SH 21-76

UNITED STATES ARMY

HANDBOOK
Not for the weak or fainthearted
Let the enemy come till he's almost close enough to touch. Then let him have it and jump out and finish him with your hatchet. Major Robert Rogers, 1759

RANGER TRAINING BRIGADE

Un te! States Ar"# In$antr# S%&oo' (ort )enn ng, *eorg a

FEBRUARY 2011

RAN*ER +REED Re%ogn , ng that I volunteered as a Ranger, fully knowing the hazards of my chosen profession, I will always endeavor to
uphold the prestige, honor, and high esprit de corps of the Rangers. A%-no.'e!g ng the fact that a Ranger is a more elite Soldier who arrives at the cutting edge of battle by land, sea, or air, I accept the fact that as a Ranger my country expects me to move further, faster, and fight harder than any other Soldier. Ne/er shall I fail my comrades I will always keep myself mentally alert, physically strong, and morally straight and I will shoulder more than my share of the task whatever it may be, one hundred percent and then some. *a''ant'# will I show the world that I am a specially selected and well trained Soldier. My courtesy to superior officers, neatness of dress, and care of e uipment shall set the example for others to follow. Energet %a''# will I meet the enemies of my country. I shall defeat them on the field of battle for I am better trained and will fight with all my might. Surrender is not a Ranger word. I will never leave a fallen comrade to fall into the hands of the enemy and under no circumstances will I ever embarrass my country. Rea! '# will I display the intestinal fortitude re uired to fight on to the Ranger ob!ective and complete the mission, though I be the lone survivor.

STANDIN* 0RDERS, R0*ERS1 RAN*ERS

MAJOR ROBERT ROGERS, 1759 ". %. '. ). ,. -. .. /. 0. "1. "". "%. "'. "). ",. "-. ".. "/. "0. #on$t forget nothing. &ave your musket clean as a whistle, hatchet scoured, sixty rounds powder and ball, and be ready to march at a minute$s warning. (hen you$re on the march, act the way you would if you was sneaking up on a deer. See the enemy first. *ell the truth about what you see and what you do. *here is an army depending on us for correct information. +ou can lie all you please when you tell other folks about the Rangers, but don$t never lie to a Ranger or officer. #on$t never take a chance you don$t have to. (hen we$re on the march we march single file, far enough apart so one shot can$t go through two men. If we strike swamps, or soft ground, we spread out abreast, so it$s hard to track us. (hen we march, we keep moving till dark, so as to give the enemy the least possible chance at us. (hen we camp, half the party stays awake while the other half sleeps. If we take prisoners, we keep$ em separate till we have had time to examine them, so they can$t cook up a story between$ em. #on$t ever march home the same way. *ake a different route so you won$t be ambushed. 2o matter whether we travel in big parties or little ones, each party has to keep a scout %1 yards ahead, %1 yards on each flank, and %1 yards in the rear so the main body can$t be surprised and wiped out. 3very night you$ll be told where to meet if surrounded by a superior force. #on$t sit down to eat without posting sentries. #on$t sleep beyond dawn. #awn$s when the 4rench and Indians attack. #on$t cross a river by a regular ford. If somebody$s trailing you, make a circle, come back onto your own tracks, and ambush the folks that aim to ambush you. #on$t stand up when the enemy$s coming against you. 5neel down, lie down, hide behind a tree. 6et the enemy come till he$s almost close enough to touch, then let him have it and !ump out and finish him up with your hatchet.

RAN*ER HIST0RY *he history of the 7merican Ranger is a long and colorful saga of courage, daring, and outstanding leadership. It is a story o f
men whose skills in the art of fighting have seldom been surpassed. 8nly the highlights of their numerous exploits are told here. Rangers mainly performed defensive missions until, during King Phillips War in 1675, Benjamin Chur hs Company of !ndependent Rangers 9from :lymouth ;olony< conducted successful raids on hostile Indians. In ".,-, Ma!or Robert Rogers, of 2ew &ampshire, recruited nine companies of 7merican colonists to fight for the =ritish during the 4rench and Indian (ar. Ranger techni ues a nd methods of operation inherently characterized the 7merican frontiersmen. Ma!or Rogers was the first to capitalize on them and incorporate them into the fighting doctrine of a permanently organized fighting force. *he method of fighting used by the first Rangers was further developed during the Revolutionary (ar by ;olonel #aniel Morgan, "ho organi#ed a unit $no"n as %&organs 'iflemen( ) ording to *eneral Burgoyne, &organs men "ere %+(the most famous orps of the Continental )rmy, all of them ra $ shots( 4ran is &arion, the %,"amp -o., organi#ed another famous 'evolutionary War 'anger element $no"n as %&arions Partisans( &arions Partisans, num/ering any"here from a handful to several hundred, operated /oth "ith and independent of other element s of *eneral Washingtons )rmy( 0perating out of the Carolin a swamps, they disrupted =ritish communications and prevented the organization of loyalists to support the =ritish cause, substantially contributing to the 7merican victory. *he 7merican ;ivil (ar was again the occasion for the creation of special units su ch as Rangers. >ohn S. Mosby, a master of the prompt and skillful use of cavalry, was one of the most outstanding ;onfederate Rangers. &e believed that by resorting to aggressive action he could compel his enemies to guard a hundred points. &e would then a ttack one of the weakest points and be assured numerical superiority. (ith )meri as entry into the ,e ond World War, 'angers ame forth to add to the pages of history( &ajor William 0( 1ar/y organized and activated the "st Ranger =attalion on >une"0, "0)% at ;arrickfergus, 2orth Ireland. *he members were all hand picked volunteers? ,1 participated in the gallant #ieppe Raid on the northern coast of 4rance with =ritish and ;anadian commandos. *he "st, 'rd, and )th Ranger =attalions participated with distinc tion in the 2orth 7frican, Sicilian and Italian ampaigns( 1ar/ys 'anger Battalions spearheaded the ,eventh )rmy landing at *ela and 2i ata during the ,i ilian invasion and played a key role in the subse uent campaign, which ended in the capture of Messin a. *hey infiltrated @erman lines and mounted an attack against ;isterna, where they virtually annihilated an entire @erman parachute regiment during close in, night, bayo net, and hand to hand fighting. *he %nd and ,th Ranger =attalions participated in the # #ay landings at 8maha =each, 2ormandy. It was during the bitter fighting along the beach that the Rangers gained their official motto. 7s the situation became critical on 8maha =each, the division commander of the %0th Infantry #ivision stated that the entire force must clear the beach and advance inland. &e then turned to 2ieutenant Colonel &a. , hneider, Commander of the 5th 'anger Battalion, and said, %'angers, lead the "ay( 3he 5th 'anger =attalion spearheaded the breakthrough. *his enabled the 7llies to drive inland, away from the invasion beaches. *he -th Ranger =attalion, operating in the :acific, conducted RangerAtype missions behind enemy lines. *hese missions involved reconnaissance and hard hitting, longArange raids. *hese Rangers were the first 7merican group to return to the :hilippines, destroying key coastal installations prior to the invasion. 7 reinforced company from the -th Ranger =attalion formed the res cue force that liberated 7merican and 7llied :8(s from the >apanese prison camp at ; abanatuan. 7nother Ranger type unit was the ,'1.th ;omposite Bnit 9:rovisional<, organized and trained as a long range penetration unit f or employment behind enemy lines in >apanese occupied =urma. *he unit commander was =rigadier @eneral 9later Ma!or @ene ral< -ran$ 1( &errill( !ts 4,557 offi ers and men /e ame popularly $no"n as %&errills &arauders( *he men of &errills &arauders "ere volunteers from the 5th, 156th, and 77rd !nfantry 'egiments and from other !nfantry regime nts engaged in combat in the Southwest and South :acific. *hese men responded to a call from ;hief of Staff, @eneral @eorge ;. Marshall, for volunteers for a hazardous mission. *hese volunteers were to have a high state of physical ruggedness and stami na and were to come from !ungle trained and !ungle tested units. =efore joining the 8orthern Burma Campaign, &errills &arauders trained in !ndia under British &ajor *eneral 0rde C( Wingate( 4rom 4ebruary to >une "0)', they learned long range penetration tactics and techni ues like those de veloped and first employed by @eneral (ingate. *he operations of the Marauders were closely coordinated with those of the ;hinese %%nd and '/th #ivisions i n a

drive to recover northern =urma and clear the way for the construction of 6edo Road, which was to link the Indian railhead at 6edo with the old =urma Road to ;hina. *he Marauders marched and fought through !ungle and over mountains from &ukwang Calley in 2orthwest =urma, to Myitkyina and the Irrawaddy River. In , ma!or and '1 minor engagements, they m et and defeated the veteran soldiers of the >apanese "/th #ivision. 8perating in the rear of the main force of the >apanese, they prepared the way for th e Southward advances of the ;hinese by disorganizing supply lines and communications. *he climax of the &arauders operations "as the apture of &yit$yina )irfield, the only all "eather strip in northern Burma( 3his "as the final vi tory of %&errills &arauders, which disbanded in 7ugust "0)). Remaining personnel merged into the ).,th Infantry Regiment, wh ich fought its last battle on 4ebruary ' and ), "0),, at 6oi 5ang Ridge, ;hina. *his Infantry Regiment is the father of the .,th Ranger Regiment. Soon after the 5orean (ar started in >une "0,1, the /th 7rmy Ranger ;ompany was formed of volunteers from 7mer ican units in >apan. *he ;ompany was trained in 5orea and distinguished itself in combat during the drive to the +alu River, performing tas k force and spearhead operations. #uring the massive ;hinese intervention of 2ovember "0,1, this small, vastly outnum bered unit withstood five enemy assaults on its position. In September "0,1, a #.7. message called for volunteers to train as 7irborne Rangers. 4ive thousand regular 7rmy paratroopers from the /%nd 7irborne #ivision volunteered. 2ine hundred were chosen to form the first eight 7irborne Ranger companies. 2ine more companies were formed from regular 7rmy and 2ational @uard Infantry division volunteers. *hese seventeen 7irborne Ranger companies were activated and trained at 4ort =enning, @eorgia. Most received more training in the ;olorado mountains. In "0,1 and "0,", some .11 men of the "st, %nd, 'rd, )th, ,th, and /th 7irborne Ranger companies fought to the front of every 7merican Infantry #ivision in 5orea. 7ttacking by land, water, and air, these six Ranger companies raided, penetrated, and ambushed 2orth 5orean and ;hinese forces. *hey were the first Rangers to make combat !umps. 7fter the ;hinese intervention, these Rangers were the first 7mericans to re cross the '/th parallel. *he %nd 7irborne Ranger ;om pany was the only 7frican 7merican Ranger unit in the history of the 7merican 7rmy. *he men of the six Ranger companies who fought in 5orea paid the bloody price of freedom. 8ne in nine of this gallant brotherhood died on the battlefields of 5orea. 8ther 7irborne Ranger companies led the way while serving with Infantry divisions in the B.S., @ermany, and >apan. *hese volunteers fought as members of line Infantry units in 5orea. *hey volunteered for the 7rmy, the 7irborne, the Rangers, and f or combat. *he first men to earn and wear the coveted Ranger *ab, these men are the original 7irborne Rangers. 8ne Ranger, #onn :orter, received the Medal of &onor posthumously. 4ourteen 5orean (ar Rangers rose to general officer. #ozens more became colonels, senior 2;8s, and civilian leaders. In 8ctober "0,", the 7rmy ;hief of Staff, @eneral >. 6awton ;ollins, directed that Ranger training extend to all 7rmy combat u nits. &e directed the ;ommandant of the Infantry School to establish a Ranger #epartment. *his new department would develop and conduct a Ranger course of instruction. &is goal was to raise the standard of training in all combat units. *he program built on lessons learned from (orld (ar II and the 5orean conflict. #uring the Cietnam ;onflict, fourteen Ranger companies consisting of highly motivated volunteers served with distinction from the Mekong #elta to the #MD. 7ssigned to separate brigade, division, and field force units, they conducted long range reconnaissa nce and exploitation operations into enemy held areas. *hey provided valuable combat intelligence. Initially designated as longA range reconnaissance patrol 96RR:<, then longArange patrol 96R:< companies, these units were later designated as ; through : 9there is no >uliet ;ompany< Rangers, .,th Infantry. 7fter Cietnam, the 7rmy ;hief of Staff, @eneral 7brams, recognized the need for a highly trained and highly mobile reaction fo rce. &e activated the first battalion sized Ranger units since (orld (ar II, the "st and %nd =attalions 9Ranger<, .,th Infantry. *he "st =attalion trained at 4ort =enning, @eorgia and was activated 4ebruary /, "0.) at 4ort Stewart, @eorgia. *he %nd =atta lion was activated on 8ctober ', "0.). *he "st =attalion is now based at &unter 7rmy 7irfield, @eorgia? the %nd =attal ion is based at 4ort 6ewis, (ashington. @eneral )/rams farsighted de ision and the om/at effe tiveness of the 'anger /attalions "ere proven in the 9(,( invasion of @renada, 8peration Urgent ury! 8ctober "0/'. *he mission was to protect 7merican citizens and restore democracy. *he 'anger /attalions %led the "ay "ith a daring, lo" level air/orne assault :from 5;; feet< to sei#e the airfield at Point ,ali nes. *hey continued operations for several days, eliminating pockets of resistance and rescuing 7merican medical students. #ue to this

success, in "0/), #.7. increased the strength of Ranger units to their highest levels in )1 years. *o do this, it activated a nother Ranger battalion as well as a Ranger Regimental &ead uarters. 7fter these units, the 'rd =attalion 9Ranger<, .,th Infantry, and &ead uarters ;ompany 9Ranger<, .,th Infantry, were activated, there were over %,111 Soldiers assigned to Ranger units. 8n 4ebruary ', "0/-, the .,th Infantry was renamed the .,th Ranger Regiment. 8n #ecember %1, "0/0, the .,th Ranger Regiment was again called to show its effectiveness in combat. 4or the first time since reorganizing in "0/), the Regimental &ead uarters and all three Ranger battalions deployed together. #uring 8per ation "ust #ause in :anama, the .,th Ranger Regiment spearheaded the assault into :anama by conducting airb orne assaults on the *orri!osE*ocumen 7irport and Rio &ato 7irfield. *heir missionF to facilitate the restoration of democracy in :anama and to pro tect the lives of 7merican citizens. =etween #ecember %1, "0/0 and >anuary ., "001, the regiment performed many follow on missions in :anama. 3arly in "00", elements of the .,th Ranger Regiment deployed to Saudi 7rabia in support of 8peration $esert %torm.

In 7ugust "00', elements of the .,th Ranger Regiment deployed to Somalia in support of 8peration &estore 'ope! and returned
2ovember "00'. In "00), elements of the .,th Ranger Regiment deployed to &aiti in support of 8peration Uphold $emocracy.

In %111 = %11", elements of the .,th Ranger Regiment deployed to 5osovo in support of 8peration "oint (uardian. Since September "", %11", the .,th Ranger Regiment has led the way in the @lobal (ar on *errorism. In 8ctober %11", elements
of the .,th Ranger Regiment deployed to 7fghanistan in support of 8peration )nduring reedom. In March %11', elements of the Regiment deployed in support of 8peration *ra+i reedom. *he performance of the Rangers significantly contributed to the overall success of the se operations and upheld the Ranger tradition. 7s in the past, the Regiment stands ready to execute its mission to conduct special operations in support of the B nited ,tates poli ies and o/je tives(

RAN*ER MEDA2 0( H0N0R RE+I3IENTS

Millett, 6ewis 6. Sr ................... :orter, #onn 4.G ...................... Mize, 8la 6. ............................. #olby, #avid ;. ....................... 4oley, Robert 4. ...................... Dabitosky, 4red M. .................. =ucha, :aul (. ....................... Rabel, 6aszloG ......................... &oward, Robert 6. ................... 6aw, Robert #. G...................... 5errey, >. Robert ..................... #oane, Stephen &.G ................ :ruden, Robert >.G .................. 6ittrell, @ary 6. ......................... 6ucas, 7ndre ;.G ..................... @ordon, @ary I. G ..................... Shughart, Randall #. G ............ G7warded posthumously ;aptain..................................... Sergeant................................... Sergeant................................... Staff Sergeant .......................... ;aptain..................................... Staff Sergeant .......................... ;aptain..................................... Staff Sergeant .......................... Sergeant 4irst ;lass ................ Specialist )............................... 6ieutenant ................................ "st 6ieutenant .......................... Staff Sergeant .......................... Sergeant 4irst ;lass ................ 6t ;olonel ................................. Master Sergeant ...................... Sergeant 4irst ;lass ................ 4eb . "0," .............................. Sept . "0,% ............................. >une "1A"" "0,' ..................... May %" "0--............................ 2ov , "0-- .............................. 4eb "0 "0-/ ............................ May "-A"0 "0-/ ...................... 2ov "' "0-/ ............................ #ec '1 "0-/ ............................ 4eb %% "0-0 ............................ Mar ") "0-0 ............................ Mar %, "0-0 ............................ 2ov %% "0-0 ............................ 7pril )A/ "0.1 .......................... >ul "A%' "0.1........................... 8ct ' "00' ............................... 8ct ' "00' ............................... ;o. 3 % E %.th Infantry ;o. @ % E ")th Infantry ;o. 5 ' E ",th Infantry ;o. = " E /th 97=2< ;avalry ;o. 7 % E %.th Infantry ,th Special 4orces ;o. # ' E "/. Infantry .)th Infantry 96RR:< ,th Special 4orces ;o. I .,th Infantry 9Ranger< Seal *eam " ;o. = " E ,th Infantry ;o. @ .,th Infantry 9Ranger< 7dvisory *eam %" 9Ranger< &&; % E ,1- Infantry *ask 4orce Ranger *ask 4orce Ranger

iii

TA)2E 0( +0NTENTS
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
:RI2;I:63S ...................................................................................................................... "A" #B*I3S, R3S:82SI=I6I*I3S, 72# 7;*I82S............................................................... "A% 7SSBM:*I82 84 ;8MM72# ........................................................................................ "A/

+HA3TER 2

03ERATI0NS
*R88:A637#I2@ :R8;3#BR3S .................................................................................. %A" ;8M=7* I2*366I@32;3 ................................................................................................ %A, (7R2I2@ 8R#3R ........................................................................................................... %A8:3R7*I82 8R#3R...................................................................................................... %A"1 4R7@M32*7R+ 8R#3R ............................................................................................... %A") 7223H3S ........................................................................................................................ %A". ;88R#I27*I82 ;&3;56IS*S..................................................................................... %A%, *7S5, :BR:8S3, 8:3R7*I82 .................................................................................... %A'1 *3RR7I2 M8#36 ........................................................................................................... %A'"

+HA3TER 6

(IRE SU330RT
=7SI; 4IR3 SB::8R* *7S5S, *7R@3*I2@, 72# I2*3R#I;*I82 .......................... 'A" ;7:7=I6I*I3S ................................................................................................................... 'A% RIS5 3S*IM7*3 #IS*72;3S ......................................................................................... 'A% *7R@3* 8C3R67+S ........................................................................................................ 'A' ;766 48R 4IR3 ................................................................................................................ 'A, ;68S3 7IR SB::8R* ..................................................................................................... 'A/ ;68S3 ;8M=7* 7**7;5 7CI7*I82 .......................................................................... 'A"1

+HA3TER 7

+0MMUNI+ATI0NS
E8UI3MENT MI6I*7R+ R7#I8S ........................................................................................................... )A" M72A:7;5 R7#I8 7SS3M=6+ 972E:R;A""04< ........................................................... )A) 7B*8M7*3# 23*A;82*R86 #3CI;3.......................................................................... )A, =7SI; *R8B=63S&88*I2@ .......................................................................................... )AANTENNAS R3:7IRS............................................................................................................................ )A;82S*RB;*I82 72# 7#>BS*M32* ........................................................................... )A. 4I36# 3H:3#I32* 943< 8M2I #IR3;*I8276 72*3227S ......................................... )A/

72*3227 632@*& :6722I2@ ;82SI#3R7*I82S ................................................. )A"%

+HA3TER 5

DEM02ITI0NS
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+HA3TER 6

M09EMENT
48RM7*I82S ................................................................................................................... -A" M8C3M32* *3;&2IIB3S ............................................................................................. -A" S*72#7R#S ..................................................................................................................... -A) 4B2#7M32*76S.............................................................................................................. -A) *7;*I;76 M7R;&3S ...................................................................................................... -A, M8C3M32* #BRI2@ 6IMI*3# CISI=I6I*+ ;82#I*I82S ........................................... -A#72@3R 7R37S .............................................................................................................. -A.

+HA3TER 7

3RIN+I32ES :6722I2@ ......................................................................................................................... .A" R3;8227ISS72;3 ......................................................................................................... .A" S3;BRI*+ ......................................................................................................................... .A" ;82*R86.......................................................................................................................... .A" ;8MM82 S32S3 ............................................................................................................. .A" 32ANNIN* *7S5 8R@72ID7*I82 ..................................................................................................... .A" I2I*I76 :6722I2@ 72# ;88R#I27*I82 .................................................................... .A' ;8M:63*I82 84 :672 .................................................................................................. .A' RE+0NNAISSAN+E 3ATR02S 4B2#7M32*76S 84 R3;8227ISS72;3 ................................................................... .A, *7S5 S*72#7R#S .......................................................................................................... .A, 7;*I82S 82 *&3 8=>3;*IC3, 7R37 R3;8227ISS72;3 ...................................... .A, 7;*I82S 82 *&3 8=>3;*IC3, D823 R3;8227ISS72;3 ...................................... .A/ +0M)AT 3ATR02S

3ATR02S

ix

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+HA3TER ;

)ATT2E DRI22S
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+HA3TER 9

MI2ITARY M0UNTAINEERIN*
*R7I2I2@ .......................................................................................................................... 0A" #ISM8B2*3# M8=I6I*+................................................................................................. 0A" *7S5 8R@72ID7*I82 ..................................................................................................... 0A" R3S;B3 3IBI:M32* ..................................................................................................... 0A% M8B2*7I233RI2@ 3IBI:M32*................................................................................... 0A' 72;&8RS ......................................................................................................................... 0A, 528*S ............................................................................................................................... 0A/ =367+S ........................................................................................................................... 0A"' ;6IM=I2@ ;8MM72#S ................................................................................................. 0A", R8:3 I2S*7667*I82S ................................................................................................. 0A", R7::366I2@................................................................................................................... 0A%%

+HA3TER 1<

MA+HINE *UN EM320YMENT

S:3;I4I;7*I82S ........................................................................................................... "1A" #34I2I*I82S .................................................................................................................. "1A%

;67SS3S 84 7B*8M7*I; (37:82S 4IR3 .............................................................. "1A' 84432S3 ........................................................................................................................ "1A/ #3432S3 ........................................................................................................................ "1A0 ;82*R86 84 M7;&I23 @B2S.................................................................................. "1A"1 7MMB2I*I82 :6722I2@ ............................................................................................ "1A""

+HA3TER 11

+0N90Y 03ERATI0NS
:6722I2@ ....................................................................................................................... ""A" 4IC3 :&7S3S 84 *RB;5 M8C3M32* ....................................................................... ""A"

+HA3TER 12

UR)AN 03ERATI0NS

72 BR=72 :3RS:3;*IC3............................................................................................ "%A" S*R7*3@I; IM:8R*72;3 84 BR=72 7R37S ......................................................... "%A" M8#3R2 7RM+ BR=72 8:3R7*I82S ...................................................................... "%A" *7S5 8R@72ID7*I82 ................................................................................................... "%A" 4B66 S:3;*RBM 8:3R7*I82S ................................................................................. "%A" :R3:7R7*I82S 48R 4B*BR3 BR=72 8:3R7*I82S ............................................ "%A% ;82#B;* 84 6IC3, CIR*B76, 72# ;82S*RB;*IC3 *R7I2I2@ ........................... "%A' R72@3RS = BR=72 (7RRI8RS ................................................................................. "%A' :RI2;I:63S .................................................................................................................... "%A) M3**A*;.......................................................................................................................... "%A) ;68S3 IB7R*3RS ;8M=7*....................................................................................... "%AR3&37RS76S ................................................................................................................. "%A**:S 48R M7R5I2@ =BI6#I2@S 72# R88MS ........................................................ "%A/

+HA3TER 16

=ATER)0RNE 03ERATI0NS
R8:3 =RI#@3 ................................................................................................................ "'A" :82;&8 R74* ............................................................................................................... "'A) 8*&3R (7*3R;R74* .................................................................................................. "'A,

+HA3TER 17

E9ASI0N :6722I2@ ;82SI#3R7*I82S .................................................................................... ")A" I2I*I76 3C7SI82 :8I2* ............................................................................................... ")A" 3C7SI82 M8C3M32* ................................................................................................... ")A" R8B*3S .......................................................................................................................... ")A" ;8MMB2I;7*I82S ....................................................................................................... ")A% &I#3 SI*3 ........................................................................................................................ ")A% &863AB: 7R37 .............................................................................................................. ")A% ;7M8B467@3 ................................................................................................................ ")A%

E9ASI0N>SUR9I9A2

ix

SUR9I9A2 M3M8R+ 7I# .................................................................................................................. ")A' SBRCIC76 5I*S .............................................................................................................. ")A' 27CI@7*I82 ................................................................................................................... ")A' *R7:S 72# S27R3S .................................................................................................. ")A"" :R8;3SSI2@ 84 4IS& 8R @7M3 ............................................................................. ")A", S&36*3RS .................................................................................................................... ")A"0 4IR3S ............................................................................................................................. ")A%" M3*&8#S ..................................................................................................................... ")A%'

+HA3TER 15

A9IATI0N
R3C3RS3 :6722I2@ S3IB32;3 .............................................................................. ",A" S363;*I82 72# M7R5I2@ 84 :I;5B: 72# 672#I2@ D823S ............................ ",A" 7IR 7SS7B6* 48RM7*I82S ........................................................................................ ",A% :I;5B: D823 8:3R7*I82S ....................................................................................... ",AS743*+............................................................................................................................ ",A0 R3IBIR3M32*S ............................................................................................................ ",A0 #3S3R* ......................................................................................................................... ",A"" M8B2*7I2S.................................................................................................................. ",A"% 8=S3RC7*I82 &36I;8:*3RS .................................................................................. ",A"' 7**7;5 &36I;8:*3RS .............................................................................................. ",A", B*I6I*+ &36I;8:*3RS ............................................................................................... ",A". ;7R@8 &36I;8:*3RS ............................................................................................... ",A"0

+HA3TER 16

(IRST AID

6I43S7CI2@ S*3:S ....................................................................................................... "-A" ;7R3 B2#3R 4IR3 ........................................................................................................ "-A" :RIM7R+ SBRC3+......................................................................................................... "-A" 7IR(7+ M727@3M32*................................................................................................ "-A" =R37*&I2@ .................................................................................................................... "-A% =633#I2@ ....................................................................................................................... "-A% S&8;5............................................................................................................................. "-A% 3H*R3MI*+ I2>BRI3S................................................................................................... "-A% 7=#8MI276 I2>BRI3S .................................................................................................. "-A% =BR2S ............................................................................................................................. "-A% &8* (37*&3R 9&37*< I2>BRI3S ............................................................................... "-A) :8IS828BS :672* I#32*I4I;7*I82 ........................................................................ "-A. 488* ;7R3 .................................................................................................................... "-A. 6I**3R ............................................................................................................................. "-A. &+#R7*I82 72# 7;;6IM7*ID7*I82......................................................................... "-A0 (8R5, R3S*, 72# (7*3R ;82SBM:*I82 ............................................................. "-A0

A33ENDI? A

RES0UR+ES
R37;* *8 I2#IR3;* 4IR3 R37;* *8 ;82*7;* R37;* *8 7 237R 7M=BS& R37;* *8 7 47R 7M=BS& =R375 ;82*7;* 48RM7*I82S 72# 8R#3R 84 M8C3M32* 6I25B: 6I237R #72@3R 7R37 67R@3 8:32 #72@3R 7R37 ;R8SSI2@ 7 SM766 8:32 7R37 SIB7# 7**7;5 R7I# =87R#S 634* R7I# =87R#S MI##63 7;*I82 82 8=>3;*IC3 R7I# =87R#S MI##63 *7S5 8R@72ID7*I82 R7I# =87R#S RI@&*, S8: 7M=BS& =87R#S 634* S8: 7M=BS& =87R#S MI##63 2>)1>', '>C088)!,,)8C> 7M=BS& =87R#S RI@&*, S8:

A33ENDI? )

8UI+: RE(EREN+E +ARDS

;7SB76*+ 433#3R ;7R# @*7 M3#3C7; 72# 7IR;R74* R3IB3S*S I3#EBH8 R72@3 ;7R# A :#4 R72@3 ;7R# A 4:6 S*72#7R# R72@3 ;7R# 8=S3RC3# 4IR3 R343R32;3 ;7R# 72# RB63R 9I2SI#3 =7;5 ;8C3R< 0A6I23 M3#3C7;

*20SSARY INDE?

ix

3RE(A+E
*he M;83 S& %"A.- 9Ranger &andbook< is mainly written for B.S. 7rmy Rangers and other light Infantry units, however it should also serve as a handy reference for other B.S. military units. It covers how Infantry s uadA and platoonAsized elements conduct combat operations in varied terrains. It cites other 7rmy resources to ensure continuity. *his handbook provides s uad and platoon leaders with the roles, tactics, knowledge, and operational re uirements to employ combat multipliers in a combat environment. *he proponent of this publication is the B.S. 7rmy Maneuver ;enter of 3xcellence 9M;o3<. *he preparing agency is the B.S. 7rmy Ranger School. Send comments, recommendations, and other correspondence related to this manual to the following addressF 3AMail 8fficeE4ax BS Mail !ohn.edmundsLconus.army.mil 9.1-< ,))A-))/ E A -)%" 9#S2 /')< ;ommander, Ranger *raining =rigade 7**2F 7*S&AR= E 3dmunds "1/,1 Schneider Rd, =ldg ,1%) 4t =enning, @7 '"01,

+&a@ter 1

2EADERSHI3
6eadership, the most essential element of combat power, gives purpose, direction, and motivation in combat. *he leader balanc es and maximizes maneuver, firepower, and protection against the enemy. *his chapter discusses how he does this by explo ring the principles of leadership 9=e, 5now, #o<? the duties, responsibilities, and actions of an effective leader? and the leader$s a ssumption of command. 1-1414 3RIN+I32ES4 A( gBre 1-1C4 ( gBre 1-14 )E, :N0=, D0DTHE 3RIN+I32ES 0( 2EADERSHI3

,)
*echnically and tactically proficient 7ble to accomplish to standard all tasks re uired for the wartime mission. ;ourageous, committed, and candid. 7 leader with integrity.

-N./
*he four ma!or factors of leadership and how they affect each other are ? 6ed 6eader Situation ;ommunications +ourself, and the strengths and weaknesses in your character, knowledge, and skills. Seek continual self Aimprovement, that is, develop your strengths and work to overcome your weaknesses. +our Rangers, and look out for their well being by training them for the rigors of combat, taking care of their physical and safety needs, and disciplining and rewarding them.

$.
Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions? exercise initiative? demonstrate resourcefulness? and take advantage of opportunities on the battlefield that will lead to you to victory? accept fair criticism, and take corrective ac tions for your mistakes. 7ssess situations rapidly, make sound and timely decisions, gather essential information, announce decisions in time for Rangers to react, and consider the shortA and longAterm effects of your decision. Set the example by serving as a role model for your Rangers. Set high but attainable standards? be willing do what you re uire of your Rangers? and share dangers and hardships with them. 5eep your subordinates informed to help them make decisions and execute plans within your intent, encourage initiative, improve teamwork, and enhance morale. #evelop a sense of responsibility in subordinates by teaching, challenging, and developing them. #elegate to show you trust them. *his makes them want more responsibility. 3nsure the Rangers understand the task? supervise them, and ensure they accomplish it. Rangers need to know what you expect, when and what you want them to do, and to what standard. =uild the team by training and crossAtraining your Rangers until they are confident in their technical and tactical abilities. #evelop a team spirit that motivates them to go willingly and confidently into combat. 5now your unit$s capabilities and limitations, and employ them accordingly.

1=1

1-1424 DUTIES, RES30NSI)I2ITIES, AND A+TI0NS4 *o complete all assigned tasks, every Ranger in the patrol must do his !ob. 3ach must accomplish his specific duties and responsibilities and be a part of the team A( gBre 1-2C4 ( gBre 1-24 DUTIES, RES30NSI)I2ITIES, AND A+TI0NS

PLATOON LEADER
Is responsible for what the patrol does or fails to do. *his includes tactical employment, training, administration, personnel management, and logistics. &e does this by planning, making timely decisions, issuing orders, assigning tasks, and supervising patrol activities. &e must know his Rangers and how to employ the patrol$s weapons. &e is responsible for positioning and employing all assigned or attached crewAserved weapons and employment of supporting weapons. 3stablishes time schedule using backwards planning. ;onsiders time for execution, movement to the ob!ective, and the planning and preparation phase of the operation. *akes the initiative to accomplish the mission in the absence of orders. 5eeps higher informed by using periodic situation reports 9SI*R3:<. :lans with the help of the platoon sergeant 9:S@<, s uad leaders, and other key personnel 9team leaders, 48, attachment leaders<. Stays abreast of the situation through coordination with ad!acent patrols and higher &I? supervises, issues 4R7@8s , and accomplishes the mission. If needed to perform the mission, re uests more support for his patrol from higher head uarters. #irects and assists the platoon sergeant in planning and coordinating the patrol$s sustainment effort and casualty evacuation 9;7S3C7;< plan. #uring planning, receives onAhand status reports from the platoon sergeant and s uad leaders. Reviews patrol re uirements based on the tactical plan. 3nsures that allAround security is maintained at all times. Supervises and spotAchecks all assigned tasks, and corrects unsatisfactory actions. #uring execution, positions himself where he can influence the most critical task for mission accomplishment? usually with the main effort, to ensure that his platoon achieves its decisive point Is responsible for positioning and employing all assigned and attached crewAserved weapons. ;ommands through his s uad leaders I7( the intent of the two levels higher commanders. ;onducts rehearsals.

PLATOON SERGEANT (PSG)

*he :S@ is the senior 2;8 in the patrol and second in succession of command. &e helps and advises the patrol leader, and leads the patrol in the leader$s absence. &e supervises the patrol$s administration, logistics, and maintenance, and he prepares and issues paragraph ) of the patrol 8:8R#.
DUTIES

0rgani#es and ontrols the patrol CP !)W the unit ,0P, patrol leaders guidan e, and &>33 A*; factors. 'e eives s@uad leaders re@uests for rations, "ater, and ammunition( Wor$ "ith the ompany first sergeant or A0 to re@uest resupply. #irects the routing of supplies and mail. Supervises and directs the patrol medic and patrol aidAlitter teams in moving casualties to the rear. &aintains patrol status of personnel, "eapons, and e@uipmentB onsolidates and for"ards the patrols casualty reports 9#7 4orms "",, and "",-<? and receives and orients replacements.

 Monitors the morale, discipline, and health of patrol members. Supervises taskAorganized elements of patrolF ? Iuartering parties. ? Security forces during withdrawals. ? Support elements during raids or attacks. ? Security patrols during night attacks. ;oordinates and supervises patrol resupply operations. >nsures that supplies are distri/uted !)W the patrol leaders guidan e and dire tion( 3nsures that ammunition, supplies, and loads are properly and evenly distributed 9a critical task during consolidation and reorganization<. 3nsures the casualty evacuation plan is complete and executed properly. >nsures that the patrol adheres to the platoon leaders time s hedu le. 7ssists the platoon leader in supervising and spotAchecking all assigned tasks, and corrects unsatisfactory actions.
ACTIONS DURING MOVEMENT AND HALTS

*akes actions necessary to facilitate movement. Supervises rear security during movement. 3stablishes, supervises, and maintains security during halts. 5nows unit location. :erforms additional tasks as re uired by the patrol leader and assists in every way possible. 4ocuses on security and control of patrol.

ACTIONS AT DANGER AREAS

#irects positioning of nearAside security 9usually conducted by the trail s uad or team<.

Maintains accountability of personnel.

ACTIONS IN THE OBJECTIVE AREA

7ssists with 8R: occupation.

Supervises, establishes, and maintains security at the 8R:. Supervises the final preparation of men, "eapons, and e@uipment in the 0'P !)W the patrol leaders guidan e( 7ssists the patrol leader in control and security. Supervises the consolidation and reorganization of ammunition and e uipment. 3stablishes, marks, and supervises the planned casualty collection point 9;;:<, and ensures that the personnel status 9to include (I7E5I7< is accurately reported to higher. :erforms additional tasks assigned by the patrol leader and reports status to platoon leader.
ACTIONS IN THE PATROL BASE

7ssists in patrol base occupation. 7ssist in establishing and ad!usting perimeter. 3nforces security in the patrol base. 5eeps movement and noise to a minimum. Supervises and enforces camouflage.

1=7

7ssigns sectors of fire. 3nsures designated personnel remain alert and e uipment is maintained to a high state of readiness. Re uisitions supplies, water, and ammunition, and supervises their distribution. Supervises the priority of work and ensures its accomplishment. ? %ecurity plan. o 3nsures crewAserved weapons have interlocking sectors of fire. o 3nsures claymore mines are emplaced to cover dead space. o 3nsures range cards and sector sketch are complete. ? 0lert plan. ? )vacuation plan. ? /ithdrawal plan. ? 0lternate patrol 1ase. ? 2aintenance plan. ? 'ygiene plan. ? 2essing plan. ? /ater plan. ? &est plan. :erforms additional tasks assigned by the patrol leader and assists him in every way possible.

SQUAD LEADER (SL)

Is responsible for what the s uad does or fails to do. &e is a tactical leader who leads by example.
DUTIES

;ompletes casualty feeder reports and reviews the casualty reports completed by s uad members. #irects the maintenance of the s uad$s weapons and e uipment. Inspects the condition of Rangers$ weapons, clothing, and e uipment. 5eeps the :6 and :S@ informed on status of s uad. Submits 7;3 report to :S@. 8btains status report from team leaders and submits reports to the :6 and :S@. Makes a recommendation to the :6E:S@ when problems are observed. 1elegates priority tas$ to team leaders, and supervises their a omplishment !)W s@uad leaders guidan e( Bses initiative in the absence of orders. -ollo"s the P2s plan and ma$es re ommendations( 3nsures heavy e uipment is rotated among members and difficult duties are shared. 2otifies :6 of the status of the s uad. Maintains proper movement techni ues while monitoring route, pace, and azimuth. 3nsures the s uad maintains security throughout the movement and at halts.

ACTIONS THROUGHOUT THE MISSION

ACTIONS DURING MOVEMENT AND HALTS

 :revents breaks in contact. 3nsures subordinate leaders are disseminating information, assigning sectors of fire, and checking personnel.
ACTION IN THE OBJECTIVE AREA

3nsures special e uipment has been prepared for actions at the ob!ective. Maintains positive control of s uad during the execution of the mission. :ositions key weapons systems during and after assault on the ob!ective. 8btains status reports from team leaders and ensures ammunition is redistributed and reports status to :6. 3nsures patrol base is occupied according to the plan. 3nsures that his sector of the patrol base is covered by interlocking fires? makes final ad!ustments, if necessary. Sends out 6: or 8:s in front of assigned sector. 9M3**A*; dependent<. 3nsures priorities of work are being accomplished, and reports accomplished priorities to the :6 and :S@. 7dheres to time schedule. 3nsures personnel know alert and evacuation plans and locations of key leaders, 8:s, and the alternate patrol base.

ACTIONS IN THE PATROL BASE

WEAPONS SQUAD LEADER

Is responsible for all that the weapons s uad does or fails to do. &is duties are the same as those of the s uad leader. 7lso, he controls the machine guns in support of the patrol$s mission. &e advises the :6 on employment of his s uad.
DUTIES

Supervises machine gun teams to ensure they follow priorities of work.

Inspects machine gun teams for correct range cards, fighting positions, and understanding of fire plan. Supervises maintenance of machine guns, that is, ensures that maintenance is performed correctly, that deficiencies are corrected and reported, and that the performance of maintenance does not violate the security plan. 7ssists :6 in planning. :ositions at halts and danger areas and according to the patrol S8: any machine guns not attached to s uads. Rotates loads. Machine gunners normally get tired first. Submits 7;3 report to :S@. #esignates sectors of fire, principal direction of fire 9:#4<, and secondary sectors of fire for all guns. @ives fire commands to achieve maximum effectiveness of firepowerF ? Shifts fires. ? ;orrects windage or elevation to increase accuracy. ? 7lternates firing guns. ? ;ontrols rates of fire and fire distribution. 5nows locations of assault and security elements, and prevents fratricide. Reports to the :6.

1=5

TEAM LEADER (TL)

;ontrols the movement of his fire team and the rate and placement of fire. *o do this, leads from the front and uses the proper commands and signals. Maintains accountability of his Rangers, weapons, and e uipment. 3nsures his Rangers maintain unit standards in all areas, and are knowledgeable of their tasks and the operation. *he following checklist outlines specific duties and responsibilities of team leaders during mission planning and exec ution. *he *6 leads by exampleF
ACTIONS DURING PLANNING AND PREPARATION

Warning Order ? 7ssists in control of the s uad ? Monitors s uad during issuance of the order OPORD Preparation ? :osts changes to schedule ? :osts and updates team duties on warning order board ? Submits ammunition and supply re uests ? :icks up ammunition and supplies ? #istributes ammunition and special e uipment ? :erforms all tasks given in the S6$s special instructions paragraph OPORD Iss an!e and Re"earsa# ? Monitors s uad during issuance of the order ? 7ssists S6 during rehearsals ? *akes actions necessary to facilitate movement ? 3nforces rear security ? 3stablishes, supervises, and maintains security at all times ? :erforms other tasks as S6 re uires, and helps him in every way possible, particularly in control and security
ACTIONS IN THE ORP

7ssists in the occupation of the 8R:. &elps supervise, establish, and maintain security. Supervises the final preparation of Rangers, weapons, and e uipment in the 8R: I7( the S6$s guidance. 7ssists in control of personnel departing and entering the 8R:. Reorganizes perimeter after the reconnaissance party departs. Maintains communication with higher head uarters. Bpon return of reconnaissance party, helps reorganize personnel and redistrib ute ammunition and e uipment? ensures accountability of all personnel and e uipment is maintained. #isseminates :IR to his team. :erforms additional tasks assigned by the S6.
ACTIONS IN THE PATROL BASE

Inspects the perimeter to ensure team has interlocking sectors of fire? prepares team sector sketch.

 3nforces the priority of work and ensures it is properly accomplished. :erforms additional tasks assigned by the S6 and assists him in every way possible.

MEDIC
7ssists the :S@ in directing aid and litter teams? monitors the health and hygiene of the platoon.
DUTIES

*reats casualties, conducts triage, and assists in ;7S3C7; under the control of the :S@. 7ids the :6 or :S@ in field hygiene matters. :ersonally checks the health and physical condition of platoon members. Re uests ;lass CIII 9medical< supplies through the :S@. :rovides technical expertise to and supervision of combat lifesavers. 3nsures casualty feeder reports are correct and attached to each evacuated casualty. ;arries out other tasks assigned by the :6 or :S@.

RADIO OPERATOR
Is responsible for establishing and maintaining communications with higher head uarters and within the patrol.
DUTIES DURING PLANNING

3nters the net at the specified time. 3nsures that all fre uencies, ;8MS3; fills, and net I#s, are preset in s uadEplatoon radios. Informs S6 and :6 of changes to call signs, fre uencies, challenge and password, and number combination based on the appropriate time in the 72;#. 3nsures the proper function of all radios and troubleshoots and reports deficiencies to higher. (eatherproofs all communications e uipment.
DUTIES DURING EXECUTION

Serves as en route recorder during all phases of the mission. *racks time after the initiation of the assault. Records all enemy contact and reports it to higher in a S76B*3 format. Reports all 8:S53#s to higher. ;onsolidates and records all :IR.

1=7

FORWARD OBSERVER (FO)

(orks for the :6. Serves as the eyes of the 47 and mortars. Is mainly responsible for locating targets, and for calling for and ad!usting indirect fire support. 5nows the terrain where the platoon is operating? knows the tactical situation. 5nows the mission, the concept, and the units s heme of maneuver and priority of fires(
DUTIES DURING PLANNING

,ele ts targets to support the platoons mission /ased on the ompany 0P0'1, platoon leaders gu idance, and analysis of M3**A*; factors. :repares and uses situation maps, overlays, and terrain sketches.
DUTIES DURING EXECUTION

Informs the 4IS* head uarters of platoon activities and of the fire support situation Selects new targets to support the platoon$s mission based on the company 8:8R#, the platoon leader$s guidance, and an analysis of M3**A*; factors. ;alls for and ad!usts fire support. 8perates as a team with the radio operator. Selects 8:s. Maintains communications as prescribed by the 4S8. Maintains the current /Adigit coordinate of his location at all times. 1-1464 ASSUM3TI0N 0( +0MMAND4 7ny platoonEs uad member might have to take command of his element in an emergency, so every Ranger must be prepared to do so. #uring an assumption of command, situation permitting, the Ranger assuming command accomplishes the tasks 9not necessarily in this order< based on M3**A*; shown in ( gBre 1-6. ( gBre 1-64 TAS:S (0R ASSUM3TI0N 0( +0MMAND

I$%ORMS &'E&(S &'E&(S PI$POI$TS &OORDI$ATES and &'E&(S &'E&(S ISS)ES REORGA$I*ES MAI$TAI$S &O$TI$)ES RE&O$$OITERS %I$A+I*ES E,E&)TES

3he units su/ordinate leaders of the ommand and notifies higher( Security. ;rewAserved weapons. 6ocation. 3 uipment. :ersonnel status. 4R7@8 9if re uired<. 7s needed, maintaining unit integrity when possible. 2oise and light discipline. :atrol base activities, especially security, if assuming command in a patrol base. 8r, at the least, conducts a map reconnaissance. :lan. *he mission.

1=5

03ERATI0NS
*his chapter provides techni ues and procedures used by Infantry platoons and s uads throughout the planning and execution phases of tactical operations. Specifically, it discusses the troop leading procedures, combat intelligence, combat orders, and planning techni ues and tools needed to prepare a platoon to fight. *hese topics are time sensitive and apply to all combat operations. (hen they have time, leaders can plan and prepare in depth. If they have less time, they must rely on previously rehearsed actions, battle drills, and standing operating procedures 9S8:s<. 2-14 TR003 2EADIN* 3R0+EDURES4 ( gBre 2-1 shows the steps in the troop leading procedures 9*6:s<. *hese steps are what a leader does to prepare his unit to accomplish a tactical mission. *he *6: starts when the leader is alerted for a miss ion or receives a change or new mission. &e can perform Steps ' through / in any order, or at the same time. &e can al so use the tools of the tactician shown in ( gBre 2-2F ( gBre 2-14 STE3S IN THE TR003 2EADIN* 3R0+EDURE ". Receive the mission. %. Issue a warning order. '. Make a tentative plan. ). Initiate movement. ,. Reconnoiter. -. ;omplete the plan. .. Issue the complete order. /. Supervise.

+&a@ter 2

( gBre 2-24 T002S 0( THE TA+TI+IAN RE2ATI0NSHI3

4C1

a. STE3 1DRE+EI9E THE MISSI0N4 *he leader may receive the mission in a warning order, an operation order 98:8R#<, or a fragmentary order 94R7@8<. &e should use no more than one third of the available time for his own planning and for issui ng his 8:8R#. *he remaining two thirds is for subordinates to plan and prepare for the operation. 6eaders should also consider other factors such as available daylight and travel time to and from orders and rehearsals. b. STE3 2DISSUE A =ARNIN* 0RDER4 *he leader provides initial instructions in a warning order. *he warning order contains enough information to begin preparation as soon as possible. *he warning order mirrors the five paragraph 8:8R# format. 7 warning order may include= D 3he mission or nature of the operation : mission statement<. D 3ime and place for issuance of the operation order 9 coordinating instructions<. D Who is parti ipating in the operation : coordinating instructions<. D 3ime of the operation : timeline<. c. STE3 6DMA:E A TENTATI9E 32AN4 *he leader develops an estimate of the situation to use as the basis for his tentative plan. *his is the leader$s mission analysis. &e will use M3**A*; when developing his tentative plan. 9"< #onduct a $etailed 2ission 0nalysis. 9a< &on!ept and Intent. &igher commanders$ concepts and intents two levels up. *his information is found in paragraph "b for two levels up and in paragraphs % and ' for one higher. 9b< )nit Tas-s. *asks that are clearly stated in the order 9%pecified Tasks< or tasks that become apparent as the 8:8R# is analyzed 9*mplied Tasks<.

)3024L)% . %4)#*

*)$ 0N$ *24L*)$ T0%-%

SPE&I%IED TAS(S D Retain &ill ,), to prevent envelopment of = ;o. D :rovide one s uad to the /"Amm platoon to carry ammo. D 3stablish an 8: vic @7"%)'%, 26* '1",11 2ov /0.

IMP+IED TAS(S D :rovide security during movement. D ;onduct resupply operations. D ;oordinate with ad!acent units.

9c< )nit &onstraints. *he leader identifies any constraints placed on his unit. ;onstraints can take the form of a re uirement 9for example, maintain a reserve of one s uad< or a prohibition on action 9for example, no movement beyond phase line orange prior to & hour<. 9d< Mission Essentia# Tas-.s/. 7fter reviewing all the factors shown in previous paragraphs, the leader identifies the mission essential task9s<. 4ailure to accomplish a mission essential task e uals failure to accomplish the mission. *he mission essential task should be in the maneuver paragraph. 9e< Restated Mission0 *he restated mission focuses the remainder of the estimate process. It clearly, concisely states the mission 9purpose to be achieved< and the mission essential task9s< re uired to achieve it. It identifies (&8, (&7* 9the task<, (&32 9the critical time<, (&3R3 9usually a grid coordinate<, and (&+ 9the purpose the unit must achieve<.

)3024L)%

&)%T0T)$ 2 *%%*.N%

9W"o1< "st :latoon attacks 9W"at1< to seize 9W"ere1< &ill )/% vic 2= ),.'." 98=> =lue< 9W"en1< 26* 101,11D #ec 0% 6 )/% 9W"21< to enable the company$s main effort to destroy enemy command bunker. 9W"o1< "st :latoon, ; ;ompany defends 9W"at1< to destroy from 9W"ere1< 7="-'),- to 7="-')/- to 7="%')/- to 7="%'),- 9W"en1< 26* %/",'1D 8ct 0. 9W"21< to prevent enemy forces from enveloping = ;ompany, "A-- Infantry 96< from the South.

