEADLINES
24
A gigantic mobile telescope
26
The ultimate color guide for
field biology
28
How robots of the future
will walk
31
Using the beach to filter
wastewater
32
A device that converts
sunlight into hydrogen fuel
34
Vaccinating mosquitoes to
stop malaria
36
The best way to teach science
HOW 2.0
65
A two-ton, six-legged vehicle
called the Mantis
68
Gray Matter: A Venturi pump
that shoots fire
70
Hack microbes into
photographic film
72
An invisibility cloak
thats ready to print
73
How to spend your first
bitcoin
WHATS NEW
13
Transform a pencil sketch into
a playable videogame
14
The Goods: The fastest zoom
lens and more
16
The perfect parka insulation
18
Better night vision for your car
20
Sneakers that could help you
run faster
22
How the new Kinect will
transform gaming

06 / POPUL AR SCI ENCE / SEPTEMBER 2013
THE
FUTURE
NOW
M
A
R
I
U
S

B
U
G
G
E
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S E P T E MB E R 2 0 1 3 / P O P U L A R S C I E N C E
From the Editor
An
Awesome
Education
HAD LUNCH in Los
Angeles recently with a
friend who hosts science
videos on the Web. She interviews
scientists, explains fundamental
scientific principles, tours amazing
labsbut she doesnt publicly attach
the word science to what she does.
People just wont watch the video
if the word science is in the title,
she lamented. The same is true, Ive
discovered over the years, with the
word education. Slap that term
onto an article and no one will read it.
Its therefore doubly difficult, as a
magazine entitled Popular Science,
to pull off an issue committed to
education. And yet here we are, bang-
ing away on the theme, because its
absolutely essential to the countrys
future. The prevailing wisdom is that
if you dont get kids interested in
science before middle school, youve
lost them forever. And were losing a
lot of kids, creating a serious gap in
the pipeline of scientists, engineers,
and tech workers well need to
produce in the coming years, even as
the pace of discovery and the value of
research increase dramatically.
In putting this issue together, we
chose not to wring our hands and
instead got back to what makes
science educationsorry, but thats
what its calledfun. We profile Quin
Etnyre, an eighth-grade electronics
prodigy who is trying to change the
way students learn by teaching the joy
of hands-on engineering. Turns out
that when a kid builds a fart detector
using Arduino technology, he doesnt
get in trouble. Instead, the school
begins building a DIY-electronics
curriculum. Weve also included
some joy for adults. Our infographic
about aftermarket educationthe
online courses that allow you to study
such varied topics as physics and
videogame design without leaving
homeis a guide for anyone who
I
JACOB WARD
jacob.ward@popsci.com
@_jacobward_
wishes he were someone else
Indiana Jones, maybe, or an alien
hunter. And lastly, weve completed
our seventh roundup of awesome
labs, chosen not for the dignity of
their research or the distinction of
their faculty, but because they let you
stuff a dead body into the trunk of a
car or build your own fireworks; in
short, labs that just rock.
As much as Id like to pretend
otherwise, were subject to the same
pressures my friend is. We didnt put
a lab on the cover. Instead, we chose
to feature Skylon, a single-stage-to-
orbit spaceplane that could (when
its finished) make resupply runs to
low Earth orbit. I hope youll enjoy
our look at the shifts and triumphs
in science education, as well as the
very fine and very fast spaceship on
our cover. Its all part of our future,
and preparing for it is what educa-
tion is all about.
In this issue, we
got back to what makes
science education fun.

2013 INDIAN MOTORCYCLE INTERNATIONAL, LLC

Peer Review
THE
FUTURE
NOW
GUYS DONT
WEAR JEANS TO
GET NOTICED
(
THATS JUST A BONUS
)
NEW LEE MODERN SERIES
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c
.
AVAILABLE AT KOHLS
AND KOHLS.COM/LEE
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Comments may be
edited for length and
clarity. We regret that
we cannot answer
unpublished letters.
This product is from
sustainably managed
forests and controlled
sources.
DE-STAR De-clawed
I like the idea of zapping threatening
asteroids with vaporizing lasers [Death Star,
July 2013], but why scale DE-STAR to such
enormous dimensions? A swarm of smaller
ones could be more economical and reliable,
and could be repurposed when not needed
for Earths defense.
Carl Huber Riverside, Calif.
We Apologize On page 59 of the July issue, we
referred to the Cestol Airliners engines as turboprops.
They are actually turbofans. On page 72, the battle
bots in the movie Pacic Rim are controlled from
within rather than from afar. The FDAs CD-3 scanner
mentioned on page 33 visualizes variations that
can be caused by any chemical dierences between
an authentic drug sample and one in question.
It doesnt detect a drugs active ingredient and
determine its provenance. On page 75, we spelled
Neill Blomkamps name with one too few Ls, even
though we once employed him. Sorry, Neill.
E- MAI L LETTERS@POPSCI . COM TWI TTER @POPSCI
WE FIGURED Adam Piores rst-person
story about the dark side of personal
drone use [Flight at the Fringe,
July 2013] might get a few letters,
but we had no idea.
To operate such an aircraft in a public
spaceis a blatant disregard for public safety.
Painting a negative and potentially damaging
light on what should be a safe and enjoyable
hobby was unnecessary.
Ed Johnson
I hope when I y my model planes and
helicopters, I dont incite fear in passers-by
because of articles like yours.
Harlan Cox
This is as slanderous to the drone as could
have possibly been imagined. I think you owe
the drone a positive article.
Kim Hale Mesa, Ariz.
F L I G H T F R I G H T

STORY BY SARAH JACOBY
PHOTOGRAPH BY GAVI N PETERS
The sheer violence with
which these pieces hit the
water . . . the most robust
superalloys were crushed
like an aluminum can.
Ji m Remar, presi dent of Cosmosphere

Megapixels
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P O P U L A R S C I E N C E / S E P T E MB E R 2 0 1 3
uring NASAs Apollo missions, the
famously powerful Saturn V launch
rockets hurled astronauts into space,
many toward their lunar destination. After falling
back to Earth, the spent F-1 engines sat at the bot-
tom of the Atlantic Ocean for nearly five decades.
Last March, Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos led a recov-
ery: With remotely operated vehicles, the expedition
crew brought more than 25,000 pounds worth of
F-1 remnants back to the surface. The restoration
arm of Cosmosphere, a space museum in Kansas,
is now salvaging the components. Technicians
flush each piece with water to rinse away corrosive
chlorides, then clean out sediment with chemicals,
paintbrushes, and dental picks. Theyre still hunting
for the serial numbers that would tie the haul to
specific missions. With so many damaged parts,
theyll be scrubbing away for about two years.
E N G I N E F L U S H
D

www.wecreatechemistry.com
Do you know kids most popular reaction to chemistry?
Its Wow! One simple word with great scientic experience
behind it. Weve heard it many times, in more than 30
countries, at BASF Kids Lab. For one day, kids become
scientists. They experiment in a playful manner and learn
why and how the worlds marvels work. Because we believe
that one day these kids will wow us in return.
When science can be seen as a foundation of wonder,
its because at BASF, we create chemistry.
We create
chemistry
that makes
wow love
why

WHATS
NEW
PLUS:
Sneakers
that could
make you
run faster
PAGE 20
Never hit a deer again PAGE 18
E D I T E D B Y C O R I N N E I OZ Z I O S E P T E MB E R 2 0 1 3
WH A T S N E W@P O P S C I . C O M
P O P S C I . C O M / @P O P S C I
SEPTEMBER 2013 / POPULAR SCI ENCE / 13
STORY BY CORI NNE I OZZI O
PHOTOGRAPH BY BRI AN KLUTCH
Dream,
Draw,
Play
An app makes anyone a
videogame designer
HO HASNT sat on the couch at the
end of a marathon gaming session
and wondered what it would be like
to make a game rather than just play
one? With Pixel Press, anyone can do
bothno coding required. The app,
which debuts on iOS later this year,
converts simple marks on paper into a
playable videogame.
The Pixel Press team invented a
sketchable language for game design.
Armed with custom graph paper and a
small glossary of shorthandlines, Xs,
slashes users draw games, which the
app then scans and converts into an
actual, playable videogame level. For
example, the app reads a blacked-out
square as a power-up marker, and
Xs on a platform as spikes. It takes
less than 30 seconds for the app to
convert the marks; once thats done,
players add colors and textures.
At launch, the system will make
only Mario-style sideways-scrolling
games, but the developers at Pixel
Press already have a prototype to cre-
ate puzzlesand theyre also planning
racing and adventure games.
W
Pixel
Press
Platform iOS
Price $10
Available Winter
2013

WH AT S N E W
6
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A dozen great ideas in gear
Is that a fish nibbling
at the line or a change
in the current? The
SmartRod is the
first fishing rod that
automatically detects a
bite. An accelerometer
on the handle records
vibrations from the pole
and sends the data to a
microcontroller, which
differentiates between
a promising catch and
background jiggling.
Tackobox Poletap
SmartRod $46
The Sigma 18-35mm
F1.8 is the worlds
fastest zoom lens.
Because its large
aperture remains fixed
no matter the level of
zoom, photographers
can consistently shoot
at higher shutter
speeds.
Sigma 18-35mm F1.8
DC HSM Art $799
The Stealth hammer
has a supersized
striking face: 1.5
inches. Because its so
big, a user can swing
harder but still hit a
nail squarely, so the
17-ounce solid-steel
head strikes with
as much force as a
32-ounce one.
Vaughan Stealth $24
The QuietComfort 20
noise-cancellation
headphones are the
first to let users choose
which noises to block.
In Aware Mode, the
headphones cancel out
only lower frequencies,
allowing mid and high
frequencies to get
through. As a result,
its possible to have a
conversation while still
listening to music.
Bose QuietComfort
20 $300
The Satechi bottle
top converts any
water bottle into a
humidifier. Powered
via USB, the 2.5-ounce
device contains a
transducer that vibrates
at an ultrasonic
frequency to turn water
into vapor.
Satechi USB Portable
Humidifier $30
With the Motion Tennis
app, an iPhone
becomes a Wii-like
controller. After
syncing the phone
with an Apple TV, a
user can swing it like a
racket to play a game of
on-screen tennis. Using
the phones gyroscope,
magnetometer, and
accelerometer, the app
translates movements
into strokes.
Rolocule Games
Motion Tennis $8 C
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For those who digitally
track health data,
dead batteries mean
lost results. The Pulse
records info for an
additional 24 hours
after battery-save mode
kicks in. The OLED
screen disables, but
the device still monitors
stats, including steps,
elevation, and sleep,
while it waits for a
charge.
Withings Pulse $100
The Tempour is the
multi-tool of wine
gadgets. It combines
a filter, pourer, and
stopper into one piece.
It also has a freezable
gel-filled tube that a
user can insert into
a bottle of white to
maintain a chill.
Soireehome Tempour
$50
With Audible
sunglasses, colors
are more vibrant.
The lenses are the first
to block wavelengths
at both 480 and
580 nanometers
the regions on the
spectrum where blues,
reds, and greens
intersect, creating
muddy hues.
Smith Optics Audible
$269
The Dyson Hard is
both a vacuum and a
mop. On the head of
the 4.7-pound vacuum,
a wet pad sits between
two channels, through
which dust and crumbs
are sucked up into
a bin. The lithium-
ion-powered motor
runs for 15 minutes
on a charge.
Dyson Hard $330
Even a perfectly crafted
paper airplane will fly
only so far for so long.
With the PowerUp
conversion kitan
electric motor and
combination propeller-
ruddera paper plane
can soar for up to 10
minutes. Users control
the craft by tilting a
Bluetooth-connected
iPhone.
Tailor Toys PowerUp
3.0 $50
The Garmin HUD is a
portable heads-up
display for vehicle
navigation. Drivers sync
a Bluetooth-enabled
phone with the 4.3-
inch projector, which
displays information
turn arrows, distance
to the next turn, time
to arrivalonto a
transparent film applied
to the lower windshield.
Garmin HUD $150
EDI TED BY AMBER WI LLI AMS ADDI TI ONAL REPORTI NG BY ERI N BRODWI N AND ELBERT CHU

I
STORY BY BERNE BROUDY PHOTOGRAPH BY BRI AN KLUTCH
WH AT S N E W / MAT E R I A L S
All-Weather
Wear
Jackets that keep warmth in
but let moisture out
ALPHA
UP CLOSE
A panel of Alpha
insulation looks like
high-pile eece.
Strands of polyester
loop around a
central stitch. That
meshwork serves
two functions:
helping hold the
lament in place,
and preserving
the natural frizz
that creates heat-
trapping air pockets.
T H E WA R ME S T D O WN
I N RELATED NEWS
Patagonia has made the warmest natural insulation, down, even warmerand
water-resistant. Engineers use radio waves to separate individual tendrils on
feathers, then spray on a layer of hydrophobic siloxane. The process exaggerates
downs treelike structure, keeping air pockets open and capable of trapping 30
percent more heat. Patagonia Encapsil Down Belay Parka $699
n 2010, the U.S.
Army went to textile
manufacturer Polartec
with a problem: Troops needed a jacket
that would breathe when they worked
up a sweat but would also hold onto
warmth when they sat still. Down and
synthetic insulations dont allow this
to happen. They require quilting and
tightly knit, less-breathable fabrics
to hold them in place and keep
them dry. Polartec worked for more
than a year to develop an insulation
without those constraints. Last year,
it gave the Army Polartec Alpha.
An Alpha-based jacket consists
of a sheet of insulation sandwiched
between loosely knit, breathable
fabrics. When its hot, sweat
evaporates; when its cold, Alpha
traps warmth in its thousands of
tiny air pockets. This fall, a dozen
companies, including Marmot and
The North Face, will release Alpha-
based jackets. And Polartec will
make Alpha in multiple thicknesses,
so the jackets will only get warmer
from here.

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2014
Mercedes
S-Class
S
Animal Avoidance
An infrared system that spots
wildlife from 500 feet away
STORY BY LAWRENCE ULRI CH
HOW I T WORKS
WH AT S N E W / L O N G A WA I T E D
ince their debut 13
years ago, in-car night-
vision systems, which
identify pedestrians approaching a
roadway, have arguably made driving
safer. But they come with a pretty big
blind spot: animals. Each year, driv-
ers in the U.S. strike about a million
deer, causing 27,000 human injuries
and $3.5 billion in damage. This fall,
Swedish safety-system company Auto-
liv and Mercedes-Benz will roll out
Night View Assist Plus on the 2014
S-Class. The system identies people
but also picks out cows, moose, hors-
es, deer, camels, and even wild boar.
One reason the upgrade took ve
years is that recognizing animals is
much more di cult than recognizing
people. Species vary widely in size and
shape, have proles that change dras-
tically when they turn, and move dier-
I LLUSTRATI ON BY KAKO FONI A
ently. (Humans, by comparison, have
more or less the same shape and
move i n the same way.) To train the
system, Autoliv cataloged thousands
of animals across ve continents.
Night View Assist Plus merges data
from two cameras to create an illumi-
nated view of whats ahead. When an
animal or pedestrian nears a roadway,
the system highlights it on an in-dash
display, and, if danger is imminent,
sounds an alarm and pre-charges
the cars brakes. Theres one feature
U.S. regulators have yet to approve,
though: In the European version, a
spotlight shines a tracking beam onto
live obstacles in the road, making
them almost impossible to miss.
1. A thermal far-infrared camera
in the grille scans for warm-
blooded creatures that are out
of typical headlight range.
2. A near-infrared camera on
the windshield captures an
image of the open road.
3. A central control unit merges
the data from both cameras,
then cross-references the image
with about 150 parameters,
eliminating false positives.
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Fleet
of Foot
A sneaker that
puts actual springs
in your step
ushioned sneakers
can help athletes jump
highera compressed
sole returns energy vertically. Adidas
has now developed a shoe that
could also help runners go faster.
Sixteen slanted plastic springs on
the sole of the Springblade return
a runners energy horizontally,
providing extra forward momentum.
Engineers tuned each spring
independently, optimizing thickness,
height, and orientation to match the
role it plays in a stride. Compared
with footsteps taken on standard
soles, those on Springblade should
have measurably more forward
propulsion.
In a running stride, a persons heel hits the ground with a force
equal to three times his body weight. To absorb the impact,
the single spring on the Springblades heel is thicker than the
others. Its also as wide as the foot, which helps the shoe grip
the ground.
As the foot rolls forward, the springsarranged in pairs for
balancecompress, storing energy. The arch doesnt take the
same impact as the heel and toes, so these springs are thinner
and can squeeze further, gathering even more energy.
When a runners forward momentum takes over, the heel
begins to peel o the ground. Thats when the springsfrom
back to frontdecompress and release energy. At this point in
the stride, leg muscles generate thrust too, which puts about 2.5
times a persons weight on the ball of the foot. Like those at the
heel, the springs here are beeer to prevent slipping.
STORY BY AMBER WI LLI AMS PHOTOGRAPH BY BRIAN KLUTCH
C
LANDI NG
TRANSI TION
PUSH-OFF
WH AT S N E W / H O W I T WO R K S
R A P I D
C O O L D O WN
LAB-TESTED
THE PROMI SE
By placing a hand in the
vacuum-powered, water-
lled CoreControl glove,
an athlete can cool down
33 percent faster than by
resting alone.
THE RESEARCH
Stanford University
biologists instructed
college-age men to exercise
on a treadmill in a hot
room, use the lab model of
the cooling system for three
minutes, then do a set of
bench presses.
THE RESULTS
Athletes were about
0.6 degrees colder with
the glove than without it,
allowing them to complete
more reps in the follow-up
set. The gentle vacuum
inside the device keeps
blood vessels in the palms
distended, boosting heat
transfer between the blood
and the chilled water
circulating inside the glove.
AMANDA SCHUPAK
Adidas
Spring-
blade
Blades
16
Weight
12.8 ounces
Price $180

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Whoosh is just one example of how Haiku is (literally) the
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COLUMN BY BRYAN GARDI NER I LLUSTRATI ON BY PAUL LACHI NE
WH AT S N E W / O U T L O O K
Game Changer
In the
future,
videogames
will play you
HEN MICROSOFT INTRODUCED the
Kinect sensor in 2010, the company
said the motion-capture system would
transform gaming. That was only partially true; gamers
could do novel things like swing an imaginary golf
club or dance, but the Kinect wasnt sensitive enough
to register intricate maneuvers. The system, however,
has become most popular among hackers, who used
it to build smart shopping carts and gesture-controlled
quadrocopters. In November, the company will launch
W
an upgraded Kinect with the Xbox One console. With
that release, Microsof could fnally disrupt gaming
at the level it had originally intended, changing not
only how we interact with games but also how games
interact with us.
Successful videogames have one thing in common:
immersion. When drawn in, players lose track of
time, their pulse rises, they become unaware of their
surroundings, and, according to a recent study at
the University College London, they have dif culty
returning to reality. In short, their point of view shifs
from the real world to the virtual world. But while its
easy to identify an immersive game (or scene within
a game) afer the fact, developers have never had
feedback of a players engagement in real time.
With the new Kinect, reams of information will fow
from the gamer. And that data will be granular enough
to detect extremely subtle signals. A high-speed 1080p
camera can detect minute movements, including
eye blinks, wrist twists, and muscle fexes. Using a
combination of the cameras color feed and the active
infrared, the Kinect can also pick up fuctuations in a
gamers facial blood fow to estimate heart rate.
Developers could mine that data to change the way
games unfold. Along with a players skillsresponse
time, shooting accuracyhis reactions could factor
into gameplay. For example, the intensity of a game
could ratchet up as a player leaned forward or his
heart began to race. Games could even respond to
facial expressions. Granted, precise emotions are hard
to nail down (intense fear and intense joy both raise
the heart rate). For that reason, applications may be
basic at frstadjusting dif culty based on a players
posture, for instance.
That probably wont be the case for long, as sensors
become more powerful, afordable, and easily
integrated into devices. Already, Israeli company
Umoove has created compact head- and eye-tracking
systems that could adjust a players viewpoint based
on head movements. And Irish start-up Galvanic has
developed a prototype skin-conductivity sensor that
can better correlate a players stress level and in-game
performance. Consoles with such heightened senses
will allow for games that are progressively more
immersiveand blur the once stark line between the
real world and the virtual one.
The intensity of a game
could ratchet up as a player
leaned forward or his heart
began to race.

A better way to teach science PAGE 36
E D I T E D B Y S U S A N N A H F. L O C K E S E P T E MB E R 2 0 1 3 H E A D L I N E S @P O P S C I . C O M P O P S C I . C O M / @P O P S C I
ON THE MOVE
Transporting the
ALMA observatorys
100-ton antenna
dishes requires a
truck with two
700-hp engines.
STORY BY REBECCA BOYLE
HE FIRST SCIENTIST I meet at the
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter
Array (ALMA) telescope site is wearing
a portable oxygen tank. At 16,400 feet in the Andes,
hed be unable to think clearly without the tube up his
nose. He runs the observatorys braina supercom-
puter as powerful as three million laptops working
together that compares light from the telescopes 66
dishes quadrillions of times every second. Everything
T
PLUS:
How to stop
malaria for good
PAGE 34
The important
thing is not to stop
questioning.
Albert Einstein
A new earthly installation will see the universe
better than any space-based telescope
Terrascope
E
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.

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about this place is designed for high-altitude survival.
The curved roof can withstand 145mph winds. Heated
blankets prevent the toilet cistern from freezing. The
dishes themselves point to the sky with 0.6-arc-second
accuracy, despite the winds and radical temperature
swings. Its the people that are the weak link. Workers
are allowed to spend only six hours a day at the ALMA

5 miles
TI MELI NE
H E A D L I N E S
high site, the scientist explains.
As I write that down, I realize Im
feeling dizzy.
A few minutes later, flat on
a cot under an oxygen mask to
avoid fainting, I look out the med-
ical rooms window at the lifeless,
Mars-like landscape. The silvery
radio dishes are engaged in a quiet
ballet, swinging above the red dirt
in perfect unison. Their synchrony
and precision are two of the
reasons ALMA is the most ambi-
tious ground telescope ever built.
Another is the observatorys unpar-
alleled adaptability; it has the most
dishes that can be trucked around
to different locations. Because of
all these special features, ALMA
will produce images 10 times
sharper than the Hubble Space
Telescope does.
Telescopes have always had
one major problem: the Earths
atmosphere bends light, distorting
images. Thats why telescopes are
often built at high altitudes, where
the atmosphere is thinner, and why
NASA put Hubble in spaceto get
beyond the atmosphere entirely.
But space scopes arent perfect.
Theyre a compromise by defini-
tion. They must be big enough to
capture faint light but small enough
to fit on a rocket, and repairs or
upgrades either require excep-
tionally expensive trips into orbit
or are simply impossible. Now,
however, increasingly sophisticated
adaptive optics that adjust for the
atmospheres blurring effect are
making many telescopes on Earth
as good as anything that we could
put in the sky. ALMA captures
radio waves, and soon workers will
break ground on two observatories
that see visible light instead: the
Thirty Meter Telescope, with a
resolution more than 10 times as
high as Hubbles, and the Large
Synoptic Survey Telescope, which
will photograph the entire sky
every few nights.
ALMAs 66 antenna dishes work
as one massive telescope, which
can see sharp detail or broad fea-
tures by changing its aperture from
tion of any scope looking at very
short radio waves, which emanate
from cool, dark sources such as
interstellar dust and from bright,
distant galaxies. But its already
had some impressive finds. In
March, astronomers discovered
surprising numbers of starburst
galaxies, where new stars were
forming a billion years earlier than
anyone thought. This summer, they
might have found evidence of dust
T E R MI N A L V E L O C I T Y
ALMA will watch a gas cloud
spiral into the black hole at the
center of the Milky Way.
High in the
Atacama Desert in
Chile, 192 cement
bases sit wired to
a supercomputer,
each ready to be
hooked up to one
of 66 radio dishes.
The combinations
give the ALMA
observatory
unprecedented
exibility: Astro-
nomers can cluster
the dishes for a
broad view or place
them as far as 10
miles apart to
focus on details.
M
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Y
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500 feet to 10 miles. To achieve
this flexibility, workers use mas-
sive trucks, each with 28 tires, to
transport the 100-ton dishes. Each
antenna is placed (to a fraction of
a millimeter of accuracy) at one of
192 bases that have a hard line to
the supercomputer nearby.
By the end of the year, when all
of its dishes are online, ALMA will
have 100 times the imaging resolu-
traps near stars that help the forma-
tion of planets, asteroids, and com-
ets. And eventually, ALMA will
watch a gas cloud spiral into the
black hole at the center of the Milky
Way, look for molecular signs of life
on faraway worlds, and measure
the location and density of the mys-
terious substance scientists call
dark matterall from a high desert
on planet Earth.
As sailboats get faster, they also get more dangerous.
After a sailor died in a crash during practice, the
Americas Cup changed its rules, requiring competitors
to wear helmets and body armor. Finals are this
month. L I L L I A N S T E E N B L I K H WA N G
2007
APPROXIMATE TOP SPEED 14 mph
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E
T
T
Y

I
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G
E
S
Peach Red
Color 70
Pistachio
Color 102
The most people who have been on the International Space Station at one time,
when the shuttle Endeavour docked in 2009. Six is normal occupancy.
Opaline Green
Color 106
Coloring Book
n eld biology, describ-
ing a lizard as green
just wont do when the
exact shade could be the key to iden-
tifying a species. You need to be spe-
cic: Theres pale green, grass green,
citrine, and 48 other greens to choose
from in the new Color Catalogue for
Field Biologists. Gunther Khler, who
studies reptiles and amphibians at the
Senckenberg Museum in Germany,
created the book of swatches to stan-
dardize color descriptions in science,
where reproducible data is a must.
The catalog contains 300 hues, as
well as patterns, like blotches, specks,
and mottling. And while carrying
around a pocket guide may seem anti-
quated, other methods arent reliable.
Preserve a specimen? Nope ethanol
changes its color. Take a picture?
Sorry, photos often dont capture true
shades. In this case, paper is the best
technology for the job.
STORY BY AMBER WI LLI AMS
I
H E A D L I N E S / T O O L K I T
TRUE COLORS
Khler used his
guide to detail 35
species in Mexico
this springand
discovered a new
lizard.
TIGHT SPACE
A two-tailed
giant day gecko,
Phelsuma
madagascariensis
grandis

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A new app
from Popular Science.
What did you look
like as a Neanderthal?
See for yourself the
evolutionary steps that led
from the early hominids
through to modern Homo
sapiens by mapping your
own face onto ancient
skulls discovered around
the world.
Find it in the
iTunes App Store
PROMOTION
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H
ow will robots of the future get around? Some say tank treads. Some say legs
and feet. But nobody knows for sure, and thats why researchers at Cornell
University designed a computer program to gure it out. The software simulates
evolution. Robots begin as blocks of muscle, tissue, and bone, then natural
selection kicks in: The fastest bots in each generation have ospring and are more likely to
move on to the next round. The slower ones die out. Here are ve of the most memorable
variations from 175,000 generations.
H E A D L I N E S / T H E L I S T
STORY BY SUSAN E. MATTHEWS
175,000
Ways to Walk
5 Flailer
With so many de-
scendants, youre
going to wind up
with a couple of
ukes. This legless
bot vigorously (and
pathetically) shakes
its arms to scooch
forward.
3 Incher
No legs herethis
ones almost all
soft tissue, and it
creeps forward.
While not very fast,
it seldom falls over
thanks to its wide,
stable base.
2 Galloper
This bot was one of
the rst to develop
long legs with
bone, which give it
the stability to run
much like a horse.
Key:
Speed
Sprinter
The bend in its
L-shaped body
serves as a pivot
point, which ex-
tends and contracts
This robots motions resemble a cheetahs,
and it clocked in as the fastest.
in a powerful,
muscular stride.
4 Knuckler
Robots relying on
their front limbs to
walk were rarely vi-
able. The Knuckler
survived. Its arms
swing to lift its body
o the ground, the
same way a gorilla
charges.
Muscle 1
Muscle 2
Bone
Tissue
1

I
Sand Trap How to make a beach clean itself
n 2011, water pollution
closed or drove visitors
away from U.S. shores on
more than 15,000 beach days across
the country. In many places, the prob-
lem is getting worse. As coastal towns
crowd with rooftops and parking
lots, they produce more runo from
rain. The runo picks up bacteria from
animal waste and collects in pipes that
then release the water into the ocean.
STORY BY PAVI THRA S. MOHAN I LLUSTRATI ON BY KEVI N HAND
H E A D L I N E S / L O W T E C H
Pretty gross. But some engineers have
a simple and eective solution: Send
runo underneath the beach instead,
where sand can lter the bacteria out.
The research team, led by Michael
Burchell at North Carolina State
University, has already built three
sand-ltration systems under the
dunes of a beach about two hours
from Raleigh and is considering sites
for additional installations.
Dirty storm runo is diverted
into a ve-foot-wide open-bottom
plastic tube positioned 1.5 to
2.5 feet beneath the sand.
The runo that reaches the
groundwater is diluted, and
whatever bacteria get trapped in
the sand die.
The water ows into a bed of
gravel, spreading out onto a
larger surface area of sand,
which acts as a lter.
By the time the storm runo is
75 feet down shore, bacteria
levels are comparable to normal
groundwaters.
The materials to purify
dirty storm water are
quite simple: plastic
tubing, gravel, and
a little help from
Mother Nature.
1
1
2
3
4
3 2 4

Canned
Sunshine
E D I T O R S NOT E
A LT H O U G H B AT T E R I E S
A R E G R E AT F O R S O ME
T H I N G S , T H E Y A R E N T
Q U I T E U P T O S T O R I N G
L A R G E - S C A L E S O L A R
P O WE R F O R L AT E R
U S E . T H AT S WH Y
MA N Y P E O P L E A R E
T R Y I N G T O MA K E F U E L
F R O M L I G H T I N S T E A D.
The idea is to take the
energy in light and store it
as a fuel we can use later.
So we made the GRAFSTRR (Gravity-
Fed Solar-Thermochemical Receiver/
Reactor)a 1,000-pound cylinder of
insulated steel, about 3 feet wide and 2.5
feet tall. In the lab, 10 lamps simulate
only 10 to 20 kilowatts of sunlight. (In the
real world, though, tens of thousands of
small mirrors across a eld would reect
sunlight into the reactor.) The light enters
the top of the reactor and passes through
a circular quartz window that keeps out
air, which can contaminate the chemical
reaction inside. At the lights most
concentrated and hottest point3,000F
it enters the reaction cavity.
Fifteen hoppers drop zinc oxide powder
into the cavity. When the radiation there
hits the zinc oxide, it breaks the bond
between the zinc and the oxygen, making

I LLUSTRATI ON BY
TREVOR JOHNSTON
H E A D L I N E S / B L U E P R I N T
AS TOLD TO
FLORA LI CHTMAN
free zinc. In the future, a second reactor
would use the zinc to strip the oxygen
from water, making hydrogen gas.
Theoretically, we could capture about
40 percent of the energy, but in lab
experiments to demonstrate the design,
we get less than 3 percent. Our reactor
is mostly a proof-of-concept, but I think it
could be scaled up in my kids lifetime.
Erik Koepf is a mechanical engineer.
He worked on the reactor as a graduate
student at the University of Delaware, in
collaboration with the Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology in Zurich.
Advertisement
PRESENTED BY
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to view the thrilling video series
hosted by Popular Science editor-
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everything from the latest wind
turbines, and waste-to-power
systems to wave energy installations
and exible fabric solar panels that
could soon provide us with entirely
new sources of renewable power.
Come see the future for yourself.
POPSCI.COM/ENERGYFIX

The Yoshida children have a lot of energy. But the country theyre growing up in doesnt. Japan, like many other
countries, needs a reliable source of energy. Thats why Shell is helping to deliver natural gas to more than 40
countries around the world. Not just for tonights bowl of warming noodles, but for years to come, when the
children may have children of their own. Lets broaden the worlds energy mix. www.shell.com/letsgo
LETS PASS ENERGY ON
TO THE NEXT GENERATION.
LETS GO.