9%< Ana'#,e t&e s tBat on an! !e/e'o@ a %oBrse o$ a%t on4 3ach ;87 must beF easi1leE !t a omplishes the mission and supports the ommanders on ept( &easona1leF *he unit remains an effective force after completing the mission. $istinguisha1leF It is not !ust a minor variation of another ;87. 9'< Bpon developing a ;87, the unit leader will assign +2 &ea!EBarters, complete generic task organization assigning all organic and attached elements, and prepare ;87 statement and sketch. 9)< (ith the restated mission from Step " to provide focus, the leader continues the est "ate @ro%ess using the remaining factors of M3**A*;F 9a< (hat is known about the enemy 9 ( gBre 2-6<M 9b< &ow will terrain and weather affect the operationM 7nalyze terrain using 87;85. ( gBre 2-64 ENEMY #omposition *his is an analysis of the forces and weapons that the enemy can bring to bear. #etermine what weapons systems they have available, and what additional weapons and units are supporting him. *he enemy$s disposition is how he is arrayed on the terrain, such as in defensive positions, in an assembly area, or moving in march formation. :ercentage strength, and number of :7H Identify recent and significant enemy activities that may indicate future intentions. #etermine positions for reserves and estimated time to counterattack or reinforce. #etermine the enemy$s possible ;87. 7nalyzing these ;87s may ensure that the friendly unit is not surprised during execution.

$isposition

%trength &ecent 0ctivities &einforcement #apa1ilities 4ossi1le #.0s

0bser/at on an! ( e'!s o$ ( re . #etermine locations that provide the best observation and fields of fire along the approaches, near the ob!ective, or on key terrain. *he analysis of fields of fire is mainly concerned with the ability to cover the terrain wi th direct fire. A/enBes o$ A@@roa%&. 7venues of approach are developed next and identified one level down. 7erial and subterranean avenues must also be considered. Bse ( gBre 2-7 for offensive considerations to avenues of approach. ( gBre 2-74 0((ENSI9E +0NSIDERATI0NS .ffensive #onsiderations 5 riendly6 .ffensive #onsiderations 5)nemy6 &ow can these avenues support my movementM (hat are the advantages E disadvantages of eachM 9;onsider enemy, speed, cover, and concealment.< (hat are the likely enemy counterattack routesM &ow can the enemy use these approachesM (hich avenue is most dangerousM 6eastM 9:rioritize each approach.< (hich avenues would support a counterattackM

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+o/er an! +on%ea'"ent. *he analysis of cover and concealment is often inseparable from the fields of fires and observation. (eapon positions must have both to be effective and to be survivable. Infantry units are capable of improving poor cover and concealment by digging in and camouflaging their positions. (hen moving, the terrain is used to provide cover and conc ealment. 0bsta%'es. Identify the existing and reinforcing obstacles and hindering terrain that will affect mobility. :e# Terra n. 5ey terrain is any location or area that the seizure, retention, or control of affords a marked advantage to either combatant. Bsing the map and information already gathered, look for key terrain that dominates avenues of approach or the ob!ective area. 2ext, look for decisive terrain that if held or controlled will have an extraordinary impact on the mission. 9,< 0naly7e #ourses of 0ction 5/ar (ame6. *his analysis is conducted by war gaming the friendly courses of action against the enemy$s most probable courses of action. 9-< #ompare #ourses of 0ction. *he leader compares the ;87s and selects the one that is most likely to accomplish the assigned mission. &e considers the advantages and disadvantages for each ;87. &e also considers how the critical events impact on ;87s. 9.< 2ake a $ecision. *he leader selects the ;87 that he believes has the best chance of accomplishing the mission. d. STE3 7DSTART NE+ESSARY M09EMENT4 *he unit may need to begin movement while the leader is still planning or forward reconnoitering. *his step may occur anytime during the *6:. e. STE3 5DRE+0NN0ITER4 If time allows, the leader makes a personal reconnaissance. (hen time does not allow, the leader must make a map reconnaissance. Sometimes the leader must rely on others 9for example, scouts< to conduct the reconnaissance. f. STE3 6D+0M32ETE THE 32AN4 *he leader completes his plan based on the reconnaissance and any changes in the situation. g. STE3 7DISSUE THE +0M32ETE 0RDER4 :latoon and s uad leaders normally issue oral operation orders to aid subordinates in understanding the concept for the mission. If possible, leaders should issue the order with one or both of the following aidsF within sight of the ob!ective, on the defensive terrain, or on a terrain model or sketch. 6eaders may re uire subordinates to repeat all or part of the order or demonstrate on the model or sketch their understanding of the operation. *hey should also uiz their Rangers to ensure that all Rangers understand the mission. h. STE3 ;DSU3ER9ISE AND RE(INE4 *he leader supervises the unit$s preparation for combat by conducting rehearsals and inspections. 9"< &ehearsals. Rehearsals include the practice of having s uad leaders brief their planned actions in execution se uence to the platoon leader. *he leader should conduct rehearsals on terrain that resembles the actual ground and in similar light conditions. 9a< P rpose0 *he leader uses rehearsals toF D Pra ti e essential tas$s :improve performan e<( D 'eveal weaknesses or problems in the plan. D Coordinate the a tions of su/ordinate elements( D !mprove 'anger understanding of the on ept of the operation :foster onfiden e in 'angers<( 9b< Ti3es and Tas-s0 *he platoon may begin rehearsals of battle drills and other S8: items before the receipt of the operation order. 8nce the order has been issued, it can rehearse mission specific tasks. Some important tasks to rehearse include ? D ) tions on the o/je tive( D )ssaulting a tren h, /un$er, or /uilding( D ) tions at the assault position( D Brea hing o/sta les :mine and "ire<( D 9sing spe ial "eapons or demolitions( D ) tions on une.pe ted enemy onta t( 9c< T2pes0

=ackbrief. A 5ey leaders se uentially brief the actions re uired during operation. A :atrol leader controls. A ;onducted twiceF right after 4R7@8 9confirmation brief< and again after subordinates develop their own plan. Reduced force. A ;onducted when time is key constraint. A ;onducted when security must be maintained. A 5ey leaders normally attend. A Mock ups, sand tables, and small scale replicas used. 4ull force. A Most effective type. A 4irst executed in daylight and open terrain. A Secondly conduct in same conditions as operation. A 7ll Rangers participate. A May use force on force. *echni ues. A 4orce on force. A Map 9limited value and limited number of attendees<. A Radio 9cannot mass leaders? confirms communications<. A Sand table or terrain model 9key leaders? includes all control measures<. A Rehearsal of ;oncept 9R8;< drill 9similar to sand table E terrain model? subordinates actually move themselves<. 9d< Inspe!tions0 S uad leaders should conduct initial inspections shortly after receipt of the warning order. *he platoon sergeant spot checks throughout the unit$s preparation for combat. *he platoon leader and platoon sergeant make a final inspection. *hey should inspect? D Weapons and ammunition( D 9niforms and e@uipment( D &ission essential e uipment. D ,oldierFs understanding of the mission and individual responsi/ilities( D Communi ations( D 'ations and "ater( D Camouflage( D 1efi ien ies noted during earlier inspe tions( 2-24 +0M)AT INTE22I*EN+E4 @athering information is one of the most important aspects of conducting a patrolling operation. *his paragraph details what information to collect and how to report itF a. Re@orts4 7ll information must be uickly, completely, and accurately reported. Bse the S76B*3 report format A( gBre 2-5C for reporting and recording information. ( gBre 2-54 SA2UTE RE30RT (0RMAT SID3 = Seven enemy personnel 7;*ICI*+ = *raveling S( 68;7*I82 = @7"%'),B2I* E B2I48RM = 8# uniforms with red sixApoint star on left shoulder *IM3 = %"1%11>72"1 3IBI:M32* = ;arry one machine gun and one rocket launcher

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b. ( e'! S-et%&es4 *ry to include a sketch with each report. Include only any aspects of military importance such as targets, ob!ectives, obstacles, sector limits, or troop dispositions and locations 9use symbols from (M 1-<2<. Bse 28*3S to explain the drawing, but they should not clutter the sketch. 6eave off personnel, weapons, and e uipment? these items go on the S76B*3 report, not on this one. c. +a@tBre! Do%B"ents4 *he leader collects documents and turns them in with his reports. &e marks each document with the time and place of capture. d. 3r soners4 If prisoners are captured during a patrolling operation, they should be treated I7( the @eneva ;onvention and handled by the , S N * ruleF 9"< %earch 9%< %ilence 9'< %egregate 9)< %afeguard 9,< %peed to rear 9-< Tag e. Debr e$4 Immediately upon return from a mission, the unit is debriefed using the standard 27*8 report format. 2-64 =ARNIN* 0RDER4 7 warning order A=ARN0C gives subordinates advance notice of an upcoming operation. *his gives them time to prepare. 7 warning order is brief but complete. ( gBre 2-6 shows an example format? ( gBre 2-7 shows an example warning order. 28*3F 7 warning order only authorizes execution when it clearly says so. ( gBre 2-64 =ARNIN* 0RDER (0RMAT

=ARNIN* 0RDER

G'oll all, pen ilHpenHpaper, 'IB, map, protra tor, leaders monitor, hold all @uestions till the end( 'eferen esE 'efer to higher head@uarters 0P0'1, and identify map sheet for operation. *ime Done Bsed throughout the 8rderF 98ptional< *ask 8rganizationF 8ptional? see paragraph "c. ". SITUATI0N( -ind this in highers 0P0'1 para 1a:1A'<. a. Area o$ Interest. 8utline the area of interest on the map. 9"< 8rient relative to each point on the compass 92, S, 3, (< 9%< =ox in the entire 78 with grid lines b. Area o$ 0@erat ons4 8utline the area of operation on the map. :oint out the ob!ective and current location of your unit. 9"< *race your Done using boundaries 9%< 4amiliarize by identifying natural 9terrain< and manAmade features in the zone your unit is operating. c. Ene"# (or%es. Include significant changes in enemy composition, dispositions, and courses of action. Information not available for inclusion in the initial (7R28 can be included in subse uent warning orders 9(&8, (&7*, (&3R3<. d. (r en!'# (or%es. 8ptional? address only if essential to the (7R28. 9"< @ive higher commander$s mission 9(&8, (&7*, (&32, (&3R3, (&+<. 9%< State higher commander$s intent( :Iighers Jgo to map/oardK 0P0'1 para 1/J4K<, give task and purpose. 9'< :oint out friendly locations on the map board e. Atta%&"ents an! Deta%&"ents. @ive initial task organization, only address ma!or unit changes, and then go to the map board. %. MISSI0N. State mission twice 9(&8, (&7*, (&32, (&3R3, (&+<. '. E?E+UTI0N. a. +on%e@t o$ 0@erat ons. :rovide as much information as available. *he concept should describe the employment of maneuver elements. @ive general direction, distance, time of travel, mode of travel, and ma!or tasks to be conducted. Bse grids and terrain features. ;over all movements. Specify points where the ground tactical plan starts and stops.

b. Tas-s to SBbor! nate Un ts. :rovide specified tasks to subordinate units. 4ocus on nonAtactical instructions for planning and preparation of the operations order. 6eaders should also include tactical instructions for executing the mission using control, movement, 788 for each element in task organization. :lanning guidance consists of tasks assigned to elements in the form and order of teams, special teams, and key individuals. c. +oor! nat ng InstrB%t ons. Include any information available at that time. If you know it, then at least cover the following itemsF D 9niform and e@uipment common to all. D Consider the fa tors of &>33A*; and tailor the load for each Ranger. D 3imeline( :,tate "hen, "hat, "here, "ho and all spe ified times( 'everse plan( 9se 1H7 A %E' rule<. D *ive spe ifi priorities in order of ompletion( D *ive information about coordination meetings. D 3ime of 0P0'1( D 'ehearsals E Inspections by priority. D >arliest movement time( ). SUSTAINMENT4 Include any known logistics preparation for the operation. a. 6ogistics. 9"< Maintenance. Include weapons and e uipment #H time and location. 9%< *ransportation. State method and mode of transportation for infilEexfil. Identify any coordination needed for external assets. *ask subordinate leader 9if needed< to generate load plan, number of liftsEserials, and bump plan. 9'< Supply. 8nly include classes of supply that re uire coordination or special instructions 9rations, fuel, ammo etc<. b. :ersonnel Services Support. State any pertinent services for Soldiers 9religious services etc<. c. 7rmy &ealth System Support. Identify any medical e uipment, support, or preventative medicine that needs to be coordinated. ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR02. a( Command( ,u ession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be the company ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. @ive subordinate s guidance on tasks to complete for preparation of the 8:8R# and the mission. @ive time, place, and uniform for the 8:8R#. @ive a time hack and ask for uestions. ( gBre 2-74 E?AM32E =ARNIN* 0RDER =ARNIN* 0RDER AS8UADC Roll call, ;amp #arby Special 9;#S< "F,1,111 map, pen, paper, pencil, protractor, Ranger &andbook 9R&=<, hold all @uestions, and 32s monitor tas$ organi#ation( ATM-SE+>)RM-AS2T>H8 SU330RT ". SITUATI0N. 9=RI34<. a. Area o$ Interest4 0rient the &ap :8,,,>,W< 0ur s@uads area of interest is /o.ed in /y the L6 grid line to the north, the 1L grid line to the east, the .. grid line to the south, and the "' grid line to the west. b. Area o$ 0@erat on4 (e will be operating in Done ;. *race Done ; with boundaries. 4amiliarize Done ; with three natural and manAmade features. 8ur ob!ective is located here 9point on map< at @7 ",% .0-, and our current location is here 9point on map< at @7 "0- .01. c. Ene"#4 ' Ws :ara "c9"A'<. #escribe enemy recent locations and activities. (&8M *he 7ragon 6iberation 4ront 9764<. (&7*M 7mbushed an 7;#; patrol (&3R3M @7 ",- /1)

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d. (r en!'#4 ) Ws :ara %. Mission and intent one and two levels up. *ask and purpose of ad!acent patrols. :rovide the big picture concept. 'igher8s 2ission and *ntent 2ission (&8M "st :6*, = ;8. (&7*M 9TaskC ;onduct area ambushes to destroy enemy forces. (&3R3M 8n 8=> =lack 26* '1%'1128C%1"1 (&+M 94urposeC *o prevent the enemy from maintaining control of 8=> =lack. *ntent A4ind, fix, and finish enemy forces in Done ;. A3nemy personnel and e uipment are destroyed A764 resupply denied e. Atta%&"ents > Deta%&"ents4 M@ *M '11,'128C%1"1. %. MISSI0N. ;lear and ;oncise, , Ws, P)') 7, H%, *ask and :urpose "st SI#, "st :6*, = ;8 9#8< conducts a point ambush to !estro# ATAS:C enemy personnel and e uipment on 8=> Red 9@7 ",% .0'< 26* '1%'1128C"1 in order to @re/ent A3UR30SEC the enemy from maintaining control of 8=> Red. '. E?E+UTI0N. a. +on%e@t o$ 0@erat onsF 98rient Rangers to sketch or terrain model<. (e are currently located at ;amp #arby, @7 "0-% .01%. (e will depart ;amp #arby moving generally northwest for -,111 meters. *he movement should take approximately %1 minutes. (e will be travelling by truck to our insertion point, @7 ".- /"%, where we will dismount the trucks. 8ur ground tactical plan will begin when we will move generally southwest for ',111 meters. *he movement should take ' hours as we will be trave lling by foot to our tentative 8R: at @rid @7 ",) .0,. &ere will we finalize the preparing of M, (, and 3. (e will then move generally southwest for )11 meters to our ob!ective at @rid @7 ",% .0'. It will take us '1 minutes to an hour to complete our movement by foot. *he reason for this is stealth on the ob!ective while we occupy our positions. 4rom our ob!ective we will travel generally northwest for ',111 meters, to our linkAup site, @7 ",% /"0. It will take four hours to move by foot since we will be travelling during limited visibility. 8nce complete with linkAup, we will move generally southeast for /,111 meters. *he movement should take approximately '1 minutes as we will be travelling by truck back to ;amp #arby. 8nce back on ;amp #arby we will debrief and prepare to conduct followAon operations. b. Tas-s to SBbor! nate Un ts. 282A*7;*I;76 72# *7;*I;76 I2S*RB;*I82S M3**A*; :lanning @uidanceA *eams E E Special *eams E E 5ey Individuals 9;ontrol?Movement?8b!ective< H8sF %nd in the 88M E E M%)1 will provide supporting fires into the kill zone during 788 E E R*8 will be the recorder en route and during actions on the 8=>. +ou will write :ara , of the SI# 8:8R#, ensure all radios are operational with proper fre uencies loaded, also ensure we enter the net on time. ATMF 7*M will be "st 88M E Responsible for land navigation E 7*M is flank security for 788 E E "A% Ranger 3:( *M E "A% Ranger aid and litter *M E "A% Ranger #3M8 *M E "A% Ranger 8R: clearing *M E %A% Ranger flank security *M for 788 E "A% Ranger 6inkup Security *M E E " S7( gunner to 7SS6* element for 788 E " compass man E " pace man E 7*6 will be the security *M 6#R for 788. +ou are responsible for writing :ara " and 6inkup 7nnex of SI# 8:8R#, draw all sketches 9488M, #7s, =#s, 6inkup, *ruck, 788<, *errain Model, Routes, 4ire Support 8verlay 9sterile and nonAsterile<. )TMF =*M 'rd 88M E =*M is assault for 788 E E "A% man 3:( *M E "A% Ranger aid and litter *M E "A% Ranger #3M8 *M E "A% Ranger SE8 *M E E " @#R to Security *eam for 788 E " compass man E " pace man E =*6 is the assault *6 for 788. +ou are %nd in the chain of command and in charge at all times during my absence. +ou must write :ara ) and the *ruck 7nnex of the SI# 8:8R#, prepare Supply, #H, and 7MM8 6ists, draw and issue all items. 3nsure that everyone does a test fire and that all e uipment is tied down I7( )th R*= S8:. Bpdate the s uad status card and hand receipt.

T2F +ou will update the (7R28 =oard with all the correct information. 7s a task is accomplished, you will line it out. :ost your ;8;, #:, and ># 9Special *eams and 5ey Individuals<. ;ome see me for further guidance at the conclusion of this (arning 8rder. c. +oor! nat ng InstrB%t ons. 9M3**A*;< *ailor the load, per Ranger, no S8:s. 9"< 4acking List( !)W '3Bs seasonal pa $ing list( Write on note ards or paper and read off by item

9%< Time %chedule. =HEN =HAT G1-'1 (arning 8rder 1.11 Initial Inspection G1.'1 R3IA7mmo E Supply G1.), : E BA7mmo E Supply 1.), 7d! Bnit ;oord 1.,1 *est 4ire G1/11 SA% E SA' E 4ires ;oord G1/", 3nter 2et 10'1 S uad 8:8R# "'11 Rehearsal "''1 4inal Inspection G")11 *ruck 6inkup ",11 #epart #arby G",11 Insertion ;omplete "/11 In 8R: G%111 In :osition G%'11 Mission ;omplete G1%11 6inkup ;omplete 1,11 SA% #ebrief

=HERE =ay 7rea =ay 7rea ;8 *8; ;8 *8; S d =ays * E 4 7rea :lt =ay =ay 7rea =ay 7rea =ay 7rea =ay 7rea ;o *oc ;o *oc *=# *=# @7 ",% .0' *=# *=# =n *8;

=H0 7ll 7ll =*6 E R= =*6 E #etail 7*6 E ;M 7ll S6 E R*8 R*8 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll 7ll

( '#" )=" )=" '#" '#"

'#" '#"

9%pecified Times. Use :;< = >;< rule and reverse planning. ). SUSTAINMENT4 a. 6ogistics. 9"< Maintenance. (eapons and e uipment #H will be at 1.11 in the company ;:. 9%< *ransportation. Method of transportation for infill will be B&A-1, and foot for exfil. =ravo team leader will generate the load plan, bump plan, and number of chalksElifts. 9'< Supply.

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9a< ;6I. 3ach man will have two MR3s and six uarts of water for the operation. 9b< ;6C. =ravo team leader will draw enough ammunition for each man to carry a basic load I7( the s uad S8:. 93xample S uad 7mmunition S8:<

b. :ersonnel Services Support. Religious services will be held at the 1/11 in the chapel. c. 7rmy &ealth System Support. 7lpha team leader, coordinate for one additional ;6S bag. ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR02. a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. *he patrol leader will be located in the s uad bay during phase I 9Mission :reparation<. 6ocation of patrol leader for all other phases will be briefed in the 8:8R#. :4< ,u ession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units ,0P( ,2, B32, )32, '30( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. *he platoon ;: is located at @7 "-- /1., and the company ;: is located at @7 "0- .01. 9%< Reports. :ertinent reports will be covered in the 8:8R#. c. Signal. :1< 3he /attalion "ill /e operating on 77(55; ,CHP3, Call sign %1ar/y 76 :4< 0ur s@uad fre@uen y is 77(;;; ,CHP3, Call sign %Bravo 0ne 0ne 9'< 7ll other signals such as fre uencies, call signs, challenges and passwords will be given during the 8:8R#. G7dditional @uidanceF ". @ive subordinates additional guidance on tasks to complete for preparation of the 8:8R# and the mission %. @ive time, place and uniform of the 8:8R# '. @ive a time hack and ask for uestions 2-74 03ERATI0N 0RDER4 7n operation order 98:8R#< is a directive issued by a leader to his subordinates in order to effect the coordinated execution of a specific operation. 7 five paragraph format 9example shown in ( gBre 2-;< is used to organize the briefing, to ensure completeness, and to help subordinate leaders understand and follow the order. Bse a terrain model or ske tch along with a map to explain the order. (hen possible, such as in the defense, give the order while ob serving the ob!ective. *he platoonE s uad leader briefs his 8:8R# orally off 28*3S that follow the five paragraph format. =efore the issuance of the 8:8 R#, the leader ensures that the following resources are in placeF pencil, pen, paper, R&=, map, protract or( 2eaders monitor subordinates. *hen he calls roll and says, O:lease hold all uestions till the end.O

( gBre 2-;4 E?AM32E S8UAD 030RD (0RMAT 03ERATI0N 0RDER J:lans and orders normally contain a code name and are numbered consecutively within a cale ndar year.K ReferencesF *he heading of the plan or order lists maps, charts, data, or other documents the unit will need to understand th e plan or order. *he user need not reference the S8:, but may refer to the S8: in the body of the plan or order. &e refers to a map by map series number 9and country or geographic area, if re uired<, sheet number and name, edition, and scale, if re uired. O#at umO refers to the mathematical model of the earth that applies to the coordinates on a particular map. It is use d to determine coordinates. #ifferent nations use different datum for printing coordinates on their maps. *he datum is usually referenced in the marginal information of each map. T "e ,one Bse! t&roBg&oBt t&e or!erF If the operation will take place in one time zone, use that time zone throughout the order 9including annexes and appendixes<. If the operation spans several time zones, use Dulu time. Tas- organ ,at onF #escribe the allocation of forces to support the commander$s concept. +ou may show ta sk organization in one of two placesF just a1ove paragraph :! or in an anne?, if the task organization is long or complex. D @o to the map. D 7pply the 0r ent, )oG, Tra%e, and (a" ' ar ,e techni ue to 9only< the areas the unit is moving through. 9@et this info from the platoon 8:8R#.< D #etermine the effects of seasonal vegetation within the 78. ". SITUATI0N. a. 7rea of Interest. #escribe the area of interest or areas outside of your area of operation that can influence your area of operation. b. 7rea of 8perations. #escribe the area of operations. Refer to the appropriate map and use overlays as needed. 9"< Terra nF Bsing the 8758; format, state how the terrain will affect both friendly and enemy forces in the 78. Bse the 8758; from highers 8:8R#. Refine it based on your analysis of the terrain in the 78. 4ollow these steps to brief terrain. 9%< =eat&er4 #escribe the aspects of weather that impact operations. ;onsider the five military aspects of weather to drive your analysis 9C,(,*,;,:A Cisibility, (inds, *emperatureE&umidity, ;loud ;over, :recipitation< *emp &igh Sunrise Moonrise *emp 6ow Sunset Moonset (ind Speed =M2* Moonphase (ind #irection 332* :ercent Illumination 4 T"is is t"e in5or3ation t"e s6 ad #eader re!ei7ed 5ro3 t"e p#atoon OPORD0 c. Ene"# (or%es( 3he enemy situation in higher head@uarters 0P0'1 :paragrap h "c< forms the basis for this. Refine it by adding the detail your su/ordinates re@uire( D Point o t on the map the location of recent enemy activity known and suspected. :1< ,tate the enemys composition! disposition! and strength. 9%< #escribe his recent activities. 9'< #escribe his known or suspected locations and capa1ilities. 9)< #escribe the enemy$s most likely and most dangerous course of action. d. (r en!'# (or%es. @et this information from paragraphs "d, 4, and 7 of the higher head@uarters 0P0'1( 9"< Iigher Iead@uarters &ission and !ntent 9a< &igher &ead uarters *wo 6evels Bp " MissionA State the 3ission of the &igher Bnit 98 #e7e#s p<. % IntentA State intent % levels up. 9b< &igher &ead uarters 8ne 6evel Bp " MissionA State the 3ission of the &igher Bnit 91 #e7e# p<. % IntentA State intent " levels up.

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9%< Mission of 7d!acent Bnits. State #o!ations o5 nits to the left, right, front, and rear( ,tate those units tas-s and p rposes? and say how those units will in5# en!e yours, particularly ad!acent unit patrols. a. Show other units locations on map board. b. Include statements about the in5# en!e ea!" o5 t"e a9o7e patro#s will have on your mission, if any. c. 0/tain this information from highers 8:8R#. It gives each leader an idea of what other units are doing and where they are going. *his information is in paragraph 'b9"< 93xecution, ;oncept of the 8peration, Scheme of Movement and Maneuver<. d. 7lso include any information obtained when the leader conducts ad!acent unit coordination. e. Atta%&"ents an! Deta%&"ents. 7void repeating information already listed in *ask 8rganization. *ry to put all information in the *ask 8rganization. &owever, when not in the *ask 8rganization, list units that are attached or detached to the head uarters that issues the order. State when attachment or detachment will be in effect, if that differs from when the 8:8R# is in effec t such as on order or on ommitment of the reserve( 9se the term %remains atta hed "hen units "ill /e or have /een atta hed for some time. %. MISSI0N. State the mission derived during the planning process. 7 mission statement has no subparagraphs. 7nswer the , ($sF (hoM (hat 9task<M (hereM (henM and (hy 9purpose<M D ,tate the " ss on clearly and concisely. Read it twice. D *o to map and point out the e.a t 'o%at on o$ t&e 0)H and the Bn t5s @resent 'o%at on '. E?E+UTI0N a. +o""an!er5s Intent4 ,tate the ommanders intent "hi h is his lear, on ise statement of "hat the for e must do and the conditions the force must establish with respect to the enemy, terrain, and civil considerations that represent the desired e nd state. b. +on%e@t o$ 0@erat ons. (rite a clear, concise concept statement. #escribe how the unit will accomplish its mission from start to finish. =ase the number of subparagraphs, if any, on what the leader considers appropriate, the level of leadership, and the complexity of the operation. *he following subparagraphs from (M 5-< show what might be re uired within the concept of the operation. 3nsure that you state the purpose of the war fighting functions within the concept of the operation 94igure "<. ( gBre 14 =AR(I*HTIN* (UN+TI0NS 4ire support Movement and Maneuver :rotection ;ommand and ;ontrol Intelligence Sustainment 9formerly called O;SSO< c. S%&e"e o$ Mo/e"ent an! ManeB/er. #escribe the employment of maneuver units in accordance with the concept of operations. )ddress su/ordinate units and atta hments /y name( ,tate ea h ones mission as a tas$ and purpose( >nsure that the su/ordinate units missions support that of the main effort( -o us on a tions on the o/je tive( !n lude a detailed plan and criteria for engagement E disengagement, an alternate plan in case of compromise or unplanned enemy force movement, and a withdrawal plan. *he brief is to be se uential, taking you from start to finish, covering all aspects of the operation. D =rief from the start of your operation, to mission complete. D ;over all routes, primary and alternate, from insertion, through 788, to linkAup, until mission complete. D =rief your plan for crossing known danger areas. D =rief your plan for reacting to enemy contact. D =rief any approved targetsE;;:s as you brief your routes.

d. Scheme of ires. State scheme of fires to support the overall concept and state who 9which maneuver unit< has priority of fire. +ou can use the :68*A;R format 9purpose, location, observer, trigger, communication method, resources< to plan fires. Refer to the target list worksheet and overlay here, if applicable. #iscuss specific targets and point them out on the terrain mode l 9;hapter ', 4ire Support<. e. #asualty )vacuation. :rovide a detailed ;7S3C7; plan during each phase of the operation. Include ;;: locations, tentative extraction points, and methods of extraction. f. Tas-s to SBbor! nate Un ts. ;learly state the missions or tasks for each subordinate unit that reports directly to the head uarters issuing the order. 6ist the units in the task organization, including reserves. Bse a separate subparagraph for each subordinate unit. State only the tasks needed for comprehension, clarity, and emphasis. :lace tactical tasks that affect two or more units in ;oordinating Instructions 9subparagraph 'h<. :latoon leaders may task their subordinate s uads to provide any of the following special teamsF reconnaissance and security, assault, support, aid and litter, 3:( and search, clearing, and demolit ions. +ou may also include detailed instructions for the platoon sergeant, R*8, compassAman, and paceAman. h. +oor! nat ng InstrB%t ons. *his is always the last subparagraph under paragraph '. 6ist only the instructions that apply to two or more units, and which are seldom covered in unit S8:s. Refer the user to an annex for more complex instructions. *he information listed below is re uired. 9"< T "e S%&e!B'e. State time, place, uniform, and priority of rehearsals, backbriefs, inspections, and movement. 9%< +o""an!er1s +r t %a' In$or"at on ReEB re"ents. Include :IR and 44IR 9a< 3r or t# nte'' gen%e reEB re"ents. :IR includes all intelligence that the commander must have for planning and decision making. 9b< (r en!'# $or%e n$or"at on reEB re"ents. 44IR include what the commander needs to know about friendly forces available for the operation. It can include personnel status, ammunition status, and leadership capabilities. 9'< Essent a' e'e"ents o$ $r en!'# n$or"at on . 334I are critical aspects of friendly operations that, if known by the enemy, would compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation. 9)< R s--Re!B%t on +ontro' MeasBres. *hese are measures uni ue to the operation. *hey supplement the unit S8: and can include missionAoriented protective posture, operational exposure guidance, vehicle recognition signals, and fratricide prevention measures. 9,< RB'es o$ Engage"ent 9R83<. 9-< En/ ron"enta' +ons !erat ons. 9.< (or%e 3rote%t on. 74 SUSTAINMENT4 #escribe the concept of sustainment to include logistics, personnel, and medical. a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. Include current and proposed company trains locations, ;;:s 9include marking method<, e uipment collection points, &6Ds, 7H:s, and any friendly sustainment locations 948=s, ;8:s etc<. 9%< Maintenance. Include weapons and e uipment #H time and location. 9'< *ransportation. State method and mode of transportation for infilEexfil, load plan, number of liftsEserials, bump plan, recovery assets, recovery plan. 9)< Supply. ;lass IAARations plan. ;lass IIIAA:etroleum. ;lass CAA7mmunition. ;lass CIIAAMa!or end items. ;lass CIIIAAMedical. ;lass IHAARepair parts. #istribution Methods. 9,< 4ield Services. Include any services provided or re uired 9laundry, showers etc<. b. :ersonnel Services Support. 9"< Method of marking and handling 3:(s. 9%< Religious Services.

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c. 7rmy &ealth System Support. 9"< Medical ;ommand and ;ontrol. Include location of medics, identify medical leadership, personnel controlling medics, and method of marking patients. 9%< Medical *reatment. State how wounded or in!ured Soldiers will be treated 9self aid, buddy aid, ;6S, 3M* etc<. 9'< Medical 3vacuation. #escribe how dead or wounded, friendly and enemy personnel will be evacuated and identify aid and litter teams. Include special e uipment needed for evacuation. 9)< :reventive Medicine. Identify any preventive medicine Soldiers may need for the mission 9sun block, chap stick, insect repellant, inAcountry specific medicine<. 54 +0MMAND AND +0NTR024 State :"ere !o33and and !ontro# 5a!i#ities and -e2 #eaders are #o!ated d ring t"e operation0 a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. 9%< Su ession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be the company ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< Identify the %.* inde? that is in effect 9%< Identify methods of communication 1y priority 9'< #escribe pyrotechnics and signals, to include arm and hand signals 9demonstrate< 9)< @ive code words such as 8:S53#s 9,< @ive challenge and password 9use behind friendly lines< 9-< @ive num1er com1ination 9use forward of friendly lines< 9.< @ive running password 9/< @ive recognition signals 9nearE far and dayE night< GA%t ons a$ter IssBan%e o$ 030RDF A*ssue anne?es A'ighlight ne?t hard time A(ive time hack A0%- for +uestions 2-54 (RA*MENTARY 0RDER4 7 4R7@8 is an abbreviated form of an operation order, usually issued daily, which eliminates the need for restating portions of the 8:8R#. It is issued after an 8:8R# to change or modify that order or to execute a bran ch or se uel to that order. ( gBre 2-1< shows an annotated 4R7@8 format. ( gBre 2-1<4 ANN0TATED (RA*0 (0RMAT (RA*MENTARY 0RDER Ti3e *one re5eren!ed t"ro g"o t order; Tas- Organi<ation; 14 SITUATI0N JBrief changes from base OPORD specific to this days operation K a. 7rea of Interest. State any changes to the area of interest. b. 7rea of 8perations. State any changes to the area of operations. 9"<*errain J$ote an2 !"anges t"at :i## e55e!t operation in ne: area o5 operations KF8bservationE4ields of 4ire, ;over and ;oncealment, 8bstacles, 5ey *errain, and 7venues of 7pproach

9%< Weat"er and +ig"t Data; &ighF =M2*F MoonriseF 6owF SunriseF MoonsetF (ind SpeedF SunsetF P IllumF (ind #irectionF 332*F 4orecastF c. Ene"#4 9"< ;omposition, disposition and strength. 9%< ;apabilities. 9'< Recent activities. 9)< Most likely ;87. d. (r en!'#4 9"< &igher mission. 9%< 7d!acent patrols taskEpurpose. 9'< 7d!acent patrol ob!ectiveEroute 9if known<. 24 MISSI0N 9(ho, what JtaskK, when, where, why JpurposeK?from higher &I maneuver paragraph<. 64 E?E+UTI0N a. +o""an!er5s Intent4 !n lude any hanges or state %8o Change( b. +on%e@t o$ 0@erat ons( !n lude any hanges or state %8o Change( c. S%&e"e o$ Mo/e"ent an! ManeB/er( !n lude any hanges or state %8o Change( d. S%&e"e o$ ( res4 !n lude any hanges or state %8o Change( e. +asBa't# E/a%Bat on. !n lude any hanges or state %8o Change( f. Tas-s to SBbor! nate Un ts( !n lude any hanges or state %8o Change( h. +oor! nat ng InstrB%t ons. !n lude any hanges or state %8o Change( 9"< T "e S%&e!B'e. 9%< +o""an!er1s +r t %a' In$or"at on ReEB re"ents. 9a< 3r or t# nte'' gen%e reEB re"ents. 9b< (r en!'# $or%e n$or"at on reEB re"ents. 9'< Essent a' e'e"ents o$ $r en!'# n$or"at on . 9)< R s--Re!B%t on +ontro' MeasBres. 9,< RB'es o$ Engage"ent 9R83<. 9-< En/ ron"enta' +ons !erat ons. 9.< (or%e 3rote%t on. 74 SUSTAINMENT4 8nly cover changes from base order = use standard format and items that have not changed should be briefed %no hange( a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. 9%< Maintenance. 9'< *ransportation. 9)< Supply. ;lass IF

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;lass IIIF ;lass CF ;lass CIIF ;lass CIIIF ;lass IHF #istribution MethodsF 9,< 4ield Services. b. :ersonnel Services Support. 9"< Method of marking and handling 3:(s. 9%< Religious Services. c. 7rmy &ealth System Support. 9"< Medical ;ommand and ;ontrol. 9%< Medical *reatment. 9'< Medical 3vacuation. 9)< :reventive Medicine. 54 +0MMAND AND +0NTR024 8nly brief changes to base order. If there are changes state where command and control facilities and key leaders are located during the operation. a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. :4< ,u ession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be the company ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< Identify the %.* inde? that is in effect 9%< Identify methods of communication 1y priority 9'< #escribe pyrotechnics and signals, to include arm and hand signals 9demonstrate< 9)< @ive code words such as 8:S53#s 9,< @ive challenge and password 9use behind friendly lines< 9-< @ive num1er com1ination 9use forward of friendly lines< 9.< @ive running password 9/< @ive recognition signals 9nearE far and dayE night< G4ield 4R7@8 @uidanceF ". *he field 4R7@8 should take no more than )1 minutes to issue, with '1 minutes for the target. *he proposed planning guide is as followsF a. :aragraphs " and %F , minutes b. :aragraph 'F %1 to '1 minutes c. :aragraphs ) and ,F , minutes %. *he 4R7@8 should focus on actions on the ob!ective. *he :6 may use subordinates to prepare para ", ), , and routes and fir es for the 4R7@8. It is acceptable for subordinates to brief the portions of the 4R7@8 they prepare. '. Bse of sketches and a terrain model are critical to allow rapid understanding of the operationE4R7@8. ). Rehearsals are critical as elements of the constrained planning model. *he 4R7@8 used with effective rehearsals reduces preparation time and allows the :6 more time for movement and recon. ,. :lanning in a field environment will necessarily reduce the amount of time leaders have for in Adepth mission planning. *he *6: give leaders a framework to plan missions and produce orders when time is short.

2-64 ANNE?ES4 8peration order annexes are issued after an 8:8R# only if more information is needed about truck movement, air assault, patrol bases, small boats, linkups, or stream crossings, for example. =revity is standard. 7nnexes are always is sued after the operation order. ( gBre 2-11 shows example formats for some types of annexes. ( gBre 2-114 E?AM32E ANNE? (0RMATS AIR M09EMENT ANNE? ". SITUATI0N. a. Ene"#. 9"< 3nemy air capability. 9%< 3nemy 7#7 capability. 9'< Include in (eatherF P Illum, Illum angle, 2C@ (indow, ;eiling and Cisibility. %. MISSI0N. '. E?E+UTI0N. a. +on%e@t o$ 0@erat ons. b. Tas-s to SBbor! nate Un ts. c. +oor! nat ng nstrB%t ons. 9"< :ickup Done. 9a< 2ameE2umber. 9b< ;oordinates. 9c< 6oad *ime. 9d< *akeoff *ime. 9e< Markings. 9f< ;ontrol. 9g< 6anding 4ormation. 9h< 7pproachE#eparture #irection. 9i< 7lternate :D 2ameE2umber. 9!< :enetration :oints. 9k< 3xtraction :oints. 9%< 6anding Done. 9a< 2ameE2umber. 9b< ;oordinates. 9c< &A&our. 9d< Markings. 9e< ;ontrol. 9f< 6anding 4ormationE#irection. 9g< 7lt 6D 2ameE2umber. 9h< #eception :lan. 9i< 3xtraction 6D. 9'< 6aager Site. 9a< ;ommunications. 9b< Security 4orce. 9)< 4light Routes and 7lternates. 9,< 7bort ;riteria. 9-< #own 7ircraftE;rew 9#esignated 7rea of Recovery 9#7R<. 9.< Special Instructions. 9/< ;rossA468* ;onsiderations. 90< 7ircraft Speed. 9"1< 7ircraft 7ltitude. 9""< 7ircraft ;rank *ime. 9"%< Rehearsal ScheduleE:lan.

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9"'< 7ctions on 3nemy ;ontact 93nroute and on the @round<. 74 SUSTAINMENT4 a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. Include forward area refuelErearm points. 9%< Maintenance. Specific to aircraft. 9'< *ransportation. 9)< Supply. ;lass IF ;lass IIIF ;lass CF ;lass CIIF ;lass CIIIF ;lass IHF #istribution MethodsF ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR02. a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. :4< ,u ession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units S8:. b. ;ontrol. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< 7irEground call signs and fre uencies. 9%< 7irEground emergency code. 9'< :asswordsEnumber combinations. 9)< 4ire netEIuickfire net. 9,< *ime zone. 9-< *ime hack. 3ATR02 )ASE ANNE? ". SITUATI0N a. 3nemy 4orces b. 4riendly 4orces c. 7ttachments and #etachments %. MISSI0N. '. E?E+UTI0N. a. +on%e@t o$ 0@erat ons. b. Scheme of Movement and Maneuver. c. Scheme of 4ires. d. Tas-s to SBbor! nate Un ts. 9"< Teams. D ,e urity( D 'e on( D ,urveillan e( D 2PH0Ps( 9%< *ndividuals.

e. +oor! nat ng nstrB%t ons4 9"< 8ccupation plan. 9%< 8perations plan. D ,e urity Plan( D )lert Plan( D Priority of "or$( D >va uation plan( D )lternate patrol /ase :used "hen primary is unsuita/le or ompromised<( 74 SUSTAINMENT4 8nly brief specifics not covered in base order. a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. Include water plan, maintenance plan, hygiene plan, rations plan, and rest plan. 9%< Maintenance. 9'< *ransportation. 9)< Supply. ;lass IF ;lass IIIF ;lass CF ;lass CIIF ;lass CIIIF ;lass IHF #istribution MethodsF 9,< 4ield Services. b. :ersonnel Services Support. 9"< Method of marking and handling 3:(s. 9%< Religious Services. c. 7rmy &ealth System Support. 9"< Medical ;ommand and ;ontrol. 9%< Medical *reatment. 9'< Medical 3vacuation. 9)< :reventive Medicine. ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR024 a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. 9%< Succession of ;ommand. State the succession of command if not covered in the units ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be t he company ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< Identify the %.* inde? that is in effect 9%< Identify methods of communication 1y priority 9'< #escribe pyrotechnics and signals, to include arm and hand signals 9demonstrate< 9)< @ive code words such as 8:S53#s 9,< @ive challenge and password 9use behind friendly lines< 9-< @ive num1er com1ination 9use forward of friendly lines< 9.< @ive running password 9/< @ive recognition signals 9nearE far and dayE night<

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SMA22 )0AT ANNE? ". SITUATI0N. a4 Area o$ 0@erat ons4 A1C*errain. 9a< River width. 9b< River depth and water temperature. 9c< ;urrent. 9d< Cegetation. 9%<(eather. 9a< *ide. 9b< Surf. 9c< (ind. b. Ene"# (or%es. State any changesEadditions to identification, location, activity, and strength. c. (r en!'# (or%es ABn t $Brn s& ng sB@@ortC. d. Atta%&"ents an! Deta%&"ents. e. 0rgan ,at on $or Mo/e"ent. %. MISSI0N. '. E?E+UTI0N. a. ;oncept of 8perations. b. Scheme of Movement and Maneuver. c. Scheme of 4ires. d. *asks to Subordinate Bnits. 9"< Security. 9%< *ieAdown teams. 9a< 6oad e uipment. 9b< Secure e uipment. 9'< #esignation of coxswains and boat commanders. 9)< Selection of navigator9s< and observer9s<. e. ;oordinating Instructions. 9"< 4ormations and order of movement. 9%< Route and alternate route. 9'< Method of navigation. 9)< 7ctions on enemy contact. 9,< Rally points. 9-< 3mbarkation plan. 9.< #ebarkation plan. 9/< Rehearsals. 90< *ime schedule. 74 SUSTAINMENT4 8nly brief specifics not covered in base order. a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. 9%< Maintenance. 9'< *ransportation. Include disposition of boats, paddles, and life !ackets upon debarkation. 9)< Supply. ;lass IF ;lass IIIF ;lass CF

;lass CIIF ;lass CIIIF ;lass IHF #istribution MethodsF Include method of distribution of paddles and life !ackets. ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR02. a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. :4< ,u ession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be the company ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< Identify the %.* inde? that is in effect 9%< Identify methods of communication 1y priority 9'< #escribe pyrotechnics and signals, to include arm and hand signals 9demonstrate< 9)< @ive code words such as 8:S53#s 9,< @ive challenge and password 9use behind friendly lines< 9-< @ive num1er com1ination 9use forward of friendly lines< 9.< @ive running password 9/< @ive recognition signals 9nearE far and dayE night< STREAM +R0SSIN* ANNE? ". SITUATI0N. a. 7rea of 8perations. 9"< *errain. 9a< River width. 9b< River depth and water temperature. 9c< ;urrent. 9d< Cegetation. 9e< 8bstacles. 9%< (eather. b. 3nemy 4orces. 3nemy 9location, identification, activity<. c. 4riendly 4orces. d. 7ttachments and #etachments. %. MISSI0N4 '. E?E+UTI0N4 a. ;oncept of 8perations. b. Scheme of Movement and Maneuver. c. Scheme of 4ires. d. *asks to Subordinate Bnits. 9"< 3lements. 9%< *eams. 9'< Individuals. e. ;oordinating Instructions. 9"< ;rossing procedureEtechni ues.

4 C 41

9%< Security. 9'< 8rder of crossing. 9)< 7ctions on enemy contact. 9,< 7lternate plan. 9-< Rallying points. 9.< Rehearsal plan. 9/< *ime schedule. 74 SUSTAINMENT4 8nly brief specifics not covered in base order. a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. 9%< Maintenance. 9'< *ransportation. 9)< Supply. ;lass IF ;lass IIIF ;lass CF ;lass CIIF ;lass CIIIF ;lass IHF #istribution MethodsF ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR02. a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. 9%< Succession of ;ommand. State the succession of command if not covered in the unit s ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be the co mpany ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< Identify the %.* inde? that is in effect 9%< Identify methods of communication 1y priority 9'< #escribe pyrotechnics and signals, to include arm and hand signals 9demonstrate< 9)< @ive code words such as 8:S53#s 9,< @ive challenge and password 9use behind friendly lines< 9-< @ive num1er com1ination 9use forward of friendly lines< 9.< @ive running password 9/< @ive recognition signals 9nearE far and dayE night< TRU+: ANNE? ". SITUATI0N4 a. 3nemy. b. 4riendly. c. 7ttachments and #etachments. %. MISSI0N4 '. E?E+UTI0N4 a. ;oncept of 8perations. b. Scheme of Movement and Maneuver.

c. Scheme of 4ires. d. *asks to Subordinate Bnits. e. ;oordinating Instructions. 9"< *imes of departure and return. 9%< 6oading plan and order of movement. 9'< Route 9primary and alternate<. 9)< 7ir guards. 9,< 7ctions on enemy contact 9vehicle ambush< during movement, loading, and downloading. 9-< 7ctions at the detrucking point. 9.< Rehearsals. 9/< Cehicle speed, separation, and recovery plan. 90< =roken vehicle instructions. 74 SUSTAINMENT4 8nly brief specifics not covered in base order. a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. 9%< Maintenance. 9'< *ransportation. 9)< Supply. ;lass IF ;lass IIIF ;lass CF ;lass CIIF ;lass CIIIF ;lass IHF #istribution MethodsF 9,< 4ield Services. b. :ersonnel Services Support. 9"< Method of marking and handling 3:(s. 9%< Religious Services. c. 7rmy &ealth System Support. 9"< Medical ;ommand and ;ontrol. 9%< Medical *reatment. 9'< Medical 3vacuation. 9)< :reventive Medicine. ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR02. a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. :4< ,u ession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be the company ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< Identify the %.* inde? that is in effect 9%< Identify methods of communication 1y priority 9'< #escribe pyrotechnics and signals, to include arm and hand signals 9demonstrate< 9)< @ive code words such as 8:S53#s

4 C 47

9,< @ive challenge and password 9use behind friendly lines< 9-< @ive num1er com1ination 9use forward of friendly lines< 9.< @ive running password 9/< @ive recognition signals 9nearE far and dayE night< 2-74 +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2ISTS4 *he checklists shown in ( gBre 2-12 include items that a platoonEs uad leader must check when planning for a combat operation. In some cases, he coordinates directly with the appropriate staff section. In most case s, the company commanderE platoon leader provides this information. *he platoonE s uad leader can carry copies of these checklists to keep him from overlooking anything that may be vital to the mission. ( gBre 2-124 +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2ISTS INTE22I*EN+E +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2IST *he unit one level higher constantly updates intelligence. *his ensures that the platoon leader$s plan reflects the most recent enemy activity. ". Identification of enemy unit. %. (eather and light data. '. *errain update. a. 7erial photos. b. *rails and obstacles not on map. ). 5nown or suspected enemy locations. ,. (eapons. -. :robable course of action. .. Recent enemy activities. /. Reaction time of reaction forces. 0. ;ivilians on the battlefield. "1. Bpdate to ;;IR. 03ERATI0NS +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2IST *he platoonE s uad leader coordinates with the company commanderE platoon leader to confirm the mission and operational plan, receive last minute changes, and either update subordinates in person or issue a 4R7@8F ". Mission backbrief. %. Identification of friendly units. '. ;hanges in the friendly situation. ). Route selection, 6DE :DE #D selection. ,. 6inkup procedures. a. ;ontingencies b. IR4 c. IR4 4re uency -. *ransportationEmovement plan. .. Resupply 9with SA)<. /. Signal plan. 0. #eparture and reentry of forward units. "1. Special e uipment re uirements. "". 7d!acent units in the area of operations. "%. Rehearsal areas. "'. Method of insertionEextraction.