H O W T O S T O P
A P L A G U E I N F O U R
E A S Y S T E P S
BZZZZZ . . .
STORY BY JESSE EMSPAK
H E A D L I N E S / H Y P O T H E S I S
TS NOT the mosquitos fault. Malaria is
actually caused by the Plasmodium family
of parasites, which is carried unwittingly
by mosquitoes. And these parasites are tricky foes.
Come up with a treatment or vaccine and the few that
survive will still breed. But Johns Hopkins biologist
Rhoel Dinglasan thinks he may have a way around
that: vaccinating mosquitoes instead.
I
Dinglasans team has found that
Plasmodiumat a crucial stage in its
life cycleneeds to bind to a protein
in the mosquitos gut called AnAPN1.
If you block this protein, you block
transmission to humans. But how do
you treat a mosquito? A teensy needle
and steady hands? No. Heres the clever
part: You give people a vaccine against
AnAPN1, turning them into living mosquito-treatment
factories for years; their immune systems produce
antibodies against AnAPN1. When mosquitoes bite
vaccinated people, theyll suck up the antibodies,
which block AnAPN1 so that the mosquitoes can no
longer pass along the disease. In lab tests, Dinglasan
has shown that the antibodies can indeed make
mosquitoes benignalthough no less annoying.
Vaccinating Mosquitoes
Can Ward O Malaria
A
/
VACCINATE
Give someone the vaccine
against the mosquito-gut protein
AnAPN1.
B
/
MANUFACTURE
The persons immune system
produces antibodies against
AnAPN1 in his blood.
C
/
BITE
A mosquito ingests the
antibodies, which bind to
AnAPN1 and block the malaria-
causing parasite Plasmodium.
D
/
PREVENT
Plasmodium cant live in the
mosquito gut and, therefore,
cant be transmitted to people.
L
A
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COLUMN BY ERI N BI BA I LLUSTRATI ON BY RYAN SNOOK
H E A D L I N E S / S U B J E C T I V E ME A S U R E S
N 2012, a shocking 69 percent of
American high-school graduates failed
to meet college-readiness benchmarks in
science. And in a 2010 paper about math and science
achievement, the U.S. ranked last out of the eight
countries studied (including England, South Korea,
and Hungary). So not only are we unsuccessfully
teaching basic knowledge to our kids, but many other
nations have fgured out how to do it better than us,
too. There is no doubt about it: The way the U.S.
teaches science simply doesnt work.
The good news is that a new approach to education
could turn these embarrassing statistics around. For the
I
past two years, 26 state governments have collaborated
with teachers to develop The Next Generation Science
Standards for grades K12. The standards refect 20
years of research that show that people learn better
through experiences than through memorization.
Educators have known this for a while: A 2005
National Research Council report found that teaching
is more successful when students are aware of how they
learn. A report the council published two years later,
written by a committee of 18 science-education experts,
concluded that current science-instruction methods
are outdated because they signifcantly underestimate
childrens ability to think in a sophisticated way.
How will the implementation of these standards
change the classroom? Students will memorize fewer
facts; instead, theyll work to better understand
key concepts by asking questions and designing
experiments to fnd the answers. In other words,
since scientists dont just sit around memorizing stuf,
students shouldnt either. Heres an example of how
the new approach will play out: Today, instructors
might teach the phases of the moon by showing
students photos and demonstrating with a model
of Earth and the moon. Under the new standards,
students would be shown pictures and then build
their own models and discuss with classmates why the
moon seems to change shape in the sky. They might
get their models wrong at frst, just like real scientists.
But thats how people learn best.
The new standards will create some challengesfor
instance, educators will need to adopt a more fexible
teaching style. But the efort will be worth it. The
standards will create better scientists and engineers,
andperhaps just as importanttheyll beneft even
students who pursue nonscientifc careers. Everyone
is a science consumer. We must constantly evaluate
new information that afects our lives, whether its the
latest news story on a nutrition study or a report on
the psychology behind gun violence. Citizens vote for
ballot measures and legislators that infuence scientifc
research and policy, too. Although all 26 states are
required to consider the standards, only a handful
(including Rhode Island and Kansas) have of cially
instituted them so far. Those that dont are doing a
disservice to their students and, in the long term,
hurting all of us. Every state in the union needs to get
on board.
Since scientists dont just sit
around memorizing stuf,
students shouldnt either.
Lab Is In Session
The best way to teach science is not to teach it

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BURIED DEEP IN THE ICE below the Amundsen-Scott
South Pole Station, IceCube is the worlds largest and
most remote neutrino observatory. Neutrinos are nearly
massless particles that rarely interact with matter.
Trillions of them pass through the earth every second,
carrying information that may help explain the physics
of supernovae and the source of high-energy cosmic
rays. Because their signatures are very weak and rare,
scientists had to bury vertical strings of the detectors
deep in the Antarctic ice, which blocks photons from the
sun and cosmic rays. The clear ice in IceCubes dark
underground setting allows the detectors to see the faint
blue light that appears after a neutrino hits an atom
within the ice.
Every year, dozens of undergraduates from the
University of Wisconsin-Madison (or one of its 40 or so
international collaborators) secure research positions
with IceCube. For most, that means monitoring the
labs detectors from stations in the U.S. and Europe.
But for a lucky few, it can mean a trip to the South Pole.
After passing a physical, students embark on a 72-hour
journey, stopping rst in New Zealand. From there, they
PARTI CLE PHYSI CI ST, HELI OPHYSI CI ST,
ELECTRI CAL ENGI NEER
L A B S
S T O R Y B Y
B R OOK E B OR E L
I L L U S T R AT I O N S B Y
J OE NE WT ON
Thinking about a science
degree? Consider a lab
where research meets
white-knuckled adventure

y to McMurdo research station on Antarcticas coast
and then on to the South Pole, 850 miles away, in a ski-
equipped propeller plane. Pending funding, the university
may send four students to spend three weeks there
during the Antarctic summer season.
Once they acclimate to the 9,000-foot altitude at
IceCube, students will monitor signals from neutron
detectors while braving temperatures of 20 to 30
degrees Fahrenheit. The work may be uncomfortable and
the target very, very small, but the students could help
answer some of the biggest questions in the universe. S
.

L
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S
T
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/
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F
Go/Do/Learn
THE EDUCATION ISSUE
ICECUBE NEUTRINO
OBSERVATORY
University of Wisconsin-Madison

THE MOST IMPORTANT
teachers in Roger Barkers
textile lab are mannequins.
Barker studies how textiles
respond to extreme
conditions by re-creating
real-world environments
with three types of models:
PyroMan endures conditions that mimic a burning building;
it has 122 thermal heat sensors that record heat ux while Barker blasts it with
eight propane-gas burners. RadMan, currently under development, has sensors
that record the radiant heat of simulated forest res. An unnamed third kind of
mannequin has thermal sensors, articulated joints, and more than 100 sweating
pores, so Barker can test the performance of uniforms and outdoor clothing.
Every year, about 10 North Carolina State University undergraduates help
Barker on various projects. In 2012, for example, a group tested military garments
that had been impregnated with insecticides (to discourage biting pests) to ensure
the chemicals were within Environmental Protection Agency limits. Students
may even stand in for the dummies: One group volunteered to get misted with
wintergreen oil, an ersatz mustard gas, to make sure safety suits wouldnt leak in a
chemical-weapons attack. According to research assistant professor Bryan Ormond,
the only job students cant do is replace PyroMan in the burn chamber.
EVERY SEMESTER, on a three-
acre wooded blu overlooking the
Tennessee River in Knoxville, about
75 undergraduates help Dawnie
Wolfe Steadman deposit dead bodies.
Steadman, a forensics professor
at the University of Tennessee,
studies the many ways in which a
body decays. Students assist her
by monitoring the 100 or so donated cadavers during various stages of
decomposition. They might study the life cycles of esh-eating fauna, such
as blowies and dermestid beetles, to pinpoint time of death. Or they
might retrieve DNA from the bodies and test for the presence of microbes
or drugs, which authorities could use to determine identity and toxicology
in murder cases. Sometimes they even help Steadman re-create, at the
request of law enforcement, a crime scenesay, by stu ng dead bodies in
car trunksto test out hypotheses.
Once the insects have cleaned most of the esh from the bone, the
students take the remains back to the lab. They don scrubs, aprons, and
gloves and learn to identify bones, skeletal pathologies, and dierent types
of trauma. Then they add the skeleton to the universitys growing collection:
more than 1,100, at last count.
MATERI ALS ENGI NEER, SPORTS- CLOTHI NG DEVELOPER
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FORENSICS
ANTHROPOLOGY
CENTER
University of
Tennessee, Knoxville
FORENSI C PATHOLOGI ST,
FORENSI C SCI ENTI ST,
FORENSI C ANTHROPOLOGI ST
TEXTILE
PROTECTION
AND
COMFORT
CENTER
North Carolina
State University

J
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STUDENTS AT Texas Tech University are trying to protect
against the ravages of hurricanes, tornadoes, and other
dangerous storms. By studying how extreme storms form
and evolve, along with the damage they cause, engineers
can design structures to withstand them. At the centers
A WE S O ME L A B S
Debris Impact Facility, teams use a custom high-impact gun
to re two-by-foursthe most common storm projectileat
brick walls, shelters, and safes to prove the strength of the
targets materials and design. Other teams race to deploy
sensors at sites where hurricanes are predicted to land,
to collect data on wind speed, humidity, and more. This
year, two graduate students even got to work on a Federal
Emergency Management Agencyfunded project to assess
how well storm shelters held up in the wake of the tornado
that hit Moore, Oklahoma, in May.
STRUCTURAL ENGI NEER, ATMOSPHERI C SCI ENTI ST
NATIONAL
WIND
INSTITUTE
Texas Tech
University

A WE S O ME L A B S
VAN ROMEROS students dont want to be doctors or lawyers. They want to
blow things up for a living. Romero, New Mexico Techs vice president of research
and economic development, and his sta oversee students as they detonate any
number of explosives, whether C4 or TNT, across the schools 26,000-acre moun-
taintop blasting range (which includes a quarter-scale urban canyon for modeling
an explosions shock waves). Last spring, the freshman class was the rst to play
around in the schools new interactive lab. The 1,220-square-foot space includes
Samsung tabletop computers for sharing project designs, and a 3-D printer for
building the trigger mechanisms and launching arms for a small working trebuchet.
NUCLEAR- WEAPONS DEVELOPER, CONSTRUCTI ON BLASTER,
HOMELAND SECURI TY CONTRACTOR
ENERGETIC
MATERIALS
RESEARCH
AND TESTING
CENTER
New Mexico Tech

AWESOME
LABS INDEX
REED NUCLEAR
REACTOR
Reed College
Operate a
250-kilowatt
nuclear reactor.
LIGHTNING
RESEARCH LAB
University of
Florida
Learn about
lightning by
creating bolts
during storms.
HAWAIIAN
VOLCANO
OBSERVATORY
U.S. Geological
Survey
Study one of the
worlds most active
volcanoes.
SASAKAWA
INTERNATIONAL
CENTER
FOR SPACE
ARCHITECTURE
University of
Houston
Design habitats
to support life
in space.
WISCONSIN
NATIONAL
PRIMATE
RESEARCH
CENTER
University of
Wisconsin
Contribute to
biomedical
research with the
centers 1,300
rhesus monkeys.
SUBZERO
SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING
RESEARCH
FACILITY
Montana State
University
Explore the
eects of a 80F
environment.
JET
PROPULSION
LABORATORY
California
Institute
of Technology
See six years
worth of
incredible places
at popsci.com/
awesomelablist
THIS SUMMER, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, is
hosting 450 undergraduates from around the country for 10-week-long internships,
where they may work on projects in planetary science, astrophysics, astrobiology,
or robotics. In the past, students have helped develop instruments on the Mars-
bound Curiosity rover; analyzed data sent by the Kepler spacecraft, which is
looking for potentially habitable exoplanets; and studied life in extreme environ-
ments on Earth, getting a glimpse of how life may exist elsewhere in the universe.
The interns operate at the frontier of human knowledge, says Adrian Ponce,
JPLs manager of higher education. Once they graduate, approximately 100 for-
mer interns are considered for permanent JPL jobs.
BEFORE HIS STUDENTS leave
for Swaziland every summer,
Robert McCleery, a professor
of wildlife ecology, imparts a
long list of survival tips, which
include: Always baboon-proof
the campsite; dont get malaria;
dont oat around in the rivers,
which teem with hippos, crocs,
WILDLIFE ECOLOGY
AND CONSERVATION
University of Florida
and the parasite bilharzia. Armed with that knowledge, 15
students from the University of Florida set out for one month
of ecology and conservation studies. During their time in the eld,
students could radio-collar Egyptian slit-faced bats or collect girae scat for genetic
analysis. They might spot black wildebeest through the mist-covered mountains of
the Malolotja Nature Reserve or study impalas and zebras in the lowland savanna.
As part of their curriculum, they will make nighttime game drives in search of bush-
baby primates and eld trips to Kruger National Park in neighboring South Africa.
For those who crave a bit more time in the bush, McCleery can arrange for
a select few to stay on at his permanent camp in Swaziland as interns for the
rest of the summer. The camp is run by University of Florida graduate students
and sta from All Out Africa, a nongovernmental organization. Any University of
Florida student may apply, says McCleery: I have no set requirements aside
from a single ecology course. I take on students with a serious passion for wildlife
ecology that are eager to learn and have a tireless work ethic.
J
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WI LDLI FE ECOLOGI ST,
PARK BI OLOGI ST
ASTROBI OLOGI ST, ASTROPHYSI CI ST,
ENGI NEER, COMPUTER SCI ENTI ST

A WE S O ME L A B S
STUDENTS IN Paul Worseys
explosives program have a new
class to add to their schedules:
reworks manufacturing. They
grind incendiary chemicals and
combine them into professional-
grade reworks; the nal project
is to create a ve-inch pyrotechnic
mortarand set it o. Students can
also take courses in commercial-
rework and stage pyrotechnics, in
which they learn to design, set up,
and re large public pyrotechnic
displays, whether for a Fourth of
July celebration, a concert, or a
WWE match.
PYROTECHNI CS MANUFACTURER, AMMUNI TI ON MAKER, DEMOLI TI ON EXPERT
EXPLOSIVES
ENGINEERING
Missouri University of Science
and Technology
THE BADLANDS of southern Utah
are famously rugged, a maze of
sandstone clis and canyons that can
amplify summer temperatures into
furnacelike conditions. But this wasnt
always the case.
Seventy-ve million years ago,
during the late Cretaceous period, the
region was a gigantic coastal forest
much like todays Gulf Coast, lled
with frogs, salamanders, and even
tyrannosaurs. When the animals died,
they sank into the sediment, which
preserved them forever. As a result,
southern Utah is one of the richest
fossil beds in the U.S.
Several times a year, Joseph Ser-
tich, a vertebrate paleontologist at the
Denver Museum of Nature and Sci-
DENVER MUSEUM OF
NATURE AND SCIENCE
Colorado State University
and Colorado College
ence, leads students on fossil-hunting trips that double as extreme backpack-
ing adventures. Hauling picks, axes, and gas-powered rock saws, students
march into the wilderness of the Kaiparowits Plateau, an almost roadless
expanse of sand- and mudstone domes that rise as high as 800 feet. Its
kind of like a badlands on steroids, Sertich says. On any given trip, students
will hike up to seven miles to established digs, then head further into the
backcountry to identify new, untapped sites. Some digs are so remote that
tools must be airlifted in by helicopter. In the eld, students have uncovered
fossils such as pea-size lizard skulls and entire duck-billed dinosaur skeletons.
Most undergrads stay in the eld for a few weeks, but there is an oppor-
tunity to extend the research into a senior thesis. Longer internships lasting
a month or two are in the works. The undergrads have become one of the
keys to making the project run, says Sertich. We have
lots of volunteers at the Denver Museum who are a big
part of running the camp, but the students do a lot of
the di cult parts of the eldwork.
PALEONTOLOGI ST, GEOLOGI ST,
MUSEUM CURATOR
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CENTER FOR
INTEGRATED
BIOSYSTEMS
Utah State
University
Clone animals
used in genetic
research.
SLAC NATIONAL
ACCELERATOR
LABORATORY
Stanford University
Use superpowerful
x-rays to create
3-D images of
molecules.
SPACE SYSTEMS
LABORATORY
University of
Maryland
Test astronaut
equipment
and robots in a
367,000-gallon
water-lled tank.
ROBOTICS
INSTITUTE
Carnegie Mellon
University
Build the robot of
your dreams.
GAME DESIGN
INITIATIVE
Cornell University
Learn how to
create your own
games.
TRAUMA
MECHANICS
RESEARCH
INITIATIVE
University of
Nebraska, Lincoln
Simulate IED blasts
to make a better
body armor.
DAWSON LAB
University of
California, Merced
Swim with jellysh
swarms to nd out
if they power the
oceans currents.
PILOT
BREWERY
University of
California, Davis
Brew your own
barrels of beer.

ONLY THE TOUGHEST and most sure-footed students need
apply for undergraduate honors thesis work in Hazel Bartons
lab. Barton studies cave microbes, and students will often
do their eldwork in Brazilian caverns, accessible only by
donning snakeproof boots and hacking through the Amazon
with a machete. By analyzing rock samples and the microbes
that live on them (many eat iron within the rock), they are
learning how to better predict the formation of sinkholes and
caves. Barton and her students also study the competition
between various microbial species, looking for insights that
could lead to new forms of antibiotics.
BARTON
LAB
The University
of Akron
MI CROBI OLOGI ST, GEOCHEMI ST,
ASTROBI OLOGI ST
H
A
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L

A
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B
A
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T
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S HORT

CI RCUI T
Go/Do/Learn
THE EDUCATION ISSUE
A 12-YEAR-OLD
ELECTRONICS PRODIGY
WANTED TO MAKE EDUCATION
MORE FUN. SO HE BECAME
A TEACHER.
STORY BY
SUSAN MORAN
PHOTOGRAPHS BY
CHRIS MCPHERSON

UIN ETNYRE WALKS to the
front of a crowded room at Deez-
maker 3D Printers and Hacker-
space in Pasadena, California.
He adjusts his laptop on the
workbench, then looks up and
addresses the class. Thanks for
coming out on a Saturday, he
says, his voice barely audible over
the steady hum of servomotors.
The students, 18 middle-aged
men and preteen boys, look on as
Quin straightens his MIT T-shirt
and swipes an index fnger across
an iPod. The screen behind him
fashes Intro to Arduino Class.
He explains to the group, which
includes a toy maker, an engineer,
and a high-school electronics
teacher, that hell be showing them
how to program an Arduinoa
$30 microcontroller board that
can convert sensory inputs into
outputs, making objects interac-
tive. First I want to demonstrate
some cool things I made that you
can make too, he says, reaching into a backpack.
Two men stop whispering and turn toward him. Quin
pulls out the FuzzBot, a bug-eyed, four-wheeled robot
slightly smaller than a shoebox. Then he holds up a
baseball cap with LEDs stitched into the fabric.
This is a Gas Cap. Well, its really a fart sensor,
he says, with a straight face and inscrutable tone. He
describes how he programmed the lights to blink when
the sensor detects methane. Several boys in the room
burst out laughing. The men look confused, uncertain
what to make of their instructor. They knew from his
reputation that he is a rising star in the DIY-electronics
movement; most didnt realize until they got here
today that he is also a 12-year-old.
Quin tells the students to boot up their laptops and
install free Arduino sofware. Then they each open a
box containing sensors, a breadboard, a circuit board,
and other parts. For the next four hours, Quin guides
the group through six hands-on projects, culminating
in an electronic meter that measures voltage coming
across a potentiometer and displays the values on an
LED bar graph. When his meter fashes to life, a wiry
boy sitting near the front yelps with delight.
As the class winds down, Deezmakers owner,
Diego Porqueras, announces that Quin has some
products for sale, including custom ArduSensors
that can measure fex, force, light, knocks, tempera-
ture, magnetism, and, yes, methane. Quin heads to
a table in the back where his parents, Ethan Etnyre
To make his autonomous
FuzzBot, Quin Etnyre started
with a robot chassis kit for
Arduino that he received last
Christmas. And then one
morning, I decided to hook up
a Parallax Ping sensor so that
it could avoid obstacles, he
says. From then on, I worked
on the code and perfected
it. Quin also added extra
functionality; the FuzzBot
can clean oors. He calls it
a hackable mini Roomba
because he attached a duster
cloth as a tail that lifts dirt in
its wake. Now hes working
on a wireless controller.
Quin regularly
instructs electronics
classes, like this
one at Deezmaker.
Quin does a better
job teaching than
most adults, says
Tara Tiger Brown, of
LA Makerspace.
For build instructions, go to www.instructables.com/id/FuzzBot
S HORT CI RCUI T

F
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G

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:

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B
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B
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and Karen Mikuni, have been hovering quietly. As the
men and boys line up, Quin morphs from teacher to
entrepreneur. You get a 20-percent discount if you
buy three or more products today, he says.
C
HEAP, OPEN-SOURCE, and user-
friendly, Arduino consists of both
hardware (circuit boards) and sof-
ware (a programming language).
The two can be combined in an almost
infnite number of ways to make even
the most whimsical projectstweeting cofee pots,
automated cat doorsattainable. A team of sofware
engineers and designers released Arduino in 2005
as a teaching tool for graduate students in interactive
design, but it quickly caught on in the DIY community.
By 2011, more than 250,000 Arduinos had been sold
around the world, and a cottage industry of manufac-
turers and distributors had sprung up.
Thats also the year Quin Etnyre, bored with the
limits of the LEGO Mindstorms robotics kit, got
hooked on soldering circuit boards at Maker Faire
Bay Area. He soon began ordering components online
and taught himself how to code. When I started, I
thought it was all about zeros and ones and that it was
going to be really hard, Quin says. It was so cool to
learn that with just one line of code and almost-plain
English, I could make an LED blink.
MOST DIDNT REALIZE THEIR
INSTRUCTOR, A RISING STAR IN
THE DIY-ELECTRONICS MOVE-
MENT, IS ALSO A 12-YEAR-OLD.
For his eleventh birthday, his parentsboth family
physicians baf ed by their sons new obsessionfew
with him from central California to Boulder, Colo-
rado, where he took an Arduino class at the headquar-
ters of online retailer SparkFun Electronics. He was
the youngest student by at least a decade, but before
long, others were turning to him for help.
In the months that followed, Quin spent hours afer
school coding, soldering, and brainstorming new proj-
ects, including the Gas Cap, which became an instant
hit in the online DIY community Instructables. I was
amazed that someone his age built it, says Randy
Sarafan, Instructables technology editor. You have
to understand electronics to begin with and then
translate them into a fabric environment.
Quin launched a company, Qtechknow, in the spring
of 2012 so he could reach more people with his Ardu-
Sensors, and he wrote detailed tutorials explaining
how to use them. He also negotiated a deal with
SparkFun; the retailer now sells the Qtechknow Ardu-
Sensor Learning Kit, which contains several circuit

boards and eight types of sensors.
Recently, Quin persuaded his parents
to let him convert the family garage into
a hackerspace where he and his friends
could work on projects together. Now
devoid of automobiles, it contains a long
workbench littered with safety goggles,
soldering irons, and a $30 toaster oven
that Quin uses to manufacture circuit
boards. Nearby, a stack of plastic
drawers holds wires, LED lights, and
other parts. Quin also uses the space
to teach monthly workshops on such
topics as how to hack a Wii Nunchuk
game controller so that it interfaces with
the Google Earth fight simulator. In the
spring, he returned to Maker Fairethis
time, as a featured speaker.
E
VERYONE WHO has met Quin
agrees that, both technically and
personally, he stands out. Quin
is extremely over-the-top self-moti-
vated and driven, says Tara Tiger
Brown, executive director of LA
Makerspace. Quins biography on Twitter sums this up
as well: Im a 12-year-old maker that loves Arduino and
electronics. I run my own electronics company selling
@ArduSensors and will be going to MIT in 7 years.
But Quin embodies a groundswell of preteen inven-
tors enabled by cheap hardware, free sofware, and
the proliferation of hackerspaces around the country
some, such as Maker Kids in Toronto and LA Maker-
space in California, designed with young hackers in
mind. Hes a bellwether for a whole generation of
kids, many who havent even been identifed yet, says
Jef Branson, SparkFuns educational outreach coor-
dinator. Were seeing more and more kids like Quin
getting together and teaching each other.
Another young maker at the forefront of this
trend, Super-Awesome Sylvia (Sylvia Todd, age 12),
has a YouTube show that has more than 1.5 million
views. In recent episodes, she taught her audience
how to build squishy circuits with LEDs and a heart-
beat-sensor pendant using LilyPad, an Arduino micro-
controller board designed for textiles. At the White
House Science Fair in April, she showed President
Obama her WaterColorBot, a robot that paints.
Both SparkFun and Adafruit Industries, another
DIY-electronics retailer, have expanded their educa-
tion teams to reach the next Quin and Sylvia where
they study or play. There is a worldwide demand from
young people to learn more, share more, and become
the next generation of scientists and engineers, says
Limor Fried, Adafruits founder. To encourage them,
Adafruit now makes skill badgesa geeky nod to
traditional Boy Scout and Girl Scout merit badges
awarding profciency in areas such as soldering,
programming, and successfully using Ohms law.
Inspired by Adafruits badges, a nonproft organi-
zation called the Hacker Scouts formed in Oakland,
California, in 2012. It promotes a network of guilds
(rather than troops) designed to teach and mentor
children ages 8 to 15. New hackerlings master basic
skills, such as sewing, woodworking, and simple use
of the Linux operating system, and then work in crews
on more complicated projects. The guilds have spread
to 11 cities in the U.S. Another national organization,
Maker Corps, has begun training 18- to 22-year-olds
to become mentors to kids and young teenagers both
online and in physical makerspaces.
FIRST, an organization started by inventor Dean
In an episode of Super-
Awesome Mini Maker Show,
Sylvia Todd [above] describes
a coppertastic build for
etching copper jewelry or
circuit boards; it has nearly
300,000 views on YouTube.
Sylvia started the series
with her dad in 2010; she
now has 20 episodes that
feature entry-level, open-
source projects for kids.
Quin acts and
functions like both
a grownup and
a preadolescent
male, Mike Hord,
a design engineer
at SparkFun Elec-
tronics, observes.
S HORT CI RCUI T
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Kamen, has also rapidly expanded. It uses robotics
programs to get students from kindergarten through
high school excited about engineering. This year
2,546 teams from around the world competed in its
fagship event, the FIRST Robotics Competitiona
300 percent increase from 10 years ago, according
to Kevin OConnor, a robotics engineer who helps
design the annual challenge.
A 2011 study published in the journal Science
Education showed that high-school seniors who
express an interest in pursuing science, technology,
engineering, and math (STEM) are three times more
likely to complete college degrees in those subjects.
The key to getting students to that tipping point, says
lead author Adam Maltese, an assistant professor of
science education at Indiana University, seems to be
exposing them early to a STEM experience that sparks
their interest, then providing them with a way to main-
tain ita formula that Quin has already mapped out.