(IRE SU330RT +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2IST *he platoonEs uad leader coordinates the following with the forward observer 948<F ". Mission backbrief. %. Identification of supporting unit. '. Mission and ob!ective. ). Route to and from the ob!ective 9include alternate routes<. ,. *ime of departure and expected time of return. -. Bnit target list 9from fire plan<. .. *ype of available support 9artillery, mortar, naval gunfire and aerial support, to include 7rmy, 2avy and 7ir 4orce< and their locations. /. 7mmunition available 9to include different fuses<. 0. :riority of fires. "1. ;ontrol measures. a. ;heckpoints. b. =oundaries. c. :hase lines. d. 4ire support coordination measures. e. :riority targets 9target list<. f. R47 9restrictive fire area<. g. R46 9restrictive fire line<. h. 247 9noAfire area<. i. :recoordinated authentication. "". ;ommunication 9include primary and alternate means, emergency signals and code words<. +00RDINATI0N =ITH (0R=ARD UNIT +HE+:2IST ) platoonH s@uad that re@uires foot movement through a friendly for"ard unit must oordinate "ith that units ommander for a safe and orderly passage. If no time and place has been designated for coordination with the forward unit, the platoonEs uad leader should set a time and place to coordinate with the SA'. &e must talk with someone at the forward unit who has the authority to commit the forward unit to assist the platoonE s uad during departure. ;oordination is a twoAway exchange of informationF ". Identification 9yourself and your unit<. %. Size of platoonEs uad. '. *ime9s< and place9s< of departure and return, location9s< of departure point9s<, 3RR:, and deAtrucking points. ). @eneral area of operations. ,. Information on terrain and vegetation. -. 5nown or suspected enemy positions or obstacles. .. :ossible enemy ambush sites. /. 6atest enemy activity. 0. #etailed information on friendly positions such as crewAserved weapons, 4:4. "1. 4ire and barrier plan. a. Support the unit can furnish. &ow long and what can they doM 9"< 4ire support. 9%< 6itter teams. 9'< 2avigational signals and aids. 9)< @uides. 9,< ;ommunications. 9-< Reaction units. 9.< 8ther. b. ;all signs and fre uencies. c. :yrotechnic plan.

4 C 45

d. ;hallenge and password, running password, number combination. e. 3mergency signals and code words. f. If the unit is relieved, pass the information to the relieving unit. g. Recognition signals. ADHA+ENT UNIT +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2IST Immediately after the 8:8R# or mission briefing, the platoonEs uad leader should check with other platoonEs uad leaders who w ill be operating in the same areas. If the leader is unaware of any other units operating is his area, he should check with the SA' during the operations coordination. *he SA' can help arrange this coordination if necessary. *he platoonEs uad leaders should exchange the following information with other units operating in the same areaF ". Identification of the unit. %. Mission and size of unit. '. :lanned times and points of departure and reentry. ). Route9s<. ,. 4ire support and control measures. -. 4re uencies and call signs. .. ;hallenge and password, running password, number combination. /. :yrotechnic plan. 0. 7ny information that the unit may have about the enemy. "1. Recognition signals. REHEARSA2 AREA +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2IST *he assistant patrol leader coordinates the use of the rehearsal area to fa ilitate the units safe, effi ient, and effe tive use of the rehearsal area before its missionF ". Identification of your unit. %. Mission. '. *errain similar to ob!ective site. ). Security of the area. ,. 7vailability of aggressors. -. Bse of blanks, pyrotechnics, and ammunition. .. MockAups available. /. *ime the area is available 9preferably when light conditions approximate light conditions of patrol<. 0. *ransportation. "1. ;oordination with other units using the area. ARMY A9IATI0N +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2IST *he patrol leader coordinates this with the company commander or SA' 7ir to facilitate the time and detailed and effective use of aviation assets as they apply to the tactical missionF ". SITUATI0N. a. Ene"#. 9"< 7ir capability. 9%< 7#7 capability. 9'< Include in (eatherF :ercent Illum, Illum angle, 2C@ (indow, ;eiling, and Cisibility. b. (r en!'#. 9"< Bnit9s< supporting operation, 7xis of movementEcorridorEroutes. 9%< 7#7 status. %. MISSI0N. '. E?E+UTI0N. a. +on%e@t o$ t&e 0@erat on. 8verview of what re uesting unit wants to accomplish with the air assaultE air movement.

b. Tas-s to +o"bat Un ts. 9"< Infantry. 9%< 7ttack aviation. c . Tas-s to +o"bat SB@@ort Un ts. 9"< 7rtillery. 9%< 7viation 9lift<. d. +oor! nat ng InstrB%t ons. 9"< :ickup Done. D 1ire tion of landing( D 3ime of landingH flight dire tion( D 2o ations of PM and alternate PM( D 2oading pro edures( D &ar$ing of PM :panel, smo$e, ,&, lights<( D -light route planned :,P, )CP, 'P<( D -ormationsE PM, en route, 6D. D Code "ordsE AA :D secure 9before landing<, :D clear 9lead bird and last bird<. AA 7lternate :D 9at :D, en route, 6D<, names of :DE alt :D. D 3)C airH artillery( D 8um/er of pa. per /ird and for entire lift( D >@uipment arried /y individuals. D &ar$ing of $ey leaders( D )/ort riteria :PM, en route, 2M<( 9%< 6anding Done. D 1ire tion of landing( D -alse insertion plans( D 3ime of landing :2M time<( D 2o ations of 2M and )23 2M( D &ar$ing of 2M :panel, smo$e, ,&, lights<( D -ormation of landing. D Code "ords, 2M name, alternate 2M name(D 3)C airH artillery preparation, fire support oordination( D ,e ure 2M or notN 74 SUSTAINMENT4 8nly brief specifics not covered in base order to include number of aircraft per lift and number of lifts, whether the aircraft will refuelErearm during mission, special e uipment carried by personnel, aircraft configuration, and bump plan. a. 6ogistics. 9"< Sustainment 8verlay. 9%< Maintenance. 9'< *ransportation. 9)< Supply. ;lass IF ;lass IIIF ;lass CF ;lass CIIF ;lass CIIIF ;lass IHF #istribution MethodsF 9,< 4ield Services. b. :ersonnel Services Support.

4 C 47

9"< Method of marking and handling 3:(s. 9%< Religious Services. c. 7rmy &ealth System Support. 9"< Medical ;ommand and ;ontrol. 9%< Medical *reatment. 9'< Medical 3vacuation. 9)< :reventive Medicine. ,. +0MMAND AND +0NTR02. a. ;ommand. 9"< 6ocation of ;ommanderE:atrol 6eader. State where the commander intends to be during the operation, by phase if the operation is phased. 7lso include locations of air missions commander, ground tactical commander and air assault task force commander. 9%< Succession of Command( ,tate the su ession of ommand if not overed in the units ,0P( b. ;ontrol. 9"< ;ommand :osts. #escribe the employment of command posts 9;:s<, including the location of each ;: and its time of opening and closing, as appropriate. *ypically at platoon level the only reference to command posts will be the company ;:. 9%< Reports. 6ist reports not covered in S8:s. c. Signal. #escribe the concept of signal support, including current S8I edition or refer to higher 8:8R#. 9"< Identify the %.* inde? that is in effect 9%< Identify methods of communication 1y priority 9'< #escribe pyrotechnics and signals, to include arm and hand signals 9demonstrate< 9)< @ive code words such as 8:S53#s 9,< @ive challenge and password 9use behind friendly lines< 9-< @ive num1er com1ination 9use forward of friendly lines< 9.< @ive running password 9/< @ive recognition signals 9nearE far and dayE night< 9EHI+U2AR M09EMENT +00RDINATI0N +HE+:2IST *he platoon sergeant or first sergeant coordinates this with the supporting unit to facilitate the effective, detailed, and efficient use of vehicular support and assetsF ". Identification of the unit. %. Supporting unit identification. '. 2umber and type of vehicles and tactical preparation. ). 3ntrucking point. ,. #eparture time. -. :reparation of vehicles for movement. a. #river responsibilities. b. :latoonE s uad responsibilities. c. Special suppliesE e uipment re uired. .. 7vailability of vehicles for preparationE rehearsalsE inspection 9times and locations<. /. Routes. a. :rimary. b. 7lternate. c. ;heckpoints. 0. #etrucking points. a. :rimary. b. 7lternate. "1. 8rder of march. "". Speed.

"". ;ommunications 9fre uencies, call signs, codes<. "%. 3mergency procedures and signals. 2-;4 TAS:4 *his is a specific, clearly defined, decisive and measurable activityEaction 9 ( gBre 2-16<, accomplished by a Ranger or organization, that contributes to the accomplishment of encompassing missions or other re uirements. 2-94 3UR30SE4 *his is the desired or intended result of the tactical operation stated in terms related to the enemy or the desired situation( Purpose is the WhyN of the mission statement and often follo"s the "ords %in order to( !t is the most important omponent of the mission statement 9( gBre 2-17<. 2-1<4 03ERATI0N4 7 military action or the carrying out of a military action to gain the ob!ectives of any battle or campaign. ( gBre 2-15 shows the types of operations. ( gBre 2-164 TAS:S

A+TI0NS )Y (RIEND2Y (0R+E

7ssault 7ttack by 4ire =reach =ypass ;lear ;ombat Search and Rescue ;onsolidation and Reorganization ;ontrol ;ounterreconnaissance #isengagement 3xfiltration 4ollow and 7ssume 4ollow and Support 6inkup 8ccupy Reconstitute Reduce Retain Secure Seize Support by 4ire Suppress
( gBre 2-174 3UR30SE

E((E+T 0N ENEMY (0R+E

=lock ;analize ;ontain #efeat #estroy #isrupt 4ix, Interdict Isolate 2eutralize :enetrate *urn

7llow ;ause ;reate #eceive #eny

#ivert 3nable 3nvelop Influence 8pen

:revent :rotect Support Surprise

4 C 45

( gBre 2-154 TY3ES 0( 03ERATI0N

Movement to ;ontactF Search and 7ttack 7ttackF 7mbush #emonstration 4eint Raid Spoiling 7ttack

3xploitation :ursuit 4orms of 8ffensive ManeuverF 3nvelopment 4rontal 7ttack Infiltration :enetration *urning Movement

7rea #efense Mobile #efense Retrograde 8psF #elay (ithdrawal Retirement Recon 8ps Security 8ps Information 8ps

Information 8ps ;ombined 7rms =reach :assage of 6ines Relief in :lace River ;rossing 8ps *roop Movement 7dmin 7pproach March Road March

2-114 TERRAIN M0DE24 #uring the planning process, the terrain model 9 ( gBre 2-16< offers an effective way to visually communicate the patrol routes and also detailed actions on the ob!ective. 7t a minimum, the model is used to display routes to the ob!ective and to highlight prominent terrain features the patrol will encounter during movement. 7 second terrain model of th e ob!ective area is prepared. It should be large enough and detailed enough to /rief the patrols a tions on the o/je tive( a. ;hecklist. Make sure you include these on your terrain modelsF 9"< 2orth seeking arrow. 9%< Scale. 9'< @rid lines. 9)< 8b!ective location. 9,< 3xaggerated terrain relief and water obstacles. 9-< 4riendly patrol locations. 9.< *argets 9indirect fires, including grid and type of round<. 9/< Routes, primary and alternate. 90< :lanned R:s 98R:, 6E BR:, R:<. 9"1< #anger areas 9roads, trails, open areas<. 9""< 6egend. 9"%< =lowup of ob!ective area. b. ;onstruction. &ere are some field expedient techni ues to help you construct your terrain modelsF 9"< Bse a ' x , card, MR3 box, or piece of paper to label the ob!ective or key sites. 9%< Bse string from the guts of ,,1 cord or use colored tape to make grid lines. Identify the grids with numbers written on small pieces of paper. 9'< Replicate trees and vegetation using moss? green or brown spray paint? pine needles? crushed leaves? or cut grass. 9)< Bse blue chalk, blue spray paint, blue yarn, tin foil, or MR3 creamer to designate bodies of water. 9,< Make 2orth seeking arrows from sharpened twigs, pencils, or colored yarn. 9-< Bse red yarn, M"- rounds, toy Rangers, or poker chips to designate enemy positions. 9.< ;onstruct friendly positions such as security elements, support by fire, and assault elements using M"- rounds, toy Rangers, poker chips, small MR3 packets of sugar and coffee, or preprinted acetate cards. 9/< Bse small pieces of cardboard or paper to identify target reference points 9*R:s< and indirect fire targets. Show the grids for each point. 90< ;onstruct breach, support by fire, and assault positions using the same methods, again using colored yarn or string for easy identification. 9"1< ;onstruct bunkers and buildings using MR3 boxes or tongue depressorsEsticks. 9""< ;onstruct perimeter wire from a spiral notebook. 9"%< ;onstruct key phase lines with colored string or yarn.

9"'< Bse colored tape or yarn to replicate trench lines, by digging a furrow and coloring it with colored chalk or spray paint.

N0TEF ;learly identify in a legend all symbols used on the terrain model. ( gBre 2-164 TERRAIN M0DE2

4 C 71

+&a@ter 6

(IRE SU330RT
Indirect fire support can greatly increase the combat effectiveness and survivability of any Infantry unit. *he ability to plan for and effectively use this asset is a task that every Ranger and small unit leader should master. 4ire support assets can help a unit by suppressing, fixing, destroying, or neutralizing the enemy. 6eaders should consider employing indirect fire support throughout every offensive and defensive operation. *his chapter discusses plans, tasks, capabilities, risk estimate distances, target overlays, close air support, elements and se uence of calls for fire, and example call for fire transmissions. 6-14 )ASI+ (IRE SU330RT TAS:S4 *he effectiveness of the fire support system depends on successful performance of its four basic tasksF D ,upport for es in onta t D ,upport the /attle plan D ,yn hroni#e the fire support system D ,ustain the fire support system 6-24 TAR*ETIN*4 8b!ectives are the overall effects the leader hopes to achieve through the use of fire support assets. a. $ecide is the first functional step in the targeting process. 7 decision defines the overall focus and sets priorities for collecting intelligence and planning the attack. *he leader must address targeting priorities for each phase or critical event of an operation. 7t all echelons, he analyzes one or more alternative ;87s. 3ach is based on= D &ission analysis( D Current and proje ted /attle situations( D )nti ipated opportunities. b. $etect is the second critical function. *he @A% or SA% directs the effort to detect the &:*s identified in the #ecide step. *o identify the exact (ho, (hat, (hen, and &ow of target ac uisition, he works closely with the = D )nalysis and ontrol element. D -)!0( D 3argeting offi er andH or -,0( 6-64 INTERDI+TI0N4 3his is an a tion to divert, disrupt, delay, inter ept, /oard, detain, or destroy the enemys military surfa e capabilities, such as vessels, vehicles, aircraft, people, and cargo, before they can be used effectively against friendly forces, or to otherwise achieve friendly ob!ectives. a. 2 " t4 Reduce enemy options. 4or example, direct air interdiction and fire support to limit enemy avenue9s< of approach and fire support. b. D srB@t4 Stop effective interaction between the enemy and his support systems. Reduce enemy efficiency and increase his vulnerability. c. De'a#4 #isrupt, divert, or destroy enemy capabilities or targets. In other words, change when the enemy reaches a point on the battlefield, or change his ability to pro!ect combat power from it. d. D /ert4 ;reate a distraction that forces the enemy to tie up critical resources. 4or example, attack targets that cause the enemy to move capabilities or assets from one area or activity to another. e. Destro#4 Ruin the structure or condition of a vital enemy target. +ou can define destruction as an ob!ective by stating a do able number or percentage of an enemy asset or target that the weapon system9s< can realistically achieve. 4 or example, artillery normally says that destruction comprises a '1 percent reduction in capability or structural integrity? maneuver com bat forces normally use .1 percent. f. Da"age4 *his can be a sub!ective or ob!ective assessment of battle damage, or it can describe the damage to the ob!ective as light, moderate, or severe.

7C1

6-74

+A3A)I2ITIES4 Tab'e 6-1 and Tab'e 6-2 show capabilities of field artillery and mortars. Tab'e 6-14 +A3A)I2ITIES 0( (IE2D ARTI22ERY =EA30N "1,Amm &owitzer M""0, *owed ",,Amm &owitzer M"0/, *owed ",,Amm &owitzer M"107- S: MA? RAN*E A"etersC "),111m "/m,"11m '1,111m 9R7:< MIN RAN*E A"etersC 1m 1m MA? RATE Ar!s @er " nC - for % min ) for ' min % for '1 min )Brst Ra! Bs A"etersC ',m ,1m ,1m SUSTAINED RATE Ar!s @er " nC ' rounds for '1 min then " round per min " round per min temp dependent " round for -1 min 1.,

"/m, "11m 1m ) for ' min '1,111m 9R7:< Tab'e 6-24 +A3A)I2ITIES 0( M0RTARS MA? RAN*E A"etersC ',,11m 9&3< ,,-11m 9&3< .,%11m 9&3< MIN RAN*E A"etersC .1 m 9&3< .1 m 9&3< "/1 m 9&3< MA? RATE Ar!s @er " nC '1 for ) min %, for % min ", for " min

=EA30N -1mm /"mm "%1mm

MUNITI0N A9AI2A)2E &3,(:,Illum &3,(:,Illum &3,Smoke, Illum

)Brst Ra! Bs A"etersC '1 m '/ m -1 m

SUSTAINED RATE Ar!s @er " nC %1 / ,

DANGER
DANGER CLOSE
14 =HEN THE TAR*ET IS =ITHIN 6<< METERS 0( ANY (RIEND2Y TR003S A(0R M0RTARS AND (IE2D ARTI22ERYC, ANN0UN+E DAN*ER +20SE IN THE 2)T'.$ . )N(0()2)NT 30RTI0N 0( THE +A22 (0R (IRE4 24 =HEN ADHUSTIN* 5 IN+H 0R SMA22ER NA9A2 *UNS 0N TAR*ETS =ITHIN 75< METERS, ANN0UN+E DAN*ER +20SE4 (0R 2AR*ER NA9A2 *UNS, ANN0UN+E DAN*ER +20SE (0R TAR*ETS =ITHIN 1,<<< METERS4 (AI2URE T0 ADHERE T0 THIS *UIDAN+E +AN RESU2T IN (RATRI+IDE4 64 A90ID MA:IN* +0RRE+TI0NS USIN* THE )RA+:ETIN* METH0D 0( ADHUSTMENT, )E+AUSE D0IN* S0 +AN +AUSE SERI0US INHURY 0R DEATH4 USE 0N2Y THE +REE3IN* METH0D 0( ADHUSTMENT DURIN* DAN*ER +20SE MISSI0NS4 MA:E +0RRE+TI0NS 0( N0 M0RE THAN 1<< METERS )Y +REE3IN* THE R0UNDS T0 THE TAR*ET4

6-54 RIS: ESTIMATE DISTAN+ES4 R3# applies to combat only. Minimum safe distances 9 Tab'e 6-6< apply to training I7( 7R ',1 ". R3# takes into account the bursting radius of particular munitions and the characteristics of the delivery system. It associates this combination with a percentage representing the likelihood of becoming a casualty, that is, the percentage of risk. R3# is defined as the minimum distance friendly troops can approach the effects of friendly fires without suffering appreciable casualties of 1." percent :I or higher.

=ARNIN* I+o""an!ersJ Bse RED $or"B'as to !eter" ne a%%e@tab'e r s- 'e/e's n %o"bat on'#4 S@e% $ %a''#, Bse t&e" to !ent $# t&e r s- to #oBr Rangers at /ar oBs ! stan%es $ro" t&e r targets4 R s- est "ate ! stan%es a@@'# on'# n %o"bat4 In tra n ng, Bse " n "B" sa$e ! stan%es AMSDC4 a. +asBa't# +r ter on4 *he casualty criterion is the , minute assault criterion for a prone Ranger in winter clothing and helmet. :hysical incapacitation means that a Ranger is physically unable to function in an assault within a , minute period after an attack. 7 :I value of less than 1." percent can be interpreted as being less than or e ual to one chance in one thousand. Tab'e 6-64 RIS: ESTIMATE DISTAN+ES (0R M0RTARS AND +ANN0N ARTI22ERY R s- Est "ate D stan%es AMetersC 1> 6 Range -1 ., "11 /, "11 ",1 1< K 3I 2> 6 Range -, /1 "11 /, "11 "/1 <41 K 3I MaG Range -, /1 "11 01 "%, %11 1> 6 Range "11 "-, ",1 "., %11 %/1 2> 6 Range ",1 "/, '11 %11 %/1 '11 MaG Range "., %'1 )11 %., ),1 ).,

Des%r @t on -1Amm mortar /"Amm mortar "%1Amm mortar "1,Amm howitzer ",,Amm howitzer ",,Amm #:I;M

b. R s-. Bsing echelonment of fires within the specified R3# for a delivery system re uires the unit to assume some risks. *he maneuver commander determines by delivery system how close to his forces he will allow fires to fall. 7lthough he makes t he decision at this risk level, he relies heavily on the 4S8$s expertise. 6-64 TAR*ET 09ER2AYS a. ( re SB@@ort 0/er'a#4 ( gBre 6-1 shows contents of fire support overlay. 9"< Non Ster 'e ( re SB@@ort 0/er'a# A( gBre 6-2C. 9%< Ster 'e ( re SB@@ort 0/er'a# A( gBre 6-6C. *his includes= 9a< Index marks to position overlay on map 9b< *arget symbols D Point target D 2inear target D Cir ular target ( gBre 6-14 +0NTENTS 0( (IRE SU330RT 09ER2AY Bnit and official capacity of person making overlay #ate the overlay was prepared Map sheet number 3ffective period of overlay 9#*@< :riority target 8R: location ;all signs and fre uencies 9:RIE 76*< Routes = primary and alternate :hase lines and checkpoints used by the patrol Spares Index marks to position ov erlay on map 8b!ective *arget symbols #escription, location and remarks column, complete

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( gBre 6-24 N0N-STERI2E (IRE SU330RT 09ER2AY

( gBre 6-24 STERI2E (IRE SU330RT 09ER2AY

b. 320T +R +&e%-' st4 Bsing one of these 9Tab'e 6-7< helps ensure the leaders fire support plan is complete. &e uses it in identifying all aspects of individual targets before coordination and the 8:8R#. Tab'e 6-74 320T +R +HE+:2IST :urpose :lanned indirect fires. 6ocation :lan targets with an /Adigit grid 9minimum< 8bserverA:lanned 8bserver See the impact of the rounds and ad!ust *rigger Method of initiating fires ;ommunication Method of communicating between observer and the supporting unit Resources :lanned allocated resource for each target 6-74 +A22 (0R (IRE. 7sterisks indicate re uired elements for a basic call for fire mission. 3xample call for fire transmissions are shown in Tab'e 6-5. a. 0bser/er5s I!ent $ %at on - +a'' S gns4LL b. =arn ng 0r!er4LL 9"< *ype of mission. D )djust fire D -ire for effect D ,uppress D !mmediate suppressionHimmediate smo$e 9%< Size of element to fire for effect. (hen observer does not specify size element to fire, battalion 4#; decides. c. Met&o! o$ Target 2o%at on4LL

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D Polar plot D ,hift from a known point D *rid d. 2o%at on o$ Target4LL 9"< (rid #oordinate. Six or, if greater accuracy is re uired, eight digit. 9%< %hift from a -nown 4oint. Send 8* directionF D &ils :nearest 1;<( D 1egrees( D Cardinal dire tion( D Send lateral shift, rightEleft, nearest "1m D ,end range shift, addHdrop, nearest 1;;m D ,end verti al shift, upHdo"n, nearest 5mB use only if it e. eeds 75m< 9'< 4olar 4lot. D ,end dire tion to nearest 1; mils D ,end distan e to nearest "11m D ,end verti al shift to nearest 5m e . Des%r @t on o$ Target4LL 9"< *ype. 9%< 7ctivity. 9'< 2umber. 9)< #egree of protection. 9,< Size and shape 9lengthEwidth or radius<. f. Met&o! o$ Engage"ent4 9"< Type of 0djustment. (hen observer does not re uest a specific type of fire control ad!ustment, issue area fire. 9a< :recision fire point target. 9b< 7rea fire moving target. 9%< $anger #lose. *his condition exists when friendly troops are within= 9a< -11 meters for mortars. 9b< -11 meters for artillery. 9c< .,1 meters for naval guns , inches or smaller. 9'< 2ark. Bsed to orient observer or to indicate targets. 9)< Tra=e!tor20 D 2o" angle :standard<( D Iigh angle :mortar fire or if re@uested<( 9,< 0mmunition. Bse &3 uick unless specified by the observer. D Proje tile :I>, !229&, !C&, ,&0K> and so on<( D -use :@ui $, timed, and so on<( D Oolume of fire :o/server may re@uest the num/er of rounds to /e fired<( 9-< $istri1ution. D 1;; meter sheaf :standard<( D Converged sheaf :used for small hard targets<( D ,pe ial sheaf :any length, "idth and attitude<( D 0pen sheaf :separate /ursts<( D Parallel sheaf :linear target<( g. Met&o! o$ ( re an! +ontro'4 9"< 2ethod of ire. Specific guns and a specific interval between rounds. 2ormally ad!ust fire, one gun is used with a , second interval between rounds. 9%< 2ethod of #ontrol@

9a< 7* M+ ;8MM72#, 4IR3. Remains in effect until observer orders ;72;36 7* M+ ;8MM72#. 9b< ;7228* 8=S3RC3. 8bserver cannot see the target. 9c< *IM3 82 *7R@3*. 8bserver tells 4#; when he wants the rounds to impact. 9d< ;82*I2B8BS I66BMI27*I82. If this was not already calculated by the 4#;, the observer indicates interval between rounds in seconds. 9e< ;88R#I27*3# I66BMI27*I82. 8bserver tells 4#; to set interval between I66BM and &3 shells. 9f< ;37S3 687#I2@. 9g< ;&3;5 4IRI2@. &alt immediately. 9h< ;82*I2B8BS 4IR3. 6oad and fire as fast as possible. 9i< R3:37*. 4ire another round9s<, with or without ad!ustments. h. +orre%t on o$ Errors4 (hen 4#; has made an error when reading back he fire support data, the o/server announ es %C0''>C3!08 and transmits the orre t data in its entirety( i. Message to 0bser/er4 9"< =attery9ies< to fire for effect. 9%< 7d!ustment of battery. 9'< ;hanges to the initial call for fire. 9)< 2umber of rounds 9per tube< to be fired for effect. 9,< *arget numbers. 9-< 7dditional informationF 9a< *ime of flight. Moving target mission. 9b< :robable error in range. '/ meters or greater 9normal mission<. : < )ngle %3( 5;; mils or greater( !. ABt&ent %at on4 ;hallenge and reply.

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Tab'e 6-54 E?AM32E +A22 (0R (IRE TRANSMISSI0NS *RID MISSI0N 0bser/er 4%), this is >)%, 7#>BS* 4IR3, 8C3R. Infantry platoon dug in, 8C3R. S&8* 8B*. S:67S&, 8C3R. S:67S& 8B*. 3nd of mission, ", casualties, platoon dispersed, 8C3R. 3nd of mission, ", casualties, platoon dispersed, 8B*. ( r ng Un t >)%, this is 4%), 7>BS* 4IR3, 8B*. @RI# (M"/1,"', #IR3;*I82 1,'1, 8B*. Infantry platoon dug in, 8B*. S&8* 8C3R.

SHI(T (R0M :N0=N 30INT 0bser/er ( r ng Un t >)%, this is 4%), 7#>BS* 4IR3, S&I4* 7="11", 8C3R. 4%), this is >)%, 7#>BS* 4IR3, S&I4* 7="11", 8B*. #IR3;*I82 %)%1, RI@&* )11, 7## )11, 8C3R. #IR3;*I82 %)%1, RI@&* )11, 7## )11, 8B*. 4ive *A.% *anks at :86 site, 8C3R. 4ive *A.% *anks at :86 site, 7B*&32*I;7*3 >uliet I 7B*&32*I;7*3 *ango, 8C3R. 2ovember, 8C3R. S&8* 8B*. S&8*, 8C3R. S:67S& 8B*. S:67S&, 8C3R. 3nd of mission, % tanks destroyed, ' in woodline, 8C3R 3nd of mission, % tanks destroyed, ' in woodline, 8B* 0bser/er >)%, this is 4%), 7#>BS* 4IR3, :867R 8C3R. #IR3;*I82 %'11, #IS*72;3 ),111, 8C3R. Infantry platoon dug in, 8C3R S&8* 8B*. S:67S& 8B*. 3nd of mission, ", casualties, platoon dispersed, 8C3R. 302AR ( r ng Un t 4%), this is >)%, 7#>BS* 4IR3, :867R, 8B* #IR3;*I82 %'11, #IS* ),111, 8B*. Infantry platoon dug in, 8B* S&8* 8C3R. S:67S&, 8C3R. 3nd of mission, ", casualties, platoon dispersed, 8B*.

6-;4 +20SE AIR SU330RT. *he two types of close air support re uests are planned and immediate. :lanned re uests are processed by the 7rmy chain to ;orps for approval. Immediate re uests are initiated at any level and processed by the battali on SA', 4S8, and 7ir 6iaison 8fficer. a. (or"at $or ReEBest ng I""e! ate +AS. 9( gBre 6-7< 9"< 8bserver identification. 9%< (arning order 9re uest close air<. 9'< *arget description. *his must include, as a minimum, type and number of targets, activity or movement, and point or area targets. 9)< *arget location 9grid< should include elevation. 9,< #esired time on target 9*8*<. 9-< #esired effects on target. 9.< 4inal control. 9/< Remarks. 9a< 4riendly locations. 9b< (ind direction, hazards. 9c< *hreats such as 7#7, small arms.

( gBre 6-74 E?AM32E +AS RE8UEST

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b. +'ose A r SB@@ort +a@ab ' t es4 ATab'e 6-6C Tab'e 6-64 +20SE AIR SU330RT 7IR;R74* 7A"1 G 4A"- G S3RCI;3 74 74 2E M; ;&7R7;*3RIS*I;S Specialized ;7S aircraft, '1Amm gun? subsonic *ypical load -,111 lbs? max load "-,111 lbs Multirole aircraft? complements the 4A) and 4A", in an airAtoA=air role? supersonic Most accurate ground delivery system in the inventory *ypical load -,111 lbs? max load "1,-11 lbs. Multirole fighter scheduled to replace the 4A) %1Amm gun mounted in the nose fires airAtoAair missiles (ide variety of airAtoAsurface weapons *ypical load .,111 lbs? max load ".,111 lbs Specialized ;7SE R7;8 aircraft, propeller driven *wo models, both of which have advanced sensors and a targetAac uisition system, including 46IR and low light *C. Cery accurate. Culnerable to enemy air defense systems, so must operate in a lowAthreat environment. 7 model *wo )1Amm guns *wo %1Amm guns *wo ..-%Amm miniguns & model "1,Amm howitzer replaces one of the )1Amm guns 6acks the ..-%Amm minigun

4A"/ G

7;A"'1

74E R

G4M capability. 6-94 +20SE +0M)AT ATTA+: A9IATI0N. ;lose combat attack 9;;7< is defined as a hasty or deliberate attack in support of units engaged in close combat. #uring ;;7, armed helicopters engage enemy units with direct fire that impacts nearby friendly forces. *argets may range from a few hundred meters to a few thousand meters. ;lose combat attack is coordinated and direct ed by a team, platoon, or companyAlevel ground unit soldiers using standardized ;;7 procedures in unit S8:s. a. A r%ra$t +a@ab ' t es an! 2 " tat ons4 9"< 0' AB$ 50pache6. 9a< &apa9i#ities0 D Air speed .-nots/F "-) max, "%1 cruise combat radiusF %11 km D >? 33 !"ain g n; ",%11 rds, ',,11 m range D 4075 in!" ro!-ets; "0 per pod 9.-<, ' to , km range Hellfire missile: / per side 9"-<, , to / km range D Mo9i#it2; 78 can cover corps or division area D Speed; "11 to "%1 knots dayE/1 to "11 knots night APACHE D @ersati#it2; scout weapons teams vs. pure attack D +et"a#it2; 7ttack battalion can engage %// targets D @ideo re!onnaissan!e; :rovide near realAtime intelligence 9b< +i3itations0 *hreat I# with 46IR, low ceilings 9clouds< less than ,11 feet 7@6 degrade hellfire capability, combat service support consumes large amounts of ;lasses III, C, and IH

9%< .' CD$ 5-iowa6. 9a< Speed and Ar3a3ent. :I0=A D )ir speed :$nots<E 145 ma., 1;; ruise om/at radiusE 14; km D (5; al &*E 5;; rds, 4,;;; m range D 4(75 in h ro $etsE 7 per pod :16<, 7 to 5 $m range D IellfireE 4 per side :6<, 5 to L $m range D ,tingerE 4 per side :6<, 6 $m range 9b< &apa9i#ities0 D &ast mounted sight D )/ility to designate targets "hile remaining masked D 3hermal imaging system :dayH night< D 2aser designatorH aim laser D Oideo image rosslin$ :O!A2< D &oving map display D Oideo 9c< +i3itations0 :ower limited, infrared crossover, battlefield obscurants, low ceilings 9&ellfire<, remote designation constraints, instrument meteorological conditions b. ++A +a'' $or ( re (or"at4 9"< I:E =:E 7=4 or friendly location D *ridH 2at 2ong 9%< 5nown point D 3errain feature 9'< &#@ to *@* 9mag< D ,pe ify from !PH BPH )B- or friendly lo ation 9)< #S* to *@* 9m< 9Specify from I:E =:E 7=4 or friendly location.< 9,< *@* elevation 9ft msl< 9-< *@* #escription 9.< *@* location D *rid D Kno"n point D 3errain -eature 9/< *ype *@* Mark 9dayE night< 90< 6ocation of friendly D 0mit if previously given D *ridH 2at 2ong D Kno"n point D 3errain feature 9"1< 3gress direction D Cardinal, to avoid overflying threats

7 C 11

7 C 17

+&a@ter 7

+0MMUNI+ATI0NS
*he basic re uirement of combat communications is to provide rapid, reliable, and secure interchange of information. ;ommunications are vital to mission success. *his chapter helps the Ranger s uadE platoon maintain effective communications a nd correct any radio antenna problems.

Se%t on I4 E8UI3MENT
*his section discusses military radio communications e uipment and automated net control devices 972;#s<. 7-14 MI2ITARY RADI0S4 3ach military radio has a receiver and transmitter. Rangers use several different types of radios 9Tab'e 7-1<, with various features. 5nowing what each radio has and can be crucial in planning and re uesting the most reliable and effective communications e uipment for a particular mission. Military operations use five primary fre uency ranges 9 Tab'e 7-2<. Tab'e 7-14 MI2ITARY RADI0S M0DE2S
+HARA+TERISTI+S

AN>3R+-117(A%C Multi=and ManA:ack ReceiverE *ransmitter

AN>3R+-152 Multiband &andA&eld ReceiverE *ransmitter

AN>3R+-17; Multiband interteam or intrateam radio

AN>3R+-119( Multiband, Multimission ManApack

AN>3R+-15<+ 7dvanced ManA:ack *ransceiver

Des%r @t on

(reEBen%#A esC Ranges &4 C&4 6ow C&4 &igh B&4 *7;S7* 3o.er 0Bt@Bt )atter# ReEB re"ents

+es +es +es +es Bp to %1( *wo of any of theseF ==A'01 ==A%,01 ==A,01 =7A,,01 "1 userA programmed nets 9*7;S7* or 68S fre uencies<

+es +es +es +es Bp to "1( *7;S7* Bp to ,( all else Rechargeable 6ithiumAIon 9included with Radio<

+es +es +es +es 9Bp to ,(< Bp to ,( Rechargeable 6ithiumAIon =attery 9included with Radio<

+es 9Bp to ,(<

+es :artial 9".- to -1 M&z< %1(

Bp to "1( 7ny one of theseF ==A'01 ==A%,01 ==A,01 =7A,,01 ) channels in 4M mode

Bp to %1( *wo of any of theseF ==A'01 ==A%,01 ==A,01 =7A,,01 "11 channels in 4M mode

S%ann ngF ;an scan up to=

"1 userA programmed nets 9*7;S7* or 68S fre uencies<

"1 userA programmed nets 9*7;S7* or 68S fre uencies<

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M0DE2S
+HARA+TERISTI+S

AN>3R+-117(A%C

AN>3R+-152

AN>3R+-17;

AN>3R+-119(

AN>3R+-15<+

Data Trans" ss on 68S 7ME4M @:SF = ;ommercial % = 8ptional Internal *7;S7* " = #7@R = :6@R = 2M37A"/' = Internal = 8ptional Internal D "ens ons an! =e g&t +es " +es % +es +es ' +es ' +es ' +es ' +es ' +es ' +es %.0 x 0.- x %., inches with battery attached %.- lbs with internal @:S and battery 6ower :ower 8utput than 72E :R;A"".49c< +es +es % +es +es +es % +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es %

'.% x "1., x "'., inches with two batteries and battery box ",.0 lb with batteries Re uires additional batteries for extended operations &eavier than 72E :R;A""04

%.. x ../ x "., inches %.% lbs with battery

'.) x ,.' x "1.% inches ... lbs without battery

'., x "1., x "'.% inches with battery pack "1 lbs without batteries

D sa!/antages

6ower power output than 72E :R;A"".49c< and 72E :R;A",%

6ower power output than 72E :R;A"".49c< 6imited fre uency range ;annot communicate with BS74 aircraft

6imited fre uency range &4 communication poor in mountainous terrain

M0DE2S
+HARA+TERISTI+S

AN>3R+-117(A%C

AN>3R+-152

AN>3R+-17;

AN>3R+-119(

AN>3R+-15<+

En%r#@t on *ypeF = 72#C* = Cinson = 5@=/) = 4ascinator

+es +es +es +es AN>3R+-117(A%C

+es +es +es +es AN>3R+-152

+es +es +es M0DE2S AN>3R+-17; M)ITR +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es % to %1 meters +es wE R@B ShipAtoAShore, @roundAtoA @round, and 7irAtoA@round ;apable Submersible to %1 meters 20SF open to slightly rolling terrain TA+SATF any terrain

+es

+es +es +es

AN>3R+-119(

AN>3R+-15<+

+HARA+TERISTI+S

MethodF = SI2;@7RS = &ave uick I = &ave uick I = Serial *one = 3;;M = 4re &op 4ill #evicesF = 5+5A"' = 58IA"/ = 5+HA", = S56 = 72E;+DA"1 I""ers on De@t& SA Re@ort ng +a@ab'e S@e% a' $eatBres

+es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es " meter +es ShipAtoAShore, @roundAtoA @round, and 7irAtoA@round ;apable

+es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es %1 meters +es ShipAtoAShore, @roundAtoA @round, and 7irAtoA@round ;apable Submersible to %1 meters. 20SF open to slightly rolling terrain TA+SATF any terrain

+es +es +es +es +es +es +es +es " meter If e uipped with optional internal @:S 27 +es +es +es +es +es +es 1.0 meter 2o 7dvanced 7utomatic 6ink 3stablishment 9763<,

Terra n Restr %t ons

20SF open to slightly rolling terrain TA+SATF any terrain

20SF open to slightly rolling terrain

*roBn! .a/eF wide open, flat terrain S-# .a/eF longA range communication

" % 6

(hen coupled with (indows Messaging *erminal softwareAe uipped laptop. ;ommercial @:S capable 9used with S7 reporting feature<. #7@R Is compatible, :6@R re uires optional R@B 9Remote ;ontrol Bnit with @:S Bser 2otification<.

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Tab'e 7-14 (RE8UEN+Y RAN*ES H g& (reEBen%# AH(C ".- to %0.000 M&z long range 68S "
"

9er# H g& (reEBen%# A9H(C 2o. '1.111 to /0.000 M&z 68S %

9er# H g& (reEBen%# 01.111 to %%).000 M&z 68S %

U'tra H g& (reEBen%# AUH(C %%,.111 to ,"%.111 M&z 68S %

TA+SAT %)'.111 to %.1.111 M&z Satellite

UH( SAT+0M %0%.111 to '"/.11 M&z Satellite

'

6ongArange 68S? capable of roundAthe=world communication due to longer physical wavelengths, which cause &4 transmissions to %/oun e off terrain and /e refle ted /y the >arths ionosphere instead of a/sor/ed li$e OI- and 9Itransmissions. 3his $eeps the transmission /oun ing, essentially trapped, /et"een the ground and the >arths atmosphere. 4or this volatile capability to offer effective communications, several factors must be ideal. 6ine of sight 968S< fre uencies? meaning that the range of radios is limited to direct line of sight for maximum effectiveness. ;urvature of the earth, mountainous terrain, and dense vegetation will degrade 68S radio maximum range capabilities. Modern military communications rely on B&4 Satellite ;ommunication 9S7*;8M< or #edicated *actical Satellite ;ommunication 9*7;S7*< for roundAthe=world real time secure voice and data communication.

7-24 MAN-3A+: RADI0 ASSEM)2Y AAN>3R+ 119(C4 *o assemble a manApack radio, you must first check and install a battery. a. Inspect the battery box for dirt or damage. b. Stand radio on its side with the battery cover facing up. c. ;heck battery life condition 9you will be using the rechargeable == '01 batteries<. d. :lace battery in box. e. ;lose and latch the battery cover. f. Return radio to upright position. g. If you installed a used battery, then enter the battery life condition into the radioF 9"< Set 4;*2 to 6#. 9%< :ress =7*, then ;6R. 9'< 3nter number recorded on side of battery. 9)< :ress S*8. 9,< Set 4;*2 to SI 82. h. Inspect and position the antenna. 9"< Inspect whip antenna connector on antenna and on radio for damage. 9%< Screw whip antenna into base. 9'< &and tighten. 9)< ;arefully mate antenna base with R* 72* connector. 9,< &and tighten. 9-< :osition antenna as needed by bending goose neck. N0TEF 5eep the antenna straight, if possible. If the antenna is bent to a horizontal position, you might have to turn the radio before you can receive and transmit messages. i. Set up the handset. 9"< Inspect the handset for damage. 9%< :ush handset on 7B#E #7*7 and twist clockwise to lock in place. !. :ack.

9"< :lace R* in field pack with antenna on the left shoulder. 9%< 4old top flap of field over R* and secure flap to field pack using straps and buckles. k. Set :resets. SetAA 9"< ;&72F " 9%< M8#3F S; 9'< R4 :(RF &I 9)< C86F Mid Range 9,< #IMF 4ull clockwise 9-< 4;*2F 6# 9.< #7*7 R7*3F 844 l. SingleA;hannel 6oading 4re uencies. 9"< 8btain Ranger S8IF 9%< Set 4;*2F 6# 9'< Set modeF S; 9)< Set ;&72F M72, ;ue, or set channel 9" to -< where you want to store fre uency 9,< :ress 4R3IF :1isplay "ill sho" P;;;;; or fre@uen y '3 is urrently turned on< 9-< :ress ;6RF 9#isplay will show five lines< 9.< 3nterF *he number of the new fre uency. If you make a mistake with a number press ;6R 9/< :ress S*8F 9#isplay will blink< 90< Set 4;*2F SI 82 m. ;learing of fre uencies. 9"< Set ModeF S; 9%< Set ;&72F M72, ;ue or desired channel where fre uency is to be cleared 9'< :ress 4R3IF 9)< :ress ;6RF 9,< :ress 6oad, S*8 9-< Set 4;*2F SI 82 n. Scanning of multiple fre uencies. 9"< 6oadF 7ll desired fre uencies using OSingle ;hannel 6oading 4re uenciesO instructions 9%< Set ;&72F ;B3 9'< Set S;F 4& 9)< Set 4;*2F SI 82 9,< :ress S*8F 9#isplay will say S;72< 9-< :ress /F +ou can now scan more than one fre uency 7-64 AUT0MATED NET +0NTR02 DE9I+E. *he R*8 retrieves all necessary ;8MS3; and information from the 72;#. *o retrieve the S8I from an 72;#F a. :ress the 8n button on the 72;# keypad. b. :ress the 6etter 6ock button to unlock the keys on the 72;#. c. :ress Main Menu key 9onscreen< A@@' #ate *ime Setup Btil =it d. Bsing the arrow keys, scroll over to 7ppl and press the 3nter button on the keypad. e. 8nce you have entered into the 7ppl 9applications< menu using the arrow keys, scroll over to S8I and press the 3nter button on the keypad. 4or example = R#S S8I Radio.

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9a@@'< Q 9Indicates that you are in the applications menu<. S8I menu will look like thisF Iref @roup 2et Sufx :yro *mpd Set ;E S 4ind Memo f. Bsing the arrow keys, scroll over to Set and press the enter button on the keypad. g. In the Set menu, press ;hoose once. ;hoose Send Receive

h. (hen the ;hoose menu opens, press the 3nter key on the set, either " , or - "1. i. 7fter you choose the applicable set, the 72;# will return you to the S8I menu. !. Bsing the keypad, scroll to *mpd. 3nter the number for the set you need that day. 7fter you do this, the 72;# will automatically return you to the S8I menu. k. Bsing the arrow keys on the keypad, scroll over to 2et and press 3nter. *he 2et menu should look like thisF *1, Q 9time period< " Q 9platoon< E 7 Q 9company< E 7'I Q 9prefix<.; -1.111. N0TEF @et your fre uency and the first part of your call sign from the 2et menu. l. 7fter you get the information you need from 2et, press the abort button on the keypad to return to the S8I menu. m. Bsing the keypad, scroll to Sufx and press the 3nter button. n. 8nce you are in the Sufx menu, use the up and down arrow keys on the 72;# to locate your two digit designator. *hese two digits go at the end of your :refix and together they are your call sign. o. 8nce you finish, press the 8ff button on the 72;# to end operation. 7-74 )ASI+ TR0U)2ESH00TIN*4 +ou need basic troubleshooting skills in order to correct the simple communications problems that occur during a mission. =eing able to uickly troubleshoot can make the difference in successful accomplishment of the mission and mission failure. a. +&e%- Ra! o Sett ngs4 9"< Radio fre uencyF load proper fre uency. 9%< :ower outputF set to &I@& power. 9'< *ime if using fre uency hop 94&<F reset time. 9)< ;rypto fill if using cipher text 9;*<F reload crypto from 72;#. 9,< ;ontrol knobF ensure radio is in 82 position. b. +&e%- Ra! o Asse"b'#> )atter#4 9"< ;heck antenna fittingF attach long whip or field expedient antenna 9%< ;heck hand mike fittingF ensure contacts are clean and fitting is properly secured to radio 9'< ;heck batteryF install fresh battery c. (ith line of sight 968S< radios, you might have to move to higher ground to make radio contact, especially in densely vegetated or uneven terrain.

Se%t on II4 ANTENNAS

*his section discusses repair techni ues, construction and ad!ustment, field expedient antennas, antenna length and orientation, and improvement of marginal communications. 7-54 RE3AIRS4 7ntennas are sometimes broken or damaged, causing communications degradation or failure. If you have a spare antenna, replace the bad one. (hen you have no spare, you JRanger s uadE platoonK might have to construct an emergency

antenna. *he following paragraphs suggest some ways to repair antennas and antenna supports, and to construct and ad!ust emergency antennas.

DANGER
RADIO TRANSMITTER SERI0US INHURY 0R DEATH +AN RESU2T (R0M +0NTA+T =ITH THE RADIATIN* ANTENNA 0( A MEDIUM-30=ER 0R HI*H-30=ER TRANSMITTER4 TU&N . THE TRANSMITTER =HI2E ADHUSTIN* THE ANTENNA4 a. =& @ Antennas4 (hen a whip antenna breaks in two, connect the broken part to the part attached to the base by !oining the sections. *o restore the antenna to its original length, add a piece of wire that is nearly the same length as t he missing part of the whip. 6ash the pole support securely to both sections of the antenna. =efore connecting the two antenna sections to the pole support, clean them well to ensure good contact. If possible, solder the connections. b. = re Antennas4 3mergency repair of a wire antenna may involve the repair or replacement of the wire used as the antenna or transmission line? or the repair or replacement of the assembly used to support the antenna. 9"< (hen one or more wires of an antenna are broken, you can repair the antenna by reconnecting the broken wires. *o do this, lower the antenna to the ground, clean the ends of the wires, and twist the wires together. (henever possible, solder the connection. 9%< If the antenna receives damage beyond repair, construct a new one. Make sure that the length of the substitute antenna wires are the same length as those of the original. 9'< 7ntenna supports may also re uire repair or replacement. +ou can use anything as a substitute for the damaged support provided it is strong enough and insulated. If the radiating element were not properly insulated, then field antennas could short to ground, and will no longer work. Many common items make good field expedient insulators. 9)< *he best are plastic or glass, for example, plastic spoons, buttons, bottle necks, and plastic bags. *hough wood and rope are less effective insulators than plastic or glass, they are better than nothing. *he radiating element 9the antenn a wire< should touch only this supporting 9nonconductive< insulator and the antenna terminal. It should remain physically separated from everything else. 7-64 +0NSTRU+TI0N AND ADHUSTMENT4 Ranger s uadE platoons may use the following methods to construct and ad!ust antennasF a. +onstrB%t on4 *he best wire for antennas is copper or aluminum. &owever, in an emergency, use any wire you can find. 9"< *he exact length of most antennas is critical. Make sure that the emergency antenna is the same length as the original antenna. 9%< 7ntennas can usually survive heavy wind storms if supported by a tree trunk or strong branch. *o keep the antenna tight and keep it from breaking or stretching when the trees sway, attach a spring or old inner tube to one end of th e antenna. 7nother techni ue is to pass a rope through a pulley or eyehook. 7ttach the rope to the end of the antenna, and heavily weight the rope to keep the antenna tight. 9'< *o ensure the rope or wire guidelines do not interfere with the operation of the antenna, cut the wire into several short lengths and connect the pieces with insulators. b. A!jBst"ent4 7n improvised antenna may change the performance of a radio set. *he following methods can be used to determine if the antenna is operating properlyF 9"< 7 distant station may be used to test the antenna. If the signal received from this station is strong, the antenna is operating satisfactorily. If the signal is weak, ad!ust the height and length of the antenna and the transmission line to rec eive the strongest signal at a given setting on the volume control of the receiver. *his is the best method of tuning an antenna when transmission is dangerous or forbidden.

6C7

9%< In some radio sets, use the transmitter to ad!ust the antenna. 4irst, set the controls of the transmitter to normal? then, tune the system by ad!usting the antenna height, the antenna length, and the transmission line length to obtain the best transmission output. 7-74 (IE2D E?3EDIENT A(EC 0MNI DIRE+TI0NA2 ANTENNAS4 Certical antennas are omni directional. *he omni directional antenna transmits and receives e ually well in all directions. Most tactical antennas are vertical? for example, the man pack portable radio uses a vertical whip and so do the vehicular radios in tactical vehicles. 7 vertical antenna can be ma de by using a metal pipe or rod of the correct length, held erect by means of guidelines. *he lower end of the antenna should be insulated from the gr ound by placing it on a large block of wood or other insulating material. 7 vertical antenna may also be a wire supported by a tree or a wooden pole. 4or short vertical antennas, a pole may be used without guidelines 9if properly supported at the base<. If the l ength of the vertical mast is not long enough to support the wire upright, it may be necessary to mo dify the connection at the top of the antenna. a. En! (e!, 8Barter, Ha'$, or (B'' =a/e Antenna4 7n emergency, end fed half wave antenna 9 ( gBre 7-1< can be constructed from available materials such as field wire, rope, and wooden insulators. ;ompute the length of the 9one uarter, one half, or full wave< antenna by using the formula provided previously. ;ut the wires as close as possible to the correct lengt h 9better the wire is too long than too short<. *he electrical length of this antenna is measured from the antenna terminal on the radio set to the far end of the antenna. *he best performance can be obtained by constructing the antenna longer than necessary and then shortening it, as re uired, until the best results are obtained. ;onnect the antenna to the radio using either method 9( gBre 72A and ( gBre 7-2)<.