T
HE DAY AFTER his Arduino class
at Deezmaker, Quin climbs into the
backseat of the family car. While his
dad steers onto Highway 101 toward
their home near San Luis Obispo,
California, Quin digs into his back-
pack and pulls out a Rubiks cube. He solves it in 16
seconds. Then he turns on his parents iPad and starts
typing. He explains that hes been rethinking K12
educationand that he has come up with a much
better system. He calls it the New Qtechknow School.
School is pretty boring, but it could be a lot more
interesting and interactive, he says. More hands-on
and more mentoring. According to his plan, three
schoolsgrades K3, 48, and 912would sit side
by side on one campus so that older students could
mentor younger ones at least once a day. Quins been
helping other students with math for several years.
Its fun to teach other kids, and little kids look up to
older kids, he says thoughtfully. It helped me learn
when I was young because it was fun. Plus, he points
out, the older kids would get experience teaching,
which would help them decide whether to pursue
an education degree in college. Not surprisingly, the
teachers at the New Qtechknow School would focus
heavily on science and engineering.
In the meantime, Quin is making sure his current
school system can provide more hands-on education.
In March, he and his father visited Raynee Daley,
the assistant superintendent of business services in
his school district, and suggested that teachers use
electronics kits in their classes. Daley didnt know
anything about Arduino, but Quin impressed her with
a demonstration of his FuzzBot and other projects. I
knew this kid was absolutely brilliant, she says. And
I believe that hands-on learning is critical.
Daley appealed to the superintendent, and he agreed
to let Quin present to a broader group; more than a
dozen principals and teachers showed up for his lunch-
time electronics lesson. I looked around the room
and saw everybody, except maybe the robotics guy,
with their mouths open, amazed, Daley says. This
fall, the school district will bring a SparkFun education
team to train some of the teachers. By August 2014,
when Quin will enroll as a freshman, Arroyo Grande
High School hopes to have a DIY-electronics program.
Quin has made us all think diferently about what the
future of education could be like, Daley says.
A couple hours into the car ride home, Quin is still
typing on his iPad, tweaking his plan to overhaul the
U.S. education system. But suddenly his dreams turn
more immediate and visceral. He fres up the browser
and searches for the nearest In-N-Out Burger. Then he
makes a plea identical to that of kids everywhere:
Can I get two orders of French fries, Mom?
QUIN IS A BELLWETHER
FOR A WHOLE GENERATION
OF KIDS, MANY WHO HAVENT
EVEN BEEN IDENTIFIED YET.
Quin experiments
with an age-old
form of DIY elec-
tronics: licking a
nine-volt battery to
feel a shock.

EDX
OPEN2STUDY
I TUNES U
COURSERA
CODECADEMY
298
389
19
74+
77
Machine
Learning
Flight Vehicle
Aerodynamics
Whats the
Best Video
Camera for You?
Disaster
Preparedness
Food, Nutrition,
and Your Health
Solar Energy
Introduction
to Public
Speaking
Twitter
Essentials in
Under an Hour
Astronomy:
Discovering
the Universe
DRONE - ARMY COMMANDE R
SURVI VAL I ST
NE I L DE GRASSE T YSON
010101010
010101010
010101010
010101010
As the selection of open online courses
grows, learning doesnt end with a degree
Go/Do/Learn
THE EDUCATION ISSUE
A F T E R MA R K E T
E D U C AT I O N
he first massive open online course, or
MOOC, launched in September 2008 at the
University of Manitoba in Winnipeg. Via the
Web, anyone could attend the class on learning theory, and
2,300 people signed up. MOOCs quickly took off. In 2011,
a Stanford University class on artificial intelligence enrolled
160,000, inspiring one of the instructors to found the
MOOC start-up Udacity.
The courses arent quite substitutes for traditional edu-
cation; at Coursera, one of the largest MOOC providers, 80
percent of students already hold a bachelors degree, and
only 10 percent finish the courses they start, according to
co-founder Andrew Ng. But MOOCs can help students build
the skills to become almost anythingor anybody.
T
Business and Economics
Computer Science
Education
Health and Medicine
Humanities
Lifestyle
Mathematics
Science and Engineering
Social Sciences

UDACI TY
KHAN ACADEMY
SAYLOR
UDEMY
207
303
25
1,000+
Diversity of
Exoplanets
Create a Yoda
Translator in
Javascript
Astrobiology
and the
Search for
Extraterrestrial Life
Global History
of Architecture:
Part 1
Forces and
Newtons Laws
of Motion
Ancient
Civilizations
of the World
Campaigns
and Elections
Introduction
to Statistics:
Making
Decisions
Based on Data
Model Thinking
Creative
Writing: A
Master Class
Publish
Your Book
on Kindle
Fantasy and
Science Fiction:
The Human
Mind, Our
Modern World
AL I E N HUNT E R
I NDI ANA JONE S
NAT E SI LVE R
SCI - F I NOVE L I ST
STORY BY JEFFERSON MOK
I LLUSTRATI ON BY BEUTLER I NK
The clusters represent the number of
courses available through early 2014 at
nine of the largest MOOC providers. Every
course appears as a dot. The clusters for
iTunes U and Udemywhere educators
create their own classesinclude only
their most popular courses.
S OUR C E S : C OD E C A D E MY , C OUR S E R A , E D X , I T UN E S U, K H A N AC A D E MY ,
OP E N 2 S T UD Y , S AY L OR , UDAC I T Y , A N D UD E MY .

Reaction Engines Skylon
spacecraft would make
short hauls into orbit, come
back, and be ready to do it
again two days later.
F R O M R U N W

A new type of engine could usher in an
era of aordable spaceplanes
Story by Nicole Dyer Illustration by Nick Kaloterakis
C O N C E P T S & P R OT OT Y P E S
AY T O O R B I T
A N D B A C K

at the Culham Science Center in Oxfordshire, England. When
the engine screams to life, columns of steam billow from
the vent, giving the impression of an industrial smokestack.
Engineer Alan Bond sees something more futuristic. Were
looking at a revolution in transportation, he says. For Bond,
the engine represents the beginning of the worlds rst fully
reusable spaceship, a new kind of craft that promises to
do what no space-faring vehicle ever has: oer reliable,
aordable, and regular round-trip access to low Earth orbit.
Bond and the engineers at Reaction Engines, the
aerospace company he founded with two colleagues in 1989,
refer to the future craft as the Skylon. The vehicle would have
a fuselage reminiscent of the Concorde and take o like a
conventional airliner, accelerate to Mach 5.2, and blast out of
the atmosphere like a rocket. On the return trip, Skylon would
touch down on the same runway it launched from.
Bonds Synergistic Air-Breathing Rocket Engine (Sabre)
part chemical rocket, part jet enginewill make Skylon
possible. Sabre has the unique ability to use oxygen in the
air rather than from external liquid-oxygen tanks like those
on the space shuttle. Strapped to a spacecraft, engines
of this breed would eliminate the need for expendable
boosters, which make launching people and things into
space slow and expensive. The Skylon could be ready to
head back to space within two days of landing, says Mark
Hempsell, future-programs director at Reaction Engines. By
comparison, the space shuttle, which required an external
fuel tank and two rocket boosters, took about two months
to turn around (due to damage incurred during launch
and splashdown) and cost $100 million. Citing Skylons
simplicity, Hempsell estimates a mission could cost as little
as $10 million. That price would even undercut the $50
million sum that private spaceight company SpaceX plans
to charge to launch cargo on its two-stage Falcon 9 rocket.
The engine produces incredible heat as it pushes toward
space, and heat is a problem. Hot air is di cult to compress,
and poor compression in the combustion chamber yields
a weak and ine cient engine. Sabre must be able to cool
that air quickly, before it gets to the turbocompressor. In
November, Reaction Engines hit a critical milestone when it
successfully tested the prototypes ability to inhale blistering-
hot air and then ash-chill it without generating mission-
ending frost. David Willetts, British minister for universities
and science, called the achievement remarkable.
The Skylon concept has also impressed the European
Space Agency (ESA), which audited Reaction Engines
designs last year and found no technical impediments to
building the craft. The bigger challenge may be securing
funding. While ESA and the British government have
invested a combined $92 million in the project, Bond and
his crew plan to turn to public and private investors for the
remaining $3.6 billion necessary to complete the engine,
which they say could be ready for ight tests in the next four
years. Building the craft itself would require a much heftier
investment: $14 billion.
THE QUEST FOR a single-stage-to-orbit spaceship, or SSTO,
has bedeviled aerospace engineers for decades. Bonds own
exploration of the topic began in the early 1980s, when he
was a young engineer working with Rolls-Royce as part of a
team tasked with developing a reusable spacecraft for British
Aerospace. Thats when he came up with the idea of a hybrid
engine. But the team struggled to gure out how to cool
the engine at supersonic speeds without adding crippling
amounts of weight. By the time the plane hits Mach 2 or so,
the air becomes very hot and extremely di cult to compress,
Bond says. Rolls-Royce and the British government, doubtful
that an easy and economical solution existed, canceled the
programs funding.
NASA and Lockheed Martin, meanwhile, had their own
plans for a fully reusable spacecraft, the VentureStar,
intended as an aordable replacement for the partially
reusable space shuttle. The VentureStar demonstrator,
called X-33 (which graced the cover of this magazine in
1996), was a squat, triangular rocket that would take o
vertically and glide back to Earth just as the shuttle did.
Eliminating the expendable rockets needed to boost the
shuttle into space could theoretically reduce the cost of
launches from $10,000 per pound to $1,000 per pound.
But by 2001, after sinking more than $1 billion into the
project, the agency pulled the plug, citing repeated technical
setbacks and ballooning costs. We backed o because we
felt it was better to focus our eorts on other, less costly
ways to get payloads to orbit, says Dan Dumbacher, NASAs
deputy associate administrator for exploration systems
development, who spent two years working on the X-33.
With the shuttle now retired, and companies such as
SpaceX under contract to resupply the International Space
Station (ISS), NASA has doubled down on expendable
boosters as a means of sending humans and probes well
beyond Earths orbit. NASAs new platform for deep-space
exploration, the Space Launch System, will be the most
powerful rocket ever built. The agencys focus on space
exploration, and the need for big rockets to achieve it, means
NASA no longer needs to build its own platforms just to get
cargo into orbit. From a pure technical perspective, wed all
love to go do SSTO, Dumbacher says. But were focused on
making sure we get humans farther into space, and thats an
expensive proposition.
Expendable rockets make sense for missions beyond low-
Earth orbit. They can haul more cargo and more fuel than
single-stage craft. Rockets also oer reliabilityon average,
only one out of 20 launches fail, in part because they suer
no wear and tear from repeated use. Finally, rockets come
A disembodied
jet engine, attached
to a hulking air vent,
sits in an outdoor test facility

with fewer R&D costs, as much of the technology has existed
since the 1960s.
But for routine missions to the ISS, or to park a small
observational satellite in orbit, aordability becomes a
critical consideration. SpaceX CEO Elon Musk told an
audience at the National Press Club in 2011 that private
spaceights would need to follow a model closer to that of
airlines. If planes were not reusable, very few people would
y, he said. SpaceX plans to make rocket stages reusable,
but there are drawbacks to that, too: While it is possible to
recover rocket stages, designing bits and pieces to survive
reentry in good working order adds a level of complexity
and cost.
Hempsell says Skylon could potentially make 100 ights
annuallywhich, if true, could in its rst year recoup the
money spent in R&D and construction, leaving only expenses
like fuel, maintenance, and overhead. And Bonds engine
technology, aside from keeping a launch vehicle intact from
start to nish, oers another advantage: supersonic aviation.
It could enable an aircraft to y anywhere in the world in
under four hours, says Bond.
WHEN AIR STRIKES an engine at ve times the speed of
sound, it can heat up to nearly 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Bleeding o that heat instantly, before the air reaches the
turbocompressor and then the thrust chamber, was the most
onerous technical challenge for Reaction Engines engineers.
Bonds solution is a heat exchanger that works by running
cold liquid helium through an array of tubes with paper-thin
metal walls. As the scorching-hot air moves through the
exchanger, the chilled tubing absorbs the energy, cooling
the air to minus 238 degrees Fahrenheit in a fraction of a
second. Bond says his exchanger could handle about 400
megawatts of heat (equivalent to a medium-size natural-gas
plant). If it were in a power station, it would probably be a
200-ton heat exchanger, he says. The one weve built is
about 1.4 tons.
For rocket scientists, nothing matters more than weight.
Each pound you put into orbit requires about 10 pounds
or so of fuel to get it there, says NASAs Dumbacher. The
challenge with the SSTO has always been to get the craft as
light as possible [and generate] as much thrust as possible.
Bond estimates that Skylon would weigh about 358 tons at
takeo and hold enough hydrogen fuel to carry itself and
about 16.5 tons of payloadabout the same capacity as
most operational rocketsinto orbit.
If and when the engine passes ight tests, one of Reaction
Engines plans is to license the technology to a potential
partner in the aerospace industry. Bond hopes the recent
success of the heat exchanger will inspire interest. After 30
years of research, it has certainly inspired him. It represents
a fundamental breakthrough in propulsion technology, he
says. This is the proudest moment of my life.
C
O
U
R
T
E
S
Y

R
E
A
C
T
I
O
N

E
N
G
I
N
E
S
under four hours.
in the world in
Fly anywhere
Heat shield
Thrust chambers Liquid-oxygen pump Turbocompressor Heat exchanger
Hydrogen pump Drive turbine regenerators Helium circulator
T H E S A B R E E N G I N E : H OW I T WO R K S
Air traveling at Mach 5 enters the engine and passes through a heat exchanger. There, a network of paper-thin metal tubes
lled with liquid helium chill the 2,000
o
F air to 238
o
F almost instantly. That chilled air ows into the turbocompressor, then
into the thrust chambers, where its mixed with liquid hydrogen and ignited to produce thrust for the spacecraft.
C O N C E P T S & P R OT OT Y P E S
Air ow
Air ow

DOWNED
WO R L D WA R I I C O MB AT P I L O T S H A V E B E E N L O S T AT T H E B O T T O M O F
T H E PA C I F I C O C E A N F O R N E A R LY 7 0 Y E A R S . N O W A U T O N O MO U S
R O B O T S H A V E B E E N D E P L OY E D T O F I N D T H E M.

S T O R Y B Y A NDY I S A A C S ON
An engineer uses high-frequency
sonar to image the fuselage of a
Corsair near Palau. Dozens of World
War II aircraft lie in the waters
surrounding the island chain.

N A BRIGHT morning in mid-
March, Pat Scannon stands on
the deck of a 40-foot catamaran
looking for an airplane hidden
in the waters of Palaus western
lagoon. A limestone ridge thick with veg-
etation juts into the cloudless blue sky be-
hind him. His quick-dry clothing, coupled
with a red bandanna knotted around his
neck, befts Scannons role as an amateur
archaeologist. He has spent the past 20
years making annual wreck-hunting trips
to Palau, about 500 miles from the Philip-
pines, to fnd aircraf that had been shot
down during one of World War IIs ferc-
est battlesplanes that may still be hold-
ing their pilots. His organization, Bent-
Prop Project, works to repatriate their
remains to the U.S. To guide the search,
Scannon ordinarily relies on interviews
with Palauan elders, military records, and
maps hand-drawn afer the war. But on
this trip, he has a new tool at his disposal.
Two technicians in a nearby Boston
Whaler cradle a small, torpedo-shaped
craf, then lower it into the water. Scan-
non watches as its nose tilts down and
its rear propeller pushes it beneath the
surface. Out of sight, the autonomous
underwater vehicle (AUV), an ocean-
ographic workhorse called a Remus,
begins gliding through the lagoon in a
pattern that resembles the long, linear
passes of a mowed lawn. From roughly
10 feet above the seafoor, its side-scan
sonar sends out acoustic waves that build
a two- dimensional map. The strength of
the refected waves also helps distinguish
metal from mud or coral.
For a group like BentProp, the use of
advanced oceanographic instruments is
a huge technological leap forward and
one it couldnt aford on its own. The
vehicles come from the University of Cal-
ifornia, San Diegos Scripps Institution
of Oceanography and the University of
things during their searches.
When Terrill and Scannon met through
a mutual friend on the island, a collabora-
tion seemed natural. BentProp could fnd
planes in a tricky marine environment
with steep terrain, fast currents, and cor-
al headswhile Scripps tested circulation
models and advanced imaging systems.
If were able to use those techniques on
natural environments, theres nothing to
say we cant apply it to the man-made ob-
jects on the seafoor, Terrill says.
Scripps and the University of Dela-
ware shipped 60 packages of equipment
to Palau, including underwater vehicles,
cameras, various types of sonar, and, for
aerial surveys, an autonomous hexacop-
ter drone that had been rebuilt to survive
sea spray and aquatic landings. The man-
groves growing along the shore around
Palau are so dense that aluminum wreck-
age from aircraf has been found sitting on
top of the tree canopy about 30 feet up.
This year, Scannon has his eye on a
major prize: a B-24 that he believes had
been shot down in Palaus western reef.
That September, the U.S. Marines
landed on the island of Peleliu. Although
they ultimately won that battle, it came
at a terrible cost: 10,000 Japanese and
1,700 Americans were killed in action
the highest casualty rate of World War
IIs Pacifc Theater. And between the be-
ginning of the air campaign and the end
of the war, BentProp estimates, 200 U.S.
aircraf were shot down inside Palaus
barrier reef. Some 40 to 50 planes and 70
to 80 airmen have never been recovered.
Scannon, a medical doctor and found-
er of a biotechnology company, frst visit-
ed Palau in 1993 as a recreational scuba
diver. He came with a group looking for a
Japanese naval vessel that had been sunk
by George H.W. Bush, who few torpedo
bombers during the war. Afer the group
found it, Scannon hired a local guide to
take him to other wreck sites, where he
eventually discovered the wing of a B-24.
When he researched Palaus history at
home, he realized there must be many
more planes in ruins around the islands.
Palauans knew of them but didnt know
With the oceanographers help, he hopes,
BentProp could fnd it. On land our
major technology was a machete, and
underwater it was scuba tanks, he says.
The ability to extend our mission is, like,
I dont know how to describe it. Its like
starting out walking, and suddenly youre
in a supersonic jet.
BY THE 1920s, Palau had grown into a
thriving Japanese port for goods and ser-
vices en route across the Pacifc. Recog-
nizing the strategic location, Japan estab-
lished an airfeld there, and afer World
War II broke out, it began to shore up its
defensesbuilding hundreds of bunkers
and caves to defend the islands from an
American attack . General MacArthur,
who wanted to secure islands to the east
as he prepared to invade the Philippines,
ordered that attack in 1944. The U.S. be-
gan with a furious air campaign that was
designed to knock out Japanese vessels
clustered in Palaus western lagoon and
adjacent harbors, and clear the way for an
amphibious assault.
Delaware, which received a grant from
the U.S. Of ce of Naval Research. The
funding enables oceanographers to test
new technologies while helping BentProp
locate World War II airmenan efort
they named Project Recover.
The lead scientist is Eric Terrill, direc-
tor of the Scripps Coastal Observing Re-
search and Development Center. Board
shorts and sandals make the athletic
oceanographer look more surfer than
scientist he even brought a board on the
research vessel for what he calls wave
sampling. For the past few years, Ter-
rills team has used a Remus to study the
ocean circulation around Palau.
Historically, on unmanned underwa-
ter platforms, you might spend the better
part of your experimental time just ensur-
ing the sensors were functioning, tracking
the vehicle navigation, and charging bat-
teries, he says. The systems now have
matured to where we can run them hard,
like outboard motors. The oceanographic
community is engineering new sensors
for them and having them do smarter
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THESE PEOPLE DIED DEFENDING US.

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anything about them, he says. He was
particularly gripped by the thought that
many airmen couldnt have survived the
impact. These people died defending
us, he says. And they deserve to be
honored and, if possible, brought home.
So began Scannons quest. He re-
turned to Palau for the next few years by
himself, chasing leads. Then in 1996, he
formed BentProp and recruited volun-
teers, roughly half of whom are retired
and active-duty military members, to help
him search. Combing the jungle and sur-
rounding waters, they located debris from
more than fve dozen aircraf.
Last year, local spear fshermen diving
on Palaus western barrier reef stumbled
across one of the most impressive fnds:
an intact plane. They alerted the owner
of a dive shop, who passed photos of
the wreck along to BentProp. Scannons
team eventually identifed the plane as an
American Corsair. It had sustained some
damage to its lef forward wing root, but
the wing faps were down, and the cano-
py had been locked open, suggesting that
the pilot had ditched. It had been sitting
there unknown for 65 years, Scannon
says. It gave us great hope that there
were other intact airplanes out here that
no one has seen.
BentProp calculates that eight Amer-
ican planes, including a B-24 bomber,
remain hidden in Palaus western lagoon.
HIGH-TECH IMAGERS
[1] Eric Terrill [left] and Billy Middleton of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography prepare to
launch a Remus autonomous underwater vehicle
in Palaus western lagoon.
[2] The team also deploys an Echoscope, a
375kHz multibeam sonar, to image the seaoor
under the research vessel.
[3] The sonar produces a real-time display
showing the fuselage of a Japanese oatplane.
[4] Equipped with GoPro HD cameras, the
Remus surveys the wreck of an American Corsair.
[5] Algorithms developed by Autodesk fuse those
images into a 3-D model of the planes nose.
1
2 3 4 5

The B-24, in particular, would be a tre-
mendous discovery. It carried 10 to 11
men, including a pilot and co-pilot, gun-
ners, bombers, a radioman, and a naviga-
tor. Of the four B-24s BentProp suspects
were shot down near Palau, two were
found afer the war. BentProp located a
third in 2004; the organization notifed
the Department of Defenses Joint POW/
MIA Accounting Command, and the re-
mains of the eight men onboard (three
had parachuted out, only to be appre-
hended and executed) were repatriated
to Arlington National Cemetery.
Mission photographs from World War
II show the fourth, a Consolidated B-24
Liberator, on a path toward the western
lagoon. Two of its crew had bailed out
midair, landing in Malakal Harbor to
the east, where the Japanese took them
into custody; the rest presumably went
down with the plane. We have very, very
good information about what heading
EXPEDITION PREP
[1] Mark Moline [left] of the University of Delaware pilots a remotely operated vehicle while Eric Terrill of
Scripps adjusts sonar and video displays of a sunken Japanese warship.
[2] The team consults historical documents at its command center at the Coral Reef Research Foundation.
[3] The archival information helps the team plan transects for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) .
[4] Scripps engineer Billy Middleton o oads data from the Remus AUV after each mission.
[5] Flip Colmer volunteers in BentProps search for downed aircraft and airmen.
[6] Joe Maldangesang [left] and Pat Scannon [right] of BentProp with Scrippss Shannon Scott [center] study
various warplanes own into battle over Palau.
[7] Scott prepares the handheld Shark Marine Navigator system, which contains sonar, lights, and cameras.
[8] The machines Blueview sonar allows divers to nd targets in very-low-visibility water.
dation, but their unof cial headquarters
is an open-air bar called the Drop Of,
originally built for the production crew of
CBSs Survivor: Palau. Several days into
the expedition, they head there for dinner
and order a round of local Red Rooster
beers. As they wait for their food, Mark
Moline, an oceanographer from the Uni-
versity of Delaware, opens a Toughbook
laptop and scrolls through sonar images
produced by the Remus.
they were on during the bombing mis-
sion, and we have very good information
about what heading they took leaving,
Scannon says, on the deck of the research
vessel during this years expedition. So
bringing the two of those together essen-
tially brings you right here.
THE OCEANOGRAPHIC teams of cial
command center in Palau is on the second
foor of the Coral Reef Research Foun-
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Grainy and reddish, the sonar imag-
es look like transmissions from Mars.
Some show deep scours; others, shadowy
trenches. The team have given the fea-
tures names like Homer Simpson, Cry-
ing Baby, and SpongeBobs Grave. Afer
identifying promising targets in scans,
they will have to investigate in person,
diving to the various sites to determine
if the features are purely biological, like
coral heads, or actual wrecks.
Moline pauses on an image with an ob-
long shape. On closer inspection, it seems
to have intact wings and a tail. We got
a plane! Moline announces. Everyone
springs up and huddles around the screen,
snapping photos with their phones. Their
excitement attracts the attention of a
Japanese man dining at the other end of
the long communal table, who cranes his
neck for a peek at the computer. Moline
abruptly shuts the laptop; World War II
wrecks attract dive tourists and salvagers.
The next morning, at the coral-reef lab,
Terrill debriefs Scannon and the Bent-
Prop group. Paul Reuter, a Scripps pro-
grammer, projects Google Earth onto a
wall. Reuter had used an archival map of
observed plane crashes to mark Google
Earth layers with known wreck sites; he
then added a layer with intriguing objects
that had turned up in the sonar images.
Terrill uses a laser pointer to indicate
the newest fnd. The hard edges provide
bright scatter, he says. Theres a long
shadow here and here. He then shifs his
pointer to a spherical object about 45 me-
ters away and wonders if it could be the
pontoon of a foatplane.
If thats intact, it tells me it was a low-
speed impact, perhaps ditching, says
Daniel OBrien, a former skydiver and
Hollywood stuntman who now volun-
teers for BentProp. My frst impression
is thats a Zeroa long-range fghter
aircraf. There are rounded edges at the
tail. But if it is a foatplane, the only U.S.
airplane it could be would be amphibious.
The shape looks like a Kingfsher. Flip
Colmer, a former Navy pilot who now
fies for Delta, also with BentProp, reach-
es for the book Floatplanes in Action and
begins fipping through color pictures.
The Kingfsher, OBrien explains, was
typically fown for observation and to res-
cue downed pilots. If they were in this
deep, it would have been on a risky en-
deavor. There werent anti-aircraf along
the ridge. But existing ships that were
still moored had anti-aircraf. So for him
to come in and land here, it would have
been to pick somebody up.
During World War II, foatplanes in Pa-
lau ofen few rescue operations. As they
scooped airmen from the water, another
plane provided cover overhead. BentProp
knew that two Kingfshers on reconnais-
sance missions had disappeared during
the war, and the western lagoon seemed
the most likely location for them to have
ended up. The identifcation number
painted on the planes exterior would
have degraded by now; to confrm the
exact craf, divers would try to recover
a stamped metal plate riveted to the in-
side of the cockpit. Its our holy grail,
OBrien tells me.
Colmer cautions the group about jump-
ing to conclusions. The Japanese also
few seaplanes. If theres any primer lef
on the interior of the cockpitwhich will
last longer than straight paintthats one
way to take a peek at it, he says. U.S.
airplanes used lime-green zinc chromate;
the Japanese had a red primer. The team
will have to get a close look.
GUIDED BY GPS coordinates from the
AUV, Pat Colin, director of the Coral Reef
Research Foundation, pilots the vessel
across the lagoon to the approximate lo-
cation of the mystery plane. Then Terrill
lowers a device called an Echoscope over
the side. As we creep along the surface,
an onboard computer displays 3-D imag-
es of the seafoor in real time.
While side-scan sonar provides a gen-
eral impression of contours along the
bottom, it doesnt directly measure the
elevations of features. The Echoscope, or
multibeam volume imaging sonar, does,
enabling oceanographers to map topog-
raphy accurately and in high enough res-
olution to distinguish man-made objects.
Terrill describes it as the oceanographic
seafoor-mapping equivalent of ultra-
sound sonar used to look inside the hu-
man body. Using the two technologies in
tandem helps to narrow wide-area search-
es and then pick out targets from clutter
on the seafoor, so that human divers
maximize their time at the correct site.
With the boat now directly over the
plane, the dive teams begin to suit up.
THE VESSELS that typically
explore the oceans are professionally
engineered. But in Palau, eight
students from the Advanced
Underwater Robotics team at
Michigans Stockbridge High School
also deployed a remotely operated
vehicle (ROV). The 40-pound craft
successfully dived to 140 feet towing
a video-camera system and sonar
that it used to image several unknown
shipwrecks and a Corsair plane.
A local BentProp volunteer had read
about the team in 2011 and reached
out to the students for assistance. They
set to work on building a ROV, using
3-D computer-aided-design software
and soldering and electronics skills
learned in class. Because Stockbridge,
located in a rural community, doesnt
have a swimming pool, they tested the
craft in a cattle trough. The team also
raised $45,000 to pay for the ROV
parts and the trip 7,000 miles across
the world. The class is run more like
a small business or research team
than a traditional classroom, says
teacher Robert Richards, a retired Army
sergeant. Were focused on building a
robot and doing a mission.
The team represents the last level
of a robotics program that starts in
elementary school. Stockbridge also
integrates the Palau project into the
curriculum for grades 3 through 12,
so 300 kids learn about subjects like
island biology and World War II Pacic
Theater history. Next year, the students
hope to return to Palau for a third eld
tripthis time, with an autonomous
vehicle and hexacopters.
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FIELD TRIP
D O WN E D
CONTI NUED ON PAGE 77

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HOW 2.0
CUSTOM KICKS
Denton initially
shod the Mantis
in modified
go-kart tires. They
worked out really
well, he notes,
but they werent
very grippy. So
he fabricated
custom rubber
feet, modeling the
hexagonal pattern
after off-road tires.
Now he alternates
shoes based on
the terrain.
n 2007, Matt Denton
stopped on the side of
the road near his home
in Hampshire, England, to watch an
excavator dig. The machines had fas-
cinated him since childhood, but after
years of designing control systems
for animatronic Hollywood creatures,
Denton saw the shovel-tipped boom
through a more imaginative lens. It
was effectively the shape of a leg, he
says. So I started to wonder: Would
it be possible to buy six of them and
attach them to a chassis? Four years
later, Denton can lumber around in a
I
Grow bacteria into photographic lm PAGE 70
E D I T E D B Y D A V E MO S H E R S E P T E MB E R 2 0 1 3 H 2 0 @P O P S C I . C O M
P O P S C I . C O M @P O P S C I
WARNI NG
We review all our projects
before publishing them, but
ultimately your safety is your
responsibility. Always wear
protective gear, take proper
safety precautions, and follow
all laws and regulations.
PLUS
:

3-Dprint an
invisibility cloak
PAGE 72
STORY BY GREGORY MONE
PHOTOGRAPHS BY MATT DENTON
TIME 3 years
COST $250,000
two-ton, nine-foot-tall robo-walker he
calls the Mantis.
Denton, who helped engineer the
hippogriff (an eagle-headed flying
horse) in the Harry Potter films, had
also built walking hexapods for the
movies and for fun, but they were no
bigger than a radio-controlled toy car.
He wanted the Mantis to be the size
of an SUV. Unable to afford the proj-
ect alone, he sketched out a design,
used toy excavator arms to construct
a scale model, and courted financial
backers with the mock-up. No one bit.
A few months later, a friends wealthy
An SUV-size rideable
insectoid robot
YOU BUI LT WHAT?!
The Mantis