( gBre 7-14 (IE2D E?3EDIENT, END-(ED 8UARTER, HA2(, 0R (U22 =A9E ANTENNA

6C5

( gBre 7-2A4 +0)RA HEAD

( gBre 7-2)4 ANTENNA )ASE

b. EG@e! ent 292-T#@e Antenna4 #eveloped for !ungle, these antennas, properly used, can improve communications. *heir weight and bulk render them impractical for most s uad or platoon operations, but the unit can carry the masthead and antenna sections only, and mount them on wood poles or from trees? or they can construct an expedient version 9 ( gBre 7-6, ( gBre 7-7, and ( gBre 7-5< using any insulated wire and other available material. 4or example, most any plastic, glass, or rubber items or, if these are unavailable, dry wood, can serve as insulatorsF 9"< Bse the planning considerations discussed in the next paragraph to determine the length of the elements 9one radiating wire and three ground plane wires< for the desired fre uency. ;ut these elements 9 A< from claymore or similar wire. *he heavier the gauge, the better, but insulated copper core wire works best. ;ut spacing sticks 9 )< the same length as the ground plane wires. :lace the sticks in a triangle and tie their ends together with wire, tape, or rope. 7ttach an insulator 9 +< to each corner and one end of each groundAplane wire to each insulator. =ring the loose ends of the groundAplane wires together, attach them to an insulator 9+<, and tie securely. Strip about ' inches of insulation from each wire and twist them together . 9%< *ie one end of the radiating element wire to the other side of insulator and the other end to another insulator 9 )<. Strip about ' inches of insulation from the radiating element 9 +<. 9'< ;ut enough wire to reach from the proposed location of the antenna to the radio set. 5eep this line as short as possible, because excess length reduces the efficiency of the system. *ie a knot at each end to identify it as the OhotO lead . Remove insulation from the OhotO wire and tie it to the radiating element wire at insulator 9+<. Remove insulation from the other wire and attach it to the bare ground plane element wires at insulator 9 +<. *ape all connections and do not allow the radiating element wire to touch the ground plane wires. 9)< 7ttach a rope to the insulator on the free end of the radiating element and toss the rope over the branches of a tree. :ull the antenna as high as possible, keeping the lead in routed down through the triangle. Secure the rope to hold the antenna in place. 9,< 7t the radio set, remove about " inch of insulation from each end of the wire. ;onnect the ends to the positive side of the cobra head connector. =e sure the connections are tight or secure. 9-< Set up correct fre uency, turn on the set, and proceed with communications.

( gBre 7-64 +0M32ETED E?3EDIENT 292-TY3E ANTENNA

6 C 11

( gBre 7-74 +0M32ETED E?3EDIENT 292-TY3E ANTENNA

Tab'e 7-24 8UI+:-RE(EREN+E TA)2E 03ERATIN* (RE8UEN+Y IN MH, 30 32 3# 3$ 38 #0 #3 #$ #% &2 && &8 $1 $# $8 72 7$ E2EMENT 2EN*TH ARADIATIN* E2EMENTS AND *R0UND-32ANE E2EMENTSC 2.38 m 2.23 m 1.%8 m 1.87 m 1.78 m 1.$$ m 1.&& m 1.#$ m 1.37 m 1.23 m 1.17 m 1.12 m 1.0& m 0.%% m 0.%# m (7 ft 10 !" (7 ft # !" ($ ft $ !" ($ ft 2 !" (& ft 10 !" (& ft & !" (& ft 1 !" (# ft % !" (# ft $ !" 3 !" (# ft 0 !" (3 ft 10 !" (3 ft 8 !" (3 ft & !" (3 ft 3 !" (3 ft 1 !"

( gBre 7-54 +0M32ETED 292-TY3E ANTENNA

2.1 m ($ ft 11 !"

1.3 m (# ft

7 ;4 ANTENNA 2EN*TH 32ANNIN* +0NSIDERATI0NS4 *he length of an antenna must be considered in the construction of field expedients. 7t a minimum a uarter of the fre uency wavelength should be used as the length of the 43 7ntenna. 7nother important factor in 68S communications is the height of the antenna with relation to the receiving station. *he higher the antenna the greater the range the radio transmission will have. *errain and curvature of the 3arth affect 68S communication by absorb ing

OI- and 9I- ommuni ations into the >arths surfa e( *his can be overcome by increasing antenna height, power output, and radio fre uency. Since radio fre uencies are pre designated and power output is limited by the capabilities of the radio set, antenna length and height are the two variables that can be manipulated to increase radio communication range. Bsing the following formulas it will be possible to plan for the use of field expedient antennas, determine the best location to gainE maintain communication, and plan for communication windows as necessary. a. *o calculate the physical length of an antenna in feet, use the following e uation. It will give you the antenna length in feet for a "E ) wavelength of the fre uency. *o determine the antenna length in feet for a full wavelength antenna, multiply the antenna length by )F ? M 267> (reE A? M t&e 'engt& o$ t&e antenna n $eetN (reE M t&e ra! o $reEBen%# Bse!C

)3024L) 267> 6;495< M 64<1 $eet A8Barter =a/e'engt& AntennaC 64<1 $eet G 2 M 124<2 $eet AHa'$ =a/e'engt& AntennaC 64<1 $eet G 7 M 274<7 $eet A(B'' =a/e'engt& AntennaC b. ;urvature of the earth allows for a person , foot . inches looking across a flat surface to see a distance of about ).. km 9( gBre 7-6<, anything beyond this distance is below the horizon and essentially dead space. *o overcome this, the person must move to a higher elevation to see beyond ).. km. 68S communication is sub!ect to this same principle. Bse the following formu la to calculate the re uired antenna height for a given distance 9keep in mind that if you are in low ground such as a valley, draw, depression, the height of the antenna will be greater? when on high ground the antenna height may be shorter<. Bse the follow ing formula to compute height of antenna to compensate for curvature of the earthF ? M 267> (reE 9? M t&e 'engt& o$ t&e antenna n $eetN (reE M t&e ra! o $reEBen%# Bse! #istance in km 9D-"< from re eiving station Q s@uare root of R :14(7 . )m< where 7m is the antenna height in meters. )3024L) 5nown heightF 1$m Q R:14(7 . )m<, 1$m Q R:14(7 . 1(7m< or Bnknown heightF 7mR 1.1./.) x 9#km<S, 7mR 1.1./.) x 9)..km<S ( gBre 7-64 +UR9ATURE 0( THE EARTH

6 C 17

6 C 15

+&a@ter 5

DEM02ITI0NS
*his chapter introduces Rangers to the characteristics of explosives 9low and high, Tab'e 5-1<, to initiation systems, modernized demolition initiator 9M#I< components, detonation systems, safety considerations, expedient explosives, breaching charges, an d timber cutting charges 94M ,A%,1<. D +o: eAp#osi7es have a detonating velocity up to ",'11 feet per second, which produces a pushing or shoving effect. D 'ig" eAp#osi7es have a detonating velocity of ',%/1 to %.,/// feet per second, which produces a shattering effect.

5C1

Tab'e 5-14 +HARA+TERISTI+S 0( US DEM02ITI0NS E?320SI9ES $)T.N0T*.N E)L.#*TF U2) &) N02) 7mmonium nitrate :3*2 044L*#0T*.N% 2*N; %)# %,.11 /,'11 T; %)# /./11 %.,%11 0#T.&9 1.)% ".-;ratering charge #et cord blasting caps demolition charges =lasting caps composition explosive #emolition charge composition explosive =ooster charge composition explosive ;ommercial dynamite *ime fuse =ursting charge =ooster charge bursting charge =ursting charge ;utting and breaching charges ;ratering charge #emolition charge =ooster and bursting charges #emolition charge :riming demolition charge ;utting charge #emolition charge ;utting charge

T.3*#*TF

/0T)& &)%*%T0N#) :oor 3xcellent

#angerous Slightly dangerous #angerous #angerous #angerous #angerous #angerous #angerous #angerous #angerous Slightly dangerous #angerous #angerous #angerous #angerous Slightly dangerous #angerous #angerous #angerous

R#H *rinitrotoluene 9*2*< *etryl 2itroglycerin =lack powder 7matol /1 E %1 ;omposition 7' ;omposition = ;omposition ;) 9M""%< ;omposition &*etrytol ., E %, :entolite ,1 E ,1 M" #ynamite #et cord

/,',1 -,011 .,"11 .,.11 )11 ),011 /,"11 .,/11 /.1)1 .,"01 .,111 .,),1 -,"11 -,"11 to .,'11 .,'11 .,/11 .,/11

%.,)11 %%,-11 %','11 %,,%11 ",'11 "-,111 %-,,11 %,,-11 %-,)11 %',-11 %',111 %),)11 %1,111 %1,111 to %),111 %),111 %,,-11 %,,-11

".-1 ".11 ".%, ".,1 1.,, ".". AAA ".', ".') ".'' ".%1 AAA 1.0% AAA

3xcellent 3xcellent 3xcellent @ood :oor :oor @ood 3xcellent 3xcellent 3xcellent 3xcellent 3xcellent 4air 3xcellent

Sheet explosive M""/ and M"/=angalore torpedo M"7% Shaped charges M%7', M%7), and M'7"

".") ".". ".".

3xcellent 3xcellent 3xcellent

4 T$T B 10?? re#ati7e e55e!ti7eness

5-14 INITIATIN* A3RIMIN*C SYSTEMS4 *he best way to prime demolition systems is with M#Is. *hese are blasting caps attached to various lengths of time fuse or shock tube. *hey can be used with a fuse igniter and detonating cord to create many firing systems. In the absence of M#I, field expedient methods may be used. a. S&o%- TBbe4 9"< *hin, plastic tube of extruded polymer with a layer of special explosive material on the interior surface. 9%< 3xplosive material propagates a detonation wave that moves along the shock tube to a factory crimped and sealed blasting cap. 9'< #etonation is normally contained within the plastic tubing. &owever, burns may occur if the shock tube is held. =ARNIN* )Brns "a# o%%Br $ t&e s&o%- tBbe s &e'!4 9)< 7dvantages of shock tubeF 9a< It is extremely reliable. 9b< It offers instant electric initiation, and it also prevents radio transmitters, static electricity, and such from accidentally causing an initiation. 9c< It may be extended using leftover sections from previous operations. b. )'ast ng +a@s4 4ive types of M#I blasting caps are available to replace the M- electric and M. non Aelectric blasting cap. *hree are highAstrength, and two are lowAstrength. &ighAstrength blasting caps can prime all standard military explosives 9including detonating cord< or and can initiate the shock tube for other M#I blasting caps. 9"< 2::. D -a tory rimped to 7; feet of shock tube. D ) mova/le PSP hoo$ is atta hed for @ui $ and easy atta hment to det ord( D ) red flag is atta hed 1 meter from the /lasting ap and a yello" flag 4 meters from the /lasting ap( 9%< 2:B. D -a tory rimped to 7(5 feet of time fuse. D &ay /e initiated using a fuse igniter or mat h( D BurnAtime for total length is about five minutes. D Tello" /ands indi ate ali/rated one Aminute time intervals. 9'< 2:C. D 3"o /lasting aps fa tory rimped to 7; feet of sho $ tu/e( D >a h /lasting cap has delay elements to allow for staged detonations. D 2o"Astrength blasting caps. Bsed as a relay device to transmit a shock tube detonation impulse from an initiator to a high strengthAblasting cap. 9)< 2:>. *his is factory crimped to ,11 feet of shock tube on a cardboard spool. 9,< 2:<. *his is factory crimped to ",111 feet of shock tube. c. Mat%&es4 If fuse igniter is unavailable, light the time 9blasting< fuse with a match. Split the fuse at the end 9 ( gBre 51<, and place the head of an unlit match in the powder train. 6ight the inserted match head with a flaming match, or rub the a brasive on the match box against it. +ou may have to retry this in windy conditions. N0TEF &igh altitudes and colder temperatures increase burn time. d. M;1 (Bse Ign ter. *his is used to ignite time blasting fuse or to initiate the shock tube of M#I blasting caps.

5C7

( gBre 5-14 TE+HNI8UE (0R 2I*HTIN* TIME (USE =ITH A MAT+H

5-24

DET0NATI0N A(IRIN*C SYSTEMS4 *he two types of firing systems are M#I alone, or M#I plus detonating cord. a. M#I 7lone. 7n M#I firing system is one in which the initiation set, transmission and branch lines are constructed using M#I components and the explosive charges are primed with M#I blasting caps. ;onstruct the charge in the following manner. 9"< 3mplace and secure explosive charge, such as ;), *2*, cratering charge, on target. 9%< :lace a sandbag or other easily identifiable marker over the M"", M"), or M", blasting cap to be used. 9'< ;onnect to an M"% or M"' transmission line if desired. 9)< ;onnect blasting cap with shock tube to an M") cap with time fuse. ;ut time blasting fuse to desired delay time. 9,< :rime the explosive charge by inserting the blasting cap into the charge. 9-< Cisually inspect firing system for possible misfire indicators such as cracks, bulges, or corrosion. 9.< Return to the firing point and secure a fuse igniter to the cut end of the time fuse. 9/< Remove the safety cotter pin from the igniter$s body. 90< 7ctuate the charge by grasping the igniter body with one hand while sharply pulling the pull ring. b. MDI an! Detonat ng +or!4 ;onstruct the charge using the above steps for M#I standAalone system. Incorporate detonating cord branch lines into the system using the O>O hooks of the M"" shock tube. *aping the ends of the detonation cord reduces the effect of moisture on the system. 5-64 SA(ETY4 M#I is not recommended for below ground use, except in uarry operations with water Agel or slurry explosives. Bse detonating cord when it is necessary to bury primed charges. a. #o not handle misfires downrange until the re uired '1 minute waiting period for both primary and secondary initiation systems has elapsed and other safety precautions have been accomplished . b. 2ever yank or pull hard on the shock tube. *his may actuate the blasting cap. c. #o not dispose of used shock tubes by burning because of potentially toxic fumes given off from the burning plastic. d. #o not use M" dynamite with the M", blasting cap. *he M", delay blasting cap should be used only with waterAgel or slurry explosives. e. 7lways use protective e uipment when handling demolitions. Minimum protection consists of leather gloves, ballistic eye protection, and helmet. 5-74 E?3EDIENT E?320SI9ES- IM3R09ISED SHA3ED +HAR*E4 7n improvised shaped charge 9( gBre 5-2< concentrates the energy of the explosion released on a small area, making a tubular or linear fracture in the target. a. *he versatility and simplicity of these charges make them effective against targets, especially those made of concrete or those with armor plating. 9"< =owls, funnels, cone shaped glasses, 9champagne glasses with stem removed< used as cones. ;hampagne or cognac bottles are excellent. 9%< ;harge characteristics.

9a< &a7it2 +iners. *hese are made of copper, tin, or zinc. If none is available, cut a cavity out of the plastic explosive. 9b< &a7it2 Ang#e0 *his will work with '1 to -1 degree angles. *he cavity angle in most highAexplosive antitank 9&37*< ammunition is )% to ), degrees. 9c< EAp#osi7e 'eig"t .In &ontainer/0 *his is % times the height of the cone measured from the base of the cone to the top of the explosive. 9d< Stando550 8ormal standoff is one and one half times the ones diameter( 9e< Detonation Point0 *he exact top center of the charge is the detonation point. ;over the blasting cap with a small amount of ;) if any part of the blasting cap is exposed. b. Remove the narrow neck of a bottle or the stem of a glass by wrapping it with a piece of soft, absorbent twine or by soaking the string in gasoline and lighting it. :lace two bands of adhesive tape, one on each side of the twine, to hold the twine firmly in place. *he bottle or stem must be turned continuously with the neck up, to heat the glass uniformly. c. 7 narrow band of plastic explosive placed around the neck and burned gives the same result. 7fter the twine or plastic has burned, submerge the neck of the bottle in water and tap it against some ob!ect to break it off. *ape the sharp edge of the bottle to prevent cutting hands while tamping the explosive in place. d. #o not immerse the bottle in water before the plastic has been completely burned, or it could d etonate. ( gBre 5 24 IM3R09ISED SHA3ED +HAR*E

E?3EDIENT E?320SI9ES-32ATTER +HAR*E4 *his device 9( gBre 5-6< turns a metal plate into a powerful bluntAnosed pro!ectile. *he plate should be steel=preferably round, but s uare will work =and it should weigh from % to - pounds. a. *he weight of the explosive should e ual the weight of the platter. b. Bniformly pack the explosive behind the platter. +ou will only need a container if the explosives fail to remain firmly against the platter. +ou can use tape to anchor the explosives, if needed. c. :rime the charge at the exact, rear center of the charge. If any part of the blasting cap is exposed, cover it with a small uantity of ;).

5-54

5C5

d. 7im charge at the direct center of the target, and ensure that the charge is on the opposite side of the platter from the target. 3ffective range is ', yards for a small target. (ith practice, you might hit a ,, Agallon drum at %, yards 01 percent of the time. 7 gutted fuse igniter can serve as an expedient aiming device. ( gBre 5-64 32ATTER +HAR*E

5-64

E?3EDIENT E?320SI9ES-*RA3ESH0T +HAR*E. *o use this antipersonnel fragmentation mine 9( gBre 5-7<AA a. Ho'e4 ;reate a hole in the center, bottom of the container, for the blasting cap. b. EG@'os /es4 :lace explosives evenly on the bottom of the container. Remove all voids and air pockets by pressing the ;) into place using a nonAsparking instrument. c. )B$$er4 :lace buffer material directly over the top of the explosives. d. 3roje%t 'es4 :lace pro!ectiles over top of the buffer materials, then cover to prevent spilling from movement. e. A "4 7im at target from about "11 feet. Bse a small amount of ;) on any exposed portion of the blasting cap. ( gBre 5-74 *RA3ESH0T +HAR*E

5-74 DEM02ITI0N :N0TS4 Several knots are used in demolitions. ( gBre 5-5 and ( gBre 5-6 show a few simple knots that can !oin demolitions to detonation cord. ( gBre 5-54 9ARI0US H0ININ* :N0TS USED IN DEM02ITI0NS

( gBre 5-64 )RITISH HUN+TI0N

5C7

5-;4 MINIMUM SA(E DISTAN+ES4 Rangers must remain especially aware of their situations when using demolitions. Tab'e 5-2 shows minimum safe distances for employing up to ,11 pounds. 4or charges over ,11 pounds, see ( gBre 5-74 Tab'e 5-24 MINIMUM SA(E DISTAN+E (0R 3ERS0NNE2 IN 03EN A)ARE +HAR*EC E?320SI9E =EI*HT A2)C 27 0R 2ESS 6< 65 7< 75 5< 6< 7< ;< 9< 1<< 125 15< SA(E DISTAN+E (EET METERS 9;5 6<< 1,<21 611 1,<76 627 1,126 672 1,16; 656 1,211 669 1,2;7 692 1,655 716 1,715 761 1,777 779 1,526 765 1,671 5<< 1,752 567 E?320SI9E =EI*HT A2)C 175 2<< 225 25< 275 6<< 625 65< 675 7<< 725 5<< --SA(E DISTAN+E (EET METERS 1,;6; 56< 1,92< 5;5 1,999 6<9 2,<67 66< 2,166 651 2,199 67< 2,25; 6;; 2,616 7<5 2,669 722 2,71; 767 2,761 75< 2,625 ;<< -----

( gBre 5-74 MINIMUM SA(E DISTAN+E (0R +HAR*ES 09ER 5<< 30UNDS

DAN*ER +HAR*ES 0N TAR*ETS (0R +HAR*ES 0N TAR*ETS, THE MINIMUM RADIUS 0( DAN*ER IS 1,<<< METERS4 MINIMUM SA(E DISTAN+E =HEN IN A MISSI2E-3R00( SHE2TER (R0M THE 30INT 0( DET0NATI0N IS 1<< METERS4 5-94 )REA+HIN* +HAR*ES4 4or Tab'e 5-6, the left column represents the thickness of reinforced concrete wall. *he remaining . columns show the number of packages of ;) re uired to breach the wall using the charge placements shown in the drawings above the columns. a. Bse Tab'e 5-6, Tab'e 5-7, and Tab'e 5-5 for breaching charges. b. Bse the formula in ( gBre 5-; to calculate the charges 9Tab'e 6-5 and ( gBre 6-15 for more information<. c. Multiply number of packages of ;) from Tab'e 5-6 by conversion factor from Tab'e 5-7 for materials other than reinforced concrete.

Tab'e 5-64 )REA+HIN* +HAR*ES (0R REIN(0R+ED +0N+RETE 32A+EMENT METH0DS

Re n$or%e! +on%rete T& %-ness A$tC 24< 245 64< 645 74< 745 54< 545 64< 645 74< 745 ;4<

+ M 14< " % % ) , . 0 "% "' ". %" %'"

+ M 14< , 0 "' %" '" )) )/ -' /% "1) """ "'. "--

+ M 14< , 0 "' %" '" )) )/ -' /% "1) """ "'. "--

+ M 14; 0 ". %) '. ,.0 /, ""' "). "/%11 %), %0/

+ M 24< "1 "/ %)" -% // 0, "%"-' %1. %%% %.' ''"

+ M 24< "1 "/ %)" -% // 0, "%"-' %1. %%% %.' ''"

+ M 646 ". '' ). .) """ ",. ".1 %%%0' '.% '00 )01 ,0,

3a%-ages o$ M112 A+7C

5C5

Tab'e 5-74 +0N9ERSI0N (A+T0RS (0R MATERIA2S 0THER THAN REIN(0R+ED +0N+RETE 20T)&*0L 37R*& 8R#I27R+ M7S82R+ &7R# :72 S&763 8R#I27R+ ;82;R3*3 R8;5 @88# *IM=3R 37R*& ;82S*RB;*I82 #32S3 ;82;R3*3 4IRS*A;67SS M7S82R+ #.NE)&%*.N 0#T.& 1."

1.,

1..

M't() '* E')t,

Tab'e 5-54 MATERIA2 (A+T0R A:C (0R )REA+HIN* +HAR*ES R )ll values 2ess than 1(5 m :5 ft< 1(5 m :5 ft< or more ;(7 m :1 ft< or less 0ver ;(7 m :1 ft< to less than ;(5 m :7 ft< ;(5 m :7 ft< to less than 1(5 m :5 ft< 1(5 & :5 ft< to less than 4(1 m :7 ft< 4(1 m :7 ft< or more ;(7 m :1 ft< or less 0ver ;(7 m :1 ft< to less than ;(5 m :7 ft< ;(5 m :7 ft< to less than 1(5 m :5 ft< 1(5 & :5 ft< to less than 4(1 m :7 ft< 4(1 m :7 ft< or more ;(7 m :1 ft< or less 0ver ;(7 m :1 ft< to less than ;(5 m :7 ft< ;(5 m :7 ft< to less than 1(5 m :5 ft< 1(5 & :5 ft< to less than 4(1 m :7 ft< 4(1 m :7 ft< or more

+ 0.07 0.32 0.2% 0.88 0.#8 0.#0 0.32 0.27 1.1# 0.$2 0.&2 0.#1 0.3& 1.7$ 0.%$ 0.80 0.$3 0.&#

3oor "asonr#, s&a'e, &ar!@an, goo! t "ber, an! eart&en %onstrB%t on *oo! "asonr#, %on%rete b'o%-, an! ro%-

Dense %on%rete an! $ rst-%'ass "asonr#

Re n$or%e! %on%rete A$a%tor !oes not %ons !er %Btt ng stee'C

( gBre 5-;4 (0RMU2A (0R +0M3UTIN* SIOE 0( +HAR*E T0 )REA+H +0N+RETE, MAS0NRY, AND R0+:

P - R +C
=&ereD 3 M TNT reEB re! A n @oBn!sC R M )rea%& ng ra! Bs A n $eetC : M Mater a' $a%tor, .& %& re$'e%ts t&e strengt&, &ar!ness, an! "ass o$ t&e "ater a' to be !e"o' s&e! + M Ta"@ ng $a%tor, .& %& !e@en!s on t&e 'o%at on an! ta"@ ng o$ t&e %&arge 5-1<4 TIM)ER +UTTIN* +HAR*ES4 Tab'e 5-6 shows timberAcutting charge sizes. ( gBre 5-9 through ( gBre 5-15 show the types of charges and the formulas to use with each. Tab'e 5-64 TIM)ER-+UTTIN* +HAR*E SIOE

( gBre 5-94 A)ATIS

5 C 11

( gBre 5-1<4 (0RMU2A (0R (A22EN TREE 0)STA+2ES 0R TEST SH0T

=&ereD 3 M TNT reEB re! @er tree A n @oBn!sC D M D a"eter or 'east ! "ens on o$ ! "ens one! t "berN n n%&es

3 M DP>5< M 3 M <4<2DP

( gBre 5-114 TIM)ER-+UTTIN* RIN* +HAR*E

( gBre 5-124 TIM)ER-+UTTIN* +HAR*E AE?TERNA2C

( gBre 5-164 (0RMU2A (0R E?TERNA2 TIM)ER-+UTTIN* +HAR*E

=&ereD 3 M TNT reEB re! @er target A n @oBn!sC D M D a"eter or 'east ! "ens on o$ ! "ens one! t "berN n n%&es

3 M DP>7< or 3 M <4<25DP

( gBre 5-174 TIM)ER-+UTTIN* +HAR*E AINTERNA2C

5 C 17

( gBre 5-154 (0RMU2A (0R INTERNA2 TIM)ER-+UTTIN* +HAR*E

=&ereD 3 M TNT reEB re! @er target A n @oBn!sC D M D a"eter or 'east ! "ens on o$ ! "ens one! t "berN n n%&es

3 M DP>25< or 3 M <4<<7DP

5 C 15

+&a@ter 6

M09EMENT
*o survive on the battlefield, stealth, dispersion, and security must be enforced in all tactical movements. *he leader must be skilled in all movement techni ues 9(M 6-214;<. 6-14 (0RMATI0NS4 Movement formations include elements and Rangers arranged in relation to each other. 4ire teams, s uads, and platoons use several formations. 4ormations give the leader control based on a M3**A*; analysis. 6eaders position themselves where they can best command and control the formations, which are shown in ( gBre 6-1. 4ormations= a. A''o. the fire team leader to lead /y e.ample, %-ollo" me and do as ! do( )ll 'angers in the team must /e a/le to see their leader. b. Re$'e%t fire team formations. S uad formations are very similar with more Rangers. S uads can operate in lines and files similar to fire teams. (hen s uads operate in wedges or in echelon, the fire teams use those formations, and simply arr ange themselves in column or with one team behind the other( ,@uads may also use the %vee, "here one team forms the lines of the vee with the s uad leader at front 9at the point of the vee< for command and control. :latoons use the same formations as s uads. (hen the unit operates as a platoon, the platoon leader must carefully select the location for his machine guns in the movement formation. ( gBre 6-14 (0RMATI0NS

6-24 M09EMENT TE+HNI8UES4 Selecting a movement techni ue is based on the likelihood of enemy contact and the relative need for speed. Specifically, the factors to consider include control! dispersion! speed! and security. Movement techni ues are neither fixed nor are they formations. Instead, movement techni ues are distinguished by a set of criteria such as distance between individual Rangers and between teams or s uads. Movement techni ues vary depending on M3**A*;. &owever, Rangers a#:a2s 3 st 9e a9#e to see t"eir 5ire tea3 #eaders, and t"e p#atoon #eader s"o #d 9e a9#e to see "is #ead s6 ad #eader0 6eaders control movement with hand and arm signals and use radios only when needed. 6eaders match the movement techni ue to the situation as followsF a. Tra/e' ng. Bse when enemy contact is not likely, but speed is necessary. 6eave "1 meters between Rangers, and %1 meters between s uads. D &ore ontrol than traveling over"at h /ut less than /ounding over"at h( D &inimum dispersion( D &a.imum speed(

6C1

D &inimum se urity( b. Tra/e' ng 0/er.at%&4 Bse when enemy contact is possible. *his is the most used movement techni ue. 6eave %1 meters between Rangers, and ,1 meters between teams. 9"< 8nly the lead s uad should use traveling overwatch? however, in cases where greater dispersion is desired, all s uads may use it. 9%< In other formations, all s uads use traveling overwatch unless the platoon leader specifies not to. *raveling overwatch offers good control, dispersion, speed, and security forward. 9'< *he lead s uad must be far enough ahead of the rest of the platoon to detect or engage any enemy before the enemy observes or fires on the main body. &owever, the lead s uad must stay between ,1 and "11 meters in front of the platoon so the platoon can support them with small arms fires. *his is normally between ,1 to "11 meters, depending on terrain, vegetation, and light and weather conditions. c. )oBn! ng 0/er.at%&4 Bse when enemy contact is likely, or when crossing a danger area. =oth s uad and platoon have bounding and overwatch elements. *he bounding element moves while the other one occupies a position where it can over"at h /y fire the /ounding elements route( T"e 9o nding e#e3ent 3 st re3ain :it"in 5iring range o5 t"e o7er:at!"ing e#e3ent at a## ti3es0 9"< #haracteristics. =ounding overwatch offers maximum control, dispersion, and security with minimum speed. 9%< Types of ,ounds. 9a< S !!essi7e 9o nds. 8ne element moves to a position, then the overwatching element moves to a position generally online with the first element. 9b< A#ternating Bo nds0 8ne element moves into position, then the overwatching element moves to a position in 5ront o5 the first element. 9'< Length. *he length of a bound depends on the terrain, visibility, and control. 9)< *nstructions. =efore a bound, the leader gives the following instructions to his subordinatesF D 1ire tion of the enemy if $no"n D Position of over"at h elements D 8e.t over"at h position D 'oute of the /ounding element D What to do after the /ounding element rea hes the ne.t position D Io" the elements re eive follo" on orders 9,< %+uad ,ounding .verwatch. Rangers leave about %1 meters between them. *he distance between teams and s uads varies 9( gBre 6-2<. 9-< 4latoon ,ounding .verwatch. (hen platoons use bounding overwatch 9( gBre 6-6<, one s uad bounds, a second s uad overwatches, and a third awaits orders. Rangers leave about %1 meters between them. *he distance between teams and s uads varies. 4orward observers stay with the overwatching s uad to call for fire. :latoon leaders normally stay with the overwatching s uad, which uses machine guns and attached weapons to support the bounding s uad. 7nother way is to have one s uad use bounding overwatch while the other two use traveling or traveling overwatch. (hen deciding where to move the bounding element, consider = D 3he enemys li$ely lo ation D 3he mission D 3he routes to the ne.t over"at h position D 3he "eapons ranges of the over"at hing unit D 3he responsiveness of the rest of the unit D 3he fields of fire at the ne.t over"at h position

( gBre 6-24 S8UAD )0UNDIN* 09ER=AT+H

6C7

( gBre 6-64 32AT00N )0UNDIN* 09ER=AT+H

6-64 STANDARDS4 Bnit moves on designated route or arrives at specified location I7( 8:8R#, maintaining accountability of all assignedE attached personnel. a. Bnit uses the movement formation and techni ue ordered by the leader 9based on M3**A*;<. b. 6eaders remain oriented 9within %11 meters< and follow a planned route, unless M3**A*; dictates otherwise. c. 9#uring movement< unit maintains '-1Adegree security and remains "11 percent alert. d. 9#uring halts< unit maintains '-1Adegree security and at least ., percent security. e. If the unit makes contact with the enemy, they do so with the smallest element possible. f. *he unit uses control measures during movement such as head counts, rally points, or phase lines. 6-74 (UNDAMENTA2S4 a. Mission 7ccomplishment. Mission accomplishment depends on successful land navigation. *he patrol should use stealth and vigilance to avoid chance contact. #esignate a primary and alternate compass and pace man per patrol. 7ll leaders except fire team leaders move inside their formations to best control the platoon. N0TEF *he point man is never tasked to perform compass or pace duties. &is sole responsibility is forward security for the element. 9"< %tealth. :atrols must use stealth, and use the cover and concealment of the terrain to its maximum advantage. (henever possible, the patrol should move during limited visibility to maximize the technological advantages of night vision devi es and hinder the enemys a/ility to dete t the patrol( 3hey e.ploit the enemys "ea$nesses, and try to time movements to coincide with other operations that distract the enemy. 9%< %ecurity. *he patrol must continue to use both active and passive security measures. *he leader a ssigns subunit responsibilities for security at danger areas, patrol bases and, most of all, in the ob!ective area. 9'< ire %upport. *he leader plans fire support 9mortars, artillery, tactical air, attack helicopter, naval gunfire<. 9)< #hoice of Techni+ue. *he enemy threat and terrain determines which of the three movement techni ues to useF 9a< 4ire teams maintain visual contact, but the distance between them is such that the entire patrol does not become engaged if it makes contact. 4ire teams can spread their formations as necessary to gain better

observation to the flanks. 7lthough widely spaced, men retain their relative positions in their wedge, and follow their team leader. 8nly in extreme situations should the file be used. 9b< *he lead s uad must secure the front, and is responsible for navigation. 4or a long movement, the :6 may rotate lead s uad responsibilities. *he fire teamEs uad in the rear is charged with rear security. 9c< Cary movement techni ues to meet the changing situation. 9,< Three $imensional ,attlefield. *he patrol achieves '-1Adegree security high and low. (ithin a fire team, s uad and so on, the leader assigns appropriate sectors of fire to subordinates. *his ensures the battlefield is covered. *his includes trees, multiple storied structures, tunnels, sewers, and ditches. 6-54 TA+TI+A2 MAR+HES4 :latoons conduct two types of marches with the companyF foot marches and motor 9road< marches. a. 3Br@ose> *enera'4 7 foot march is successful when troops arrive at the destination at the prescribed time, physically able to execute their tactical mission. b. Stan!ar!4 D 3he unit rosses the start point and release point at the times spe ified in the order( D 3he unit follo"s the pres ri/ed route, rate of mar h, and interval "ithout deviation unless re@uired other"ise by enemy action or higher head uarters action. c. (Bn!a"enta's4 D >ffe tive ontrol D 1etailed planning D 'ehearsals d. +ons !erat ons4 9"< 2)TTGT#. D &issionAA*ask and purpose D >nemyAAIntentions, capabilities, and course of action D 3errain and WeatherAARoad conditionE trafficability, and visibility D 3roopsH3 uipmentAA;ondition of Rangers and their loads? number and types of weapons and radios D 3imeAAStart time, release time, rate of march, and time available D CiviliansAAMovement through populated areas, refugees, 8:S3; 9%< Task .rgani7ation D ,e urity = 7dvance and trail teams D &ain Body = *wo remaining line s uads and weapons s uad D Iead@uarters Command and Control D Control measures 9'< %tart 4oint and &elease :oint 9given by higher< D Che $ Points = at check points report to higher and use to remain oriented D 'ally or rende#vous points = used when elements become separated D 2o ations of 2eaders = where they can best control their elements D Communi ations Plan = location of radios, fre uencies, call signs, and 8:S53#s D 1ispersion /et"een 'angers = ' to , metersEday = " to ' metersEnight 9)< 2arch .rder. May be issued as an 8:8R#, 4R7@8, or annex to either 9must use operational overlay or strip map<. *he march order includes= D -ormations and order of movement D 'oute of mar h, assembly area, start point, release point, rally points, check points, breakE halt points D ,tart point time, release point time, and rate of mar h D &ar h interval for s@uads, teams and individuals D ) tions on enemy contact?air and ground D ) tions at halts

6C5

D -ires?detailed plan of fire support for the march D Water supply plan D &>1>O)C Plan e. DBt es an! Res@ons b ' t es4 9"< 4latoon Leader@ D Before = Issues (7R28 and 4R7@8? inspects and supervises D 1uring = 3nsures unit makes movement time, maintains interval, and remains oriented? maintains security? checks condition of Rangers? enforces water discipline and field sanitation D )fter = 3nsures Rangers are prepared to accomplish their mission? supervises S6s? ensures Rangers receive medical coverage as needed 9%< 4latoon %ergeant@ D Before = &elps :6? makes recommendations? enforces uniform and packing lists D 1uring =;ontrols stragglers, assist platoon leader maintain proper interval and security D )t Ialts = 3nforces security, ensures welfare of men, enforces field sanitation, litter discipline, and preventive medicine. D )fter = ;oordinates for water, rations, and medical supplies. Recovers casualties. 9'< %+uad Leaders@ D Before = :rovides detailed instruction to *6s, inspects boots and socks for serviceability and proper fit, ad!ustment of e uipment, full canteens, and e ual distribution of loads D 1uring = ;ontrols s uad, maintains proper interval between men and e uipment, enforces security, remains oriented D )t halts = 3nsures security is maintained, provides Rangers for water resupply as detailed. :hysically checks the Rangers in his s uad? ensures they drink water and change socks as necessary. Rotates heavy e uipment. Bnits should plan the latter in detail to avoid confusion before, during, and after halts D )fter 0 upies s@uad se tor of assem/ly area, ondu ts foot inspe tion and reports ondition of men to P2B prepares men to accomplish the mission. 9)< %ecurity %+uad@ D 2ead 3eam A Serves as point element for platoon, reconnoiters route to S: A ;alls in check points and provides early warning A Maintains rate of march, moves "1 to %1 meters in front of main body D 3rail 3eam A :rovides rear security, moves "1 to %1 meters behind main body 9,< 2edic@ D )ssesses and treats mar h asualties D )dvises hain of ommand on eva uation and transportation re@uirements of asualties 9-< *ndividual@ D Maintains interval and follows *6$s examples D 'elays hand and arm signalsB remains alert during movement and at halts D 'emains alert during movement and at halts 6-64 M09EMENT DURIN* 2IMITED 9ISI)I2ITY +0NDITI0NS4 #uring hours of limited visibility, the platoon uses surveillance, target ac uisition, and night observation 9S*728< devices to enhance effectiveness. 6eaders must be able to control, navigate , maintain security, and move during limited visibility. a. +ontro'4 (hen visibility is poor, the following methods aid in controlF D 2eaders move loser to front D Platoon redu es speed D Platoon uses lumines ent tape on e@uipment D 2eader redu es intervals /et"een men and elements D 6eader counts heads often

b. Na/ gat on4 (hile navigating during limited visibility, the unit uses the same techni ues are they do in daylight, but leaders exercise more care to keep the patrol oriented. c. Se%Br t#4 D >nfor e stri t noise and light dis ipline( D 9se radio listening silen e( D 9se amouflage( D Bse terrain to avoid detection by enemy surveillance or night vision devices. D &a$e fre@uent listening haltsB ondu t ,22, :,top, 2oo$, 2isten, ,mell<( D &as$ the sounds of movement "hen possi/le( :'ain, "ind, and flo"ing "ater "ill mas$ the sounds of movement.< d. Ra''# 3o nts4 6eaders plan actions to be taken at rally points in detail. 7ll elements must maintain communications at all time. *he two techni ues for actions at rally points followF D 2inimum orce@ :atrol members assemble at the rally point, and the senior leader assumes command. (hen the minimum force 9designated in the 8:8R#< is assembled and organized, the patrol will continue the mission. D Time 0vaila1le@ *he senior leader determines if the patrol has enough time remaining to accomplish the mission. e. A%t ons at Ha'ts4 #uring halts, the unit posts security and covers all approaches into the sector with key weapons. D %hort 'alt. *his typically takes " to % minutes long. Rangers seek immediate cover and concealment and take a knee. 6eaders assign sectors of fire. D Long 'alt. *his typically takes more than % minutes. Rangers assume the prone position behind cover and concealment. 6eaders ensure Rangers have clear fields of fire, and assign sectors of fire. 6-74 DAN*ER AREAS4 ) danger area is any pla e on a units route "here the leader determines his unit may /e e.posed to enemy observation or fire. Some examples of danger areas are open areas, roads and trails, urban terrain, enemy positions, an d natural and manmade obstacles. ,ypass danger areas whenever possi1le. a. Stan!ar!s4 D 3he unit prevents the enemy from surprising the main /ody( D 3he unit moves all personnel and e@uipment a ross the danger area( D 3he unit prevents de isive engagement /y the enemy( b4 (Bn!a"enta's4 D 1esignate near and far side rally points( D ,e ure near side, left and right flan$, and rear se urity( D 'e on and se ure the far side( D Cross the danger area( D Plan for fires on all $no"n danger areas( c. Te%&n EBe $or +ross ng Danger Areas4 9"< Linear $anger 0rea 96#7? ( gBre 6-7< 0ctions for a %+uad. STE3 14 *he alpha team leader 97*6< observes the linear danger area and sends the hand and arm signal to the S6, who determines to bound across. STE3 24 S6 directs the 7*6 to move his team across the 6#7 far enough to fit the remainder of the s uad on the far side of the 6#7. =ravo team moves to the 6#7 to the right or left to provide an overwatch position prior to 7 team crossing. STE3 64 S6 receives the hand and arm signal that it is safe to move the rest of the s uad across 9= team is still providing overwatch<. STE3 74 S6 moves himself, R*8 and = team across the 6#7. 97 team provides overwatch for s uad missions.< STE3 54 7 team assumes original azimuth at S6s command or hand and arm signal. 9%< L$0 #rossing for a 4latoon. 9a< *he lead s uad halts the platoon and signals danger area.

6C7

9b< *he platoon leader moves forward to the lead s uad to confirm the danger area, and then decides if current location is suitable for crossing. 9c< *he platoon leader confirms danger areaE crossing site and establishes near and far side rally points. :d< 0n the platoon leaders signal, the trail s@uad moves for"ard to esta/lish left and right near side security. 9e< 8nce near side security is established, the 7 team of the lead s uad with the s uad leader, moves across to confirm there is enough room to fit the rest of the platoon on the far side of the 6#7. 9f< 8nce he conducts Stop, 6oo$, 2isten, and ,mell :,22,<, s@uad leader signals platoon leader %)ll Clear( D 1ay time?hand and arm signal su h as a %thum/s up D 8ight time?clandestine signal such as infrared, red lens 9g< *he platoon leader then directs the = team of the lead s uad to bound across by team and link up with the 7 team of the lead s uad and pick up a half step while the rest of the platoon crosses. 9h< :latoon leader then crosses with R*8, 48, (S6, and two gun teams. 9i< 8nce across, :6 signals the %nd s uad in movement to cross. 9!< :S@ with medic and one gun team crosses after second s uad is across 9sterilizing central crossing site<. 9k< :S@ signals security s uad to cross at their location. 9l< :S@ calls :6 via 4M to confirm all elements are across. 9m< :6 directs lead s uad to pick up normal rate of movement. ( gBre 6-74 2INEAR DAN*ER AREA

N0TEF :latoon leader plans fires on all known 6#7 crossing sites. 2ear side security in overwatch sterilizes signs of the patrol. 9'< $anger 0rea 5%mall; .pen6 :a< 3he lead s@uad halts the platoon and signals %1anger area( 9b< *he :6 moves forward to the lead s uad to confirm the danger area. 9c< *he platoon leader confirms danger area and establishes near and far side rally points. 9d< *he :6 designates lead s uad to bypass danger area using the detour bypass method. 9e< *he paceman suspends current pace count and initiates an interim pace count. 7lternate paceEcompass man moves forward and offsets compass 01 degrees left or right as designated and moves in that direction until clear of danger area. 9f< 7fter moving set distance 92 meters as instructed by :6<. 6ead s uad assumes original azimuth, and primary pace man resumes original pace. 9g< 7fter the open area, the alternate paceE compass man offsets his compass 01 degrees left or right, and leads the platoonE s uad the same distance 92 meters< back to the original azimuth. 9)< $anger 0reas 5%eries6. 7 series of danger areas is two or more danger areas within an area that can be either observed or covered by fire. D 1ou/le linear danger area :use linear danger area te hni@ue and ross as one 21)< D 2inearH small open danger area :use /y passH ontour te hn i ue. ( gBre 6-5< D 2inearH large open danger area :use platoon "edge "hen rossing<( N0TEF A ser es o$ !anger areas s %rosse! Bs ng t&e te%&n EBe .& %& @ro/ !es t&e "ost se%Br t#4 ( gBre 6-54 SMA22 03EN DAN*ER AREA

6C5

9,< $anger 0rea 5Large6. 9a< 6ead s uad halts the platoon, and signals danger area. 9b< *he platoon leader moves forward with R*8 and 48 and confirms danger area. 9c< *he platoon leader confirms danger area and establishes near and far side rally points. 9d< :6 designates direction of movement. 9e< :6 designates change of formation as necessary to ensure security. N0TEF :latoon leader will plan for fires at all known 6#7 crossing sites. 2earside security in overwatch will sterilize signs of the patrol. N0TEF =efore point man steps into danger area, :6 and 48 ad!ust targets to cover movement. N0TEF If far side of danger area is within %,1 meters, :6 establishes overwatch, and designates lead s uad to clear woodline on far side.

6 C 11

+&a@ter 7

3ATR02S
*his chapter describes the principles and types of 9 re!onnaissan!e and !o39at<, and planning considerations and supporting tasks for patrols by Infantry platoons and s uads. It also discusses patro# 9ases and 3o7e3ents to !onta!t 9(M 6-214;, (M 6-<, and (M 1-<2<. &ere, the terms Ce#e3entC and Ctea3C refer to the s@uads fire teams, or buddy teams that perform the tasks as described. 7ll patrols are governed by five principles. Se%t on I4 3RIN+I32ES

7-14 32ANNIN*4 Iuickly make a simple plan and effectively communicate it to the lowest level. 7 great plan that takes forever to complete and is poorly disseminated isnt a great plan( Plan and prepare to a realisti standard and rehearse everything( 7-24 RE+0NNAISSAN+E4 +our responsibility as a Ranger leader is to confirm what you think you know, and to learn that which you do not already know. 7-64 SE+URITY4 :reserve your force as a whole. 3very Ranger and every rifle counts? anyone could be the difference between victory and defeat. 7-74 +0NTR024 Clarify the on ept of the operation and ommanders intent, oupled "ith dis iplined ommuni ations, to /ring every man and weapon available to overwhelm the enemy at the decisive point. 7-54 +0MM0N SENSE4 Bse all available information and good !udgment to make sound, timely decisions.

Se%t on II4 32ANNIN* *his section provides the planning considerations common to most patrols. It discusses task organization, initial planning an d coordination, completion of the plan, and contingency planning. 7-64 TAS: 0R*ANIOATI0N4 7 patrol is a detachment sent out by a larger unit to conduct a specific mission. :atrols operate semiAindependently and return to the main /ody upon ompletion of their mission( Patrolling fulfills the !nfantrys primary fun t ion of finding the enemy to either engage him or report his disposition, location, and actions. :atrols act as both the eyes and ea rs of the larger unit and as a fist to deliver a sharp devastating !ab and then withdraw before the enemy can recover. a. De$ n t ons4 9"< 4atrol. Sent out by a larger unit to conduct a specific combat, reconnaissance, or security mission. 7 patrols organi#ation is temporary and spe ifi ally mat hed to the immediate tas$( Be ause a patrol is an organization, not a mission, it is not correct to speak of giving a unit a mission to O:atrol.O 9%< 4atrolling or #onducting a 4atrol. *he semiAindependent operation ondu ted to a omplish the patrols mission. 7 patrol re uires a specific task and purpose. 9'< )mployment. 7 commander sends a patrol out from the main body to conduct a specific tactical task with an associated purpose. Bpon completion of that task, the patrol leader returns to the main body, reports to the commander and describes the events that took place, the status of the patrols mem/ers and e uipment, and any observations. 9)6 Leadership. If a patrol is made up of an organic unit, such as a rifle s uad, the s uad leader is responsible. If a patrol is made up of mixed elements from several units, an officer or 2;8 is designated as the patrol leader. *his temporary title defines his role and responsibilities for that mission. *he patrol leader may designate an assistant, normally the next senior man in the patrol, and any subordinate element leaders he re uires. 9,< %i7e. 7 patrol can be a unit as small as a fire team. S uadA and platoonAsized patrols are normal. Sometimes, for combat tasks such as a raid, the patrol can consist of most of the combat elements of a

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rifle company. Bnlike operations in which the Infantry platoon or s uad is integrated into a larger organization, the patrol is semiAindependent and relies on itself for security. 3lements and teams for platoons conducting patrols include? b. +o""on E'e"ents o$ 3atro's4 9"< 'ead+uarters )lement. *he head uarters consists of the platoon leader, R*8, platoon sergeant 9:S@<, 48, R*8, and medic. It may include any attachments that the :6 decides that he or the :S@ must control directly. 9%< 0id and Litter Team. 7id and litter teams are responsible for buddy aid and evacuation of casualties. 9'< )nemy 4risoner of /ar Team. >PW teams ontrol enemy prisoners using the five ,s and the leaders guidance. 9)< %urveillance Team. *he surveillance team keeps watch on the ob!ective from the time that the le aders reconnaissance ends until the unit deploys for actions on the ob!ective. *hey then re!oin their parent element. 9,< )n &oute &ecorder. :art of the &I element, maintains communications with higher and acts as the recorder for all ;;IR collected during the mission. 9-< #ompass 2an. *he compass man assists in navigation by ensuring the patrol remains on course at all times. Instructions to the compass man must include initial and subse uent azimuths. 7s a techni ue, the compass man should preset his compass on the initial azimuth before the unit moves out, especially if the move will be during limited visibility conditions. *he platoon or s uad leader should also designate an alternate compass man. 9.< 4oint; 4ace 2an. 7s re uired, the :6 designates a primary and alternate point man and a pace man for the patrol. *he pace man aids in navigation by keeping an accurate count of distance traveled. *he point man selects the actual route through the terrain, guided by the compass man or team leader. In addition, the point man also provides frontal security. c. +o""on E'e"ents o$ +o"bat 3atro's4 9"< 0ssault )lement. *he assault element seizes and secures the ob!ective and protects special teams as they complete their assigned actions on the ob!ective. 9%< %ecurity )lement. *he security element provides security at danger areas, secures the 8R:, isolates the ob!ective, and supports the withdrawal of the rest of the patrol once actions on the ob!ective are complete. *he security element may have separate security teams, each with an assigned task or se uence of tasks. 9'< %upport )lement. *he support element provides direct and indirect fire support for the unit. #irect fires include machine guns, medium and light antiarmor weapons, small recoilless rifles. Indirect fires available may include mortars, artillery, ;7S, and organic M%1' weapon systems. 9)< $emolition Team. #emolition teams are responsible for preparing and detonating the charges to destroy designated e uipment, vehicles, or facilities on the ob!ective. 9,< )4/ and %earch Teams. *he assault element may provide twoARanger 9buddy teams< or fourARanger 9fire team< search teams to search bunkers, buildings, or tunnels on the ob!ective. *hese teams will search the ob!ective or kill zone for any :IR that may give the :6 an idea of the enemy concept for future operations. :rimary and alternate teams may be assigned to ensure enough prepared personnel are available on the ob!ective. 9-< ,reach )lement. *he breach team conducts initial penetration of enemy obstacles to seize a foothold and allow the patrol to enter an ob!ective. *his is typically done I7( M3**A*; and the steps outlined in the %Condu t an !nitial Brea h of a &ined Wire 0/sta le /attle drill in Chapter 6 of this &andbook. d. +o""on E'e"ents, Re%on 3atro's4 9"< &econnaissance Team. Reconnaissance teams reconnoiter the ob!ective area once the security teams are in position. 2ormally these are twoARanger teams 9buddy teams< to reduce the possibility of detection. 9%< &econnaissance and %ecurity Teams. RNS teams are normally used in a zone reconnaissance, but may be useful in any situation when it is impractical to separate the responsibilities for reconnaissance and security.