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father heard about Dentons quixotic
mission and, inspired by his vision,
agreed to bankroll it.
Denton asked his friend Josh Lee,
a mechanical engineer, to help him
build the Mantis. The pair spent the
first few weeks studying hydraulic
actuatorsthe artificial muscles
that would move the robots legs.
Meanwhile, Denton adapted software
to drive the giant hexapod from code
he wrote for his toy-size models. He
and Lee then drew up plans for the
robots central chassis and six legs,
built and tested one appendage, and
contracted a fabrication company to
make the rest. When the aluminum-
and-steel legs arrived at Dentons
workshop, however, he realized that
some of the holes needed to bolt the
pieces together were missing and oth-
ers were poorly machined. Impatient,
Denton spent a week correcting the
flaws himself. We had to make it
work, he says.
Although Denton had a working pro-
totype by 2011, the Mantis weighed
too much and moved too slowly.
To cut its mass by 400 pounds, he
removed one of the four joints in each
leg. The joints had enabled better
mobility on different terrain, but the
Mantis moved well enough without
them. Denton also streamlined the
chassis, which houses the hydraulic
system, diesel engine, electronics,
and the pilots chair.
When the moment arrived to drive
it, Denton wouldnt climb inside. I
was too scared, he says. To allay his
fears, he performed 100 hours of
Wi-Fienabled testing over six months.
His first time out was terrifying, but
the Mantis operated as expected, and
he slowly grew more comfortable in
the cockpit. Now Denton shows off his
creation at festivals. Some criticize its
slow pacethe Mantis hasnt cracked
two miles per hourand Denton is
uncertain if it has a future in movies,
construction, or elsewhere. But
adolescent spectators understand it
instantly. Kids love it, he says.
They want to get in and stick some
lasers on it.
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HOW I T WORKS
MOBI LE DOME
B
O
T
T
O
M

I
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A
G
E
S
,

L
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F
T

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H
A
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I
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E

S
A
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A
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In high school, Hajime Sakamoto
was so obsessed with humanoid
robots in the anime TV series
Gundam, he assembled toy
models of the machines. Today,
the 46-year-old roboticist wants
to build a full-size, 59-foot-tall
automaton. For now he has made
a pair of legs that stand 11.5 feet
[above]. Sakamoto hopes to add a
torso later this year, climb into the
13-foot-tall walker, and ride around.
Sarah Jacoby
Does your car feel a little less peppy now
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CONTROLS
A pilot selects one of several gait
patterns from a touchscreen control
panel. One mode designed for
rough terrain instructs the robot to
pick each leg up before swinging it
forward. Manipulating the joystick
can direct the machine to creep
forward, backward, or crab-walk to
the side. Twisting the joystick forces
the Mantis to turn in place.
SAFETY
Should an emergency arise,
Denton says, we have two big red
buttons. One sits right next to the
pilot in the cockpit, the other at
the back of the machine (where
one of Dentons friends walks
in step with the Mantis, making
sure no animal or bystander falls
beneath its feet). Both buttons kill
the power and freeze the robot
where it stands.
SENSING
Once a foot touches the ground,
force sensors alert an onboard
computer. Only then can the next
leg in a walking sequence swing
forward. A ball joint in the ankle
allows the foot to pivot and plant
itself on uneven ground; if the foot
meets a ledge, however, another
sensor tells the computer to
find a more secure spot. Denton
hopes to place ultrasonic sensors
in each leg so the robot can scan
the ground before stepping down.
T WO MO R E R I D E A B L E R O B O T S
Artist Scott Parenteau designed his geodesic Walking
Pod for shelter and transportation at Burning Man,
an annual weeklong festival in Nevadas Black Rock
Desert. The 1,800-pound dome crawls on two sets
of six legs powered by batteries. Parenteau hopes
his RV art inspires new mobile-home designsand
perhaps even nomadic colonies on Mars.
Lillian Steenblik Hwang
H O W 2 . 0 / Y O U B U I LT WH AT ? !
ANI ME BOT
TIME 3.5 months
COST $5,000

COLUMN BY THEODORE GRAY PHOTOGRAPHS BY MI KE WALKER
H2
H O W 2 . 0 / G R AY MAT T E R
WARNING: Mixing flammable powders with
pure oxygen is dangerous, and blowouts
occurred with this setup. Do not attempt.
mixes air into wine as its poured
(for anyone who thinks aerating wine
makes it taste better).
My favorite trick is to turn a
garden-hose-variety Venturi pump into
a flamethrower. Instead of using
water, I attach a tank of pure oxygen
and blow it through. The gas can suck
up powdered spices and convert
them into sparkling pillars of fire.
Pretty much any fine organic powder
burns, thanks to a large flammable
surface area; Ive succeeded with
cinnamon, garlic, black pepper,
onion, cumin, powdered sugar, and
even bread flour. About the only
disappointment in my kitchen
was chili powder, which
makes a pathetic little
flame. So much for
extra heat.
When you blow air across the
top of a straw dipped in soda,
liquid rises up the tube. This
might seem strange, but a Venturi
pumpnamed after the Italian
physicist who invented ittakes
advantage of the same effect,
simply by virtue of its shape.
Any high-velocity, high-pressure
jet of liquid or gas creates suction
in its wake. As molecules zoom
by, nearby material rushes in to
fill the void. So if you force a jet
through a constricted section of
tubing, you can make a pump with
no moving parts.
Most Venturi pumps use three
openings: one for the jet, one for
suction, and the last as an exit.
The devices are great for shallow-
water wells in rural areas because
they require no electricity, motors,
or bearings to work at the bottom
of the well. Plus, a metal Venturi
pump can last decades in water.
The pumps can also mix
dissimilar materials. A jet of gas
can suck up liquid, so you can
use compressed air, a pump,
and a garden hose, for instance,
to empty a flooded basement.
Another example: the Vinturi,
a funnel-like contraption that
Vacuum Power
Flame On
A jet of burning
cinnamon shows just
how ammable ne
organic powders
can be in a stream of
pure oxygen.
Below is a cutaway view of a plastic Venturi pump
designed to suck up water with a garden hoseattached
to the end of a cutting torch. Coincidentally, its a perfect
t. High-velocity gas (or water, in the original application)
rushing out of the small nozzle creates suction that pulls
liquid up through the lower hose connection.
I NS I DE L OOK
P U MP A C T I O N
A pump that goes from blow to suck with no moving parts

I
f you are considering personal
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HOW I T WORKS
M
1
2
3
4
5
H2 H2
A bacterial portrait of
Edward L. Youmans
[left], founder of POPULAR
SCIENCE, circa 1886
A B C
6
STORY BY
ZACH ZORI CH
PHOTOGRAPH BY DAN BRACAGLI A
H O W 2 . 0 / B I O H A C K S
The enzyme converts an
agar additive called S-gal
into dark pigment. Without
signaling molecules, no
pigment formsso E. coli
in darkness turn black and
lit-up cells stay clear.
These signaling
molecules normally
latch onto DNA inside
the bacteria, then turn
on a gene that produces
the enzyme beta-
galactosidase.
Proteins on the bacterias
surface work together to
detect red light. When
light is present, the
proteins prevent unique
signaling molecules from
forming within the cells.
Melt 15 milliliters of agar mixture in
a microwave (about one minute on
high) in the smaller container. Let
cool until warm to the touch.
Add the bacteria. Mix vigorously,
but do not create bubbles.
I NSTRUCTIONS
In their basic setup, red light shines through a printed trans-
parency thats taped to the bottom of an agar-filled petri dish.
Only bacteria growing in the transparencys shadows produce
pigment. Voigt and his team borrowed two proteins from blue-
green algae to give E. coli this new ability. The proteins detect
red light and turn off a gene that makes black pigment.
Jeff Tabor, a bioengineer at Rice University who collabo-
rates with Voigt, is now engineering light-sensitive strains of
E. coli to produce red and green pigments. If anyone can coax
these bacteria to produce blue pigment, he says, the world
could see its first bacterial pixelthe foundation of microbial
television screens.
MATERI ALS
1. Agar mixture:
100 mL luria broth agar
30 mg S-gal
50 mg iron ammonium sulfate
1 g low-melting-point agarose
2. 30 L Voigts bacteria
3. Two sterile, microwave-safe
containers with lids:
One to hold 100 mL agar
One to hold 15 mL agar
4. Six 9-cm-diameter petri dishes
5. Plastic wrap
6. Clear tape
7. 9-cm-diameter designs printed
onto transparencies (sized to t the
round petri dishes)
Note: Most biotech companies
ship supplies only to registered
laboratories. Fortunately, most
do-it-yourself and community
biology labs qualify.
Pour the mixture into a petri dish
and quickly cover with a lid. Let it
cool until solid, about 20 minutes.
Remove the lid, cover the petri dish
with plastic wrap, and cut three
narrow slits in the plastic.
Tape the transparency to the
bottom of the petri dish, ip it over,
and shine red light down onto the
transparency for one to three days.
(Make sure the light doesnt melt the
agar, as this will kill the bacteria.)
TIME 1 to 3 days
COST About $50 for
six bacterial photos
DIFFICULTY
Grow a Photo
Use microbes to make black-and-agar still lifes
icrobes arent known
for their artistic merit,
but that hasnt stopped
scientists from using bacteria to nd
their inner Ansel Adams. Bioengineer
Chris Voigt and his team at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
have hacked a harmless strain of
Escherichia coli so that it produces
black pigment in darkness or, in red
light, remains transparent. The result:
an organism that behaves like lm.
B
A
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C
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N
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E

K
U
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D
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M
A
S
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I
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O
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FOR FULL INSTRUCTIONS AND
BACTERIA-ORDERING DETAILS, VISIT:
POPSCI . COM/BACTERI APHOTOS
Admire your work. The petri-dish
photograph can last for several
years in a refrigerator.

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H2
T
I NSTRUCTIONS
1. Find a 3-D printer, preferably
one that builds objects in thin
layers of plastic (a process called
fused deposition modeling). If
you dont own a 3-D printer, cant
borrow one, or lack the funds to
buy onetypically $500 or more
you can pay an online company
(such as Shapeways or RedEye on
Demand) to print a design for you.
2. Download Urzhumovs design le
at popsci.com/microwavecloak and
print it out. (The default thickness is
1 centimeter, but it can expand as
tall as a 3-D printer allows.)
3. To use the invisibility cloak, line
the disks inner ring with aluminum
foil, lay it on a at surface, and put
an object 5.4 inches long or less
inside. Any microwaves shining on
the disks outer edge wont reveal
your precious property.
STORY BY
PAVI THRA S. MOHAN
H O W 2 . 0 / S I MP L E P R O J E C T O F T H E MO N T H
3-Dprint your own invisibility cloak
to live a sci-f dream
he invisibility cloak
Harry Potter brandishes
against dark lords and nosy
professors is now a realityat least in
microwave light. Duke University engineer
Yaroslav Urzhumov has designed a plastic
disk that makes a small object placed in
its hollow center invisible to frequencies
from 9.7 to 10.1 GHz (close to the range
used by radar speed guns). Holes in the
doughnut-shaped cloak can eliminate an
objects shadow and decrease its ability
to scatter light. In eect, the cloak guides
the microwave beams around the object
so they cant bounce backrendering it
invisible. Until scientists can scale up,
however, it might be useful only for getting
toy cars out of a speeding ticket. C
O
U
R
T
E
S
Y

Y
A
R
O
S
L
A
V

U
R
Z
H
U
M
O
V
Now You See It
TIME 3 to 8 hours
COST About $100
DIFFICULTY

H2
o youve got yourself a
bitcoin. Congratulations! Its
value was hovering around
$100 at press time. But what can you do
with your newly acquired digital riches?
Quite a lot, as it turns outespecially if
you have a penchant for projects.
More and more vendors who cater to
makers accept bitcoin, a digital currency
thats created and maintained by its own
extensive virtual network. Bitcoins add
little or nothing to overhead because they
carry no inherent processing fees and
cant be traced. This translates to savings
on tools and materials for projects.
CryptoPrinting.com, for example, will
3-Dprint custom designs for prices
the company claims are about 20
percent cheaper than its competitors.
Bitcoinstore.com oers a wide variety
of electronic parts, such as Arduino
microcontrollers, power supplies, and
cameras. Go to Spendbitcoins.com for
a list of other sites that take part in the
blossoming mini economy, including virtual
marketplaces like Coingig.com, where
bitcoin owners can independently buy and
sell items from one another.
Want a bit more coin? Success isnt
easy, but all you need to mine the currency
is a computer thats properly congured to
help anonymously secure and verify others
bitcoin transactions (for a great guide on
mining, see popsci.com/bcmining).
If your computer miner pays for itself,
then you can start saving up for all your
geekiest workshop desires.
S
A S K A G E E K / H O W 2 . 0
Use this crypto-currency to fund ambitious projects
My Friend Gave
Me a Bitcoin. Now What?
STORY BY JACK DONOVAN I LLUSTRATI ON BY MI CHELLE MRUK
From creati ng and personal i zi ng 3D model s, to engravi ng
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CUT IT! ENGRAVE IT! MARK IT!

This is the entrance to our 418-acre estate in Shohola, Pa.a gorgeous
property on top of a mountain we bought overlooking the Delaware
River. Most of our business prots go to this property to support
3,000 boy scouts, girl scouts and disadvantaged youngsters.
LISTEN TO A TOLL FREE RECORDING AT 1-800-433-9553
BUY BOTTLED WATER!!! www.WaterCuresAnything.com
Call us for a FREE sample of our water at 570-296-0214
About John Ellis Water
The 83 year old

inventor is a Choate School, Lafayette College Engineering graduate,
Douglas Aerospace and Honeywell Engineer that discovered the
KEY to a HYDROGEN ECONOMY. In the past, it took too much
power to split the water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen. He has
found a way to do it using very little power. If you click on the two
red click here spots at the top of www.johnellis.com, it explains it. Watch a VIDEO
adding ONLY 20 DROPS of water from his home water machine to ordinary water that
saps your energy! UCLA Med Center M.D. stating the hydrogen bond angle change
to 114: You cant argue with measurable results. Nothing is even close to your water
for Blood Flow (94% water) to the extremities! Washington Post investigative article:
10,000 people/day, cures anything! www.WaterCuresAnything.com
THE CANCER VIRUS ANSWER?
FOR A
FREE WATER
SAMPLE CALL
(570)-296-0214
Who would know better than the founder of the American Cancer Society?
Now, after almost 40 years in business, we have developed machines
that are the State of The Art! PROOF: Watch the Video at www.
WaterCuresAnything.com and you will see that if you add only 20 DROPS
of this water to ordinary water it takes less energy to split water into into
hydrogen and oxygen (like The Body Electric, that also splits water into
hydrogen and oxygen providing more energy to keep you alive)! In the past, it
took too much energy to split ordinary water (with a Hydrogen Bond Angle of
104.5 degrees) into hydrogen and oxygen to make hydrogen a feasible energy
source. However, by using this patented method of heating and cooling, it
increases the measurable hydrogen bond angle to 113.8 degrees (tunneling
electron microscope) so less energy is required. Trucks require 30 amps of
power to split ordinary water by electrolysis. WATCH THE AMMETER in the
Video. The power gradually drops from 30 amps to almost ZERO (less than 1
amp) while producing plenty of hydrogen! A revolutionary discovery that will
allow the world to Go Green without eventually running out of the energy
sources that produce pollutants that are destroying the environment and us!

A scientist called from Zurich, Switzerland: I have had your E5 machine
exactly 24 hours. I have elephantitis in my legs. I lost all that water weight and
bought the rst pair of ordinary shoes I have worn in years. Then, using only
100 watts of power, I couldnt believe how much hydrogen your water can
produce! It violates Faradays Law! Why is that? This discovery is explained
in the Answer to Cold Fusion by Jon Christian Ryter. READ IT and you will
realize if you buy a machine from us, you will be the rst in line to buy one of
these electrolyis units that can be used to heat your home, produce electricity
and (later) power your car for pennies!! Since the electrolysis units are
inexpensive and the world wide demand is so great, you wont have to wait
years to buy one if you are already a water machine customer.

An M.D. who was doing blood ow studies at the UCLA MEDICAL
SCHOOL: Nobody can argue with something you can measure. We
can measure the ability of blood (94% water) to go through a membrane
into the cells to the extremities. Nothing is even close to your water!
Your Hydrogen Bond Angle is 114 degrees! We knew that it was saving
diabetics from amputation and the Washington Post sent reporters to
investigate and write an article on our website as far back as 1/27/92 when
we were developing these machines. A man in Mexico (our Mexican Patent
239719) was running our water into a well giving it away: 10,000 people/
day, cures anything! Scientists ranging from the Los Alamos Nuclear Lab
to Lawrence Livermore called the Ad Manager at The Washington Times
(we have advertised there every week for 17 years) with an apology about
the impossible results: We are wrong. He is right. He has changed the
properties of water! Shills for the water industry with no degrees in this
eld cant argue with the results because they are MEASURABLE and yet
you will see a Water Scam Report that violates the FTC Order C-3220.
We led our complaint with Joel Winston at the FTC and he sent us the nal
Order that we used in our older literature. Now, we are about ready to le
again: Look at the VIRUS & BACTERIA DESTRUCTION CHART on
our website. Each one has a different Destruction Time and NONE allow
enough time to destroy them and change WATER PROPERTIES! DOLE
FOODS tested our water on mold spores for 9 months and sent us a 7 page
contract because a Dow Chemical caused serious problems! Go to JEWISH
VIRTUAL LIBRARY/BIOTERRORISM and you will see that mold spores
in small amounts dispersed by airplane could kill 1/3 of the population while
also contaminating our water supplies!! Do you see why the DOLE results are
important? 7 Muslims, MIT Chemical Engineers ignoring the No Trespassing
Signs, were caught at 1 AM at the Boston reservoir! You know they have
my machines and have read the Associated Press testing (2/10/08) about 57
drugs in municipal water supplies! Thousands of wells have been returned
to purity using only 10 gallons of my water on each well, so you know they
can reverse this technology to contaminate our water supplies with deadly
consequences! Read the letter on the town letterhead from LaSalle, CO!
ONLY 1000 gallons of our light tap water treated over 10 million gallons
of e-coli in an untreatable 5 acre waste lagoon avoiding nes of $10,000/
day from the State! No other water product can do that and our countertop
machines produce TWO types of water! Learn more...it may save your life!
Watch an online video of John Ellis, 83 year old Inventor
www.WaterCuresAnything.com
Order a machine 845-754-8696
THE WORLDS BEST WATER PURIFIER (332 FDA Approved Tests because it REPURIFIES water 100s of times/gal! NOT ONCE!!).
Ordinary products violate FTC Order C-3220 as a result of tests on our older versions and complaint led with the FTC in 1987!
ADVERTISEMENT

FYI
H O W F O R C E F U L I S A S N E E Z E ?
QUESTION
S
U
P
E
R
S
T
O
C
K
/
G
E
T
T
Y

I
M
A
G
E
S
L ONG ANS WE R
S HOR T ANS WE R About as strong as a cough
A N S WE R S B Y
D A N I E L E N G B E R
S E P T E MB E R 2 0 1 3
HAVE A BURNING
SCIENCE QUESTION?
E-mail it to f yi@popsci
.com, or tweet @popsci
hashtag #PopSciFYI.
P O P S C I . C O M
A long-standing estimate pins the velocity
of a sneeze at roughly 100 meters per sec-
ond, or 224 miles per hour, but that appears
to be a gross exaggeration. The gure origi-
nates from a mid-century researcher named
William Firth Wells, who analyzed the size
of airborne droplets from a sneeze and then
inferred the speed at which air must travel
across a liquid surface to form them. Wells
gure has been repeated for many years
but never directly tested in the lab. I think
people have been waiting for someone to
come along and debunk it, says Julian Tang,
a medical virologist at the Alberta Provincial
Laboratory for Public Health in Edmonton.
For a study published this year, Tang and
his colleagues used high-speed cameras
to take pictures of pepper-induced sneezes
from six volunteers. The team captured each
sneeze by positioning the volunteers in front
of a concave mirror and then shining an
LED beam toward it. The warm air from the
sneeze has a dierent refractive index than
the cooler ambient air, so the reected LED
bends dierently. The camera records the
changes, and scientists can map the sneeze.
The study found that a sneezes maxi-
mum velocity is nowhere near 100 meters
per second but instead reaches a high of
4.5 meters per second, or 10 miles per
hour. Thats comparable to the velocity of air
expelled by coughingand a violent cough
can push up a larger volume of air, which
requires even more force. The sneeze is
really coming from your upper respiratory
tract, Tang explains.
Tang, who did his study in Singapore,
acknowledges that his numbers might have
come out dierently if hed chosen dierent
subjects. All my data is from these rather
slim Asian students, he says. If somebody
did this in the North American setting, with
the bigger body frames that they have here,
they might nd higher velocities.
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F Y I
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F O R Y O U R I N F O R MAT I O N
For the entomophiles who keep
insects as pets, this question will
seem a little silly. Some bugs appear
aggressive, and others, shy; some
venture into the open, others hide by
the wall. But beyond casual observa-
tion, researchers are still learning the
dimensions of an insects personality
and how individuals of the same spe-
cies might dier in temperament.
Last year, a group based at the
University of Illinois looked at
novelty-seeking tendencies in
honeybees. The scientists found that
bees that routinely searched for new
D O I N S E C T S H AV E
P E R S O N A L I T I E S ?
QUESTION
L ONG ANS WE R
nest sites also had a very strong
tendency to scout for food. That
suggests particular individuals are
programmed in such a way, whether
through genetic or other factors, that
they manifest wanderlust and an
inclination to explore.
Most people think that insects are
very similar and behave in the same
ways, says Enik Gyuris, a biologist at
the University of Debrecen in Hungary,
but she has found dierently. In her
studies of re bugs, Gyuris uses a
battery of behavioral tests to measure
three distinct personality traits: bold-
ness, activity, and explorativeness.
In a recent study, she put each bug
into an open vial and then placed it at
the center of a two-foot-wide circular
arena. The boldest bugs emerged
quickly, while the timid ones hid for 10
minutes. Once the bugs left the vial,
their tendency to move in dierent
directions and investigate new objects
served as an index of their explorative-
ness. Our results show that there are
personality dierences between the
individuals of the re bug, Gyuris
wrote, as we found that they behave
consistently over time.
S HOR T
ANS WE R
Yes, and some
love to travel.

Terrill flls his scuba tank with nitrox to
allow himself more time to explore the
aircraf 100 feet below. Shannon Scott,
an engineer from Scripps, descends with
Terrill, Colmer, and OBrien. He carries
a handheld sonar that displays acoustic
images on an LCD screen, allowing the
divers to zero in on the foatplane even
in fve-foot visibility. About 20 minutes
later, OBrien surfaces. Well, its not a
Kingfsher, he says.
Afer descending to the plane, OBrien
noticed that the windscreen on the cock-
pit was located behind the wing. In King-
fshers, it was situated in front. Hed also
detected a subtle distinction in the shape
of the fuselage near the tail.
I strap on a scuba tank and jump into
the water with Scannon, who wants to see
for himself. We follow a rope line, pinch-
ing our noses on the way down to equalize
pressure, until we arrive at the fuselage. It
lays on a bed of thick sediment that our
fns kick up into dusty clouds. Long, gan-
gly strands of black coral grow up and
through the corroded metal. The front
motor and propellers have broken away
from the body of the plane, so that it now
resembles a chewed-of cigar or the burnt
end of a frecracker. Scannon waves me
over to the cockpit and places my hand
on the gun mount. It held a 7.7mm ma-
chine gun, Scannon later explains to me,
developed by the Japanese navy.
The next day, BentProp compares the
aircraf in the western lagoon with a hun-
dred diferent vintage planes. Eventually,
the team determines that the wreck has
all the characteristics of a Kawanishi
E15K1 Shiun, code-named Norm by the
Allies. The high-speed reconnaissance
foatplane had a single engine, contra-
rotating propellers, and a center pontoon
that could be jettisoned during an attack.
It also had a fattened beaver tail around
the vertical stabilizer, an af cockpit
machine gun, and no wing armaments.
According to BentProp, the Japanese
manufactured nine prototypes; six were
brought to Palau for combat testing, and
all were shot down by U.S. forces.
Though it isnt an American plane,
Scannon is pleased with the discovery.
Its a very unusual aircraf, one of the
rarest archaeological planes you will
fnd, he says. And theres a very high
likelihood that the remains are still on it.
BentProp alerts the Palauan government,
which will notify the Japanese embassy.
OF MORE THAN 60 aircraf BentProp
has identifed in Palauhalf of which are
Japanesethe team has recovered just
one metal plate stamped with a serial
number: that of the American Corsair
discovered by the spear fshermen. That
plate revealed the Corsairs story.
On November 21, 1944, a young Ma-
rine captain named Carroll McCullah set
of from the American airfeld to fnish of
a Japanese vessel that had been bombed
earlier. On the way back, he and his wing-
man strafed four Japanese ammunition
dumps; an explosion at the last one sent
shrapnel into the oil cooler of his plane.
McCullah placed a distress call and made
for the islands western reef. Then he
tightened his seat belt, locked the canopy
back, and turned of the planes engine
switch. Placing his lef hand on the cock-
pit coaming, he braced for impact.
There was no shock, McCullah later
wrote in a mission report. He launched
his life raf and swam across the reef,
where a rescue aircraf swept down
to pick him up. For the rest of his life,
McCullahwho, afer his rescue, went
back to the base, had a brandy, and then
few another mission the next dayretold
the story of that landing. And many other
ones, his son, Patrick, told me by phone
from Florida, where McCullah lives (with
dementia) at age 92. His tales were tall,
but they were true.
Today, McCullahs plane rests intact
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D O WN E D
CONTI NUED FROM PAGE 63
A B-24 bomber ying over Japanese installations
in Koror, Palau, in 1944. The trail of smoke is from
another B-24, crashing.
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on the seabed, with its nose up against the edge of the reef, like
a car driven up onto a curb and abandoned. But time has turned
the craf into a relic: corrosion has gnawed at the metal, and the
reef has crept into the propellers and the engine; a large, bulbous
coral head has taken up occupancy in the cockpit. Originally
painted blue, with a white star-and-bar symbol, the aircraf has
been scoured to bare aluminum.
Scripps wants to use its technology to document this chap-
ter of the Corsairs story too, before it ends altogether. Were
not only here to fnd and detect underwater objects, but to get a
snapshot of the state of those objects that may be corroding or
eroding away in time, Terrill says. Theres a whole new feld in
trying to baseline-capture all the detail we can about these histor-
ic artifacts. Im calling it digital preservation.
Suzanne Finney, an American archaeologist working with
Palaus Bureau of Arts and Culture, joins us for the 45-minute
boat ride to the site of the Corsair. Marine archeology rarely gets
to beneft from such advances, she says. Most of the work Ive
done, youve got a tape measure and some string and a dive slate
and a pencil, and youre taking photographs and measurements
by hand. And thats what you do. With data from the robotic ve-
hicles, Palau can add downed aircraf to an inventory of the coun-
trys rich underwater sites, something previously unattainable for
an of ce that can barely aford to buy gas for a boat. There are a
lot of wrecks in water thats inaccessible to diving, she says, so
you need remote-sensing equipment. By the time the expedition
ends, the AUV has scanned 18.9 square kilometers of the sea-
foor at slightly better than 10cm resolution, an area that would
have taken scuba divers a decade to explore. The sonar also re-
vealed what Terrill says could be a new species of coral.
When we reach the Corsair, engineers lower the Remus, now
equipped with GoProHERO3HD cameras, into the water, and
it once again begins a methodical sweep. Back in California,
Terrill and his team will use the thousands of captured images,
plus hundreds of photos taken by human divers, to build a 3-D
reconstruction of the plane. Terrill is beta-testing algorithms
developed by Autodesk for the companys new cloud-based,
reality-capture sofware, called ReCap; the sofware has been de-
signed to model aboveground areas like historic sites and factory
foors, and Terrill is evaluating how well it works in an aquatic en-
vironment, where light is distorted. Man-made structures under-
water are an ideal testbed for that, he says. If it pans out, itll
be a great archaeological tool to baseline a lot of these wrecks.
Scientists and naval historians could use such technology to
document how wreck sites decay. Oceanographers and biologists
studying living structures such as coral reefs could also beneft
from it; 3-D models would enable them to detect how ocean acid-
ifcation and events like typhoons alter reefs over time. And, of
course, Scannon hopes that one day AUVs will lead him to his
biggest fnd, the fnal B-24, so that a perfect replica of it, too, can
be recorded for posterity. For now, it still lies somewhere in the
lagoons surrounding Palau, concealed by water and time.
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published its
December 1981 cover
story, remotely operated vehicles
(ROVs) had just begun to probe
dangerous marine environments,
like shipwreck sites. Controlled by
pilots at the surface, the vessels
could descend deeper, explore
longer, and ascend faster than
human divers. More than 30 years
From the Archives
POPUL AR SCI ENCE / SEPTEMBER 2013
Subsea Explorers
POPULAR SCIENCE magazine, Vol. 283, No. 3 (ISSN 161-7370, USPS 577-250), is published monthly by Bonnier Corp., 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016. Copyright 2013 by Bonnier Corp. All rights reserved. Reprinting in whole or part is
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STORY BY SARAH JACOBY
W
later, untethered autonomous
underwater vehicles (AUVs) are a
staple of oceanographers. AUVs like
Remusdesigned by the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institutiondont
need pilots at all; engineers program
them to survey the seaoor on their
own. Turn to page 58 to learn how
AUVs are nding felled World War II
planes o the coast of Palau in the
Pacic Ocean.
1 Scorpio, used for repair and observation 2 PAP-104, a
mine neutralizer 3 RCV-150, installed rigs and supported drills
4 MUT, bottom crawler that laid pipeline

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