9'< %ecurity )lement. (hen the responsibilities of reconnaissance and security are separate, the security element provides security at danger areas, secures the 8R:, isolates the ob!ective, and supports the withdrawal of the rest of the platoon once the recon is complete. *he security element may have separate security teams, each with an assigned task or se uence of tasks. 7-7 INITIA2 32ANNIN* AND +00RDINATI0N4 6eaders plan and prepare for patrols using the troop leading procedures and the estimate of the situation, as described in ;hapter %. *hrough an estimate of the situation, leaders identify re uired actions on the ob!ective 9mission analysis< and plan backward to departure from friendly lines and forward to reentry of friendly lines. =ecause patrolling units act independently, move beyond the direct fire support of the parent unit, and operate forward of friendly units, coordination must be thorough and detailed. ;oordination is continuous throughout planning and preparation. :6s use checklist s to preclude omitting any items vital to the accomplishment of the mission. a. +oor! nat on . t& H g&er Hea!EBarters. *his coordination includes intelligence, operations, and fire support I7( ;hapter %, ;oordination ;hecklists 9@age 2-67<. *his initial coordination is an integral part of Step ' of *roop 6eading :rocedures, Make a *entative :lan. b. +oor! nat on . t& A!ja%ent Un ts4 3he leader also oordinates his units patrol a tivities "ith the leaders of other units that will be patrolling in ad!acent areas at the same time, I7( ;oordination ;hecklists 9;hapter .<. 7-;4 +0M32ETI0N 0( 32AN4 7s the :6 completes his plan, he considers a. S@e% $ e! an! I"@' e! Tas-s4 *he :6 ensures that he has assigned all specified tasks to be performed on the ob!ective, at rally points, at danger areas, at security or surveillance locations, along the route9s<, and at passage lanes. *hese make up the maneuver and tasks to maneuver units subparagraphs of the 3xecution paragraph. b. :e# Tra/e' an! EGe%Bt on T "es4 *he leader estimates time re uirements for movement to the ob!ective, leader$s reconnaissance of the ob!ective, establishment of security and surveillance, completion of all assigned tasks on the ob!ectiv e, and passage through friendly lines. Some planning factors are D &ovementE )verage of " kmph during daylight hours in woodland terrain? average limited visibility "E% kmph. 7dd additional time for restrictive, or severely restrictive terrain such as mountains, swamps, or thick vegetation. D 2eaders re onE 823 1(5 hour( D >sta/lishment of security and surveillanceF 1., hour. c. 3r "ar# an! A'ternate RoBtes4 *he leader selects primary and alternate routes to and from the ob!ective. *he return routes should differ from the routes to the ob!ective. *he :6 may delegate route selection to a subordinate, but is ultimately responsible for the routes selected. d. S gna's4 *he leader should consider the use of special signals. *hese include hand and arm signals, flares, voice, whistles, radios, and infrared e uipment. :rimary and alternate signals must be identified and rehearsed so that all Rangers know their meaning. e. +&a''enge an! 3ass.or! (or.ar! o$ (r en!'# 2 nes4 3he hallenge and pass"ord from the units )8C1 must not be used beyond the 468*. 9"< .dd Num1er %ystem. *he leader specifies an odd number. *he challenge can be any number less than the specified number. *he password will be the number that must be added to it to e ual the specified number, for example, the number is ., the challenge is ', and the password is ). 9%< &unning 4assword. 72;#s may also designate a running password. *his code word alerts a unit that friendly Rangers are approaching in a less than organized manner and possibly under pressure. *he number of Rangers approaching follows the running password. 4or example, if the running password is Ranger ! and five friendly Rangers are approaching, they would say Ranger fi"e#! f. 2o%at on o$ 2ea!ers4 *he :6 considers where he and the :S@ and other key leaders are located during each phase of the mission. *he :6 positions himself where he can best control the actions of the patrol. *he :S@ is normally located wit h the assault element during a raid or attack to help the :6 control the use of additional assaulting s uads, and will assist with securing the 8=>. *he :S@ will locate himself at the ;;: to facilitate casualty treatment and evacuation. #uring a reconnaissance miss ion, the :S@ will stay behind in the 8R: to facilitate the transfer of Intel to the higher head uarters, and control the recon elements movement into and out of the 8R:.

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g. A%t ons on Ene"# +onta%t4 9nless re@uired /y the mission, the unit avoids enemy onta t( 3he leaders plan must address a tions on han e onta t at ea h phase of the patrol mission( 3he units a/ility to ontinue "ill depend on ho" earl y contact is made, whether the platoon is able to break contact successfully 9so that its subse uent direction of movement is undetected<, and whether the unit receives any casualties because of the contact. *he plan must address the handling of seriously wounded Rangers and 5I7s. *he plan must also address the handling of prisoners who are captured because of chance contact and are not part of the planned mission. h. +ont ngen%# 3'ans4 *he leader leaves his unit for many reasons throughout the planning, coordination, preparation, and execution of his patrol mission. 3ach time the leader departs the patrol main body, he must issue a f ive point contingency plan to the leader left in charge of the unit. *he patrol leader will additionally issue specific guidance stating what tasks are to be accomplished in the 8R: in his absence. *he contingency plan is remembered using the memory aid @8 *(7 shown in ( gBre 71. ( gBre 7-14 *0T=A4

* W"ere t"e #eader is *0IN*4 0 0THERS "e is ta-ing :it" "i30 T TIME "e p#ans to 9e gone0 = =HAT to do i5 t"e #eader does not ret rn in ti3e0 A A+TI0NS 92 nit in t"e e7ent !onta!t is 3ade :"i#e t"e #eader is gone0
.T"e #eader :i## designate a sta2D9e"ind #eader nti# "e ret rns/

i. Ra''# 3o nts. *he leader considers the use and location of rally points. 7 rally point is a place designated by the leader where the unit moves to reassemble and reorganize if it becomes dispersed. Rangers must know which rally point to move to at each phase of the patrol mission should they become separated from the unit. *hey must also know what actions are re uired there and how long they are to wait at each rally point before moving to another. 9"< #riteria. Rally points must be D >asily identifia/le in daylight and limited visi/ility( D ,ho" no signs of re ent enemy a tivity( D Covered and oncealed. D )"ay from natural lines of drift and high speed avenues of approa h( D 1efenda/le for short periods of time( 9%< Types. *he most common types of rally points include initial, en route, ob!ective, and near and far side rally points. !. 0bje%t /e Ra''# 3o nt4 *he 8R: typically lies %11 to )11m from the ob!ective, or at a minimum, one ma!or terrain feature away. 7ctions at the 8R: include D Condu t ,22, and pinpoint lo ation( D Condu t a leaders re on of the o/je tive( D !ssue a -')*0, if needed. D &a$e final preparations /efore ontinuing operations, for e.ample, re amouflage, prepare demolitions, line up rucksacks for uick recovery? prepare 3:( bindings, first aid kits, and litters? and inspect weapons. D ) ount for 'angers and e uipment after completing actions at the ob!ective. D 'eesta/lish the hain of ommand after a tions at the o/je tive are omplete( D 1isseminate information from re onnaissan e, if no onta t "as made( k. 2ea!er5s Re%onna ssan%e o$ t&e 0bje%t /e4 *he plan must in lude a leaders re onnaissan e of the o/je tive on e the platoon or s uad establishes the 8R:. =efore departing, the leader must issue a , point contingency plan. #uring his reconnaissance, the leader pinpoints the ob!ective, selects reconnaissance, security, support, and assault positions for his elements, and ad!usts his plan based on his observation of the ob!ective. 3ach type of patrol re uires different tasks during the

leaders re onnaissan e( 3he platoon leader "ill /ring different elem ents with him. 9*hese are discussed separately under each type of patrol<. *he leader must plan time to return to the 8R:, complete his plan, disseminate information, issue orders and instructions, and allow his s uads to make any additional preparations. #uring the 6eader$s Reconnaissance for a Raid or 7mbush, the :6 will leave surveillance on the 8=>. l4 A%t ons on t&e 0bje%t /e4 3ach type of patrol re uires different actions on the ob!ective. 7ctions on the ob!ective are discussed under each type of patrol. Se%t on III4 RE+0NNAISSAN+E 3ATR02S *his section discusses the fundamentals of reconnaissance, task standards for the two most common types of recon 9area and zone<, and actions on the ob!ective for those types of recon. =oth types of recon patrol provide timely and accurate information on the enemy and terrain and onfirm the leaders plan /efore it is e.e uted( 9nits on re onnaissan e operations olle t spe ifi c information 9priorit2 inte##igen!e re6 ire3ents J:IRK< or general information .in5or3ation re6 ire3ents JIRK< based on the instructions from their higher commander. 7-94 (UNDAMENTA2S 0( RE+0NNAISSAN+E4 In order to have a successful area reconnaissance, the platoon leader applies the fundamentals of the reconnaissance to his plan during the conduct of the operation. a. 0bta n ReEB re! In$or"at on4 *he parent unit tells the patrol leader what information is re uired. *his is in the form of the information re uirement and priority intelligence re uirements( 3he platoons mission is then tailored to what information is re uired. #uring the entire patrol, members must continuously gain and exchange all information gathered, but cannot consider the mission accomplished unless all :IR has been gathered. b. A/o ! Dete%t on b# t&e Ene"#4 7 patrol avoids letting the enemy know that it is in the ob!ective area. If the enemy knows he is being observed, he may move, change his plans, or increase his security measures. Methods of avoiding detection a re D &inimi#e movement in the o/je tive area :area reconnaissance<. D &ove no loser to the enemy than ne essary( D !f possi/le, use long range surveillan e or night vision devi es( D 9se amouflage, stealth, and noise and light dis ipline( D &inimi#e radio traffi ( c. E"@'o# Se%Br t# MeasBres4 7 patrol must be able to break contact and return to the friendly unit with what information is gathered. If necessary, they break contact and continue the mission. 6eaders emplace security elements where t hey can overwatch the reconnaissance elements. *hey suppress the enemy so the reconnaissance element can break contact. d. Tas- 0rgan ,e4 (hen the platoon leader receives the order, he analyzes his mission to ensure he understands what must be done. *hen he task organizes his platoon to best accomplish the mission I7( M3**A*;. Reconnaissances are typically s uad sized missions. 7-1<4 AS: STANDARDS a. 0rea &econnaissance. *he area recon patrol collects all available information on :IR and other intelligence not specified in the order for the area. *he patrol completes the recon and reports all information by the time specified in the order. *he patrol is not compromised. b. Hone &econnaissance. *he zone recon patrol determines all :IR and other intelligence not specified in the order for its assigned zone. *he patrol reconnoiters without detection by the enemy. *he patrol completes the recon and reports all information by the time specified in the order. 7-114 A+TI0NS 0N THE 0)HE+TI9E, AREA RE+0NNAISSAN+E4 *he element occupies the 8R: as discussed in the section on occupation of the 8R: 9A, ( gBre 7-2<. *he R*8 reports to higher that the unit has occupied the 8R:. *he leader confirms his location on map while subordinate leaders make necessary perimeter ad!ustments. *he :6 organizes the platoon in one of two waysF separate recon and security elements, or combined recon and security elements. a. *he :6 takes subordinates leaders and $ey personnel on a leaders re on to onfirm the o/je tive and plan( 9"< Issues a , point contingency plan before departure. 9%< 3stablishes a suitable release point that is beyond sight and sound of the ob!ective if possible, but that is definitely out of sight. *he R: should also have good rally point characteristics. 9'< 7llows all personnel to become familiar with the release point and surrounding area.

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9)< Identifies the ob!ective and emplaces surveillance. #esignates a surveillance team to keep the ob!ective under surveillance. Issues a contingency plan to the senior man remaining with the surveillance team. *he surveillance team is positioned with one man facing the ob!ective, and one facing back in the direction of the release point. 9,< *akes subordinate leaders forward to pinpoint the ob!ective, emplace surveillance, establish a limit of advance, and choose vantage points. :6< &aintains ommuni ations "ith the platoon throughout the leaders re on( b. *he :S@ maintains security and supervises priorities of work in the 8R:. 9"< Reestablishes security at the 8R:. 9%< #isseminates the :6s contingency plan. 9'< 8versees preparation of recon personnel 9personnel recamouflaged, 2C#s and binoculars prepared, weapons on safe with a round in the chamber<. c. *he :6 and his recon party return to the 8R:. 9"< ;onfirms the plan or issues a 4R7@8. 9%< 7llows subordinate leaders time to disseminate the plan. d. *he patrol conducts the recon by long range observation and surveillance if possible. RNS element 9), ( gBre 7-2<. 9"< Moves to observation points that offer cover and concealment and that are outside of small arms range. 9%< 3stablishes a series of observation posts 98:< if information cannot be gathered from one location. 9'< @athers all :IR using the S76B*3 format. e. If necessary, the patrol conducts its recon by short range observation and surveillance 9 +, ( gBre 7-2<. 9"< Moves to an 8: near the ob!ective. 9%< :asses close enough to the ob!ective to gain information. 9'< @athers all :IR using the S76B*3 format. f. RNS teams move using a techni ue such as the cloverleaf method to move to successive 8:s 9 D, ( gBre 7-2<. In this method, RNS teams avoid paralleling the ob!ective site, maintain extreme stealth, do not cr oss the limit of advance, and maximize the use of available cover and concealment. g. #uring the conduct of the recon, each RNS team returns to the release point when any of the following occurs 9 E, ( gBre 7-2<F D 3hey have gathered all their P!'( D 3hey have rea hed the limit of advan e( D 3he allo ated time to ondu t the re on has elapsed( D Conta t has /een made( h. 7t the release point, the leader analyzes what information has been gathered and determines if he has met the :IR re uirements. i. If the leader determines that he has not gathered sufficient information to meet the :IR re uirements, or if the information he and the subordinate leader gathered differs drastically, he may have to send RNS teams back to the ob!ective site. In this case, RNS teams alternate areas of responsibilities. 4or example, if one team reconnoitered from the - = ' = "%, then that team will now recon from the - = 0 = "%. !. *he RNS element returns undetected to the 8R: by the specified time. 9"< #isseminates information to all patrol members through key leaders at the 8R:, or moves to a position at least one terrain feature or one kilometer away to disseminate. *o disseminate, the leader has the R*8 prepare three sketches of the ob!ective site based on the leader$s sketch and provides the copies to the subordinate leaders to assist in dissemination. 9%< Reports any information re uirements andE or any information re uiring immediate attention to higher head uarters, and departs for the designated area. k. If contact is made, the RNS element moves to the release point. *he recon element tries to break contact and return to the 8R:, secure rucksacks, and uickly move out of the area. 8nce they have moved a safe distanc e away, the leader informs higher &I of the situation and takes further instructions from them. 9"< (hile emplacing surveillance, the recon element withdraws through the release point to the 8R:, and follows the same procedures as above.

9%< (hile conducting the reconnaissance, the compromised element returns a sufficient volume of fire to allow them to break contact. Surveillance can fire an 7* ) at the largest weapon on the ob!ective. 7ll elements pull off the ob!ective and move to the release point. *he senior man uickly accounts for all personnel and return to the 8R:. 8nce in the 8R:, leadership follows the procedures previously described. ( gBre 7-6 shows the critical tasks for a patrol. ( gBre 7-24 A+TI0NS 0N THE 0)HE+TI9E, AREA RE+0NNAISSAN+E

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( gBre 7-64 A+TI0NS 0N THE 0)HE+TI9E, AREA RE+0NNAISSAN+E Secure and occupy 8R:. Condu t a leaders re onnaissan e of the o/je tiveE = 3stimate release point. = :inpoint ob!ective. = 3stimate surveillance 9SN8 team<. :osition security element if used. ;onduct reconnaissance by longArange surveillance if possible. ;onduct reconnaissance by shortArange surveillance if necessary. *eams Move as necessary to successive observation posts. 8n order, return to release point. 8nce :IR is gathered, return to 8R:. 6ink up as directed in 8R:. #isseminate info before moving.

:atrol = =

7-124 A+TI0NS 0N THE 0)HE+TI9E, O0NE RE+0NNAISSAN+E4 *he element occupies the initial 8R: as discussed in the section occupation of the 8R:. *he radio operator calls in spare for occupation of 8R:. *he leader confirms his location on map while subordinate leaders make necessary perimeter ad!ustments. a. 0rgan ,at on4 *he recon team leaders organize their recon elements. 9"< #esignate security and recon elements. 9%< 7ssign responsibilities 9point man, pace man, en route recorder, and rear security<, if not already assigned. 9'< #esignates easily recognizable rally points. 9)< 3nsure local security at all halts. b. A%t ons4 *he patrol reconnoiters the zone. 9"< Moves tactically to the 8R:s. 9%< 8ccupies designated 8R:s. 9'< 4ollows the method designated by the :6 9fan, converging routes, or box method, Tab'e 7-1<. 9)< *he recon teams reconnoiter. D 1uring movement, the s@uad "ill gather all P!' spe ified /y the order( D 'e on team leaders "ill ensure s$et hes are dra"n or digital photos are ta$en of all enemy hard sites, roads, and trails. D 'eturn to the 0'P, or lin$ up at the rende#vous point on time( D When the s@uad arrives at ne" rende#vous point or 0'P, the re on team leaders report to the P2 "ith all information gathered. 9,< *he :6 continues to control the recon elements. D P2 moves "ith the re on element that esta/lishes the rende#vous point( D P2 hanges re on methods as re@uired( D P2 designates times for the elements to return to the 0'P or to lin$up( D P2 olle ts all information and disseminates it to the entire patrol( P2 "ill /rief all $ey su/ordinate leaders on information gathered by other s uads, establishing one consolidated sketch if possible, and allow team leaders time to brief their teams. D P2 and P,* a ount for all personnel(

9-< *he patrol continues the reconnaissance until all designated areas have been reconnoitered, an d returns undetected to friendly lines. Tab'e 7 14 +0M3ARIS0N 0( O0NE RE+0NNAISSAN+E METH0DS 0N 2)T'.$ Bses a series 9fan< of 8R:s. :atrol establishes security at first 8R:. 3ach recon element moves from 8R: along a different fanAshaped route. Route overlaps with that of other recon elements. *his ensures recon of entire area. 6eader maintains reserve at 8R:. (hen all recon elements return to 8R:, :6 collects and disseminates all info before moving to next 8R:. #.NE)&(*N( &.UT)% 2)T'.$ :6 selects routes from 8R: thru zone to a rendezvous point at the far side of the zone from the 8R:. 3ach recon element moves and reconnoiters along a specified route. *hey converge 9link up< at one time and place. ,.3 2)T'.$ :6 sends recon elements from the first 8R: along routes that form a box. &e sends other elements along routes throughout the box. 7ll teams link up at the far side of the box from the 8R:.

Se%t on I94 +0M)AT 3ATR02S ;ombat patrols are the second type of patrol. ;ombat patrols are further divided into raids, ambushes, and security patrols. Bnits conduct combat patrols to destroy or capture enemy soldiers or e uipment? destroy installations, facilities, or key points? o r harass enemy forces. ;ombat patrols also provide security for larger units. *his section describes overall combat patrol planning considerations, task considerations for each type of combat patrol, and finally actions on the ob!ective for each type. 7-164 32ANNIN* +0NSIDERATI0NS4 In planning a combat patrol, the :6 considers the followingF a. Tas-s to ManeB/er Un ts4 2ormally the platoon head uarters element controls the patrol on a combat patrol mission. *he :6 makes every try to maintain s uad and fire team integrity as he assigns tasks to subordinates units. 9"< *he :6 must consider the re uirements for assaulting the ob!ective, supporting the assault by fire, and security of the entire unit throughout the mission. D -or the assault on the o/je tive, the P2 onsiders the re@uired a tions on the o/je tive, the si#e of the ob!ective, and the known or presumed strength and disposition of the enemy on and near the ob!ective. D 3he P2 onsiders the "eapons availa/le, and the type and volume of fires re@uired to provide fire support for the assault on the ob!ective. D 3he P2 onsiders the re@uirement to se ur e the platoon at points along the route, at danger areas, at the 8R:, along enemy avenues of approach into the ob!ective, and elsewhere during the mission. D 3he P2 "ill also designate engagementH disengagement riteria( 9%< *he :6 assigns additional tasks to his s uads for demolition, search of 3:(s, guarding of 3:(s, treatment and evacuation 9litter teams< of friendly casualties, and other tasks re uired for successful completion of patrol mission 9if not already in the S8:<. 9'< *he :6 determines who will control any attachments of skilled personnel or special e uipment. b. 2ea!er1s Re%onna ssan%e o$ t&e 0bje%t /e4 In a combat patrol, the :6 has additional considerations for the conduct of his reconnaissance of the ob!ective from the 8R:. 9"< #omposition of the Leader's &econnaissance 4arty. *he platoon leader will normally bring the following personnel. D ,@uad leaders to in lude the "eapons s@uad leader( D ,urveillan e team( D -or"ard o/server(

7C5

D ,e urity element :dependent on time availa/l e<. 9%< #onduct of the Leader's &econnaissance. In a combat patrol, the :6 considers the following additional actions in the conduct of the leader$s reconnaissance of the ob!ective. D *he :6 designates a release point about half way between the 8R: and this ob!ective. *he :6 posts the surveillance team. S uads and fire teams separate at the release point, and then they move to their assigned positions. D *he :6 confirms the location of the ob!ective or kill zone. &e 28*3S the terrain and identifies where he can emplace claymores to cover dead space. 7ny change to his plan is issued to the s uad leaders 9while overlooking the ob!ective if possible<. D If the ob!ective is the kill zone for an ambush, the leader$s reconnaissance party should not cross the ob!ective? to do so will leave tracks that may compromise the mission. D *he :6 confirms the suitability of the assault and support positions and routes from them back to the 8R:. D *he :6 issues a five point contingency plan before returning to the 8R:. 7-174 AM)USH4 7n ambush is a surprise attack from a concealed position on a moving or temporarily halted target. 7mbushes are categorized as either hasty or deliberate and divided into two types, point or area? and formation linear or 6 shaped. * he leader considers various key factors in determining the ambush category, type, and formation, and from these decisions, develops his ambush plan. a. :e# (a%tors4 D Coverage :ideally "hole $ill #one< /y fire( D &>33A*;. D >.isting or reinfor ing obstacles, including claymores, to keep the enemy in the kill zone. D ,e urity teams, "ho typi ally have hand held antitan$ "eapons su h as )3 6s or 2)Ws, laymores, and various means of communication. D ,e urity elements or teams to isolate the $ill # one. D Prote tion of the assault and support elements "ith laymores or e.plosives( D )ssault through the $ill #one to the limit of advan e :20)<( N0TEF *he assault element must be able to move uickly through its own protective obstacles. D 3ime the actions of all elements of the platoon to preclude loss of surprise. In the event any member of the ambush is compromised, he may immediately initiate the ambush. D When the am/ush must /e manned for a long time, use only one s@uad to ondu t the entire am bush and determining movement time of rotating s uads from the 8R: to the ambush site. b. +ategor es4 D 'asty. 7 unit conducts a hasty ambush when it makes visual contact with an enemy force and has time to establish an ambush without being detected. *he actions for a hasty ambush must be well rehearsed so that Rangers know what to do on the leader$s signal. *hey must also know what action to take if the unit is detected before it is ready to initiate the ambush. D $eli1erate. 7 deliberate ambush is conducted at a predetermined location against any enemy element that meets the ommanders engagement riteria( 3he leader re@uires the follo"ing detailed information in planning a deli/erate am/ushE size and composition of the targeted enemy, and weapons and e uipment available to the enemy. c. T#@es4 D 4oint. In a point ambush, Rangers deploy to attack an enemy in a single kill zone. D 0rea. In an area, Rangers deploy in two or more related point ambushes. d. (or"at ons A( gBre 7-7C4 D Linear. In an ambush using a linear formation, the assault and support elements deploy parallel to the enemy$s route. *his positions both elements on the long axis of the kill zone and sub!ects the enemy to flanking fire. *his formation can be

used in close terrain that restricts the enemy$s ability to maneuver against the platoon, or in open terrain provided a means of keeping the enemy in the kill zone can be effected. D L %haped. In an 6 shaped ambush, the assault element forms the long leg parallel to the enemy$s direction of movement along the kill zone. *he support element forms the short leg at one end of and at right angles to the assault elemen t. *his provides both flanking 9long leg< and enfilading fires 9short leg< against the enemy. *he 6 shaped ambush can be used a t a sharp bend in a trail, road, or stream. It should not be used where the short leg would have to cross a straight road or trail. ( gBre 7-74 AM)USH (0RMATI0NS

7-15 HASTY AM)USH4 *he platoon moves uickly to concealed positions. *he ambush is not initiated until the ma!ority of the enemy is in the kill zone. *he unit does not become decisively engaged. *he platoon surprises the enemy. *he patrol captures, kills, or forces the withdrawal of the entire enemy within the kill zone. 8n order, the patrol withdraws all personnel and e uipment in the kill zone from observation and direct fire. *he unit does not become decisively engaged by follow on elements. *he platoon continues follow on operations. 7ctions on the ob!ective follow 9 ( gBre 7-5<. a. Bsing visual signals, any Ranger alerts the unit that an enemy force is in sight. *he Ranger continues to monitor the location and activities of the enemy force until his team or s uad leader relieves him, and gives the enemy location and direction of movement. b. *he platoon or s uad halts and remains motionless. D 3he P2 gives the signal to ondu t a hasty am/ush, ta$ing are not to alert the enemy of the patrols presence. D 3he leader determines the best nearby location for a hasty ambush. &e uses arm and hand signals to direct the unit members to covered and concealed positions. c. *he leader designates the location and extent of the kill zone. d. *eams and s uads move silently to covered and concealed positions, ensuring positions are undetected and have good observation and fields of fire into the kill zone.

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e. Security elements move out to cover each flank and the rear of the unit. *he leader directs the security elements to move a given distance, set up, and then re!oin the unit on order or, after the ambush 9the sound of firing ceases<. 7t s uad level, the two outside buddy teams normally provide flank security as well as fires into the kill zone. 7t platoon level, fire teams mak e up the security elements. f. *he :6 assigns sectors of fire and issues any other commands necessary such as control measures. g. *he :6 initiates the ambush, using the greatest casualty producing weapon available, when the largest percentage of enemy is in the kill zone. *he :6 D Controls the rate and distri/ution of fire( D >mploys indire t fire to support the am/ush( D 0rders cease fire. D :!f the situation di tates< orders the patrol to assault through the $ill #one( h. *he :6 designates personnel to conduct a hasty search of enemy personnel and process enemy prisoners and e uipment. i. *he :6 orders the platoon to withdraw from the ambush site along a covered and concealed route. !. *he :6 gains accountability, reorganizes as necessary, disseminates information, reports the situation, and continues the mission as directed. ( gBre 7-54 A+TI0NS 0N THE 0)HE+TI9EQHASTY AM)USH

7-164 DE2I)ERATE A30INT> AREAC AM)USH4 *he ambush is emplaced 26* the time specified in the order. *he patrol surprises the enemy and engages the enemy main body. *he patrol kills or captures all enemy in the kill zone and destroys e@uipment /ased on the ommanders intent( 3he patrol "ithdra" s all personnel and e uipment from the ob!ective, on order, within

the time specified in the order. *he patrol obtains all available :IR from the ambush and continues follow on operations. 7ct ions on the ob!ective follow 9( gBre 7-6<. a. *he :6 prepares the patrol for the ambush in the 8R:. /( 3he P2 prepares to ondu t a leaders re onnaissan e( Ie D 1esignates the mem/ers of the leaders re on party :typi ally in ludes s@uad leaders, surveillan e team, -0, and possibly the security element. D !ssues a contingency plan to the :S@. ( 3he P2 ondu ts his leaders re onnaissan e( Ie D >nsures the leaders re on party moves undete ted( D Confirms the o/je tive lo ation and suita/ility for the am/ush( D ,ele ts a $ill #one( D Posts the surveillan e team at the site and issues a contingency plan. D Confirms suita/ility of assault and support positions, and routes from them to the 0'P( D ,ele ts position of ea h "eapon system in support /y fire position, then designates se tors of fire( D !dentifies all offensive control measures to be used. Identifies the probably line of deployment 9:6#<, the assault position, 687, any boundaries or other control measures. If available, the :6 can use infrared aiming devices to identify these positions on the ground. d. *he :6 ad!usts his plan based on info from the reconnaissance. &e D )ssigns positions( D 1esignates "ithdra"al routes( e. *he :6 confirms the ambush formation. f. *he security team9s< occupy first, securing the flanks of the ambush site, and providing early warning. *he security element must be in position before the support and assault elements move forward of the release point. 7 security team remain s in the 8R: if the patrol plans to return to the 8R: after actions on the ob!ective. If the 8R: is aba ndoned, a rear security team should be emplaced. g. Support element leader assigns sectors of fire. &e D >mpla es laymores and o/sta les as designated( D !dentifies se tors of fire and empla es limiting sta$es to prevent friendly fires from hitting other elements. D 0ver"at hes the movement of the assault element into position( h. 8nce the support element is in position, or on the :6s order, the assault element D 1eparts the 0'P and moves into position( D 9pon rea hing the P21, the assault element tr ansitions from the movement formation to the battle formation. D !dentifies individual se tors of fire as assigned /y the P2( >mpla es aiming sta$es or uses metal to metal contact with the machine gun tripods to prevent fratricide on the ob!ective. D >mplaces claymores to help destroy the enemy in the kill zone. D Camouflages positions( i. *he security element spots the enemy and notifies the :6, and reports the direction of movement, size of the target, and any special weapons or e uipment carried. *he security element also keeps the platoon leader informed if any enemy forces are following the lead force. !. *he :6 alerts other elements, and determines if the enemy force is too large, or if the ambush can engage the enemy successfully. k. *he :6 initiates the ambush using the highest casualty producing device. &e may use a command detonated claymore. &e must also plan a backup method for initiating the ambush, in case his primary means fails. *his should also be a casualty producing device such as his individual weapon. &e passes this information to all Rangers, and practices it during rehearsals. l. *he :6 ensures that the assault and support elements deliver fire with the heaviest, most accurate volume possible on the enemy in the kill zone. In limited visibility, the :6 may use infrared lasers to further define specific targets in the kill zone. m. =efore assaulting the target, the :6 gives the signal to lift or shift fires. n. *he assault element?

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D )ssaults /efore the remaining enemy an react. D Kills or aptures enemy in the $ill #one( D 9ses individual movement te hni@ues or /ounds /y fire teams to move( D 9pon rea hing the limit of advan e, halts and esta/lishes se urity( !f needed, it reesta/lishes the hain of command and remains key weapon systems. 7ll Rangers will load a fresh magazine or drum of ammunition using the buddy system. 7;3 reports will be submitted through the chain of command. *he :6 will submit an initial contact report to higher. o. *he :6 directs special teams 93:( search, aid and litter, demo< to accomplish their assigned tasks once the assault element has established its 687. D 0n e the $ill #one is lear, olle t and se ure all >PWs and move them out of the $ill #one /efore sear hing their bodies. ;oordinate for an 3:( exchange point to link up with higher to extract all 3:(s and treat them I7( the five S$s. D ,ear h from one side to the other and mar$ /odies that have /een sear hed to ensure the area is thoroughly overed( 9nits should use the % lear out, sear h in techni ue, clear from the center of the ob!ective out ensuring the area is clear of all enemy combatants? then search all enemy personnel towards the center of the ob!ective. Search all dead enemy personnel using the twoARanger search techni ueF = 7s the search team approaches a dead enemy soldier, one Ranger guards while the other Ranger sear hes( -irst, the 'anger $i $s the enemys "eapon a"ay( = Second, he rolls the body over 9if on the stomach< by lying on top and when given the go ahead by the guard 9who is positioned at the enemy$s head<, the searcher rolls the body over on him. *his is done for protection in case the enemy soldier has a grenade with the pin pulled underneath him. = *he searchers then conduct a systematic search of the dead soldier from head to toe removing all papers and anything new 9different type rank, shoulder boards, different unit patch, pistol, weapon, or 2C#<. *hey note if the enemy has a fresh or shabby haircut and the condition of his uniform and boots. *hey note the radio fre uency, and then they secure the S8I, maps, documents, and overlays. = 8nce the body has been thoroughly searched, the search team will continue in this manner until all enemy personnel in and near the kill zone have been searched. D !dentify, olle t, and prepare all e@uipment to /e arried /a $ or destroyed( D >va uate and treat friendly "ounded first, then enemy "ounded, time permitting( D 3he demolition team prepares dual primed e.plosives or in endiary grenades and a"aits the s ignal to initiate. *his is normally the last action performed before the unit departs the ob!ective and may signal the security elements to return to the 8R:. D ) tions on the o/je tive "ith stationary assault lineB all a tions are the same "ith the e. ept ion of the search teams. *o provide security within the teams to the far side of the kill zone during the search, they work in three Ranger teams. =efore the search begins, the Rangers move all 5I7s to the near side of the kill zone. p. If enemy reinforcements try to penetrate the kill zone, the flank security will engage to prevent the assault element from being compromised. @( 3he platoon leader dire ts the units "ithdra"al from the am/ush siteE D >lements normally "ithdra" in the reverse order that t hey established their positions. D 3he elements may return to the 'P or dire tly to the 0'P, depending on the distan e /et"een elements( D 3he se urity element of the 0'P must /e alert to assist the platoons return to the 0'P( !t maintains se urity for the 8R: while the rest of the platoon prepares to leave. D !f possi/le, all elements should return to the lo ation at "hi h they separated from the main /ody( 3his location should usually be the R:. r. *he :6 and :S@ direct actions at the 8R:, to include accountability of personnel and e uipment and recovery of rucksacks and other e uipment left at the 8R: during the ambush. s. *he platoon leader disseminates information, or moves the platoon to a safe location 9no less than one kilometer or one terrain feature away from the ob!ective< and disseminates information. t( )s re@uired, the P2 and -0 e.e ute indire t fires to over the platoons "ithdra"al(

( gBre 7-64 A+TI0NS 0N THE 0)HE+TI9EDDE2I)ERATE AM)USH

7-174 3ER(0RM RAID4 *he patrol initiates the raid 26* the time specified in the order, surprises the enemy, assaults the o/je tive, and a omplishes its assigned mission "ithin the ommanders intent( 3he patrol does not /e ome de isively engaged en route to the ob!ective. *he patrol obtains all available :IR from the raid ob!ective and continues follow on operations. a. 3'ann ng +ons !erat ons4 7 raid is a form of attack, usually small scale, involving a swift entry into hostile territory to secure information, confuse the enemy, or destroy installations followed by a planned withdrawal. S uads do not conduct raids. *he se uence of platoon actions for a raid is similar to those for an ambush. 7dditionally, the assault element of the platoo n may have to conduct a breach of an obstacle. It may have additional tasks to perform on the ob!ective such as demolition of fixed facilities. 4undamentals of the raid include D ,urprise and speed( !nfiltrate and surprise the enemy "ithout /eing dete ted( D Coordinated fires( ,eal off the o/je tive "ith "el l synchronized direct and indirect fires. D Oiolen e of a tion( 0ver"helm the enemy "ith fire and maneuver( D Planned "ithdra"al( Withdra" from the o/je tive in an organi#ed manner, maintaining se urity( b. A%t ons on t&e 0bje%t /e ARa !C A( gBre 7-7C4 :1< 3he patrol moves to and o upies the 0'P !)W the patrol ,0P( 3he patrol prepares for the leaders re on( :4< 3he P2, s@uad leaders, and sele ted personnel ondu t a leaders re on( D P2 leaves a fiveApoint contingency plan with the :S@. D P2 esta/lishes the R:, pinpoints the ob!ective, contacts the :S@ to prep men, weapons, and e uipment, emplaces the surveillance team to observe the ob!ective, and verifies and updates intelligence information. Bpon emplacing the surveillance team, the :6 will provide a fiveApoint contingency plan.

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D 2eaders re on verifies lo ation of and routes to se urity, support, and assault positions( D ,e urity teams are /rought for"ard on the leaderFs re onnaissan e and empla ed /efore the leaders recon leaves the R:. D 2eaders conduct the recon without compromising the patrol. D 2eaders normally re on supportAbyAfire position first, then the assault position. 9'< *he :6 confirms, denies, or modifies his plan and issues instructions to his s uad leaders. D )ssigns positions and withdrawal routes to all elements. D 1esignates ontrol measures on the o/je tive :element o/je tives, lanes, limits of advan e, target reference points, and assault line<. D )llo"s ,2s time to disseminate information, and onfirm that their elem ents are ready. 9)< Security elements occupy designated positions, moving undetected into positions that provide early warning and can seal off the ob!ective from outside support or reinforcement. 9,< *he support element leader moves the support element to designated positions. *he support element leader ensures his element can place well aimed fire on the ob!ective. 9-< *he :6 moves with the assault element into the assault position. *he assault position is normally the last covered and concealed position before reaching the ob!ective. 7s it passes through the assault position the platoon deploys into its assault formation? that is, its s uads and fire teams deploy to place the bulk of their firepower to the front as they assaul t the ob!ective. D &a$es contact with the surveillance team to confirm any enemy activity on the ob!ective. D >nsures that the assault position is lose enough for immediate assault if the assault element is detected early. D &oves into position undete ted, and esta/lish lo al security and fireAcontrol measures. 9.< 3lement leaders inform the :6 when their elements are in position and ready. 9/< *he :6 directs the support element to fire. 90< Bpon gaining fire superiority, the :6 directs the assault element to move towards th e ob!ective. D )ssault element holds fire until engaged, or until ready to penetrate the o/je tive( D P2 signals the support element to lift or shift fires( 3he support element lifts or shifts fires as dire ted, shifting fire to the flanks of targets or areas as directed in the 4R7@8. 9"1< *he assault element attacks and secures the ob!ective. *he assault element may be re uired to breech a wire obstacle. 7s the platoon, or its assault element, moves onto the ob!ective, it must increase the volume and accuracy of fires. S uad leaders assign specific targets or ob!ectives for their fire teams. 8nly when these direct fires keep the enemy suppressed can the rest of the unit maneuver. 7s the assault element gets closer to the enemy, there is more emphasis on suppression and less on maneuver. Bltimately, all but one fire team may be suppressing to allow that one fire team to break into the enemy position. *hroughout the assault, Rangers use proper individual movement techni ues, and fire teams retain their basic shallow wedge formation. *he platoon does not get Oon lineO to sweep across the ob!ective. D )ssault element assaults through the o/je tive to the designated 20)( D )ssault element leaders esta/lish lo al se urity along the 20), and onsolidate and reorganize as necessary. *hey provide 7;3 reports to the :6 and :S@. *he platoon establishes security, operates key weapons, provides first aid, and prepares wounded Rangers for M3#3C7;. *hey redistribute ammunition and supplies, and they relocate selected weapons to alternate positions if leaders believe that the enemy may have pinpointed them during the attack. *hey ad!ust other positions for mutual support. *he s uad and team leader provide ammunition, casualty, and e uipment 97;3< reports to the platoon leader. *he :6E:S@ reorganizes the patrol based on the contact. = 8n order, special teams accomplish all assigned tasks under the supervision of the :6, who positions himself where he can control the patrol. = Special team leaders report to :6 when assigned tasks are complete.

9""< 8n order or signal of the :6, the assault element withdraws from the ob!ective. Bsing prearranged signals, the assault line begins an organized withdrawal from the ob!ective site, maintaining control and secur ity throughout the withdrawal. *he assault element bounds back near the original assault line, and begin a single file withdrawal through the 7:6$s choke point. 7ll Rangers must move through the choke point for an accurate count. 8nce the assault element is a safe distance from the ob!ective and the headcount is confirmed, the platoon can withdraw the support element. If the support elements were a part of the assault line, they withdraw together, and security is signaled to withdraw. 8nce the support is a safe distance off the ob!ective, they notify the platoon leader, who contacts the security element and signals them to withdraw. 7ll security teams link up at the release point and notify the platoon leader before moving to the 8R:. :ersonnel returning to the 8R: immediately secure their e uipment and establish all round security. 8nce the security element returns, the platoon moves out of the ob!ective area as soon as possible, normally in two to three minutes. D Before "ithdra"ing, the demo team a tivate s demo devices and charges. D ,upport element or designated personnel in the assault element maintain lo al se urity during the withdrawal. D 2eaders report updated a ounta/ility and status :)C> report< to the P2 and P,*( 9"%< S uads withdraw from the ob!ective in the order designated in the 4R7@8 to the 8R:. D ) ount for personnel and e@uipment( D 1isseminate information( D 'edistri/ute ammunition and e@uipment as re@uired( 9"'< *he :6 reports mission accomplishment to higher and continues the mission. D 'eports raid assessment to higher( D !nforms higher of any !'H P!' gathered( ( gBre 7-74 A+TI0NS 0N THE 0)HE+TI9E-RAID

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Se%t on 94 SU330RTIN* TAS:S *his section covers linkup, patrol debriefing, and occupation of an 8R:. 7-1;4 2IN:U34 7 linkup is a meeting of friendly ground forces. 6inkups depend on control, detailed planning, communications, and stealth. a. Tas- Stan!ar!4 *he units link up at the time and place specified in the order. *he enemy does not surprise the main bodies. *he linkup units establish a consolidated chain of command. b. S te Se'e%t on4 *he leader identifies a tentative linkup site by map reconnaissance, other imagery, or higher head uarters designates a linkup site. *he linkup site should have the following characteristicsF D >ase of re ognition( D Cover and on ealment( D 8o ta ti al value to the enemy( D 2o ation a"ay from natural lines of drift( D 1efenda/le for a short period of time( D &ultiple a ess and es ape routes( c. EGe%Bt on4 6inkup procedure begins as the unit moves to the linkup point. *he steps of this procedure are = 9"< *he stationary unit performs linkup actions. D 0 upies the lin$up rally point :2'P< 823 the time spe ified in the order( D >sta/lishes allAround security, establishes communications, and prepares to accept the moving unit. D 3he se urity team lears the immediate area around the lin$up point( !t then mar$s the lin$up point "ith the coordinated recognition signal. *he security team moves to a covered and concealed position and observes the linkup point and immediate area around it. 9%< *he moving unit? D Performs lin$up a tions( D 3he unit reports its lo ation using phase lines, he $points, or other ontrol measures( D Ialts at a safe distan e from the linkup point in a covered and concealed position 9the linkup rally point<. 9'< *he :6 and a contact team? D Prepare to ma$e physi al onta t "ith the stationary unit( D !ssue a ontingen y plan to the P,*( D &aintain ommuni ations "ith the platoon? verify near and far recognition signals for linkup 9good visibility and limited visibility<. D >. hange far and near re ognition signals "ith the lin$up unitB ondu t final oordination "ith the lin$up unit. 9)< *he stationary unit D *uides the patrol from its linkup rally point to the stationary unit linkup rally point. D 2in$up is omplete /y the time spe ified in the order( D 3he main /ody of the stationary unit is alerted /efore the moving unit is /rought for"ard( 9,< *he patrol continues its mission I7( the order. d. +oor! nat on +&e%-' st4 *he :6 coordinates or obtains the following information from the unit that his patrol will link up with? D >. hange fre@uen ies, all signs, odes, and other ommuni ation information( D Oerify near and far recognition signals. D >. hange fire oordination measures( D 1etermine ommand relationship "ith the lin$up unitB plan for onsolidation of hain of ommand( D Plan a tions follo"ing lin$up( D >. hange ontrol measures su h as onta t points, phase lin es, contact points, as appropriate. 7-194 DE)RIE(4 Immediately after the platoon or s uad returns, personnel from higher head uarters conduct a thorough debrief. *his may include all members of the platoon or the leaders, R*8s, and any attached personnel. 2ormally the debriefing is oral . Sometimes a written report is re uired. Information on the written report should include

D ,i#e and omposition of the unit ondu ting the patrol( D &ission of the platoon su h as type of patrol, lo ation, and purpose( D 1eparture and return times( D 'outes( 9se he $points, grid coordinates for each leg or include an overlay. D 1etailed des ription of terrain and enemy positions that "ere identified( D 'esults of any onta t "ith the enemy( D 9nit status at the on lusion of the patrol mission, in luding the disposition of dead or wounded Rangers. D Con lusions or re ommendations( 7-2<4 0)HE+TI9E RA22Y 30INT4 *he 8R: is a point out of sight, sound, and small arms range of the ob!ective area. It is normally located in the direction that the platoon plans to move after completion of actions on the ob!ective. *he 8R: is tentative until the ob!ective is pinpointed. a. 0%%B@at on o$ t&e 0R3 A( gBre 7 ;C4 9"< *he patrol halts beyond sight and sound of the tentative 8R: 9%11 to )11 meters in good visibility, "11 to %11 meters in limited visibility<. 9%< *he patrol establishes a security halt I7( the unit S8:. 9'< 7fter issuing a five point contingency plan to the :S@, the :6 moves forward with a recon element to ondu t a leaders re on of the 0'P( 9)< 4or a s uad sized patrol, the :6 moves forward with a compass man and one member of each fire team to confirm the 8R:. D )fter physi ally learing the 0'P lo ation, the P2 leaves t"o 'angers at the 6 o lo $ position fa ing in opposite directions. D 3he P2 issues a ontingen y plan and returns with the compass man to guide the patrol forward. D 3he P2 guides the patrol for"ard into the 0'P, "ith one team o upying from 7 o lo $ through 14 o lo $ to 5 o lo $, and the other o upying from 5 o lo $ through 6 o lo $ to 7 o lo ck. 9,< 4or a platoonAsized patrol, the :6, R*8, (S6, three ammo bearers, a team leader, a S7( gunner, and riflemen go on the leaders re on for the 0'P and position themselves at 1;, 4, and 6 o lo $( D 3he first s@uad in the order of mar h is the /ase s@uad, o upying from 1; to 4 o lo $( D 3he trail s@uads o upy from 4 to 6 o lo $ and 6 to 1; o lo $, respe tively( D 3he patrol head@uarters element o upies the enter of the triangle( b. A%t ons n t&e 0R34 3he unit prepares for the mission in the 0'P( 0n e the leaders re on pinpoints the o/je tive, the :S@ generally lines up rucksacks I7( unit S8: in the center of the 8R:.

7 C 15

( gBre 7-;4 0++U3ATI0N 0( THE 0R3

7-214 3ATR02 )ASE4 7 patrol base is a security perimeter that is set up when a s uad or platoon conducting a patrol halts for an extended period. :atrol bases should not be occupied for more than a %) hour period 9except in emergency<. 7 patrol never uses the same patrol base twice. a. Use4 :atrol bases are typically used D 3o avoid dete tion /y eliminating movement( D 3o hide a unit during a long detailed re onnaissan e( D 3o perform maintenan e on "eapons, e@uipment, eat and rest( D 3o plan and issue orders( D 3o reorgani#e after infiltrating on an enemy area. D 3o esta/lish a /ase from "hi h to e.e ute several onse utive or on urrent operations( b. S te Se'e%t on4 3he leader sele ts the tentative site from a map or /y aerial re onnaissan e( 3he sites suita/ility must be confirmed and secured before the unit moves into it. :lans to establish a patrol base must include selecting an alter nate patrol base site. *he alternate site is used if the first site is unsuitable or if the patrol must unexpectedly evacuate the first patrol base. c. 3'ann ng +ons !erat ons4 6eaders planning for a patrol base must consider the mission and passive and active security measures. 7 patrol base 9:=< must be located so it allows the unit to accomplish its mission. D 0/servation posts and ommuni ation "ith o/servation posts( D Patrol or platoon fire plan( D )lert plan( D Withdra"al plan from the patrol /ase to in lude "ithdra"al routes a nd a rally point, rendezvous point, or alternate patrol base. D ) se urity system to ma$e sure that spe ifi 'angers are a"a$e at all times(

D >nfor ement of amouflage, noise, and light dis ipline( D 3he ondu t of re@uired a tivities "ith minimum movemen t and noise. D Priorities of Wor$( d. Se%Br t# MeasBres4 D ,ele t terrain the enemy "ould pro/a/ly onsider of little ta ti al value( D ,ele t terrain that is off main lines of drift( D ,ele t diffi ult terrain that "ould impede foot movement, su h as an area of dense vegetation, preferably bushes and trees that spread close to the ground. D ,ele t terrain near a sour e of "ater( D ,ele t terrain that an /e defended for a short period and that offers good over and on ealment( D )void $no"n or suspected enemy positions. D )void /uilt up areas( D )void ridges and hilltops, e. ept as needed for maintaining ommuni ations( D )void small valleys( D )void roads and trails( e. 0%%B@at on A( gBre 7-9C4 9"< 7 := is reconnoitered and occupied in the same manner as an 8R:, with the exception that the platoon will typically plan to enter at a 01 degree turn. *he :6 leaves a twoARanger 8: at the turn, and the patrol covers any tracks from the turn to the :=. 9%< *he platoon moves into the :=. S uad sized patrols will generally occupy a cigar shaped perimeter? platoon sized patrols will generally occupy a triangle shaped perimeter. 9'< *he :6 and another designated leader inspect and ad!ust the entire perimeter as necessary. 9)< 7fter the :6 has checked each s uad sector, each S6 sends a twoARanger RNS team to the :6 at the ;:. *he :6 issues the three RNS teams a contingency plan, reconnaissance method, and detailed guidance on what to look for 9enemy, water, built up areas or human habitat, roads, trails , or possible rally points<. 9,< (here each RNS team departs is based on the :6s guidance. *he RNS team moves a prescribed distance and direction, and reenters where the :6 dictates. D ,@uad si#ed patrols do not normally send out an 'U, team at night( D 'NS teams will prepare a sketch of the area to the s uad front if possible. D 3he patrol remains at 1;; V alert during this re on( D !f the P2 feels the patrol "as tra $ed or follo"ed, he may ele t to "ait in silen e at 1;; V alert /efore sending out RNS teams. D 3he 'U, teams may use methods su h as the P!,P the PBo.,P or the P3(P 'egardless of the method chosen, the RNS team must be able to provide the :6 with the same information. D 9pon ompletion of 'U,, the P2 onfirms or denies the patrol /ase lo ation, and either moves the patrol or begins priorities of work. f. 3ass /e A+'an!est neC 3atro' )ase ASEBa!C4 D 3he purpose of a passive patrol /ase is for the rest of a s@uad or smaller si#e element( D 9nit moves as a "hole and o upies in for e( D ,@uad leader ensures that the unit moves in at a 01 degree angle to the order of movement. D ) laymore mine is empla ed on route entering patrol /ase( D )lpha and Bravo teams sit /a $ to /a $ fa ing out"ard, ensuring that at least one individual per team is alert and providing security. g. 3r or t es o$ =or- A3'atoon an! SEBa!C4 8nce the :6 is briefed by the RNS teams and determines the area is suitable for a patrol base, the leader establishes or modifies defensive work priorities in order to establish the def ense for the patrol base. :riorities of work are not a laundry list of tasks to be completed? to be effective, priorities of work must consist of a task, a given time, and a measurable performance standard. 4or each priority of work, a clear standard must be issued to guide the element in the successful accomplishment of each task. It must also be designated whether the work will be controlled in a centralized or decentralized manner. :riorities of work are determined I7( M3**A*;. :riorities of (ork may include, but are not limited to the following tasksF

7 C 41

9"< %ecurity 5#ontinuous6. D Prepare to use all passive and a tive measures to over the entire perimeter all of the time, regardless of the percentage of weapons used to cover that all of the terrain. D 'eadjust after 'U, teams return, or /ased on urrent priority of "or$ :su h as "eapons maintenan e<( D >mploy all elements, "eapons, and personnel to meet onditions of the terrain, enemy, or situation( D )ssign se tors of fire to all personnel and "eapons. #evelop s uad sector sketches and platoon fire plan. D Confirm lo ation of fighting positions for over, on ealment, and o/servation and fields of fire( ,2s supervise placement of aiming stakes and claymores. D 0nly use one point of entry and e.it, and count personnel in and out. 3veryone is challenged I7( the unit S8:. D Iasty fighting positions are prepared at least 1L in hes deep :at the front<, and sloping gently from front to rear, with a grenade sump if possible. 9%< /ithdrawal 4lan. *he :6 designates the signal for withdrawal, order of withdrawal, and the platoon rendezvous point andE or alternate patrol base. 9'< #ommunication 5#ontinuous6. ;ommunications must be maintained with higher head uarters, 8:s, and within the unit. May be rotated /et"een the patrols '30s to allo" a omplishment of ontinuous radio monitoring, radio maintenance, act as runners for :6, or conduct other priorities of work. 9)< 2ission 4reparation and 4lanning. *he :6 uses the patrol base to plan, issue orders, rehearse, inspect, and prepare for future missions. 9,< /eapons and )+uipment 2aintenance. *he :6 ensures that machine guns, weapon systems, communications e uipment, and night vision devices 9as well as other e uipment< are maintained. *hese items are not disassembled at the same time for maintenance 9no more than '' percent at a time<, and weapons are not disassembled at night. If one machine gun is down, then security for all remaining systems is raised. 9-< /ater &esupply. *he :S@ organizes watering parties as necessary. *he watering party carries canteens in an empty rucksack or duffel bag, and must have communications and a contingency plan prior to departure. 9.< 2ess 4lan. 7t a minimum, security and weapons maintenance are performed prior to mess. 2ormally no more than half the platoon eats at one time. Rangers typically eat " to ' meters behind their fighting positions. D RestES#eep P#an Manage3ent0 *he patrol conducts rest as necessary to prepare for future operations. D A#ert P#an and Stand to0 *he :6 states the alert posture and the stand to time. &e develops the plan to ensure all positions are checked periodically, 8:s are relieved periodically, and at least one leader is always alert. *he patrol typically conducts stand to at a time specified by unit S8: such as '1 minutes before and after =M2* or 332*. D Res pp#20 #istribute or cross load ammunition, meals, e uipment, and so on. D Sanitation and Persona# '2giene0 *he :S@ and medic ensure a slit trench is prepared and marked. 7ll Rangers will brush teeth, wash face, shave, wash hands, armpits, groin, feet, and darken 9brush shine< boots daily. *he patrol will not leave trash behind.

( gBre 7-94 3ATR02 )ASE

Se%t on 9I4 M09EMENT T0 +0NTA+T *he M*; is one of the five types of offensive operations. 7n M*; gains or regains contact with the enemy. 8nce contact is made, the unit develops the situation. 2ormally a platoon conducts an M*; as part of a larger force. 7-224 TE+HNI8UES4 *he two techni ues of conducting a movement to contact are search and attack and approach march. a. Sear%& an! Atta%-. *he SN7 techni ue is used when the enemy is dispersed, is expected to avoid contact, disengage or withdraw, or you have to deny his movement in an area. *he search and attack techni ue involves th e use of multiple platoons, s uads, and fire teams coordinating their actions to make contact with the enemy. :latoons typically try to find th e enemy and then fix and finish him. *hey combine patrolling techni ues with the re uirement to conduct hasty or deliberate attacks once the enemy has been found. 9"< 4lanning #onsiderations. D 3he fa tors of &>33A*;. D 3he re@uirement for de entrali#ed e.e ution( D 3he re@uirement for mutual support( D 3he length of operations( D &inimi#e %,oldiers 2oad to improve stealth and speed. D 'esupply and &>1>O)C( D Positioning $ey leaders and e@uipment( D >mployment of $ey "eapons( D 'e@uirement for patrol /ases( D Con ept for entering the #one of a tion( D 3he on ept for lin$ups "hile in onta t( D 9%< ;ritical :erformance Measures. D 3he platoon lo ates the enemy "ithout /eing dete ted( D 0n e engaged, fi.es the enemy in position and maneuvers against the enemy( D &aintains se urity throughout a tions to avoid /eing flan$ed( b. A@@roa%& Mar%&4 *he concept of the approach march is to make contact with the smallest element, allowing the commander the flexibility of destroying or bypassing the enemy. 7 platoon uses the approach march method as part of a larger unit. It can be tasked as the advance guard, move as part of the main body, or provide flank or rear security for the company or battalion. *hey may also receive on order missions as part of the main body.

7 C 47

9"< undamentals. *hese basics are common to all movements to contact. D &a$e enemy onta t "ith smallest element possible. D 'apidly develop om/at po"er upon enemy onta t( D Provide all round se urity for the unit( D ,upport higher units on ept( D 'eports all information rapidly and a urately and strives to gain and maintain onta t "ith the enemy( D 'e uires decentralized execution. 9%< 4lanning #onsiderations. *he following issues should be considered heavily for M*; operationsF D -a tors of &>33A*;. D 'edu ed %,oldiers 2oad( 9'< #ritical 4erformance 2easures. D P2 sele ts the appropriate movement formation based on likelihood of enemy contact. D &aintains onta t, on e onta t is made, until ordered to do other"ise( .-264 TAS: STANDARDS4 *he platoon moves 26* the time specified in the order, the platoon makes contact with the smallest element possible, and the main body is not surprised by the enemy. 8nce the platoon makes contact, it maintains contact. *he platoon destroys s uad and smaller sized elements, and fixes elements larger than a s uad. *he platoon maintains sufficient fighting force capable of conducting further combat operations. Reports of enemy locations and contact are forwarded. If not detected by the enemy, the :6 initiates a hasty attack. *he platoon sustains no casualties from friendly fire. *he platoon is prepared to initiate further movement within %, minutes of contact, and all personnel and e uipment are accounted for.

7 C 45

+&a@ter ;

)ATT2E DRI22S
REA+T T0 +0NTA+T A9 sBa', IED, D re%t ( re I n%'B!es R3*JC A<7-6-D95<1C
+0NDITI0NS A+UESC *his drill begins when any of these three types of cues occurF Eisual #ontact 5$ismounted6?*he unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, and makes visual contact with the enemy. 52ounted6?Bnit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, and makes visual contact with the enemy. *)$ 5$ismounted;2ounted6?*he unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, when it identifies and confirms = or detonates=an I3#. $irect ire 5$ismounted;2ounted6?*he unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations, when the enemy initiates contact with a directAfire weapon. STANDARDS @is a# &onta!t 5$ismounted6? *he unit destroys the enemy with a hasty ambush or an immediate assault through the enemy position. 52ounted6? =ased on the composition of the mounted patrol, the unit either suppresses and reports the enemy position, and then continues its mission, or the patrol suppresses to fix the enemy position for a follow Aon assault to destroy the enemy. *)$ 5$ismounted;2ounted6? 3he unit ta$es immediate a tion /y using the 5 Cs pro edure :Confirm, Clear, Call, Cordon , and ;ontrol<. $irect ire 5$ismounted;2ounted6? *he unit immediately returns well aimed fire and seeks cover. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". 9 sBa' AD s"oBnte!C a. 'asty 0m1ush 9"< Bnit leader determines that the enemy has not seen the unit. 9%< Bnit leader signals Rangers to occupy best available firing positions. 9'< *he leader initiates the ambush with the most casualty producing weapon available, immediately followed by a sustained, well aimed volume of effective fire. 9)< If prematurely detected, the Ranger9s< aware of the detection initiates the ambush. 9,< *he unit destroys the enemy or forces him to withdraw. 9-< *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. b. *mmediate 0ssault 9"< *he unit and the enemy simultaneously detect each other at close range. 9%< 7ll Rangers who see the enemy should engage and announce O;ontactO with a clock direction and distance to enemy, for example, O;ontact three o$clock, "11 meters.O 9'< 3lements in contact immediately assault the enemy using fire and movement. 9)< *he unit destroys the enemy or forces him to withdraw. 9,< *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. %. 9 sBa' AMoBnte!C a. *he Ranger who spots the enemy announces the contact. b. *he element in contact immediately suppresses the enemy. c. *he vehicle commander of the vehicle in contact sends contact report over the radio. d. *he unit maneuvers on the enemy or continues to move along route. e. Cehicle gunners fix and suppress the enemy positions. f. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters.

LC1

'. IED AD s"oBnte!> MoBnte!C a. *he unit reacts to a suspected or known I3# prior to detonation by using the , ;s. b. (hile maintaining as safe a distance as possible and '-1Adegree security, the unit confirms the presence of an I3# by using all available optics to identify any wires, antennas, det cord or parts of exposed ordnance. 9"< ;onducts surveillance from a safe distance. 9%< 8bserves the immediate surroundings for suspicious activities. c. *he unit clears all personnel from the area at a safe distance to protect them from a potential second I3#. d. *he unit calls higher head uarters to report the I3# in accordance with the unit S8:. e. *he unit cordons off the area, directs personnel out of the danger area, prevents all military or civilian traffic from passing and allows entry only to authorized personnel. 9"< Rangers direct people out of the '11 meter minimum danger area. 9%< Identifies and clears an area for an incident control point 9I;:<. 9'< Rangers occupy positions and continuously secure the area. f. *he unit OcontrolsO the area inside the cordon to ensure only authorized access. g. *he unit continuously scans the area for suspicious activity. 9"< Identifies potential enemy observation, vantage, or ambush points. 9%< Maintains visual observation on the I3# to ensure the device is not tampered with. ). D re%t ( re AD s"oBnte!C4 A( gBre ;-1C a. Rangers under direct fire immediately return fire and seek the nearest covered positions. *hen, they call out distances and the orientation of direct fire A( gBre ;-2C4 b. 3lement leaders locate and engage known or suspected enemy positions with well aimed fire and pass information to the unit leader. ( >lement leaders ontrol their 'angers fire /y A( gBre ;-6C 9"< Marking targets with lasers. 9%< Marking the intended target with tracers or M%1' rounds. d. Rangers maintain contact 9visual or oral< with the Rangers on their left or right. e. Rangers maintain contact with their team leader and relay the location of enemy positions.

( gBre ;-1

LC7

( gBre ;-2

( gBre ;-6

f. *he element leaders 9visually or orally< check the status of their Rangers. g. *he element leaders maintain contact with the unit leader. h. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. ,. D re%t ( re AMoBnte!C a. If moving as part of a logistics patrol, the vehicle gunners immediately suppress enemy positions and continue to move. b. *he vehicle commanders direct their drivers to accelerate safely through the engagement area. c. If moving as part of a combat patrol, vehicle gunners suppress and fix the enemy allowing others to maneuver against and destroy the enemy. d. *he leaders 9visually or orally< check the status of their Rangers and vehicles. e. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C T"e SB&T In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-2149C Warrior Et"os and So#dier &o39at S-i##s A(M 6-21475C

LC5

)REA: +0NTA+T A<7-6-D95<5C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC AD s"oBnte!>MoBnte!C?*he unit is stationary or moving, conducting operations. 7ll or part of the unit is receiving enemy direct fire. *he unit leader initiates drill by giving the order =R375 ;82*7;*. STANDARDS AD s"oBnte!>MoBnte!C?*he unit returns fire. 7 leader identifies the enemy as a superior force, and makes the decision to break contact. *he unit breaks contact using fire and movement. *he unit continues to move until the enemy cannot observe or place effective fire on them. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". D s"oBnte! A( gBre ;-7C a. *he unit leader designates an element to suppress the enemy with direct fire as the base of fire element. b. *he unit leader orders distance, direction, a terrain feature, or last rally point for the movement of the first element. c. *he unit leader calls for and ad!usts indirect fire to suppress the enemy positions. d. *he base of fire element continues to suppress the enemy. ( gBre ;-7

e. *he bounding s uadEteam uses the terrain andEor smoke to conceal its movement, and bounds to an overwatch position. f. *he bounding element occupies their overwatch position and suppresses the enemy with Owell aimed fireO A( gBre ;-5C4

( gBre ;-5

g. *he base of fire element moves to its next covered and concealed position. 9=ased on the terrain and volume and accuracy of the enemy$s fire, the moving element may need to use fire and movement techni ues A( gBre ;-6C.

LC7

( gBre ;-6

h. *he unit continues to suppress the enemy and to bound, until it is no longer in contact with enemy. i. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. %. MoBnte! a. *he unit leader directs the vehicles in contact to place well aimed suppressive fire on the enemy positions. b. *he unit leader orders distance, direction, a terrain feature, or last 8R: over the radio for the movement of the first section. c. *he unit leader calls for and ad!usts indirect fire to suppress the enemy positions. d. @unners in the base of fire vehicles continue to engage the enemy. *hey attempt to gain fire superiority to support the bound of the moving section. e. *he bounding section moves to assume the overwatch position. 9"< *he section uses the terrain andE or smoke to mask movement. 9%< Cehicle gunners and mounted Rangers continue to suppress the enemy. f. *he unit continues to suppress the enemy and bounds until it is no longer receiving enemy fire. g. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C T"e SB&T In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-2149C Warrior Et"os and So#dier &o39at S-i##s A(M 6-21475C

REA+T T0 AM)USH A(ARC A<7-6-D95<6C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC AD s"oBnte!>MoBnte!C ? *he platoonE s uadE section moves tactically, conducting operations. *he enemy initiates contact with direct and indirect fire. N0TEF *his drill begins when the enemy initiates ambush with direct and indirect fire. STANDARDS AD s"oBnte!C?*he unit immediately returns fire and occupies covered andEor concealed positions. *he unit moves out of the kill zone, locates the enemy position, and conducts fire and maneuver to destroy the enemy. AMoBnte!C?Cehicle gunners immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions as the unit continues to move out of the kill zone. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". D s"oBnte! A( gBre ;-7 and ( gBre ;-;C. a. Rangers receiving fire immediately return fire, seek cover, establish a supportAbyAfire position, and suppress the enemy position9s<. b. Rangers not receiving fire move along a cov ered and on ealed route to the enemys flan$ in order to assault his position. ( gBre ;-7

LC5

( gBre ;-;

c. *he unit leader or forward observer calls for and ad!usts indirect fires and close air support, if available. 8n order, li fts or shifts fires to isolate the enemy position or to attack with indirect fires as the enemy retreats 9 ( gBre ;-9<. d. Rangers in the kill zone shift suppressive fires as the assaulting Rangers fight through and destroy the enemy. e. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters.

( gBre ;-9

%. MoBnte! a. @unners and personnel on vehicles immediately return fire. b. If the roadway is clear, all vehicles proceed through the kill zone. c. *he lead vehicle deploys vehicle smoke to obscure the enemy$s view of the kill zone. d. Cehicle commanders in disabled vehicles order Rangers to dismount I7( M3**A*;, and to set up security while awaiting recovery. e. *he remainder of the unit follows the lead vehicle out of the kill zone while continuing to suppress the enemy. f. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C T"e SB&T In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-2149C Warrior Et"os and So#dier &o39at S-i##s A(M 6-21475C

L C 11

REA+T T0 AM)USH ANEARC A<7-6-D95<2C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC AD s"oBnte!>MoBnte!C?*he unit moves tactically, conducting operations. *he enemy initiates contact with direct fire within hand grenade range. 7ll or part of the unit is receiving accurate enemy direct fire. *his drill begins whe n the enemy initiates ambush within hand grenade range. STANDARDS AD s"oBnte!C? Rangers in the kill zone immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions, and then assault through the kill zone. Rangers outside the kill zone locate and place well aimed suppressive fire on the enemy. *he unit ass aults through the kill zone and destroys the enemy. AMoBnte!C?Cehicle gunners immediately return fire on known or suspected enemy positions as the unit continues to move out of the kill zone. Rangers on disabled vehicles in the kill zone dismount, occup y covered positions, and engage the enemy with accurate fire. Cehicle gunners and Rangers outside the kill zone suppress the enemy. *he unit assaults through the kill zone and destroys the enemy. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". D s"oBnte! A( gBre ;-1<C4 ( gBre ;-1<

a. Rangers in the kill zone return fire immediately, as follows A( gBre ;-11CF 9"< 2o ;overF Immediately, without order or signal, assault through the kill zone. 9%< ;overF (ithout order or signal, occupy the nearest covered position and throw smoke grenades.

( gBre ;-11

b. Rangers in the kill zone assault through the ambush using fire and movement. c. Rangers not in the kill zone identify the enemy location, place well aimed suppressive fire on the enemy$s position and shift fire as Rangers assault the ob!ective 9( gBre ;-12<. d. Rangers assault through and destroy the enemy position. e. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters.

L C 17

( gBre ;-12

%. MoBnte! a. Cehicle gunners in the kill zone immediately return fire and deploy vehicle smoke, while moving out of the kill zone. b. Rangers in disabled vehicles in the kill zone immediately obscure themselves from the enemy with smoke, dismount if possible, seek covered positions, and return fire. c. Cehicle gunners and Rangers outside of the kill zone identify the enemy positions? place well aimed suppressive fire on the enemy, and shift fire as Rangers assault the ob!ective. d. *he unit leader calls for and ad!usts indirect fire and re uest ;lose 7ir Support I7( M3**A*;. e. Rangers in the kill zone assault through the ambush and destroy the enemy. f. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C T"e SB&T In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-2149C Warrior Et"os and So#dier &o39at S-i##s A(M 6-21475C

:N0+: 0UT )UN:ER A<7-6-D97<6C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC ?*he unit moves tactically, conducting operations. *he enemy initiates contact from concealed bunker network. 7ll or part of the unit is receiving accurate enemy direct fire. Some iterations of this task should be performed in M8::). *he unit receives an order to knock out an enemy bunker from which it is receiving fire. STANDARDS?*he unit destroys the designated bunker9s< by killing, capturing, or forcing the withdrawal of enemy personnel in the bunker9s<. *he unit maintains a sufficient fighting force to repel an enemy counterattack and continue operations. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". De@'o# a. *he s uadEteam in contact establishes a base of fire. b. (eapons s uad leader positions machine gun9s< to reinforce rifle s uad in contact. c. :latoon sergeant moves to support by fire position and assumes control of the position$s fires. 9*he weapon s uad leader repositions another machine gun, as needed, based on M3**A*;<. d. *he s uad in contact gains and maintains fire superiority by ? 9"< #estroying or suppressing enemy crew served weapons. 9%< ;ontinuing suppressive fires at the lowest possible level. 9'< J:latoon 48K calling for and ad!usting indirect fires as directed by the platoon leader. 9)< Suppressing the bunker and any supporting positions. 9,< JS uadK employing shoulderAlaunched munitions as re uired. e. *he s uad obscures the enemy position with smoke. f. *he s uad establishes security to rear and flanks of supportAbyAfire position. %. Re@ort a. Submits contact reports. b. Submits S76B*3 report to commander. c. Submits SI*R3:s as needed. '. E/a'Bate an! De/e'o@ t&e S tBat on a. *he platoon leader, his R*8, and the platoon 48 move forward to link up with the s uad leader of the s uad in contact. b. *he platoon leader evaluates the situation by identifying enemy$s composition, disposition and capabilities ? 9"< Identifies enemy dispositionF number and locations of enemy bunkers, levels of mutual support and overlapping fires between positions, connecting trenches, and protective obstacles. 9%< Identifies enemy composition and strengthF the number of enemy automatic weapons, the presence of any vehicles, and the employment of indirect fires are indicators of enemy strength. 9'< Identifies enemy capability to defend, reinforce, attack, and withdraw. c. :latoon leader develops the situation by determining where he can move to a position of advantage. &e looks for ? 9"< 7 vulnerable flank or blind spot to at least one bunker. 9%< 7 covered and concealed flanking route to the flank of the bunker. ). De/e'o@ a +0A a. *he platoon leader determines ? 9"< (hich bunker poses the greatest threat. 9%< (here the ad!oining bunkers are located. 9'< (hether to breach protective obstacles. b. :latoon leader determines where to place support positions. c. :latoon leader determines size and make up of assault s uad. ,. EGe%Bte t&e +0A A( gBre ;-16C4 a. :latoon leader directs the supporting element to suppress bunker as needed ? 9"< :latoon sergeant repositions a s uad, a fire team, or a machine gun team to isolate the bunker and to continue suppressive fires.

L C 15

9%< 4orward observer shifts fires. b. 7ssault s uad leader executes knock out bunker drill? 9"< *he assaulting s uad, platoon leader, and R*8 move along the covered and concealed route to an assault position and avoid masking the fires of the fire element. 9%< Rangers constantly watch for other bunkers or enemy positions in support of bunkers. 9'< *he supporting element shifts or ceases fire 9direct fire and indirect fire<. 9)< 7ssault s uad executes knock out bunker drill. 8n reaching the last covered and concealed position? 9a< =uddy *eam T" members 9*eam 6eader and 7utomatic Rifleman< remain where they can cover =uddy *eam T% 9grenadier and rifleman<. 9b< :latoon 6eaderE S uad 6eader shifts supporting fires as re uired. 9,< =uddy team T% moves to a blind spot near the bunker. 9a< 8ne Ranger takes up a covered position near the exit. 9b< 7nother Ranger cooks off a grenade, announces, O4rag out,O and throws it through an aperture. 9c< 7fter the grenade detonates, the Ranger covering the exit enters first, and then the team clears the bunker. 9-< =uddy team T" moves to !oin buddy team T%. 9.< *he team leaderF 9a< Inspects the bunker. 9b< Marks the bunker I7( unit S8:. 9c< Signals s uad leader that bunker is clear. c. *he platoon leader? 9"< #irects the supporting s uad to move up and knock out the next bunker. 8R 9%< #irects the assaulting s uad to continue and knock out the next bunker. 9'< Rotates s uads as necessary. d. *he platoonE s uad leader accounts for Rangers, provides a SI*R3: to higher head uarters, reorganizes as necessary, and continues the mission.

( gBre ;-16

SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C

L C 17

ENTER AND +2EAR A R00M A<7-7-D95<9C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC?*he element is conducting operations as part of a larger unit and your fourARanger team has been given the mission to clear a room. 3nemy personnel are believed to be in building. 2oncombatants may be present in the building and are possibly intermixed with the enemy personnel. Support and security elements are positioned at the initial foothold and outside the building. Some iterations of this drill should be performed in M8::). *his drill begins on the order of the unit leader or on the command of the c learing team leader. STANDARDS?*he team secures and clears the room by killing or capturing the enemy, while minimizing friendly casualties, noncombatant casualties, and collateral damage? team complies with Rules of 3ngagement 9R83<. *he team maintains a sufficient fighting force to repel an enemy counterattack and continue operations. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". *he element leader occupies a position to best control the security and clearing teams. a. 3lement leader directs a team to secure corridors or hallways outside the room with appropriate firepower. b. *he team leader 9normally Ranger T%< takes a position to best control the clearing team outside the room. c. *he element leader gives the signal to clear the room. N0TEF If the element is conducting highAintensity combat operations, and it is using grenades, then it must comply with the Rules of 3ngagement 9R83< and consider the building structure. 7 Ranger of the clearing team cooks off at least one grenade 9fragmentation<, throws the grenade into the room, and then announces, O4rag out.O =ARNIN* =&en Bs ng grena!es, %ons !er t&e bB '! ng strB%tBre4 Rangers %an be njBre! $ro" $rag"ents $ .a''s an! $'oors are t& n or !a"age!4 %. *he clearing team enters and clears the room. a. *he first two Rangers enter the room almost simultaneously A( gBre ;-17C. ( gBre ;-17

9"< *he first Ranger enters the room and moves left or right along the path of least resistance to one of two corners. &e assumes a position of domination facing into the room. #uring movement he eliminates all immediate threats. 9%< *he second Ranger 9normally the team leader< enters the room immediately after the first Ranger. &e moves in the opposite direction of the first Ranger to his point of domination. #uring movement he eliminates all immediate threats in his sector. N0TEF #uring highAintensity combat, the Rangers enter immediately after the grenade detonates. =oth Rangers enter firing aimed bursts into their sectors engaging all threats or hostile targets to cover their entry. N0TEF If the first or second Ranger discovers that the room is small or a short room 9such as a closet or bathroom<, he announces, OShort roomO or OShort.O *he clearing team leader informs the third and fourth Rangers whether or not to stay outside the roo m or to enter. b. *he third Ranger moves opposite direction of the second Ranger, scanning and clearing his sector as he assumes his point of domination A( gBre ;-15C. ( gBre ;-15

c. *he fourth Ranger moves opposite of the third Ranger to a position that dominates his sector A( gBre ;-16C4

L C 15

( gBre ;-16

d. 7ll Rangers engage enemy combatants with precision aimed fire, and identify noncombatants to avoid collateral damage. N0TEF If necessary or on order, number one and two Rangers of the clearing team may move deeper into the room while overwatched by the other team members. e. *he team leader announces to the element leader when the room is O;lear.O '. *he element leader enters the room. a. Iuickly assesses room and threat. b. #etermines if s uad has fire power to continue clearing their assigned sector. c. Reports to the unit leader that the first room is clear. d. Re uests needed sustainment to continue clearing his sector. e. Marks entry point I7( unit S8:. ). *he element consolidates and reorganizes as necessary. SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C &o39ined Ar3s Operations in )r9an Terrain A(M 6-<6411/

ENTER A TREN+H T0 SE+URE A (00TH02D A<7-6-D971<C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC ? *he platoon is moving tactically and receives effective fire from an enemy trench. *he platoon is ordered to secure a foothold in the trench. *he platoon has only organic weapons support available. *he unit leader initiates drill by giving the order for the assault element to secure a foothold in the trench. STANDARDS?*he platoon leaderEs uad leader uickly identifies the entry point. :latoonEs uad secures the entry point, enters the trench, and secures an area large enough for the follow on unit. *he platoon maintains a sufficient fighting force to repel e nemy counterattack and continue the mission. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". 7 platoon$s sectionEs uad executes actions on contact to eliminate or suppress fires from the trench. %. *he sectionE s uad in contact? a. De@'o#sQ 9"< Returns fire. 9%< Seeks cover. 9'< 3stablishes fire superiority. 9)< 3stablishes local security. 9,< J:latoon sergeantK repositions other s uads to focus supporting fires and increase observation. b. Re@ortsQ 9"< S uad leader uses S76B*3 format to report location of hostile fire to platoon leader from base of fire position using the S76B*3 format. 9%< :latoon leader sends contact report followed by a size, activity, location, unit, time, and e uipment 9S76B*3< report to commander. '. 3valuate and develop the situation. a. *he platoon leader evaluates the situation using the SI*R3:s from the s uad in contact and his personal observations. &is evaluation should at least include? 9"< 2umber of enemy weapons or volume of fire. 9%< :resence of vehicles. 9'< 3mployment of indirect fires. b. *he platoon leader uickly develops the situation by? 9"< ;onducting a uick reconnaissance to determine enemy flanks. 9%< 6ocating mutually supporting positions. 9'< 6ocating any obstacles that impede the assault or provide some type of cover or concealment. 9)< #etermining whether the enemy force is inferior or superior. 9,< 7nalyzing reports from s uad leaders, teams in contact, or ad!acent units. ). +&oose a +0A a. J:latoon leaderK decides to enter the trench and selects his entry point. b. J:latoon leaderK selects a covered and concealed route to his entry point. c. J:latoon leaderK directs maneuver element to secure near side of entry point and reduce the obstacle to gain a foothold. d. J:latoon sergeantK repositions the remaining s uad to provide additional observation and supporting fires. ,. EGe%Bte +0A4 Bse suppress, obscure, secure, reduce, assault 9S8SR7< to set conditions for the assault A( gBre ;-17C4

L C 41

( gBre ;-17

a. Suppress and obscure. 9"< J:latoon leader or 48K ;all for and ad!ust indirect fire in support of assault. 9%< J:latoon sergeantK #irect base of fire s uad to cover maneuvering s uad. 9'< J:latoonK 8bscure maneuver element$s movement with smoke, if available. b. Secure the near side and reduce the obstacle. 9"< JManeuver s uadK ;lear entry point. 9%< JS uad leaderK Move the assaulting s uad to last covered and concealed position short of the entry point. 9'< JS uad leaderK #esignate entry point. 9)< J=ase of fire s uadK Shift fires from entry point and continue to suppress ad!acent enemy positions. 9,< JS uad leaderK Bse one team to suppress the entry point? position the assaulting team at the entry point. c. J:latoon leaderK #irect 48 to shift indirect fires to isolate the 8=> and direct the baseAofAfire s uads to shifts fire as the assault s uad advances. d. J:latoonK Secure the far side and establish a foothold A( gBre ;-1;C.

( gBre ;-1;

9"< *he next two Rangers position themselves against the edge of the trench to roll right and left of the entry point to clear far side of obstacle and establish foothold. *hey engage all identified or likely enemy positions with rapid, short bursts of automatic fire and scan the trench for concealed enemy positions. *he rest of the s uad provides immediate security outside the trench. 9%< *he team clears enough room for the s uad or to the first trench !unction and announces, O;lear.O 9'< S uad leader marks entry point in accordance with platoon S8:, then sends next team in to increase the size of the foothold by announcing, O2ext team in.O 9)< *eam moves into trench and secures assigned area A( gBre ;-19C.

L C 47

( gBre ;-19

9,< S uad leader reports to platoon leader that the foothold is secure. 9-< :latoon leader moves to the maneuver s uad leader to assess the situation. 9.< :latoon sergeant moves forward to control supporting s uads outside the trench. 9/< *he platoon leader sends necessary teams to clear an area large enough for the platoon, and then reports to the commander that the foothold is secure. &e also re uests additional support, if needed to continue clearing the trench. -. *he platoonE s uad leaders account for Rangers, provide a SI*R3: to higher head uarters, reorganize as necessary, and continue the mission. SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C

)REA+H A MINED =IRE 0)STA+2E A<7-6-D9712C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC ?*he platoon encounters a mined wire obstacle that prevents the platoon from moving forward. *he platoon cannot bypass the obstacle. *he enemy begins engaging the platoon from positions on the far side of the obstacle. *his drill begins when the platoon$s lead element encounters a mined wire obstacle, and the unit leader orders an element to breach the obstacle. STANDARDS?*he platoon breaches the obstacle and moves all personnel and e uipment uickly through the breach. *he platoon moves the support element and follow on forces through the breach and maintains a sufficient fighting force to secure the far side of the breach. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". 7 platoon$s sectionEs uad executes actions on contact to reduce effective fires from the far side of the obstacle. %. *he sectionE s uad in contact? a. De@'o#s 9"< Returns fire. 9%< Seeks cover. 9'< 3stablishes fire superiority. 9)< 3stablishes local security. 9,< :latoon sergeant repositions other s uads to focus supporting fires and increase observation. b. Re@orts 9"< S uad leader reports location of hostile fire to platoon leader from base of fire position using the S76B*3 format. 9%< :latoon leader sends contact report followed by a size, activity, location, unit, time, and e uipment 9S76B*3< report to commander. '. 3valuate and develop the situation. a. *he platoon leader uickly evaluates the situation using the SI*R3:s from the s uad in contact, and using his personal observations. 7t a minimum, his evaluation should include ? 9"< 2umber of enemy weapons or volume of fire. 9%< :resence of vehicles. 9'< 3mployment of indirect fires. b. *he platoon leader uickly develops the situationF 9"< ;onducts a uick reconnaissance to determine enemy flanks. 9%< 6ocates mutually supporting positions. 9'< 6ocates any obstacles that impede the assault or provides some type of cover or concealment. 9)< #etermines whether the force is inferior or superior. 9,< 7nalyzes reports from s uad leaders, teams in contact, or ad!acent units. ). *he platoon leader directs the vehicles 9if available< and the s uad in contact to support the movement of another s uad to the breach point. a. Indicates the route to the base of fire position. b. Indicates the enemy position to be suppressed. c. Indicates the breach point and the route the rest of the platoon will take. d. @ives instructions for lifting and shifting fires. ,. 8n the platoon leader$s signal, the base of fire s uad? a. #estroys or suppresses enemy weapons that are firing effectively against the platoon. b. 8bscures the enemy position with smoke. c. ;ontinues to maintain fire superiority while conserving ammunition and minimizing forces in contact. -. 7fter the breach, the platoon leader designates one s uad as the breach s uad and the rem aining s uad as the assault s uad. 9*he assault s uad may add its fires to the base of fire s uad. 2ormally, it follows the covered and concealed route o f the breach s uad and assaults through immediately after the breach is made.< .. *he base of fire s uad moves to the breach point and establishes a base of fire.

L C 45

s uad.

/. *he platoon sergeant moves forward to the base of fire s uad with the second machine gun and assumes control of the

0. *he platoon leader leads the breach and assault s uads along the covered and concealed route. "1. *he platoon 48 calls for and ad!usts indirect fires as directed by the platoon leader to support the breach and assault. "". *he breach s uad executes actions to breach the obstacle 9footpath<. a. *he s uad leader directs one fire team to support the movement of the other fire team to the breach point. b. *he s uad leader designates the breach point. c. *he base of fire team continues to provide suppressive fires and to isolate the breach point. d. *he breaching fire team, with the s uad leader, moves to the breach point using the covered and concealed route. 9"< *he s uad leader and breaching fire team leader employ smoke grenades to obscure the breach point. *he platoon base of fire element shifts direct fires away from the breach point and continues to suppress ad!acent enemy positions. 9%< *he breaching fire team leader positions himself and the automatic rifleman on one flank of the breach p oint to provide close in security. 9'< *he grenadier and rifleman 9or the antiarmor specialist and automatic rifleman< of the breaching fire team probe for mines and cut the wire obstacle, marking their path as they proceed. 9=angalore is preferred, if a vailable.< 9)< 8nce the obstacle is breached, the breaching fire team leader and the automatic rifleman move to the far side of the obstacle using covered and concealed positions. *hey signal the s uad leader when they are in position and ready to support. e. *he s uad leader signals the base of fire team leader to move his fire team up and through the breach. *he s uad leader then moves through the obstacle and !oins the breaching fire team, leaving the grenadier 9or antiarmor specialist< and rifleman of the supporting fire team on the near side of the breach to guide the rest of the platoon through. f. Bsing the same covered and concealed route as the breaching fire team, the base of fire team moves through the breach and to a covered and concealed position on the far side. "%. *he breach s uad leader reports the situation to the platoon leader and posts guides at the breach point. "'. *he platoon leader leads the assault s uad through the breach in the obstacle and positions it on the far side to support the movement of the remainder of the platoon or to assault the enemy position covering the obs tacle. "). *he breaching s uad continues to widen the breach to allow vehicles to pass through. ",. *he platoon leader provides a SI*R3: to the company commander, and directs his breaching s uad to move through the obstacle. *he platoon leader appoints guides to guide the company through the breach point A( gBre ;-2<C4

( gBre ;-2<

SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C

L C 47

REA+T T0 INDIRE+T (IRE A<7-6-D95<7C

+0NDITI0NS A+UEC 5$ismounted6$ *he unit is moving, conducting operations. 7ny Ranger gives the alert, OIncoming,O or a round impacts nearby. 52ounted6?*he platoonEsection is stationary or moving, conducting operations. *he alert, OIncoming,O comes over the radio or intercom, or rounds impact nearby. *his drill begins when any member announces CIn!o3ing,C or when a round impacts. STANDARDS 5$ismountedC? Rangers immediately seek the best available cover. Bnit moves out of area to the designated rally point after the impacts. 52ounted6?If moving when they receive the alert, drivers immediately move their vehicles out of the impact area in the direction and distance ordered. If stationary when they receive the alert, drivers start their vehicles and move in the direction and distance ordered. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. 3ER(0RMAN+E MEASURES ". D s"oBnte! a. 7ny Ranger announces, I*ncomingJI b. Rangers immediately assume the prone position or move to immediate available cover during initial impacts. c. *he unit leader orders the unit to move to a rally point by giving a direction and distance. d. 7fter the impacts, Rangers move rapidly in the direction and distance to the designated rally point. e. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. %. Mounted a. 7ny Ranger announces, I*ncomingJI b. Cehicle commanders repeat the alert over the radio. c. *he leader gives the direction and linkup location over the radio. d. Rangers close all hatches if applicable to the vehicle type? gunners stay below turret shields or get down into vehicle. e. #rivers move rapidly out of the impact area in the direction ordered by the leader. f. *he unit leader reports the contact to higher head uarters. SB@@ort ng 3ro!B%ts T"e In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-214;C T"e SB&T In5antr2 Ri5#e P#atoon and S6 ad A(M 6-2149C Warrior Et"os and So#dier &o39at S-i##s A(M 6-21475C

L C 45

+&a@ter 9

MI2ITARY M0UNTAINEERIN*
!n the mountains, ommanders fa e the hallenge of maintaining their units om/at effe tiveness and effi ien y( 3o meet this challenge, ommanders conduct training that provides Rangers with the mountaineering skills necessary to apply combat power in a rugged mountain environment, and they develop leaders capable of applying doctrine to the distinct characteristics of mount ain warfare. 9 14 TRAININ*4 Military mountaineering training provides units tactical mobility in mountainous terrain that would otherwise be inaccessible. Rangers are trained in the fundamental mobility and climbing skills necessary to move units safely and efficien tly in mountainous terrain. Rangers conducting ;ombat 8perations in a mountainous environment should receive extensive training to prepare them for the rigor of mountain operations. Some of the areas are as followsF D Chara teristi s of the mountain environment( D Care and use of basic mountaineering e uipment. D &ountain /ivoua te hni@ues( D &ountain ommuni ations( D &ountain travel and "al$ing te hni@ues( D &ountain navigation, ha#ard re ognition and route sele tion( D 'ope management and $nots( D 8atural and artificial anchors. D Belay and rappel te hni@ues( D !nstallation onstru tion and use su h as rope /ridges( D 'o $ lim/ing fundamentals( D 'ope /ridges and lo"ering systems( D !ndividual movement on sno" and i e( D &ountain stream rossings :to include water survival techni ues<. 9-24 DISM0UNTED M0)I2ITY4 Movement in class four and five terrain demands specialized skills and e uipment. =efore Rangers can move in such terrain, a technical mountaineering team might have to secure the high ground . Some basic S8:s for executing combat missions will work in this scenario with small modifications. :6 will develop the plan, issue the plan to t he s uad leaders? the s uad leaders only need to disseminate the :6$s plan to their units with the details o f who conducts what tasks. 9-64 TAS: 0R*ANIOATI0N4 +our platoon will be organized into four different elements, all of which are necessary for mission accomplishment. a. Hea!EBarters4 &I provides overall command and control of the missionF D Patrol leader 9:6< D Patrol leaderFs '30 D )ssistant patrol leader :)P2< D )P2s '30 D -or"ard o/server :-0< D &edi b. SB@@ort AE/a%Bat on Tea"C4 *his team is responsible for care and transportation of the casualty. *he :latoon medi , though part of the IWs element, moves "ith the ,upport ,@uad leader( c. AssaB't AR> S an! Insta''at on Tea"sC4 *hese will each consist of one s uad. 7ssault has the primary missions of route reconnaissance, navigation, and installation construction. d. Se%Br t#4 *his will consist of one s uad. :rimary focus is to provide security for the platoon at all obstacles and installations as well as serve as back up supportE evacuation.

5C1

N0TEF 7s the :6, you must ensure that the duties are rotated periodically within the platoon to keep any one s uad from becoming fatigued. e. EEB @"ent4 8nce task organization has been completed, the platoon must organize and consolidate all rescue and mountaineering e uipment. 9-74 RES+UE E8UI3MENT4 In the mountains, Rangers use a rescue stretcher system to transport casualties. *he easyAgliding polyethylene stretcher travels easily while supporting and protecting the patient. 4or spine in!uries, add a spinal immobilizer. 4 or shoulder or other in!uries, add a short or long backboard. *he stretcher also holds a scoop stretcher or other immobilization add ons. a. Te"@eratBres4 *he rescue stretcher is made of easy gliding polyethylene. =reakage occurs at "%1 degrees 94ahrenheit<, and melting occurs at ))0 degrees 94ahrenheit<. b. S ,e4 D 'olled in storage /agE 5P . 76P D -latE 7F A LF c. =e g&t4 "0 lbs with all accessories. d. Strengt&4 D Iori#ontal lift slings, tensile strengthE 1;,;;; l/s D Oerti al lift ,lingsE 5,;;; l/s :depending on the si#e of the rope( e. +o"@onents4 D ,tret her D 8ylon /a $pa $ D Iori#ontal lift slings D Oerti al lift sling 9'E /O rope< D 2o $ing steel ara/iner D 3o" strap D -our "e//ing handles f. 2oa! ng 3ro%e!Bre4 9"< Bnpack and unroll the rescue litter. 9%< =end litter in half backwards to make it and it will lay flat. 7nd lay out flat. 9'< :lace a patient in the litter. g. 2ogro'' Met&o!4 9"< :lace litter next to patient. 9%< Roll patient on to side and slide litter as far under his as possible. 9'< Roll patient on to litter and carefully slide patient into center of litter. 9)< Secure patient to litter. h. S' !e Met&o!4 9"< :lace foot end of stretcher at the head of the patient. 9%< 8ne person straddles the stretcher and supports the patient head, neck and shoulders. 9'< *wo people grab straps and pull stretcher under patient while slightly lifting patient head and shoulders. i. (asten ng Stra@s an! )B%-'es4 9"< 6ift sides of stretcher and fastens straps to buckles directly across from them. 9%< 4eed foot straps through unused buckles at the foot of the stretcher and fasten to buckles. !. R gg ng (or Hor ,onta' 2 $t4 (hen rigging for a horizontal lift remember the head strap is )O shorter than the foot strap. 9"< Insert one end of head strap through slot at head end and route under stretcher and then through slot on opposite side. 9%< Repeat at the foot end with foot strap. 9'< 3 ualize weight on all straps and insert steel carabiner through sewn loops on all ) straps.

9)< 3nsure you remove horizontal lift straps if the stretcher is to be dragged to prevent damage to the straps. k. R gg ng (or 9ert %a' 2 $t4 9"< ;reate a fixed loop in the middle of the rope by tying a double figure knot. 9%< :ass tails through grommet on either side of the head and snug knot against stretcher. 9'< 4eed ropes through grommets along the sides, pass through the handles and through the grommets at the foot end of the stretcher and secure with a s uare knot. 9)< Route the pigtails through the lower carrying handles outside to in, and secure ends with a s uare knot with two overhand safeties. l. As%en! ng 9ert %a' Terra n . t& a +asBa't#4 9"< :ackage a casualty in a stretcher for carrying and dragging 9%< :ackage a casualty in a stretcher for helicopter evacuation horizontally and vertically 9'< *ask organization for a platoon for moving a casualty 9carrying s uad, security s uads, machine guns, and key leaders<. 3mphasize that the :6 focuses on the entire tactical situation and controlling the platoon and having a rotation of the carrying s uad if they have to move the casualty over long distances. *he :S@ focuses on controlling the ;7S3C7;. 9)< 3stablish the primary anchor 9sling rope and % opposite and opposed carabiners< and the secondary anchor for the - to / wrap :rusik safety. 9,< &aving teams moving ahead to set up anchors to expedite moving the casualty up multiple pitches m. Des%en! ng 9ert %a' Terra n . t& a +asBa't#4 9"< 6ower the casualty on a Munter &itch with a - to / wrap :rusik safety 9%< 3veryone else uses a retrievable rappel with the hasty or body rappel to descend 9'< &ave teams move down and establish anchors to expedite the lowering if you have multiple pitches 9 54 M0UNTAINEERIN* E8UI3MENT4 Mountaineering e uipment refers to all the parts and pieces that allow the trained Ranger to accomplish many tasks in the mountains. *he importance of this gear to the mountaineer is no less than that of the rifle to the infantryman. a. Ropes and ;ords. Ropes and cords are the most important pieces of mountaineering e uipment. *hey secure climbers and e uipment on steep ascents and descents. *hey are also used to install rope and hauling e uipment. 4rom ((II until the 15L;s, the 9, military mostly used K;:AGinch nylon laid rope, often referred to as green line for all mountaineering operations. Since the introduction of kernmantle ropes, ropes designed for more specific purposes are replacing the old all =purpose green line. 5ernmantle ropes are constructed similar to parachute cord. It consists of a smooth sheath, surrounding a braided or woven co re. 6aid ropes are still in use today however, should never be used in situations where rope failure could result in in!ury or loss of e uipment. *here are two classifications of kernmantle ropes? static and dynamic. 9"< $ynamic &opes. Ropes used for climbing are classified as dynamic ropes. *hese rope stretch or elongate D to :> percent once sub!ected to weight or impact. *his stretching is critical in reducing the impact forc e on the climber, anchors, andEor belayer during a fall by softening the catch. ::mm 3 :CLm is generally considered the standard for military use however more specialized ropes in different length and diameters are available. 9%6 %tatic &opes. Static ropes are used in situations where rope stretch is undesired, and when the rope is sub!ected to heavy static weight. Static ropes should never be used while climbing, since even a fall of a few feet could generate enough impact force to in!ure climber and belayer, andEor cause anchor failure. Static ropes are usually used when constructing rope bridges, fixed rope installations, vertical haul lines, and so on. 9'< %ling &opes and #ordelettes. 7 short section of static rope or static cord is called a sling rope or cordelette. *hese are critical pieces of personal e uipment in mountaineering operations. #iameter usually ranges from Kmm to Dmm, and up to %" feet long. Dmm 3 :C feet is the minimum &anger standard. 9)< #are of &ope. Rope that is used daily should be used no longer than one year. 8ccasionally used rope can be used generally up to five years if properly cared for. D !nspe t ropes thoroughly /efore, during and after use for uts, frays, a/rasions, mildew, and soft or worn spots. D 8ever step on a rope or drag it on the ground unne essarily( D )void running rope over sharp or rough edges :pad if ne essary<(

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D Keep ropes a"ay from oil, a ids and other orrosive su/stan es( D )void running ropes a ross one another under tension :nylon to nylon onta t "ill damage ropes<( D 1o not leave ropes $notted or under tension longer than ne essary( D Clean in ool " ater, loosely coil and hang to dry out of direct sunlight. Bltraviolet light rays harm synthetic fibers. (hen wet, hang rope to drip dry on a rounded wooden peg, at room temperature 9do not apply heat<. 9,< /e11ing and %lings. 6oops of tubular webbing or cord, called slings or runners, are the simplest pieces of e uipment and some of the most useful. *he uses for these simple pieces are endless, and they are a critical link between the climber, the rope, carabiners, and anchors. Runners are predominately m ade from either 0E"inch or " inch tubular webbing and are either tied or sewn by a manufacturer. b. +arab ners4 *he carabiner is one of the most versatile pieces of e uipment available in the mountains. *his simple piece of gear is the critical connection between the climber, his rope, and the protection attaching him to the mountain. ;arabiners must be strong enough to hold hard falls, yet light enough for the climber to easily carry a uantity of them. *oday$s high t ech metal alloys allow carabiners to meet both of these re uirements. Steel carabiners are still widely used in the military bu t are being replaced by lighter and stronger materials. =asic carabiner construction affords the user several different shapes. c. :rotection. :rotection is the generic term used to describe a piece of e uipment 9natural or artificial< that is used to construct an anchor. :rotection is used with a climber, belayer, and climbing rope to form the lifeline of the climbing team. *he rope connects two climbers, and the protection connects them to the rock or to ice. ( gBre 9-1 shows removable artificial protection, and ( gBre 9-2 shows fixed 9usually permanent< artificial protection. ( gBre 9-14 E?AM32ES 0( TRADITI0NA2 AREM09A)2EC 3R0TE+TI0N USED 0N R0+:

( gBre 9-24 E?AM32ES 0( (I?ED A3ERMANENT>SEMI3ERMANENTC 3R0TE+TI0N USED 0N R0+:

9-64 AN+H0RS4 7nchors are the base, for all installations and roped mountaineering techni ues. 7nchors must be strong enough to support the entire weight of the load or impact placed upon them. Several pieces of artificial or natural protection may be incorporated together to make one multi point anchor. 7nchors are classified as 7rtificial or 2atural. a. Art $ % a' An%&ors4 7rtificial anchors are constructed using all manmade material. *he most common anchors incorporate traditional or fixed protection A( gBre 9-6C. b. NatBra' An%&ors4 2atural anchors are usually very strong and often simple to construct using minimal e uipment. *rees, shrubs and boulders are the most common. 7ll natural anchors simply re uire a method of attaching a rope. Regardless of the type of natural anchor used, the anchor must be strong enough to support the entire weight of the load. 9"< Trees. *hese are probably the most widely used of all anchors. In rocky terrain, trees usually have a very shallow root system. ;heck this by pushing or tugging on the tree to see how well it is rooted. 7nchor as low as possible to prevent excess leverage on the tree. Bse padding on soft, sap producing trees to keep sap off ropes and slings. 9%< &ock 4rojections and ,oulders. +ou can use these, but they must be heavy enough, and have a stable enough base to support the load. 9'< ,ushes and %hru1s. If no other suitable anchor is available, route a rope around the bases of several bushes. 7s with trees, place the anchoring rope as low as possible to reduce leverage on the anchor. Make sure all vegetation is healthy and well rooted to the ground. 9)< Tensionless 0nchor. *his is used to anchor rope on high load installations such as bridging. *he wraps of the rope around the anchor A( gBre 9-7C absorb the tension of the installation and keep the tension off the knot and carabiner. *ie it with a minimum of four wraps around the anchor? however a smooth anchor 9small tree, pipe, or rail< may re uire several more wraps. (rap the rope from top to bottom. :lace a fixed loop into the end of the rope and attached loosely back onto the rope with a carabiner.

5C5

( gBre 9-64 +0NSTRU+TIN* A 6 30INT, 3RE E8UA2IOED AN+H0R USIN* (I?ED ARTI(I+IA2 3R0TE+TI0N

( gBre 9-74 TENSI0N2ESS NATURA2 AN+H0R

5C7

9- 74

:N0TS a. SEBare :not4 *his !oins two ropes of e ual diameter 9( gBre 9-5<F *wo interlocking bites, running ends exit on same side of standing portion of rope. 3ach tail is secured with an overhand knot on the standing end. (hen you dress the knot, le ave at least a ) inch tail on the working end. ( gBre 9-54 S8UARE :N0T

b. RoBn! TBrn . t& T.o Ha'$ H t%&es4 *his is a constant tension anchor knot 9( gBre 9-6<. *he rope forms a complete turn around the an hor point :thus the name %round turn<, "ith /oth ropes parallel and tou hing, /ut not rossing( Both half hitches are tightly dressed against the round turn, with the locking bar on top. (hen you dress the knot, leave at least a ) inch tail on the working end. ( gBre 9-64 R0UND TURN =ITH T=0 HA2( HIT+HES

c. En!Do$Dt&eDRo@e +'o/e H t%&. *his is an intermediate anchor knot 9( gBre 9-7< that re uires constant tension. Make two turns around the anchor 9"<. 7 locking bar runs diagonally from one side to the other. 6eave no more than one rope width between turns of rope 9%<. 6ocking bar is opposite direction of pull. (hen you dress the knot, leave at least a ) Ainch tail on the working end.

( gBre 9-74 ENDD0(DTHEDR03E +209E HIT+H

d. M !!'eDo$Dt&eDRo@e +'o/e H t%&4 *his knot A( gBre 9-;C secures the middle of a rope to an anchor. *he knot forms two turns around the anchor 9", %<. 7 locking bar runs diagonally from one side to the other. 6eave no more than one ro pe width between turns 9'<. 3nsure the locking bar is opposite the direction of pull. ( gBre 9-;4 MIDD2ED0(DTHEDR03E +209E HIT+H

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e. Ra@@e' Seat4 *he rappel seat A( gBre 9-9< is a rope harness used in rappelling and climbing. It can be tied for use with the left or right hand 9"<. 6eg straps do not cross, and are centered on buttocks and tight 9%<. 6eg straps form locking half hitches on rope around waist. S uare knot properly tied on right hip 9'< and finished with two overhand knots. *ails must be even, within inches 9)<. ;arabiner properly inserted around all ropes with opening gate opening up and away 9,<. ;arabiner will not come i n contact with s uare knot or overhand k not( 'appel seat is tight enough not to allo" a fist to /e inserted /et"een the rappellers /ody and the harness. ( gBre 9-94 RA33E2 SEAT

f. DoBb'e ( gBre ;4 Bse a 4igure / loop knot A( gBre 9-1<C to form a fixed loop in the end of the rope. It can be tied at the end of the rope or anywhere along the length of the rope. 4igure / loop knots are formed by two ropes parallel to each other in the shape of a 4igure /, no twists are in the 4igure /. 4ixed loops are large enough to insert a carabiner. (hen yo u dress the knot, leave at least a ) inch tail on the working end. ( gBre 9-1<4 D0U)2E (I*URE ; 2003 :N0T

g. ReroBte! ( gBre ; :not4 *his anchor knot also attaches a climber to a climbing rope. 4orm a 4igure / in the rope, and pass the working end around an anchor. Reroute the end back through to form a double 4igure / A( gBre 9-11C. *ie the knot with no twists. (hen you dress the knot, leave at least a ) inch tail on the working end. ( gBre 9-114 RER0UTED (I*URE ; :N0T

5 C 11

h. ( gBre ; S' @ :not4 *he 4igure / slip is used to form an ad!ustable bight in the middle of a rope. 5not is in the shape of a 4igure /. =oth ropes of the bight pass through the same loop of the 4igure /. *he bight is ad!ustable by means of a sliding section A( gBre 9-12C4 ( gBre 9-124 (I*URE ; S2I3 :N0T

i.

En!Do$Dt&eDRo@e 3rBs -4 *his knot A( gBre 9-16C attaches a movable rope to a fixed rope. *he knot has two round turns, with a locking bar perpendicular to the standing end of the rope. *ie a bow line within - inches of the locking bar. (hen you dress the knot, leave at least a ) inch tail on the working end. ( gBre 9-164 ENDD0(DTHEDR03E 3RUSI:

!. M !!'eDo$Dt&eDRo@e 3rBs -. *he Middle=of=the=Rope :rusik A( gBre 9-17C attaches a movable rope to a fixed rope anywhere along the length of the fixed rope. *o make this knot, make two round turns with a locking bar perpendicular to the standing end. 3nsure the wraps do not cross and that the overhand knot is within - inches from the horizontal locking bar. 3nsure the knot does not move freely on the fixed rope. ( gBre 9-174 MIDD2ED0(DTHEDR03E 3RUSI:

9-;4 )E2AYS. =elaying is any action taken to arrest a climber that has fallen, or to control the rate of descent of a load from a higher to lo"er elevation( 3he /elayer also helps manage a lim/ers rope or the rate of the lim/ers or rappellers des ent by controlling the amount of rope that is taken out or in. *he belayer must be anchored in a stable position to prevent him from being pulled out of position, and losing control of the rope. *wo types of belays are body and mechanical. a. )o!# )e'a#4 *his belay A( gBre 9-15C uses the belayer$s body to apply friction. *he belayer routes the rope around his body. &e must be careful, because his body might have to bear the entire weight of the load. ( gBre 9-154 )0DY )E2AY

5 C 17

b. Me%&an %a' )e'a#. *his belay A( gBre 9-16C uses mechanical devices to help the belayer control the rope, as in rappelling. 7 variety of mountaineering devices are used to construct a mechanical belay. ( gBre 9-164 ME+HANI+A2 )E2AY

9"< 2unter 'itch. 8ne of the most often used belays? the Munter &itch A( gBre 9-17C re uires very little e uipment. *he rope is routed through a locking pearAshaped carabiner, then back on itself. *he belayer controls the rate of descent by manipulating the working end back on itself with his brake hand. ( gBre 9-174 MUNTER HIT+H

9%< 0ir Traffic #ontroller. *he 7*; 9air traffic controller< is a locking mechanical belay device A( gBre 9-1;C. It locks down on itself once tension is applied in opposite directions. *his re uires the belayer to apply very little force with his brake hand to ontrol the rate of des ent or to arrest a lim/ers fall( ( gBre 9 -;4 AIR TRA((I+ +0NTR022ER

9-94

+2IM)IN* +0MMANDS. *able 0A" shows the se uence of commands used by climber and belayer. Tab'e 9-14 SE8UEN+E 0( +2IM)IN* +0MMANDS

#ommand
=367+ 82, ;6IM= ;6IM=I2@ B:AR8:3 =R753 4766I2@ *32SI82 S67;5 R8;5 :8I2* S*72#A=+ #8 +8B &7C3 M3M I &7C3 +8B 844A=367+ 'AM3*3RS =367+A844

(iven ,y
=elayer ;limber ;limber ;limber ;limber ;limber ;limber 7nyone ;limber ;limber or =elayer ;limber =elay ;limber =elayer =elayer

2eaning
=elay is on and climber may climb. ;limber is climbing. =elayer, remove excess slack in the rope =elayer, immediately apply brake. ;limber is falling, immediately apply brake, prepare to arrest the fall. =elayer, removes all slack from climbing rope until rope is tight, apply brake, hold position. =elayer, allows climber to pull slack into the climbing rope 9belayer may have to assist<. ;ommand given to alert everyone of an ob!ect falling near them. =elayer immediately applies brake. 7lert belayer that the direction of pull on the climbing rope has changed in the event of a fall. &old position, stand by, I am not ready. Informal command to belayer to prepare for a fall or prepare to lower me. *he brake is on and I am prepared for you to fall, or to lower you. 7lert belayer that claimer is safetied in or it is safe to come off belay. 7lert climber to the amount of rope between climber and belayer 9May be given in feet or meters< I am off belay

9-1<4 R03E INSTA22ATI0NS4 Rope installations may be constructed by teams to help units negotiate natural and man Amade obstacles. Installation teams consist of a s uadAsized element with % to ) trained mountaineers. Installation teams deploy early and prepare the 78 for safe, rapid movement by constructing various types of mountaineering installations. 4ollowing construction of an installation, the s uad, or part of it, remains on site to secure and monitor the system, assist with the control of forces a cross it, and ad!ust or repair it during use. 7fter the unit passes, the installation team may disassemble the system and deploy to another area.

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a. ( Ge!-Ro@e Insta''at ons4 7 fixed rope is anchored in place to help Rangers move over difficult terrain. Its simplest for m is a rope tied off on the top of steep terrain. 7s terrain becomes steeper or more difficult, fixed rope systems may re uire intermediate anchors along the route. :lanning considerations followF D 1oes the installation allo" you to /ypass the o/sta leN D .Ta!ti!a#/ ;an obstacle be secured from construction through negotiation, to disassemblyM D !s it in a safe and suita/le lo ationN !s it easy to negotiateN 1oes it avoid o/sta lesN D )re natural and artifi ial an hors availa/leN D !s the area safe from falling rock and iceM b. 9ert %a' HaB' ng 2 ne. *his installation A( gBre 9-19C is used to haul men and e uipment up vertical or near vertical slopes. It is often used with the fixed rope. 9"< 4lanning #onsiderations. D 1oes the installation allo" you to bypass the obstacleM D .Ta!ti!a#/ ;an you secure the installation from construction through negotiation to disassemblyM D 1oes it have good loading and off loading platformsN )re the platforms natural and easily a essi/leN 1o they provide a safe working areaM D 1oes it allo" suffi ient learan e for loadN !s there enough spa e /et"een the slope and the ape. of the ) frame to allow easy loading and off loading of troops and e uipmentM D 1oes it have an ) frame for artifi ial heightN D 1oes it allow you to haul line in order to move personnel and e uipment up and down slopeM D 1oes the ) frame have a pulley or lo $ing ara/iner to ease fri tion on hauling lineN D 1oes it have a $notted hand line to help 'angers up the installationN D 1oes it allow for Rangers top and bottom to monitor safe operationM 9%< )+uipment. D 3hree 14; foot :77Ameter< static ropes. D 3hree 15 foot sling ropes for onstru ting ) frame( D 3"o ) frame poles, 7 to 5 feet long, 6 to 6 in hes in diameter :load dependent< . D 8ine ara/iners( D 0ne pulley "ith steel lo $ing ara/iner( ( gBre 9-194 9ERTI+A2 HAU2IN* 2INE

c. )r !g ng4 Rope bridges are employed in mountainous terrain to bridge linear obstacles such as streams or rivers where the force of flowing water may be too great or temperatures are too cold to conduct a wet crossing. 9"< #onstruction. *he rope bridge is constructed using static ropes. *he max span that can be bridged is half the length of the rope for a dry crossing, threeAfourths for a wet crossing. *he ropes are anchored with an anchor knot on the far side of the obstacle, and tied off at the near end with a transportAtightening system. Rope bridge planning considerations followF D 1oes the installation allo" you to /ypass the o/sta leN D .Ta!ti!a#/ ;an you secure the installation from construction through negotiation to disassembly M D !s it in the most suita/le lo ation su h as a /end in the riverN !s it easily se uredN D 1oes it have near and far side an horsN D 1oes it have good loading and off loading platformsN 9%< EEB @"ent A1 Ro@e )r !geC4 D 0ne sling rope per 'anger( D 8ne steel locking carabiner. D 3"o steel ovals( D 3"o 14; foot stati ropes( 9'< #onstruction %teps. *he first Ranger swims the rope to the far side and ties a tensionless anchor A( gBre 9-7C, between knee and chest level, with at least - to / wraps. *he =*; ties a transportAtightening system A( gBre 9-2<C to the near side anchor point. *hen, he ties a 4igure / slipknot and incorporates a locking half hitch around the ad!ustable bight. Insert two steel oval carabiners into the bight so the gates are oppo site and opposed. *he rope is then routed around the near side anchor point at waist level and dropped into the steel oval carabiners. 9a< 7 three Ranger pulling team moves forward from the platoon. 2o more than three are used to tighten the rope. Bsing more can cause over tightening of the rope, bringing it near failure. 9b< 8nce the rope bridge is tight enough, the bridge team secures the transport tightening system A( gBre 9-2<C using two half hitches, without losing more than ) inches of tension. 9c< :ersonnel cross using either the &o33ando &ra:# A( gBre 9-21C, Rappe# Seat A( gBre 9-22C, or Mon-e2 &ra:# A( gBre 9-26C method. ( gBre 9-2<4 TRANS30RT-TI*HTENIN* SYSTEM

5 C 17

( gBre 9-214 +0MMAND0 +RA=2 METH0D

( gBre 9-224 RA33E2 SEAT ATYR02EAN TRA9ERSEC METH0D

( gBre 9-264 M0N:EY +RA=2 METH0D

9)< ,ridge &ecovery. 8nce all except two troops have crossed the rope bridge, the bridge team commander 9=*;< chooses either the wet or dry method to dismantle the rope bridge. If the =*; chooses the dry method, he should have anchored his tightening system with the transport knot. 9a< *he =*; back stacks all of the slack coming out of the transport knot, ties a fixed loop, and places a carabiner into the fixed loop. 9b< *he next to last Ranger to cross should attach the carabiner to his rappel seat or harness, and then move across the bridge using the *yrolean traverse method. 9c< *he =*; removes all knots from the system. *he far side remains anchored. *he rope should now only pass around the near side anchor. 9d< 7 threeARanger pull team, assembled on the far side, takes the end brought across by the next to last Ranger, pulls and holds the rope tight again. 9e< *he =*; attaches himself to the rope bridge and moves across. 9f< 8nce across, the =*; breaks down the far side anchor, removes the knots, and then pulls the rope acr oss. If it is a wet crossing, any method can be used to anchor the tightening system. 9g< 7ll personnel cross except the =*; or the strongest swimmer. 9h< *he =*; then removes all knots from the system. 9i< *he =*; ties a fixed loop, inserts a carabiner, and attaches it to his rappel seat or harness. &e then manages the rope as the slack is pulled to the far side. 9!< *he =*; then moves across the obstacle while being belayed from the far side. d. SBs@ens on Tra/erse4 *he suspension traverse is used to move personnel and e uipment over rivers, ravines, and chasms, or up or down a vertical obstacle. =y combining the transportAtightening system used during the rope bridge, an 7 4rame used for the vertical haul 6ine A( gBre 9-27C, and belay techni ues device, units can make a suspension traverse A( gBre 9-25 and

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( gBre 9-26C. Installing a suspension traverse can be slow and e uipment intensive. 3veryone must be wellAtrained and rehearsed in the procedures. 9"< #onstruction. *he suspension traverse is constructed with static ropes. *he max span that can be bridged is generally ., percent length of the shortest rope. :lanning considerations include those for rope bridge and vertical haul line. 9%< )+uipment. D 3hree stati installation ropes. D ,even sling ropes( D 8ine ara/iners( D 0ne heavy duty dou/le pulley( D 0ne lo $ing ara/iner( D 0ne anvas pad( ( gBre 9-274 AN+H0RIN* THE TRA9ERSE R03E T0 THE A (RAME

( gBre 9-254 +ARRYIN* R03E (0R USE 0N A SUS3ENSI0N TRA9ERSE

5 C 41

( gBre 9-264 SUS3ENSI0N TRA9ERSE

9-114 RA33E22IN*4 Rappelling is a uick method of descent, but it can be extremely dangerous. #angers include failure of the anchor or other e uipment, and individual error. 7nchors used in mountainous environments should be chosen carefully. @reat care must be taken to load the anchor slowly and to avoid placing too much stress on the anchor. *o ensure this, bounding rappels are prohibited=only walkAdown rappels are permitted. a. Hast# an! )o!# Ra@@e's4 *hese uick and easy rappels A( gBre 9-27 and ( gBre 9-2;C should only be used on moderate pitches=never on vertical or overhanging terrain. @loves are used with both to prevent rope burns. ( gBre 9-274 HASTY RA33E2 ( gBre 9-2;4 )0DY RA33E2

b. Seat H @ Ra@@e'4 *his rappel uses either a 4igure / descender or a carabiner wrap descender A( gBre 9-29C. (hichever is used, it is inserted in a sling rope seat, then fastened to the rappeller . *his gives the Ranger enough friction for a fast, controlled descent A( gBre 9-6<C.

( gBre 9-294 (I*URE ; DES+ENDER

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( gBre 9-6<4 +ARA)INER =RA3 DES+ENDER AINSETC

( gBre 9-614 SEAT HI3 RA33E2 ASH0=N =ITH +ARA)INER =RA3 DES+ENDERC

c. S te Se'e%t on4 *he selection of the rappel point depends on factors such as mission, cover, route, anchor points, and edge composition 9loose or !agged rocks<. :ersonnel working near the edge must tie in, and the rappel point must have = D ,mooth route, free of loose rock and debris. D *ood primary and se ondary an hors( D )n hor point a/ove rappellers departure point( D >@ual tension /et"een all an hor points( D ,uita/le loading and offAloading platforms D 1ou/le rope, if possi/le( D 2ong enough ropes to reach the offAloading platform.

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5 C 47

+&a@ter 1<

MA+HINE *UN EM320YMENT

&a hine guns are a 'anger platoons most effe tive "eapons against a dismounted enemy for e( &a hine guns allow the Ranger unit to engage enemy for es from a greater range and "ith greater a ura y than individual "eapons( ) leaders a/ility to pro perly employ available machine guns and achieve fire superiority is often the deciding factor on the battlefield. 1<-14 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS4 Tab'e 1<-1 shows references and specifications for various machine guns. Tab'e 1<-14 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS

=EA30N
( e'! ManBa' TM Des%r @t on

M279
6-2246; 9-1<<5-2<1-1< ,.,-Amm gasAoperated automatic

M27<)
6-2246; 9-1<<5-616-1< ..-%Amm gasAoperated medium

M2
6-22465 9-1<<5-216-1< .,1Acaliber recoilA operated heavy

M: 19
6-22427 9-1<1<-26<-1< )1Amm airA cooled, blowbackA operated automatic @6 ")1.- lbs 9gun wE barrel and tripod< "10., cm %,%"% m :ointF ",,11 m 7reaF %,%"% m

=e g&t

2engt& MaG "B" Range MaG "B" E$$e%t /e Range

Tra%er )BrnoBt SBsta ne! Rate o$ ( re RoundsE burst Interval =arrel change Ra@ ! Rate o$ ( re RoundsE burst Interval Minutes to barrel change

"-.)" lbs 9gun wEbarrel< "- lbs 9tripod< "1) cm ',-11 m =ipodE pointF -11 m =ipodE areaF /11 m *ripodE areaF ",111 m @razingF -11 m 011 m ,1 R:M - to 0 rounds ) to , sec 3very "1 min "11 R:M - A 0 rounds % A ' sec % minutes

%..- lbs 9gun wE barrel< %1 lbs 9tripod< ""1., cm ',.%, m =ipodEpointF -11m *ripodEpointF /11m =ipodEareaF /11m *ripodEareaF","11m SuppressionF ",/11 m @razingF -11 m 011 m "11 R:M - to 0 rounds ) to , sec 3very "1 min %11 R:M "1 A "' rounds % A ' sec % minutes

"%/ lbs 9gun wE barrel and tripod< ",- cm -,.-) m :ointF ",,11 m 9single shot< 7reaF ",/'1 m @razingF .11 m

+#%' % Rate o$ ( re> Minutes to barrel change

/,1 R:M, continuous burstE min

-,1 A 0,1 R:M, continuous burstE min

",/11 m )1 R:M - to 0 rounds "1 to ", sec 3nd of day or if damaged )1 R:M - A 0 rounds , A "1 sec ;hange barrel end of day or if damaged ),1 A ,,1 R:M, continuous burst

A )1 R:M

-1 R:M

'%, = '., R:M, continuous burst

1; C 1

1<-24

DE(INITI0NS4 Tab'e 1<-2 defines machine gun terms and ( gBre 1<-1 shows some of them. Tab'e 1<-24 MA+HINE *UN TERMS *he imaginary line drawn from the firer$s eye through the sights to the point of aim. 7 number of successive rounds fired with the same elevation and point of aim when the trigger is held to the rear. *he number of rounds in a burst can vary depending on the type of fire employed. *he curved path of the pro!ectile in its flight from the muzzle of the weapon to its impact. 7s the range to the target increases, so does the curve of tra!ectory. *he height of the highest point above the line of sight the tra!ectory reaches between the muzzle of the weapon and the base of the target. It always occurs at a point about twoAthirds of the distance from weapon to target and increases with range. *he pattern formed by the different tra!ectories in each burst as they travel downrange. Cibration of the weapon and variations in ammunition and atmospheric conditions all contribute to the tra!ectories that make up the cone of fire. *he elliptical pattern formed when the rounds in the cone of fire strike the ground or target. *he size and shape of the beaten zone change as a function of the range to and slope of the target, but is normally oval or cigar shaped and the density of the rounds decreases toward the edges. @unners and automatic riflemen should engage targets to take maximum effect of the beaten zone. #ue to the rightAhand twist of the barrel, the simplest way to do this is to aim at the left base of the target. 7n area to be covered by fire that is assigned to an individual, a weapon, or a unit. @unners are normally assigned a primary and a secondary sector of fire. *he primary sector of fire is assigned to the gun team to cover the most likely avenue of enemy approach from all types of defensive positions. *he secondary sector of fire is assigned to the gun team to cover the second most likely avenue of enemy approach. It is fired from the same gun position as the primary sector of fire. 7n immediately available, prearranged barrier of fire to stop enemy movement across defensive lines or areas. 7 predetermined line along which grazing fire is placed to stop an enemy assault. If an 4:6 is assigned, the machine gun is sighted along it except when other targets are being engaged. 7n 4:6 becomes the machine gun$s part of the unit$s final protective fires. 7n 4:6 is fixed in direction and elevation. &owever, a small shift for search must be employed to prevent the enemy from crawling under the 4:6 and to compensate for irregularities in the terrain or the sinking of the tripod legs into soft soil during firing. 4ire must be delivered during all conditions of visibility. 7ssigned to a gunner to cover an area that has good fields of fire, or that has a likely dismounted avenue of approach. 7 :#4 also provides mutual support to an ad!acent unit. If no 4:6 has been assigned, then sight machine guns using the :#4. If a :#4 is assigned and other targets are not being engaged, then machine guns remain on the :#4. It is used only if an 4 :6 is not assigned? it then becomes the machine gun$s part of the unit$s final protective fires.

2 ne o$ S g&t )Brst o$ ( re Traje%tor# MaG "B" 0r! nate +one o$ ( re

)eaten Oone

Se%tor o$ ( re 3r "ar# Se%tor o$ ( re Se%on!ar# Se%tor o$ ( re ( na' 3rote%t /e ( re A(3(C ( na' 3rote%t /e 2 ne A(32C

3r n% @a' D re%t on o$ ( re A3D(C

( gBre 1<-14 TRAHE+T0RY AND MA?IMUM 0RDINATE

1<-64 +2ASSES 0( AUT0MATI+ =EA30NS (IRE4 *he B.S. 7rmy classifies automatic weapons fires with respect to ground, target, and weapon. a. Res@e%t to *roBn!4 ASee Tab'e 1<-6 and ( gBre 1<-2C Tab'e 1<-64 +2ASSES 0( (IRE - RES3E+T T0 THE *R0UND 7utomatic weapons graze fire when the center of the cone of fire fails to rise more than " meter aboveground. @razing fire is employed in the final protective line 94:6< in defense. It is possible only when the terrain is level or uniformly sloping. 7ny dead space encountered along the 4:6 must be covered by indirect fire, such as from an M%1'. (hen firing over level or uniformly sloping terrain, the machine gun M%)1= and M%)0 can attain a maximum of -11 meters of grazing fire. *he M% can attain a maximum of .11 meters. :lunging fire occurs when there is little or no danger space from the muzzle of the weapon to the beaten zone. It occurs when weapons fire at long range, from high to low ground, into abruptly rising ground, or across uneven terrain, resulting in a loss of grazing fire at any point along the tra!ectory.

*ra, ng ( res

3'Bng ng ( res

1; C 7

Tab'e 1<-2 +2ASSES 0( (IRE - RES3E+T T0 THE *R0UND

b. Res@e%t to Target4 6eaders and gunners should strive at all times to position their gun teams where they can best take advantage of the machine gun$s beaten zone with respect to an enemy target. ;hanneling the enemy by use of terrain or obstacles so they approach a friendly machine gun position from the front in a column formation is one example. In this situa tion, the machine gun would employ enfilade fire on the enemy column, and the effects of the machine gun$s beaten zone would be much greater than if it engaged the same enemy column from the flank. Tab'e 1<-7 defines and compares the four classifications of fire with respect to the target, and ( gBre 1<-6A and ( gBre 1<-6) show them.

EN(I2ADE (IRE )est +0(> T

(R0NTA2 (IRE +o'B"nRYes 2 ne++((No (2AN:IN* (IRE +o'B"nRNo 2 neRR44Yes 0)2I8UE (IRE

Tab'e 1<-7 +2ASSES 0( (IRE - RES3E+T T0 TAR*ET 8ccurs when long axes of 9eaten <one and target coincideE nearly coincide. ;an be 5ronta# 5ire on column or 5#an-ing 5ire on line. 2ost desira1le class of fire with respect to the target , /e ause it+ Makes maximum use of the 9eaten <one. 6eaders and gunners should always try to position guns for en5i#ade 5ire. 8ccurs when the long axis of the 9eaten <one is at a rig"t ang#e to t"e 5ront o5 t"e target0 H g&'# !es rab'e aga nst a %o'B"n 4 =ecomes en5i#ade 5ire as 9eaten <one coincides with long axis of target. Less desira1le against a line, because most of the 9eaten <one normally falls below or after the enemy target. #elivered directly against the flank of the target. 2ost desira1le against a line. =ecomes en5i#ade 5ire as 9eaten <one will coincide with the long axis of the target. Least desira1le against a column, because most of the 9eaten <one normally falls before or after the enemy target. @unners and automatic riflemen. 8ccurs when long axis of 9eaten <one is at any angle other than a right angle to the front of the target. Tab'e 1<-6A +2ASSES 0( (IRE - RES3E+T T0 TAR*ET

1; C 5

Tab'e 1<-6) +2ASSES 0( (IRE - RES3E+T T0 TAR*ET

c. Res@e%t to t&e AMa%& neC *Bn4 4ires with respect to the weapon include fixed, traversing, searching, traversing and searching, swinging traverse, and free gun fires. 9See Tab'e 1<-5 and ( gBre 1<-74< ( Ge! Tra/ers ng Tab'e 1<-54 +2ASSES 0( (IRE - RES3E+T T0 *UN 4ixed fire is delivered against a stationary point target when the depth and width of the beaten zone will cover the target with little or no manipulation needed. 7fter the initial burst, the gunners will follow any change or movement of the target without command. *raversing disperses fires in width by successive changes in direction, but not elevation. It is delivered against a wide target with minimal depth. (hen engaging a wide target re uiring traversing fire, the gunner should select successive aiming points throughout the target area. *hese aiming points should be close enough together to ensure ade uate target coverage. &owever, they do not need to be so close that they waste ammunition by concentrating a heavy volume of fire in a small area. Searching distributes fires in depth by successive changes in elevation. It is employed against a deep target or a target that has depth and minimal width, re uiring changes in only the elevation of the gun. *he amount of elevation change depends upon the range and slope of the ground. *his class of fire is a combination in which successive changes in direction and elevation result in the distribution of fires both in width and depth. It is employed against a target whose long axis is obli ue to the direction of fire. Swinging traverse fire is employed against targets that re uire ma!or changes in direction but little or no change in elevation. *argets may be dense, wide, in close formations moving slowly toward or away from the gun, or vehicles or mounted troops moving across the front. If tripod mounted, the traversing slide lock lever is loosened enough to permit the gunner to swing the gun laterally. (hen firing swinging traverse, the weapon is normally fired at the cyclic rate of fire. Swinging traverse consumes a lot of ammunition and does not have a beaten zone because each round seeks its own area of impact. 4ree gun fire is delivered against moving targets that must be rapidly engaged with fast changes in both direction and elevation. 3xamples are aerial targets, vehicles, mounted troops, or infantry in relatively close formations moving rapidly toward or away from the gun position. (hen firing free gun, the weapon is normally fired at the cyclic rate of fire. 4ree gun fire consumes a lot of ammunition and does not have a beaten zone because each round seeks its own area of impact. Tab'e 1<-74 +2ASSES 0( (IRE - RES3E+T T0 *UN

Sear%& ng Tra/ers ng an! Sear%& ng S. ng ng Tra/erse

(ree *Bn

1; C 7

1<-74 0((ENSE4 Successful offensive operations depend on effective employment of fire and movement. *hey are both essential, and they depend on each other. 4or example, without the support of covering fires , maneuvering in the presence of enemy fire can produce huge losses. ;overing fires, especially those that provide fire superiority, allow maneuvering in the offense. &owever, fire superiority alone rarely wins battles. *he primary ob!ective of the offense is to advance, occupy, and hold the enemy position. a. Me! B" Ma%& ne *Bns . In the offense, the platoon leader can establish his base of fire element with the M%)1=, the M%)0 light machine gun, or a combination of the weapons. (hen the platoon scheme of maneuver is to conduct the assault with the Infantry s uads, the platoon sergeant or weapons s uad leader may position this element and control its fires. *he M%)1= machine gun is more stable and accurate at greater ranges, but takes longer to maneuver, o n the tripod than on the bipod. Machine gunners can= D 3arget $ey enemy "eapons until the enemys assault element mas$s the ma hine gunners fires( D ,uppress the enemyFs a/ility to return a urate fire D Iamper the maneuver of the enemyFs assault element( D -i. the enemy in position D !solate the enemy /y utting off his avenues of reinfor ement( D ,hift fire to the flan$ opposite the one /eing assaulted and ontinue targeting any automati "eapons pr oviding enemy support D >ngage enemy ounteratta $, if any( D Cover the gap reated /et"een the for"ard element of the friendly assaulting for e and terrain overed /y indire t fires when the direct fires are lifted and shifted. D 0n signal, displa e :along with the base of fire element< to !oin the assault element on the ob!ective. b. M: 19 an! M24 7s part of the baseAofAfire element, the M5 "0 and M% can help the friendly assault element. *hey can do this by suppressing enemy bunkers and lightly armored vehicles. 3ven if their fire is too light to destroy enemy vehicles, well aimed suppressive fire can keep the enemy buttoned up and unable to place effective fire on friendly assault elements. *he M5 "0 and M% are particularly effective in preventing lightly armored enemy vehicles from escaping or reinforcing. =oth vehicleAmounted weapons can fire from a long range standoff position, or be moved forward with the assault element. c. )ase o$ ( re4 Machine gun fire from a support by fire 9S=4< position must be the minimum possible to keep the enemy from returning effective fire. 7mmunition must be conserved so the guns do not run out of ammunition. *he weapon s uad leader positions and controls the fires of all machine guns in the element. Machine gun targets include key enemy weapons or groups of enemy targets either on the ob!ective or attempting to reinforce or counterattack. *he nature of the terrain, desire to achie ve some standoff, and the other factors of M3**A*; prompt the leader to the correct tactical positioning of the base of fire element. *here are distinct phases of rates of fire employed by the base of fire elementF D !nitial heavy volume :rapid rate< to gain fire superiority( D ,lo"er rate to conserve ammunition 9sustained rate< while still preventing effective return fire as the assault moves forward. D !n reased rate as the assault nears the o/je tive( D 2ift and shift to targets of opportunity( D &a hine guns in the ,B- role should /e set in and assigned a primary and alternate sector of fire as well as a primary and alternate position. D &a hine guns are suppressive fire "eapons used to suppress $no"n and suspe ted enemy positions( 3herefore, gunners cannot be allowed to empty all of their ammunition into one bunker simply because that is all they can identify at the time. D ,hift and shut do"n the "eapon s@uad gun teams one at a time, not all at on e( &4;7 and mortar or other indire t fire can be used to suppress while the machine guns are moved to where they can shoot. D 2eaders must ta$e into a ount the ,1M of the ma hine guns "hen planning and e.e uting the lift and or shift of the S=4 guns. *he effectiveness of the enemy on the ob!ective will play a large role in how much risk sh ould be taken with respect to the lifting or shifting of fires. D 0n e the ,B- line is mas$ed /y the assault element, fires are shifted and or lifted to prevent enemy "ithdra"al or reinforcement.

assault unit.

d. ManeB/er E'e"ent4 Bnder certain terrain conditions, and for proper control, machine guns may !oin the maneuver or

9"< (hen this is the case, they are assigned a cover fire zone or sector. *he machine guns seldom accompany the maneuver element. *he gun$s primary mission is to provide covering fire. *he machine guns are only employed with the maneuver element when the area or zone of action assigned to the assault or company is too narrow to permit proper control of the guns. *he machine guns are then moved with the unit and readied to employ on order from the leader and in the direction needing the supporting fire. 9%< (hen machine guns move with the element undertaking the assault, the maneuver element brings the machine guns to provide additional firepower. *hese weapons are fired from a bipod, in an assault mode, from the hip, or from the underarm position. *hey target enemy automatic weapons anywhere on the unit$s ob!ective. 9'< 7fter destroying the enemy$s automatic weapons, if any, the gunners distribute fire over their assigned zones or sectors. *he machine gunner in the assault position engages within '11 meters of his target, often at point blank ranges. :6< !f the platoons organi "eapons fail to over the area or #one of a tion, the ompany ommander an assign more machine guns and personnel. *his might help the platoon accomplish its assigned mission. 3ach machine gunner is assigned a zone or a sector to cover, and they move with the maneuver element. e. +ontro''e! 0%%B@at on o$ t&e SB@@ort-b#-( re 3os t on4 *his is one of the key elements in setting up an S=4 position. *o remain undetected, use stealth and control. 9"< *he (S6 must move to and establish a release point !ust short of the S=4 position. 9a< 8rder of movement for the (eapons S uad during movement to their position is the (S6, @un *eam % 9@unner, 7=, 7@<, @un *eam " 97@, @unner, 7=<, and @un *eam ' 97@, @unner, 7=<. 9%< *he (S6 then moves forward from the release point with the @un % @unner. *he gunner will get into position and remain in bipod mode to provide security. 9'< *he (S6 will then bring forward the @un % 7@ and 7=. 9a< *he 7@ moves to the left of the gun and emplaces the tripod. 9b< *he 7= drops off all ammunition at the gun position and then moves to pull flank or rear security. 9)< 8nce @un % is in place, the (S6 brings the @un " 7; forward with the tripod 9*N3 already attached<. *he (S6 emplaces the tripod. 9,< 8nce the tripod is emplaced, the (S6 brings the gunner forward. *he gunner places the gun on the tripod. *he (S6 gets down behind the gun to ensure it covers down on its sector of fire, and that everything is I7( the P2s guidance. 9-< *he (S6 directs the @un " 7= to move forward, drop off the ammunition, and then assume his security position. 9.< 8nce @un " is emplaced, @un ' is occupied exactly the same as @un ". 9/< 8nce @un " and @un ' are both on tripods, the @un % gunner also places his gun on the tripod. 90< *he (S6 calls the :6 to notify him that the S=4 position is occupied. f. +ontro''e! = t&!ra.a' o$ t&e SB@@ort-b#-( re 3os t on4 *he platoon leader can use this method to cover the withdrawal of the platoon as well as to provide security for the supportAbyAfire position itself. :1< Before the platoon moves off an o/je tive, the "eapons s@uad leader shifts the ma hine guns se tors of fire to cover the ob!ective. 9%< 7fter he has the guns covering the ob!ective, the weapons s uad leader starts breaking down the gun positions, one at a time. 9'< 7fter the main body of the platoon starts to moves off the ob!ective, the gun teams move o ne at a time into the order of movement, with the last gun breaking down as soon as the platoon is completely off the ob!ective. 9)< *he entire weapons s uad moves tactically to link up with the rest of the platoon. 1<-54 DE(ENSE4 *he platoon$s defense centers on its machine guns. *he platoon leader positions the rifle s uad to protect the machine guns against the assault of a dismounted enemy formation. *he machine gun provides the necessary range and volume of fire to cover the s uad front in the defense. a. 3os t on4

1; C 5

9"< &e+uirements. *he main re uirement of a suitable machine gun position in the defense is its effectiveness in accomplishing specific missions. *he position should be accessible and afford cover and concealment. Machine guns are positioned to protect the front, flanks, and rear of occupied portions of the defensive position, and to be mutually supporting. 7ttacking troops usually seek easily traveled ground that provides cover from fire. 4or each machine gun, the leader chooses three positionsF primary, alternate, and supplementary. In choosing them, he ensures they cover his sector and have protection on their flanks. 9%< )mployment. *he leader positions each machine gun to cover the entire sector or to overlap sectors with the other machine guns. *he engagement range may extend from over ",111 meters where the enemy begins his assault to point blank range. Machine gun targets include enemy automatic weapons and command and control elements. b. D str bBt on o$ ( re4 Machine gun fire is distributed in width and depth in a defensive position. Machine guns are the backbone or framework of the defense, because the leader can use them = D 3o su/je t the enemy to in reasingly devastating fire from the initial phases of his atta $, and D 3o neutrali#e any partial enemy su esses the enemy might attain /y delivering intense fires in support of counterattacks. D 3o help the unit hold ground :than$s to its tremendous firepo"er<( c. Me! B" Ma%& ne *Bns. In the defense, the medium machine gun provides sustained direct fires that cover the most likely or most dangerous enemy dismounted avenues of approach. It also protects friendly units against the enemy$s dismounted close assault. :latoon leader positions his machine guns to concentrate fires in locations where he wants to inflict the most damage to the enemy. &e also places them where they can take advantage of grazing enfilade fires, stand off or maximum engagement range, and best observation of the target area. Machine guns provide over lapping and interlocking fires with ad!acent units and cover tactical and protective obstacles with traversing or searching fires. (hen final protective fires are called for, machine guns 9aided by M%)0 fires< place an effective barrier of fixed, direct fire across the platoon front. 6eaders position machine guns to? D Con entrate fires "here they "ant to $ill the enemy( D -ire a ross the platoon front D Cover o/sta les /y dire t fire( D 3ie in "ith adja ent units( d. M: 19 an! M24 In the defense, M5 "0 and M% machine guns may be fired from the vehicle mount or dismounted from the vehicle and mounted on a tripod at a defensive fighting position designed for the weapon system. D 3hese guns provide sustained dire t fires that over the most li$ely enemy mounted avenue of approach. *heir maximum effective range enables them to engage enemy vehicles and e uipment at far greater ranges than the platoon$s other directAfire weapons. D When mounted on the tripod, the &4 and &K 15 are highly a urate to their maximum effective ranges. :redetermined fires can be planned for likely high payoff targets. *he trade off is that these weapon systems are heavy, and thus slow to move. D 3hese guns are less a urate mounted on vehi les than "hen fired from the tripod mou nted system. &owever, they are more easily maneuvered to alternate firing locations should the need arise. 1<-64 +0NTR02 0( MA+HINE *UNS. 6eaders use control measures, coordinating instructions, and fire commands to control the engagements of their ma hine guns( 'ehearsals are $ey in a leaders a/ility to ontrol his ma hine guns( a. Methods of 4ire ;ontrol. *he noise and confusion of battle may limit the ability of a leader to control his machine guns. *herefore a leader must be able to use a combination of methods that will accomplish the mission. *he following are several successful methods for a leader to control firesF D 0ral D Iand and arm signals D Prearranged signals D Personal onta t D 'ange ards

b. 4ire ;ommands. 7 fire command is given to deliver effective fire on a target uickly and without confusion. It is essential that the commands delivered by the weapons s uad leader are understood and echoed by the assistant gunnerE gun team leader and the gunner. *he elements of a fire command followF 9"< 0lert. 6ets the gun crew know that they are about to engage a target 9%< $irection. 6ets the gun team know where to engage 9'< $escription. 6ets the gun team know what they are engaging 9)< &ange. If not already set on predestined target, the gun team can ad!ust the *N3 9,< 2ethod of ire. *his element includes manipulation and rate of fire. Manipulation dictates the class of fire with respect to the weapon. It is announced as 4IH3#, *R7C3RS3, S37R;&, or *R7C3RS3 72# S37R;&. Rate controls the volume of fire 9Sustained, rapid, and cyclic<. 9-< #ommand to .pen ire. Initiates the firing of the weapon system 1<-74 AMMUNITI0N 32ANNIN*4 6eaders must carefully plan for the rates of fire to be employed by machine guns as they relate to the mission and the amount of ammunition available. *he weapons s uad leader must fully understand the mission, the amount of available ammunition, and the application of machine gun fire needed to fully support all key events of the mission. ;aref ul planning helps ensure the guns do not run out of ammunition. a. 7 mounted platoon might have access to enough machine gun ammunition to support the guns throughout any operation. 7 dismounted platoon with limited resupply capabilities has to plan for only the basic load to be available. In ei ther case, leaders must take into account key events the guns must support during the mission. *hey must plan for the rate of machine gun fire needed to support the key events, and the amount of ammunition needed for the scheduled rates of fire. b. *he leader must estimate how much ammunition is needed to support all the machine guns. &e ad!usts the amount used for each event to ensure enough ammunition remains for all phases of the operation. 3xamples of planning rates of fire a nd ammunition re uirements for a platoon$s machine guns in the attack are shown in ( gBre 1<-54 ( gBre 1<-54 =EA30NS S8UAD TA+TI+S, TE+HNI8UES, AND 3R0+EDURES a. Bse a starter belt when moving 9about ,1 to .1 rounds<. b. 3nsure ammo and 2C#s are in packs, such as an assault pack for mounted and city operations, rucksack for long sustainment missions, and are readily accessible. c. ;arry *N3 and tripod together. d. Mission dependent on when you take the tripod. 9Brban operations< e. Bse optics, lasers, 2C#s. 4or example, in urban operations, think about using a reflexive sight, because most of your engagements will be ",1m or less. 7lso, zero your iron sights. f. Bse your terrain analysis to help decide how best to employ your machine guns. g. 7 supportAbyAfire position will not always be at a 01Adegree angle to the assault element. 3mplace it where the weapon system can best support the platoon and cause the most damage. h. Senior Ranger on the gun team is the 7@ for command and control? gunner is next in charge, then the 7=. i. :lan time to perform maintenance on the weapon systems.

1; C 11

1; C 17

+&a@ter 11

;82C8+ 8:3R7*I82S
*his chapter outlines a techni ue for conducting vehicle convoy operations. ;onvoy operations present a challenge to the Ranger leader( 3ru $s and other om/at vehi les produ e a large signature on the /attlefield and in rease your units value as a tar get. Cehicle movement is restricted to roads and terrain that they can traverse? therefore, a sound plan mu st be implemented to minimize the possibility of compromise 9 (M 6-214; and (M 55-6<<. 11-14 32ANNIN*. (hen conducting a vehicle convoy as part of your operation, it is important to incorporate the convoy as a leader uses the eight steps of the troop leading procedures. *he following information should be included when conducting a mission analysis using M3**A*;F a. M ss on4 *he :6 will extract the following information from the ;ompany 8:8R#. D Oehi le support :num/er and type of vehi les, )C2< D (eatherF road conditions D Oehi le pi $up and drop off lo ationH mar$ing D Oehi le movement timeline :pi $ up time, movement time and so on(< D Oehi le routes :primary and alternate, he $points< b. Ene"#4 D Kno"n or suspe ted enemy lo ations in the 78 or along planned routes. D Potential lo ations for enemy am/ush or !>1 empla ement( D 'e ent enemy a tivities or rea tions to onvoy operations( c. Terra n4 D !dentify potential pi $ up and drop off lo ations( D >valuate routes, pi $ up and drop off locations using 8758;. D Consider "eatherH road onditions( d. Troo@s4 D 8um/er of P)A per vehi le D Chal$s and Chal$ 2eaders identified D 3a ti al ross load D 2in$up and mar$ing teams identified D Pi $ up and drop off se urity plan( e. T "e4 =ackwards planning se uenceF D *round ta ti al plan D 9nload plan D *round movement plan D 2oading plan D ,taging plan N0TEF 7llocate time for movementE reconE establishment of security. f. + / ' ans4 D Kno"n ivilian lo ations along route D R83E 7ctions with civilians and civilian vehicles during movement 11-24 (I9E 3HASES 0( TRU+: M09EMENT4 3ach phase must support the ground tactical plan, which specifies actions in the o/je tive area to a omplish the ommanders intent for the assigned mi ssion, be it a raid, ambush, recon or other follow on missions. a. Stag ng 3'an4 9"< 3stablish security of entruckingE pickup point.

11 C 1

9%< 3mploy markingsE recognition signals 9dayE night<. 9'< 6ink up. 9)< ;onduct final friendly unit coordination with ;onvoyE *ruck ;ommander. 9,< #isseminate information and any changes to subordinate leaders. b. 2oa! ng 3'anDTas- 0rgan ,at on> Ta%t %a' +ross-2oa! ng4 3ach Ranger is assigned to a vehicle ensuring tactical cross load of weapon systems and key personnel. D 3ru $ X, Key 2eader, Key Weapon ,ystems, )dditional Personnel, Communi ations( D 2o ation of P2( D 2o ation of P,* and &edi ( D 2o ation of W,2( D 2o ation of ommuni ation :-0H '30<( c. *roBn! Mo/e"ent 3'an4 9"< *roops awake and alert pulling active security during movement. 9%< :latoon 6eader and vehicle commanders tracking route progress. 9'< ;ompromise and contingency plan. 9a< React to I3#. 9b< React to 7mbush. 9c< Cehicle breakdown. d. Un'oa! ng 3'an4 9"< #ismount vehicles 9I7( S8:E Reverse 6oad :lan<. 9%< 3stablish security of de trucking point. 9'< :S@ accounts for personnel and clears all vehicles for departure. 9)< 3stablish security haltE perimeter. 9,< 7d!ust perimeter as vehicles depart area. e. *roBn! Ta%t %a' 3'an4 :repare to continue movement and conduct follow on mission

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+&a@ter 12

UR)AN 03ERATI0NS
3odays se urity environment demands more from leaders than ever before. 6eaders must not only be able to lead Rangers but also influence other people. *hey must be able to work with members of other Services and governmental agencies. *hey must wi n the willing cooperation of multinational partners, both military and civilian. Brban offensive operations pose the greatest risks to 7rmy forces and noncombatants. +et, ultimately, the military demands self aware and adaptive leaders who can compel enemies t o surrender in war and master the circumstances facing them in peace. Cictory and success depend on the effectiveness of these leaders organi#ations( 1eveloping effe tive organi#ations re@uires hard, realisti , and relevant training( 12-14 AN UR)AN 3ERS3E+TI9E4 Brban operations include full spectrum operations ?offensive, defensive, and stability or civil support?that may be executed, either se uentially or 9more likely< simultaneously during an urban operation. 4or further study, see (M 6-<6, (M 6-<6411, (M 6-214;, 75t" Ranger Regi3ent Ad7an!ed )O SOP , and Ranger Tra n ng + r%B'ar 65<-1-2, where asterisks 9G< represent collective guidance and tactics ac uired from lessons learned throughout several units. 12-24 STRATE*I+ IM30RTAN+E 0( UR)AN AREAS4 Several factors attract armies to combat in urban areasF D 9se the defensive advantages of ur/an environment D 1evelop allegian e and support of popula e D )dapt ur/an resour es for operational or strategi purposesE infrastru ture, apa/ilities, and other resour es . D 1ra" the enemy in D Play on areas sym/oli importan e D 9se the areas geographi al advantages = #ominance of a region = 7venue of approach

12-64 M0DERN ARMY UR)AN 03ERATI0NS4 ;onflict is not the goal. ;onflict is !ust the inevitable means of transition from a 9perceived< unsatisfactory state of affairs to a better one. *o achieve a successful transition, leaders must carefully orchestrate military and civilian capabilities. 12-74 TAS: 0R*ANIOATI0N4 *askAorganizing subordinate units for urban operations depend largely on the nature of the operation. Some units, however, are always part of the task organization to ensure the success of B8. Infantry, S:3;8:S, ;7, aviation, military police, :S+8:, military intelligence, and engineers are units re uired for all urban operations across full spectrum operations. 8ther type forces?such as armor, artillery, and chemical?have essential roles in specific types of urban operations, and may apply less to other operations. (hen using armor, consider the destructive power of the weapon system and its limitations. 12-54 (U22 S3E+TRUM 03ERATI0NS4 Military forces conduct full spectrum operations within urban areas. ;ommanders conduct full spectrum operations abroad by executing offensive, defensive, and stability urban operations as part of a !oint, interagency, and multinational effort. *he situation will mandate that one type of operation ?offense, defense, stability, or civil support?dominates the urban operation. ;ommanders will often find themselves executing offensive, defensive, stability, or civil support operations at the same time. In fact, waiting until all combat operations are concluded before beginning stability or civil support operations often results in lost, sometimes irretrievable, opportunities. *he dominant type of operation will vary between different urban areas even in the same campaign. a. 0$$ense4 9"< #haracteristics. D ,urprise D Con entration D 3empo D )uda ity 9%< 0rgan ,at on4

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D 1e isive D ,haping D ,ustaining 9'< 2ovement to #ontact. In an urban area where the threat situation is vague, 7rmy forces often conduct a movement to contact to establish or regain threat contact and develop the situation. 7 moveme nt to contact in an urban area occurs as both sides try to establish their influence or control over a contested urban area. *he situation determines whether the movement to contact or its specific techni ue, the search and attack, is appropriate. 9)< 0ttack. *he attack is the most common and likely offensive operation that 7rmy forces conduct in an urban environment. ;ommanders conducting ma!or operations and commanders of large tactical units usually execute deliberate attacks. &asty attacks normally occur at company level or bellow as units use their initiative to take advantage of tactical opportunities. 9,< )?ploitation. 3xploitation follows a successful attack to disrupt the threat in depth. *he exploitation focuses on the urban area as well as on the remnants of the threat. 7 successful exploitation to seize an urban area works efficiently because the attack preempts the defense and denies the threat the full advantages of urban terrain. ;ommanders conducting exploitation must acknowledge the vulnerability of their forces to counterattack and ambush in urban areas. 7n urban area provides ideal cover and concealment to hide threat reserves, reinforcements, or reorganized forces. ;onstrictions of routes into and through the urban area make exploitation forces a potentially dense target and limit maneuver options. 9-< 4ursuit. *he pursuit is designed to destroy threat forces attempting to escape. It focuses on the threat and not on urban areas. *he agility of 7rmy aviation forces for attack, reconnaissance, and transportation is essential to execute a successful pursuit around and through urban areas. 7gainst a large conventional enemy in a ma!or urban area with a large civil population present, offensive operations might re uire a greater commitment of 7r my resources than in other environments. b. De$ense4 #efensive B8 are generally conducted as a shaping operation within a larger ma!or operation. *hese temporary operations often set conditions for successful offensive operations, stability operations, or civil support operati ons. ;ommanders often conduct defensive B8 within other types of operations to protect essential facilities in the urban area, protect flanks against counterattack, prevent the breakout of isolated enemies, or protect valuable supply bases or vulnerable convoy routes. In B8, essential facilities will likely include urban ports and airfields re uired by sister services to support ground operations. *here are five general characteristics of a successful B8 defenseF preparation, security, disruption, massing effects, and fl exibility. c. Stab ' t#4 Stability operations in an urban environment re uire offensive and defensive operations, combined with other tasks uni ue to each stability operation. Military forces conduct urban stability operations for various reasons, inclu ding noncombatant evacuation operations and peace operations. Brban stability operations will re uire an offensive capability to destroy any military capability that overtly threatens its ob!ectives. Carious stability operations will also re uire the distributio n of food or aid and the protection or assistance of agencies conducting economic or humanitarian activities. d. + / ' SB@@ort4 7rmy civil support operations in an urban environment aid other B.S. agencies and organizations in mitigating the conse uences of natural and man=made disasters. In response to the disaster, civil support operations re uire the e@uipment, personnel, or organi#ational a/ilities of )rmy for es rather than the )rmys om/at apa/ilities( 12-64 3RE3ARATI0NS (0R (UTURE UR)AN 03ERATI0NS4 *o operate successfully in a complex urban environment re uires a thorough understanding of the urban environment and rigorous, realistic B8 training. *raining should cover full sp ectrum operations to include appropriate tactics, techni ues, and procedures. *raining should also replicate the followingF a. *he psychological impact of intense, close combat against a well trained, relentless, and adaptive enemy. b. *he effects of noncombatants, including governmental and nongovernmental organizations and a gencies in close proximity to 7rmy forces. *his necessitates ? D )n in depth understanding of ulture and its effe ts on per eptions( D )n understanding of ivil administration and governan e( D 3he a/ility to mediate and negotiate "ith ivilians in luding the ability to effectively communicate through an

interpreter. D 3he development and use of fle.i/le, effe tive, and understanda/le rules of engagement(

c. 7 complex intelligence environment re uiring lower echelon units to collect and forward essential information to higher echelons for rapid synthesis into timely and useable intelligence for all levels of command. *he multifaceted urban environment re uires a bottom fed approach to developing intelligence. d. *he communications challenges imposed by the environment as well as the need to transmit large volumes of information and data. e. *he medical and logistic problems associated with operations in an urban area including constant threat interdiction again st lines of communications and sustainment bases. 12-74 +0NDU+T 0( 2I9E, 9IRTUA2, AND +0NSTRU+TI9E TRAININ*4 4orce preparedness mandates integrating the actual use of urban terrain, exercises at urban training sites, simulations, or any combination into tactical and operational level intra and inter service training. 12-;4 RAN*ERS D UR)AN =ARRI0RS4 In a complex urban environment, every Ranger ?regardless of branch or military occupational specialty ?must be committed and prepared to close with and kill or capture threat forces in an urban environment. 3very Ranger must also be prepared to effectively intera t "ith the ur/an areas non om/atant population and assist in his units intelligence collection efforts. In B8, every Ranger will likely be re uired to ? a. :erform advanced rifle marksmanship to include advanced firing positions, short range marks manship, and night firing techni ues 9unassisted and with the use of optics<. D 0perate units re" served "eapons( D Condu t ur/an re onnaissan e and om/at patrolling( D >nter and lear /uildings and rooms as part of an ur/an atta $ or ordon and s earch operation. D 3a ti al site e.ploitation :,,>< D 1efend an ur/an area( D ) t as a mem/er of a om/at onvoy :in luding spe ifi drivers training<( D 'e over o"n vehi les( D Control ivil distur/an es( D 8avigate in an ur/an area( D Prepare for follow on missions. D !dentify e.plosives, /om/s, /oo/y traps, materials used, and methods for mar$ing and learing them( D 2in$ up "ith /attlespa e o"ner( b. (hile not all inclusive and necessarily urban specific, other critical individual and collective B8 tasks 9often modified for the urban environment< might include ? D Condu t troop leading pro edures( D 'ea t to onta t, am/ush, snipers, indire t fire, and improvised e.plosive devi es( D ,et up personnel or vehi le he $point, or blocking positions around *@* location. D >sta/lish over"at h positions and support AbyAfire positions such as sniper positions. D ,imultaneous learing of top and /ottom floors of the /uilding( D )ssign lim/ing and roofAclearing teams for overwatch or sniper support. D 3ea h ho" to use 2',, s out, and sniper teams effe tively( D ,e ure a disa/led vehi le or do"ned air raft( D Call for indire t fire and lose air support( D Create and employ e.plosive harges( D Iandle detainees and enemy prisoners of war. 5now how to extract &C*s. D 3reat and eva uate asualties( D ) urately report information( D 9nderstand the so iety and ulture spe ifi to the area of operations( D 9se /asi ommands and phrases in the regions dominant language( D ;onduct tactical uestioning. D !ntera t "ith the media( D Condu t thorough after a tion revie"s(

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3RIN+I32ES a. SBr@r se4 Strike the enemy when, where, or how he is unprepared. Surprise is key to success. It gives the assaulting element the advantage. b. Se%Br t#4 2ever let the enemy gain an unexpected advantage. Maintaining security while moving through an ever changing urban environment is an art. It re uires all members of the clearing team to remain at a high level of security and to maintain total situational awareness. *ransitioning security of a sector from one team member to another needs to occur smoot hly after crossAtalk coordination between team members. *he mission is only complete once you leave the urban environment. 7n ur/an environment offers less se urity than does %open terrain( 3he $ey to surviva/ility is a onstant state of situational awareness. D &aintain during all phases of the operation. D ,e ure the four dimensional /attlefield :height, depth, "idth, su/terranean<( D )l"ays maintain 76; degree se urity :in lude elevated and su/terranean areas<( c. S "@' % t#4 :repare clear, uncomplicated plans, and provide subordinates with concise orders to ensure thorough understanding. D )l"ays $eep plans simple( D >nsure everyone understands the mission and the ommanders intent( D Plan and prepare for the "orst( . d. S@ee!4 Rate of military action. D &ove in a careful hurry. D ,mooth is fast and fast is smooth( D 8ever move faster than you an a urately engage targets( D >.er ise ta ti al patien eB let the situation develop, stay several steps ahead so the situation does not turn /ad( e. 9 o'en%e o$ A%t on4 3liminate the enemy with sudden, explosive force. D Com/ined "ith speed gives surprise( D Prevents enemy rea tion( D Both physi al and mental( 12-1<4 METTDT+4 *o effectively plan combat operations in urban environments, leaders must use troop Aleading procedures and conduct a thorough analysis using M3** =*; factors. *he following lists specific guidance for planning urban operations. 4or more, see +&a@ter 2F a. M ss on4 5now correct task organization to accomplish the mission 9offense, defense, or stability and support operations<. b. Ene"#4 9"< $isposition. 7nalyze the arrayal of enemy forces in and around your ob!ective, known and suspected. 3xampleF 5nown or suspected locations of minefields, obstacles, and strong points. 9%< #omposition and %trength. 7nalyze the enemy$s task organization, troops available, suspected strength, and amount of support from local civilian populace based on intelligence estimates. Is the enemy a conventional or unconventional forceM 9'< 2orale. 7nalyze the enemy$s current operational status based on friendly intelligence estimates. 4or example, is the enemy well suppliedM &as he recently won against friendly forces or taken many casualtiesM (hat is the current weatherM 9)< #apa1ilities. #etermine what the enemy can employ against your forces, for example, what weapon systems does he haveM #oes he have snipersM (hat I3#, artillery assets, engineer assets, air defense assets, 2=; threats, thermalE 2C# capabilities, close air support, armor threat, and so on. =e able to discrimi nate between threats and nonthreats such as suicide vests. 9,< 4ro1a1le #ourse5s6 of 0ction. =ased on friendly intelligence estimates, determine how the enemy will fight within his 78 9in and around yours<. 5now the enemy 78 **:s such as trip wires, pressu re plate I3#s, or snipers. 7nalyze historical data from attacks, where, what, how and time of day. c. Terra n4 6eaders conduct a detailed terrain analysis of each urban setting, considering the types of =B7s and composition of existing structures. *hey use 8;857 when analyzing terrain, in and around the 78.

d. 0bser/at on an! ( e'!s o$ ( re4 7lways be prepared to conduct B8 under limited visibility conditions. e. +o/er an! +on%ea'"ent4 *horoughly analyze areas inside and on the edge of urban areas. Identify routes to ob!ectives to give assault forces the best possible cover and concealment. *ake advantage of limited visibility, which allows forces to move undetected to their final assaultE breaching positions. Bse overwatch elements and secondary entry te ams for security while initial entryE breaching teams move forward. (hen in the final assault position, forces should move as rapidly as tacti cally possible to access structures, which afford cover and concealment. 9"< It is human nature to stick together and to seek safety, but you must try to avoid bunching up at entry points, funnels, walls, or indoors. Maintain a safe but securable distance between teams and s uads. *his helps ensure that one grenade cannot take out the whole team at once. :4< 2earn to properly use o/s urants, and use %ta ti al patien e to fully ta$e advantage of these effe ts( 9'< :ractice noise and light discipline. 7void unnecessary voice communications, learn the proper use of white light, and limit onta t "ith surfa es that ould dra" the enemys attention( f. 0bsta%'es4 Many manAmade and natural obstacles exist on the periphery, as well as within the urban environment. ;onduct a detailed reconnaissance of routes and ob!ectives, including subterranean complexes, and consider route ad!ustments and special e uipment needs. 3nsure routes are clear 9not blocked<. 7void roads that run along or thru market places, these r oads can become blocked easily. g. :e# Terra n4 7nalyze which buildings, intersections, bridges, 6DE :D, airports, and elevated areas that provide a tactical advantage to you or the enemy. *he leader must also identify critical infrastructure within his area of operations, which would provide the enemy with a tactical advantage on the battlefield. *hese may include, but are not limited to, communication centers, medical facilities, governmental facilities, and facilities with psychological significance. h. A/enBes o$ A@@roa%&4 ;onsider roads, intersections, inland waterways, and subterranean constructions 9subways, sewers, and basements<. 6eaders should classify areas as go, slow go, or no go based on the navigability of the approach. G7l ways have alternate infiltration and exfiltration routes. 5eep in mind that a wall can be br eached as an emergency exfiltration route. N0TEF Military maps may provide too little detail for urban terrain analysis, and they may or may not show the underground water and sewer systems, subways, and mass transit routes. +ou might have to obtain some current aerial photographs. i. Troo@s4 7nalyze your forces using their disposition, composition, strength, morale, capabilities, and so on. 6eaders must also consider the type and size of the ob!ective to plan effective use of troops available. !. T "e4 8perations in an urban environment have a slower pace and tempo. 6eaders must consider the amount of time re uired to secure, clear, or seize the urban ob!ective and stress and fatigue Rangers will encounter. 7dditional time must a lso be allowed for area analysis efforts? these may include, but are not limited to D &aps and ur/an plans=recon and analysis. ;ollect historical data from other units as well as indigenous forces. D Iydrologi al data analysis( D 2ine of sight surveys( D 2ong range surveillance and scout reconnaissance. D !s artillery supporting you and someone else at the same timeN D Io" long does it ta$e to shift a 155Amm howitzer and prep the gunM D Io" lose is )rmor to your targetN Will their presen e ompromise your missionN Io" lo ng will it take them to move to a locationM D !f )rmor assets are not previously oordinated, ho" long "ill it ta$e to get themN D What is your priority level for getting )rmor assetsN D Io" lose is )rmor to your targetN D Will their presen e ompromise your missionM D Io" long "ill it ta$e them to move to a lo ationN D >ngineers( Io" mu h prep, survey and empla ement time of harges do they needN k. + / ' ans4 7uthorities such as the 2ational ;ommand establish the Rules of 3ngagement. ;ommanders at a ll levels may provide further guidance for dealing with civilians in the 78. 6eaders must daily remind s ubordinates of the latest R83Eto

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subordinates, and immediately inform them of any changes to the R83. Rangers must have the discipline to identify the e nemy from noncombatants and to ensure civilians understand and follow all directed commands. N0TEF ;ivilians may not speak 3nglish, may be hiding 9especially small children<, or may be dazed from a breach. #o not give them the means to resist. Rehearse how clearingE search teams will react to these variables. 2ever compromise the safety of your Rangers. ;onsider having the *3R: use a marking system to separate M7Ms from women and children. &ave designated dirty and clean rooms as well as a tactical uestioning area. 12-114 +20SE 8UARTERS +0M)AT4 #ue to the nature of a ;I; encounter, engagements will be very close 9within "1 meters< and very fast 9targets exposed for only a few seconds<. Most close uarter$s engagements are won by who hits first and puts t he enemy down. It is more important to knock an enemy down as soon as possible than it is to kill h im. In order to win a close uarters engagement, Rangers must make uick, accurate shots by mere reflex. *his is accomplished by reflexive fire training. Remember , no matter how proficient you are, always fire until the enemy goes down. 7ll reflexive fire training is conducted with the eyes open. N0TEF Research has determined that only three out of ten people actually fire their weapons when confronted by an enemy during room cleaning operations. ;lose uarters combat success for the Ranger begins with the 'anger /eing psy hologi ally prepared for the lose @uarters /attle( 3he foundation for this preparedness /egins "ith the 'angers profi ien y in /asi rifle mar$smanship( Survival in the urban environment does not depend on advanced skills and techn ologies. Rangers 3 st 9e pro5i!ient in t"e 9asi!s0 12-124 REHEARSA2S4 Similar to the conduct of other military operations, leaders need to designate time for rehearsals. B8s re uire a variety of individual, collective, and special tasks that are not associated with operations on less complex terrain. *hese tasks re uire additional rehearsal time for clearing, breaching, obstacle reduction, casualty evacuation, and support teams. 7dditionally, time must be identified for rehearsals with combined arms elements. *hese may include, but are not limited to a. Stan%e4 4eet are shoulder width apart, toes pointed straight to the front 9direction of movement<. *he firing side foot is slightly staggered to the rear of the non firing foot. 5nees are slightly bent a nd the upper body leans slightly forward. Shoulders are not rolled or slouched. (eapon is held with the butt stock in the pocket of the shoulder maintaining firm rearward pressu re into the shoulder. *his will allow for more accurate shot placement on multiple targets. *he firing side elbow is kept in against the body and the hand should be forward on the weapon not on the magazine well. *his allows for better control of the weapon. *he stan ce should be modified to ensure the Ranger maintains a comfortable boxer stance. b. 2o. +arr# Te%&n EBe4 *he butt stock of the weapon is placed in the pocket of the shoulder. *he barrel is pointed do"n so the front sight post and day opti are just outside of 'angers field of vision( 3he head is al"ays up identifying ta rgets. *his techni ue is safest and is recommended for use by the clearing team once inside the room. c. H g& +arr# Te%&n EBe4 *he butt stock of the weapon is held in the armpit. *he barrel is pointed slightly up with the front sight post in the peripheral vision of the individual. *o assume the proper firing position, push out on the pistol grip, thrust the weapon forward, and pull the weapon straight back into the pocket of the shoulder. *his techni ue is best suited for the line up outside the door. 3xercise caution with this techni ue always maintaining situational awareness, particularly in a multi floored building. N0TEF &u##le a"areness is riti al to the su essful e.e ution of lose @uarters operations( Rangers must never, at any time, point their weapons at or cross the bodies of their fellow Rangers. Rangers should also avoid 9always< exposing the muzzle of their weapons around corners? this is referred to as %flagging(P d. Ma'$Bn%t on4 If a Ranger has a malfunction with his weapon during any ;I; training, he will take a knee to conduct immediate action. 8nce the malfunction is cleared, there is no need to immediately stand up to engage targets. Rangers can sa ve

precious seconds by continuing to engage from one knee. (henever other members of the team see a Ranger down, they must

automatically clear his sector of fire. =efore rising to his feet, the Ranger warns his team members of his movement and only rises after he has checked his rear to make sure no one is shooting over him, and after they acknowledge him. If a malfunction occurs after he has committed to a doorway, the Ranger must enter the room far enough to allow those following him to enter, and the n move away from the door. *his drill must be continually practiced until it is second nature. e. A@@roa%& to a )B '! ng or )rea%& 3o nt4 8ne of the trademarks of Ranger operations is the use of limited visibility conditions. (henever possible, breaching and entry operations should be executed during hours and conditions of limited visibility. Rangers should always take advantage of all available cover and concealment when approaching breach and entry points. (hen natural or manmade cover and concealment is not available, Rangers should employ obscurants to conceal their approach. *here are times when Rangers will want to employ obscurants to enhance existing cover and concealment. Members of the breachE entry team should be numbered for identification, communication, and control purposes . D 3he 'anger X1 should al"ays /e the most e.perien ed and mature mem/er of the team, Gother than the team leader. *he Ranger T" is responsible for frontal and entry and breach point security. D 3he 'anger X4 is dire tly /ehind the 'anger X1 in the order of movement, and he moves through the breach point in the opposite direction from the Ranger T". D 3he 'anger X7 "ill simply go opposite the 'anger X4 inside the room at least 1 meter from the door( D 3he 'anger X6 moves the opposite the 'anger X7 and is responsible for rear security 9and is normally the last Ranger into the room<. 7n additional duty of the Ranger T) is breaching. D 3he team leader is responsi/le for initiating all voi e and physi al ommands( Ie must e.er ise situational awareness at all times with respect to the task, friendly force, and enemy activity. &e must be in a position to maintain control his team. D 3he possi/ility of ivilians in the /uilding or rooms, 'angers may de ide to only enter "ith pre ision "eapons su h as M )s not M %)0s to avoid civilian casualties. N0TEF ;onsider how much firepower each Ranger delivers. (here do you put the S7( gunner in the orderM (eigh firepower against uick, accurate shots. If the T ) Ranger has breaching responsibilities, it should not be the S7( gunner, because this would reduce your firepower. f. A%t ons 0Bts !e t&e 3o nt o$ Entr#4 3ntry point position and individual weapon positions are important. *he clearing team members should stand " to % feet from the entry point, ready to enter. *hey should orient their weapons so the team can provide its own '-1=degree security at all times. *eam members must signal to each other that they are ready at the point of entry. 3his is /est a omplished /y sending up a Ps@uee#e or ro $ing motion( !f a tap method is used, an inadvertent /ump may be misunderstood as a tap. g. Enter ng )B '! ng> +'ear ng a Roo"4 See =attle #rill -, ;hapter /. h. 2o%- ng Do.n t&e Roo"4 D Control the situation "ithin the room( D 9se lear, on ise arm and hand signals( Ooi e ommands should /e $ept to a minimum to reduce the amount of confusion and to prevent the enemy who might be in the next room from discerning what is going on. *his enhances the opportunity for surprise and allows the assault force the opportunity to detect any approaching force. D Physi ally and psychologically dominate. D G)ssess the situation( !n a less hostile situation it may /e /etter to slo" lear instead of dominating the room "ith brute force. *his will keep noncombatants calm and more manageable. D >sta/lish se urity and report status( D Cursory sear h of the room to in lude the eiling :three Adimensional fight<. D !dentify the dead using refle.ive response te hni@ues :eye thump method or $i $ to the groin for males<( D ,ear h the room for P!', pre ious argo as per the mission and time available. D >va uate personnel( D &ar$ room lear using hemi al lights, engineer tape, hal$, paint, O, 17 panels, and so on(

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12-164 TT3S (0R MAR:IN* )UI2DIN*S AND R00MS4 Bnits have long identified a need to mark specific buildings and rooms during B8. Sometimes rooms need to be marked as having been cleared, or buildings need to be marked as containing friendly forces. *he BS 7rmy Infantry School is currently testing a remote marking device that can be used to mark doors from as far a way as across a wide street. In the past, units have tried several different field expedient marking devices? some with more success than others. ;halk has been the most common. It is light and easily obtained but less visible than other markings. 8ther techni ue s include spray paint and paintball guns. a. NAT0 Stan!ar! Mar- ng S034 *he 2orth 7tlantic *reaty 8rganization 927*8< has developed a standard marking S8: for use during urban combat. It uses a combination of colors, shapes, and symbols. *hese markings can be fabric ated from any material available. 9( gBre 12-1 shows examples.< b. S@ra# 3a nt4 ;anned spray paint is easily obtained and comes in a wide assortment of colors including florescent shades that are highly visible in daylight. Spray paint cannot be removed. ;ans are bulky and noisy, and hard to carry with other combat e uipment. :aint is invisible during darkness and it does not show up well through thermal sights. c. 3a ntba'' *Bns4 ;ommercial paintball guns have been purchased by some units and issued to s mall unit leaders. Some models can be carried in standard military holsters. *hey can mark a building or door from about '1 meters. *he ammuniti on and propellant gas is hard to obtain. *he ammunition is fragile and, if it gets wet, will often !am the gun. ;olors are not very bright and, like spray paint, cannot be seen at night or through thermal sights. ( gBre 12-14 E?AM32E NAT0 STANDARD MAR:IN*S

N0TEF A/o ! @er"anent'# "arking buildings and rooms, as this may not only cause collateral damage, but will most likely also deteriorate relationships built with local nationals. d. +&e"' g&ts an! 1<< M 'e-an-HoBr Ta@e4 *hese are available and reliable. R3# = ;;: @R332 = room clear 8R72@3 = BH8 =6B3 = clean room IR = breach point

e. =o'$ Ta '. 7 simple, effective, easy to make, lightweight device called a Owolf tailO can be fabricated to mark buildings, doorways, and windows. 7 unit has changed its tactical S8: to re uire that each Infantryman carry one of these devices in his 7;B cargo pocket. (olf tails, when used I7( a simple signaling plan understood by all members of the unit, can aid in command and control, reduce the chances of fratricide, and speed up casualty collection during urban combat.

14 C 5

14 C 11

+&a@ter 16

=ATER)0RNE 03ERATI0NS
*his chapter discusses rope bridges, poncho rafts, and other watercraft. 16-14 R03E )RID*E4 *he Ranger patrol seldom has ready made bridges, so they must know how to employ field expedient streamAcrossing techni ues. a. 3ersonne'4 9"< Ranger T" = 6ead safety swimmer and far side lifeguard. 9%< Ranger T% = Rope puller? swims water obstacle pulling ",1 foot rope, ties off rope on far side anchor point. 9'< Ranger T' = 2earAside lifeguard is the last Ranger to cross water obstacle. 9)< Ranger T) = =ridge team commander 9=*;? most knowledgeable person on team<. 9,< Rangers T, and T - = Rope tighteners. b. =et +ross ng A0ne-Ro@e )r !geC4 Special e uipmentF D 3"o ara/iners for ea h pie e of heavy e@uipment( D 3"o more ara/iners for ea h 14; feet of rope( D 0ne 16 foot utility rope per person :s"immer safety line<( D 3"o ara/iners per person( D 0ne "aterproof /ag per '30( D 3"o B 7 life preservers( D 3hree flotation "or$ vests( D 3"o 15; foot nylon ropes( c. 3'ann ng +ons !erat ons4 7 streamAcrossing annex is prepared with the unit$s 8:8R#. Special organization is accomplished at this time. 4or a platoonAsized patrol, a s uad is normally given the task of providing the bridge team. *he s uad leader designates the most technically proficient Ranger in the s uad as the bridge team commander 9=*;<. d. Re&earsa's an! Ins@e%t ons4 9"< Rehearse the entire stream crossing, emphasizing? D ,e urity and a tions on enemy onta t( D ) tual onstru tion of the rope /ridge on dry land "ithin the L minute time standard( D !ndividual preparation( D 0rder of rossing( D )ll signals and ontrol measures( D 'eorgani#ation( 9%< ;onduct rehearsals as realistically as possible. 9'< 3nsure personnel are proficient in the mechanics of a streamAcrossing operation. 9)< Inspect for e uipment completeness, correct rigging and preparation, personnel knowledge, and understanding of the operation. 9,< #uring the preparation phase, Ranger T) 9=*;< rehearses the bridge team, accounts for all e uipment in the bridge kit, and ensures the ",1 foot rope is coiled. e. EGe%Bt on 3&ase4 9"< 3stablish and conduct a bridge stream crossingF 9a< J6eaderK &alts short of the river, establishes local security, and reconnoiters the area for the presence of the enemy and for crossing site suitability or necessity. &e directs the =*; to construct the bridge. 9b< *he =*; constructs a one rope bridge and selects near side and 9visibility permitting< far side anchor points( 3o an hor himself to the /ridge, he ties a s"immers safety line around his "aist and se ures it "ith an overhand knot. &e ties the free running end of the bow line into an overhand knot, and attaches a carabiner to the loop in the knot. &e ensures the bow line is !ust long enough to place the carabiner at arms length( 3his ensures he remains "ithin rea h of the rope /ridge, should he lose his grip( 9c< *he bridge team begins to establish the rope bridge while unit members begin individual preparation.

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9d< 3ach Ranger puts a carabiner in his end of the bow line and in the front sight assembly of every M ), M"-, or M%1'. M%)1 gunners put a carabiner through the front sight assembly and rea r swivel of their M%)1 M@. R*8s 9and others with heavy rucksacks< place an additional carabiner on the top center of their rucksack frames. 9e< *eam establishes security upstream and downstream, while unit leader briefs the =*; on anchor points. *he leader counts the Rangers across. 9f< *he =*; enforces noise and light discipline, and maintains security. 9%< *he bridge team is responsible for constructing the rope bridge as followsF 9a< Ranger T" 96ead Safety Swimmer and 4ar Side 6ifeguard< grounds his ruc ksack 9with carabiner through top of frame< to the rear of the near side anchor point. &e wears e uipment in the following order 9body out<. &e carries a safety line to assume duties of far side lifeguardF D Water/orne uniform :top #ipped up, ne $ ollar fastened, and pants unbloused< D B7 life preserver or engineer "or$ vest D -2C D Weapon :a ross the /a $< 9b< Ranger T" enters the water upstream from Ranger T% and stays an arms length away from Ranger T% on the upstream side. Ranger T" identifies the far side anchor point upon exiting the water. 8nce Ranger T% has exited the water, he moves to his far side lifeguard position downstream of the rope bridge, with knotted safety line on wrist, 46;E weapon grounded, and work vest held in throwing hand. &e continues to wear the =.. 9c< Ranger T% 9Rope :uller< in waterborne uniform 9same as Ranger T"< wears his e uipment in the following order. &e grounds his rucksack 9with Ranger through top of frame< to the rear of the near side anchor point. &is duties are to swim across the water obstacle pulling the rope. &e ties off the rope on the anchor point identified by Ranger T" with a round turn and two half hitches with a uick release. *he direction of the round turn is the same direction as the flow of water 9current< to facilitate exit off the rope bridgeF D Weapon :a ross the /a $< D ,"immer safety line D Wor$ vest D -2C 9d< Ranger T' positions himself on the downstream side of the bridge before Rangers T" and T% enter the water. 9e< Ranger T' 92ear Side 6ifeguard< wears the same type 9waterborne< uniform as the far side lifeguard. &e grounds his rucksack 9with carabiner through top of frame< on rear of near side anchor point. 7fter the :S@ crosses and verifies the headcount, Ranger T" unties the uick release at the near side anchor point. Ranger T' reties his safety line into an 7ustralian rappel seat, hooks the end AofAline bow line into his carabiner, and connects his carabiner to the one on the end of line bow line. Ranger T' is the last pulled across the water obstacle. =efore crossing the water obstacle, he dons his e uipment in the following orderF D B7 D Wor$ vest D -2C D Weapon 9f< Ranger T) 9=*;<. &e wears the standard waterborne uniform with 46; and sling rope tied in safety line 9around the waist bow line with endAofAline bow line no more than one arms length<. &e is responsible for construction of the rope bridge and organization of bridge team. &e is also responsible for bac kAfeeding the rope and tying the endAofAline bow lines. &e designates the near side anchor point, ties the 4igure / slip of the transportAtightening system, and hooks all personnel to the rope bridge. &e ensures that the transportA tightening knot is on the upstream side of the rope bridge. &e ensures that all individuals are in the waterborne uniform, hooked into the rope facing the current with the safety line routed through the trailing shoulder of the individual$s 46; and rucksack. &e ensures that the weapon is hooked onto the rope.

&e

controls the flow of traffic on the bridge. &e is responsible for crossing with Ranger T"$s rucksack. &e is generally the next to the last Ranger to cross 9follows :S@, who is keeping a head count<. 9g< Rangers T, and T- 9Rope *ighteners< wear the waterborne uniform with 46; and safety line. *hey tighten the transportAtightening knot. *hey also take the rucksacks of Ranger T% and T' across. 8nce they reach the far side, Rangers T, and T- pull the last Ranger 9T'< across. 9h< Rangers T), T,, and T- transport the rucksacks of Rangers T", T%, and T' across. *o do so, they hook the rucksacks into the rope by running the carabiner through the top of the frames, then pulling the rucksacks across. *hey attach their own weapons between themselves and the rucksack they are pulling across the bridge. 9i< =*; rehearses the bridge team during the planning sessions, and then directs the construction and emplacement. *he unit leader selects the crossing site, which complements the tactical plan. D 'anger X7 positions himself do"nstream of rossing site( D 'anger X1 enters "ater upstream of X4( Ie stays one armFs length from 'anger X4 and is prepared to render any assistance to Ranger T%. *hey stay together to help compensate for the current. =*; feeds rope out of the rucksack positioned on the downstream side of the near side anchor point. 9!< Ranger T" exits and identifies the far side anchor point 9if =*; cannot identify it for Ranger T%<. Ranger T% exits on the upstream side of the far side anchor point. *he rope is now routed to facilitate movement on and off the bridge. 9k< Radios and heavy e uipment are waterproofed and rigged. Rangers don waterborne uniform and tie safety lines. :S@ moves to anchor point and maintains accountability by counting heads. 9l< Ranger T% signals the =*; that the rope is temporarily attached to the far side anchor point, and the =*; pulls out excess slack and ties the transportAtightening system using a 4igure / slip. *he =*; signals Ranger T% to pull the knot "% to ", feet from the near side anchor point. 7fter this, Ranger T% ties round turns "/ to %) inches off the water with the remaining rope, and secures the rope to itself, with a carabiner. Ranger T% signals the =*; and the pulling team 9Rangers T ), T,, and T-< tightens the bridge, pulling the transportAtightening system as close as possible to the near side anchor point. 9m< Ranger T" moves downstream and assumes his duties as the far side lifeguard. *he bridge team commander ties off the rope with a round turn and two half hitches around the near side anchor point. *he =*; places himself on the upstream side of the bridge 9facing downstream< and starts hooking individuals into the rope and inspecting them for safety. N0TEF 7ny Ranger identified as a weak swimmer crosses alone so the near and far side lifeguards can watch him without distraction. 9n< Ranger T% moves to the upstream side of the rope bridge, assists personnel off the rope on the far side, and keeps the head count going. Rangers T, and T- cross with the rucksacks of Rangers T" and T%. 9o< *he =*; maintains the flow of traffic, ensuring that no more than three Rangers are on the bridge at any one time 9one hooking up, one near the center, and one being unhooked<. 8nce the :S@ has accounted for everyone on the near side, he withdraws left and right 96E R< security and sends them across. :S@ follows security across. Ranger T' hooks the =*; 9with T'$s rucksack< onto the rope. 8nce the =*; crosses, Ranger T' unhooks the near side anchor point and the =*; unties the far side anchor point. Ranger T' ties an 7ustralian rappel seat with carabiner to the front. &e hooks onto the carabiner that is in the end of the line bow line on the "%1 foot rope, and then signals Rangers T) to T- to take in slack. Ranger T' extends his arms in front of his head, slightly upstream, to fend off debris, and then he is pulled across by the T), T,, and T-. 3xcept for Rangers T" through T', everyone wears a rucksack across. Rangers T) through T- hook the rucksacks of Rangers T"E %E ' onto the bridge by the carabiners. 7ll the Rangers cross facing upstream.

17 C 7

9p< *he :S@ and Ranger T, verify weapons and e uipment between :S@ and Ranger T,. 7fter that, personnel reorganize, and then they continue the mission. 9 < :ersonnel with heavy e uipmentF M27<4 7ll ma!or groups are tied together with "E ) inch cord. 7n anchor line bow line runs through the rear swivel, down the left side of gun. *ie a round turn through the trigger guard. Route the cord down the right side and tie off two half hitches around the forearm assembly with a round turn and two half hitches through the front sight posts. *ie off the rest of the working end with an end of the rope bow line about one foot from the front sight post large enough to place leading hand through. *he M%)1 is secured to the bridge by carabiners on the front sight post and rear swivel. *he M%)1 is pulled across by the trailing arm of the M%)1 gunner. AN>3R+D1'9s4 *hese are waterproofed before crossing a one rope bridge. 8nce farAside 4M communications are set up, the near side R*8 breaks down and waterproofs his radio, and prepares to cross the bridge. &e puts a carabiner in the top center of the rucksack frame 9same as for Rangers T"E %E '<. *he =*; will hook the rucksack to the rope. N0TEF Bsing two carabiners binds the load on the rope. 7d!ust arm straps all the way out. R*8 pulls radio across the rope bridge. 16-24 30N+H0 RA(T4 2ormally a poncho raft is constructed to cross rivers and streams when the current is not swift. 7 poncho raft is especially useful when the unit is still dry and when the platoon leader wants to keep their e uipment dry also. a. EEB @"ent ReEB re"ents4 D 3"o servi ea/le pon hos( D 3"o "eapons :poles an /e used in lieu of weapons<. D 3"o ru $sa $s per team( D 1; feet of utility cord per team. D 0ne sling rope per team( b. +on! t ons4 :oncho rafts are used to cross water obstacles when at least one of the following conditions is foundF D 3he "ater o/sta le is too "ide for a 15; foot Along section of rope. D 8o suffi ient near or far shore anchor points are available to allow rope bridge construction. D 9nder no ir umstan es "ill pon ho rafts /e used to ross a "ater o/sta le if urrent is unusually s"ift( c. +&oos ng a +ross ng S te4 =efore a crossing site is used, a thorough reconnaissance of the immediate area is made. 7nalyzing the situation using M3**A*;, the patrol leader chooses a crossing site that offers as much cover and concealment as possible and has entrance and exit points that are as shallow as possible. 4or sp eed of movement, it is best to choose a crossing site that has near and far shore banks that are easily traversed by an individual Ranger. d. EGe%Bt on 3&ase4 *o construct a poncho raft= 9"< :air off the unitE patrol in order to have the necessary e uipment. 9%< *ie off the hood of one poncho and lay out on the ground with the hood up. 9'< :lace weapons in the center of the poncho, about "/ inches apart, muzzle to butt. 9)< :lace rucksacks and 46; between the weapons, with the two people placing the ir rucksacks as far apart as possible. 9,< Start to undress, bottom to top, boots first. *ake the laces completely out for subse uent use as tie downs if necessary<. 9-< :lace the boots over muzzleE butt of weapon toe in. 9.< ;ontinue to undress, folding each item neatly and placing it on top of boots. 9/< 8nce all of the e uipment is placed between the two weapons or poles, snap the poncho together. 6ift the snapped portion of the poncho into the air and tightly rolled it down to the e uipment. Start at th e center and work out to the end of the raft creating pigtails at the end. *his is faster and easier with two Rangers working. 4old the pigtailed ends inward and tie them off with a single boot lace.

90< 6ay out the other poncho on the ground with the hood up. In the center of this poncho, place the other poncho, with e uipment. Snap, roll, and tie the whole package up as you did before. *ie the third and fourth boot laces 9or utility cord< around the raft about one foot from each end for added security. *h e poncho raft is now complete. N0TEF *he patrol leader must analyze the situation using M3**A*; and make a decision on the uniform for crossing the water obstacle such as whether to place weapons inside the poncho raft or slung across the back, and whether to remain dressed or strip down with clothes placed inside raft. 16-64 0THER =ATER+RA(T4 Bse of inland and coastal waterways may add flexibility, surprise, and speed to tactical operations. Bse of these waterways will also increase the loadAcarrying capacity of normal dismounted units. (atercraft are employed in reconnaissance and assault operations. a. In$'at on Met&o!4 Inflate watercraft using foot pumps. *here are four separate valves inside the buoyancy tubes. *here are eight separate airtight ompartments( 3o pump air into the /oat, turn all valves into the %orange or Pinflate se tion of the valve. 8nce the assault boat is filled with air, turn all valves onto the OgreenO or OnavigationO section. *his will section the assault boat into eight separate compartments. b. +&ara%ter st %s4 D &a.imum payloadE 4,756 pounds( D ;rewF " coxswain U either "1 paddlers or a -, &: short shaft outboard motor. D 0verall lengthE 15 feet, 5 in hes( D 0verall "idthE 6 feet, 7 in hes( D WeightE 465 pounds. c. 3re@arat on4 9"< &u11er ,oat. D >a h ru//er /oat "ill have a 14Afoot bow line secured to the front starboard # ring. *his rope will be tied with an anchor line bow line, and the knot will be covered with "11 M:& tape. D >a h ru//er /oat "ill have a ",Afoot center line tied to the rear floor # ring. *he same procedure for securing the bow line will be used for the centerline. D >a h ru//er /oat "ill /e filled to 46; milli/ars of air, and he $ed to ensure that all valve aps are tight, and set in the 27CI@7*3 position. D >a h ru//er /oat "ill have one foot pump, "hi h "ill /e pla ed in the /oats front pou h or, if no pou hes are present, the foot pumps will be placed on the floor. D >a h ru//er /oat must /e inspe ted using the maintenan e hart. 9%< 4ersonnel and )+uipment. D )ll personnel "ill "ear "or$ vest or $apo$ :or another suita/le positive flotation devi e<( D -2C is "orn over the "or$ vest, un/u $led at the "aist( D !ndividual "eapon is slung a ross the /a $, mu##le pointed do"n and facing toward the inside of the boat. D Cre"Aserved weapons, radios, ammunition, and other bulky e uipment are lashed securely to the boat to prevent loss if the boat should overturn. Machine guns with hot barrels are cooled prior to being lashed inside the boats. D 'adios and /atteries are "aterproofed( D Pointed o/je ts are padded to prevent pun turing the /oat( d. 3os t ons4 7ssign each Ranger a specific boat position 9 ( gBre 16-1<. e. DBt es4 D 1esignate a ommander for ea h /oat, :normally o.s"ain< D 1esignate a navigator :normally a leader "ithin the platoon<?observer team as necessary. D Position re" as sho"n in ( gBre 16-2.

17 C 5

D 1uties of the o.s"ain( = Responsible for control of the boat and actions of the crew. = Supervises the loading, lashing, and distribution of e uipment. = Maintains the course and speed of the boat.V = @ives all commands. D Paddler X4 :2ong Count< is responsi/le for setting the pa e( D Paddler X1 is the 0/server, sto"ing and using the /o" line unless another o/server is assigned. f. E"bar-at on an! Debar-at on 3ro%e!Bres4 9"< (hen launching, the crew will maintain a firm grip on the boat until they are inside itF similarly, when beaching or debarking, they hold on to the boat until it is completely out of the water. 6 oading and unloading is done using the bow as the entrance and exit point. 9%< 5eep a 'o. %enter o$ "ass when entering and exiting the boat to avoid capsizing. Maintain 6 @o nts o$ %onta%t at all times. 9'< *he 'ong %oBnt is a method of loading and unloading by which the boat crew embarks or debarks individually over the bow of the boat. It is used at river banks, on loading ramps, and when deep water prohibits the use of the short count method. 9)< *he s&ort %oBnt is a method of loading or unloading by which the boat crew embarks or debarks in pairs over the sides of boat while the boat is in the water. It is used in shallow water allowing the boat to be uickly carried out of the water. *he short count method of organization is primarily used during surf operations. 9,< )ea%& ng the boat is a method of debarking the entire crew at once into shallow water and uickly carrying the boat out of the water. ( gBre 16-14 )0AT 30SITI0NS ( gBre 16-24 +RE= 30SITI0NS, 20N* +0UNT AND SH0RT +0UNT

g. +o""an!s4 ;ommands are issued by the coxswain to ensure the boat is transported over land and controlled in the water. 7ll crew members learn and react immediately to all commands issued by the coxswain. *he various commands are as followsF 9"< CS"ort !o nt000!o nt o55,C ;rew counts off their position by pairs, such as ", %, ', ), , 9:assenger T", T%, if applicable<, coxswain. 9%< %ong count&count off ;rew counts off the position by individual, such as ", %, ', ), ,, -, ., /, 0, "1, 9:assenger T", T%, if applicable<, coxswain. 9'< Boat stations ! ;rew takes positions alongside the boat. 9)' High carry&mo"e! 9used for long distance move overland<. 9a< 8n the preparatory command of High carry ! the crew faces the rear of the boat and s uats down, grasping carrying handles with the inboard hand. 9b< 8n the command (o"e ! the crew swivels around, lifting the boat to their shoulders so that the crew is standing and facing to the front with the boat on their inboard shoulders. 9c< ;oxswain guides the crew during movement. 9,< %o) carry&mo"e ! 9used for short distance moves overland<. 9a< 8n preparatory command of %o) carry ! the crew faces the front of the boat, bent at the waist, and grasps the carrying handles with their inboard hands. 9b< 8n the command of (o"e ! the crew stands up straight raising the boat about - to / inches off the ground. 9c< ;oxswain guides the crew during movement. 9-< %o)er the boat mo"e ! ;rew lowers the boat gently to the ground using the carrying handles. 9.' *i"e )a2 toget"er,C ;rew paddles to front with T% setting the pace. 9/< Hold ! 3ntire crew keeps paddles straight downward motionless in the water stopping the boat. 90< %eft side hold! +right' 6eft crew holds, right continues with previous command. 9"1/ CBa!- padd#e,C 3ntire crew paddles backward propelling the boat to the rear. 9""< FFBa!- padd#e #e5tC 9right<, left crew back paddles causing the boat to turn left, right crew continues with previous command. 9"%< CRest padd#es,C crewmembers place paddles on their laps with blades outboard. *his command may be given in pairs such as CG1s, rest padd#esC<. h. Se%Br ng o$ 2an! ng S te4 9"< If the patrol is going into an unsecured landing site, it can have a security boat land and reconnoiter the landing site, and then signal to the remaining boats to land. *his is the best way. 9%< If the landing site cannot be secured prior to the waterborne force landing, some form of early warning, such as scout swimmers, should be considered. *hese Rangers swim to shore from the assault boats and signal the boats to land. 7ll signals and actions are rehearsed prior to the actual operation. 9'< *he landing site can be secured by force with all the assault boats landing simultaneously in a line formation. (hile this is the least desirable method of securing a landing site, it is rehearsed in the event the tactical situation re uires its use. 9)< 7rrival at the debarkation point. 9a< Bnit members disembark according to leaders order 9 ( gBre 16-6<. 9b< 6ocal security is established. 9c< 6eaders account for personnel and e uipment. 9d< Bnit continues movement. D 'angers pull se urity initially "ith "or$ vest on( D Co.s"ains and t"o men unlash and de rig ru $sa $s( D 'angers return in /uddy teams to se ure ru $sa $ and drop off "or$ ves t. D Boats are amouflagedH a hed if ne essary prior to movement(

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( gBre 16-64 DE)AR:ATI0N

i. +a@s ,e Dr ''4 *he following commands and procedures are used for capsize drills or to right an overturned boatF 9"< 4repare to #apsi7e. *his command alerts the crew and they raise paddles above their heads, with the blades pointed outward. =efore capsizing, the coxswain will conduct a long count. 9%< 4ass 4addles. 7ll paddles are passed back and collected by Rangers T0E "1. 9'< #apsi7e the ,oat. 7ll personnel slide into the water except Rangers T'E ,E .. Ranger T" secures the bow line. *he three men in the water grasp the capsize lines 9ensuring the lines are routed under the safety lines< and stand on the buoyancy tubes opposite the capsize lines anchor points. *he boat is then turned over by Rangers T'E ,E . men, who lean back and straighten their legs while pulling back on the capsize lines. 7s the boat lifts off the water, Ranger T) grasps the center carrying handle and rides the boat o ver. 8nce the boat is over, Ranger T) helps Rangers T'E . men back onto the boat. Ranger T, holds onto the center carrying handle and turns the boat over the same way. Ranger T, rides the boat back over and helps the rest of the crew into the boat. 7s soon as the boat is capsized, the coxswain commands a long count to ensure that no one sank or was trapped under the boat. 3very time the boat is turned over, he conducts another long count. !. R /er Mo/e"ent4 9"< #haracteristics of &iver. 9a< 5now local conditions prior to embarking on river movement. 9b< 7 9end is a turn in the river course. 9c< 7 rea!" is a straight portion of river between two curves. 9d< 7 s#o g" :pronoun ed %sloo< is a dead end /ran h from a river( 3hey are normally @uite deep and an be distinguished from the true river by their lack of current. 9e< Dead :ater is a part of the river, due to erosion and changes in the river course that has no current. #ead water is characterized by excessive snags and debris. 9f< 7n is#and is usually a pear shaped mass of land in the main current of the river. Bpstream portions of islands usually catch debris and are avoided.

9g< *he ! rrent in a narrow part of a reach is normally greater than in the wide portion. *he current is greatest on the outside of a curve? sandbars and shallow water are found on the inside of the curve. 9h< Sand9ars are located at those points where a tributary feeds into the main body of a river or stream. 9!< =ecause Rangers T" and T% are sitting on the front left and right sides of the boat, they observe for obstacles as the boat moves downriver. If either notices an obstacle on either side of the boat, he notifies the coxswain. *he coxswain then ad!usts steering to avoid the obstacle. 9%< Navigation. *he patrol leader is responsible for navigation. *he three acceptable methods of river navigation are 9a< &"e!-point and Genera# Ro te0 *hese methods are used when the drop site is marked by a well defined checkpoint and the waterway is not confused by a lot of branches and tr ibutaries. *hey are best used during daylight hours and for short distances. 9b< $a7igator O9ser7er Met"od0 *his method is the most accurate means of river navigation and is used effectively in all light conditions. 9c< E6 ip3ent $eeded0 D Compass D *P, D Photo map :1st hoi e< D 3opographi al map :4nd hoi e< D Pon ho :for night use< D Pen ilH *rease pen il D -lashlight :for night use< 9d< Pro!ed re0 2avigator is positioned in center of boat and does not paddle. #uring hours of darkness, he uses his flashlight under the poncho to check his map. *he observer 9or Ranger T"< is at the front of the boat. D 3he navigator $eeps his map and ompass oriented at all time( D 3he navigator $eeps the o/server informed of the onfiguration of the river /y announ ing bends, sloughs, reaches, and stream !unctions as shown on his map. D 3he o/server ompares this information "ith the /ends, sloughs, rea hes, and stream jun tions he a tually sees( When these are onfirmed, the navigator onfirms the /oats lo ation on hi s map. D 3he navigator also $eeps the o/server informed of the general a#imuths of rea hes as sho"n on his map and the observer confirms these with actual compass readings of the river. D 3he navigator announ es only one onfiguration at a time to the o/se rver and does not announce another until it is confirmed and completed. D ) strip map dra"n on lear a etate /a $ed /y luminous tape may /e used( 3he dra"ing is to scale or a schematic. It should show all curves and the azimuth and distance of all reaches. It may also show terrain features, stream !unctions, and sloughs. k. (or"at ons4 Carious boat formations are used 9day and night< for control, speed, and security 9 ( gBre 167<. *he choice of which is used depends on the tactical situation and the discretion of the patrol leader. &e should use hand and arm signals to control his assault boats. *he formations areF D Wedge D 2ine D -ile D > helon D Oee

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( gBre 16-74 (0RMATI0NS

17 C 11

+&a@ter 17

E9ASI0N AND SUR9I9A2

*his chapter will cover basic materials dealing with evading the enemy and survival techni ues. It covers field Aexpedient methods of ac uiring food and water? land navigation? construction of shelters? and fireAstarting techni ues. See also (M 6-<547< .S r7i7a#/ and (M 6-55496 .+ongDRange S r7ei##an!e )nit Operations/0 Se%t on I4 E9ASI0N (hen you become isolated or separated in a hostile area, either as an individual or as a group, your evasion and survival ski lls will determine whether or not you return to friendly lines. 17-14 32ANNIN* +0NSIDERATI0NS4 (hile certain units formally plan for evasion at the receipt of every mission, every leader should have a plan to facilitate the recovery of his personnel should things turn bad. &e can use the following methods and materials for both formal and informal evasion planningF a. ;onstruct an evasion plan of action 93:7< for each mission, and give a copy to higher head uarters. 7t a minimum, include the overall plan? routes? a personnel roster? a list of survival e uipment and signaling devices you plan to carry? authentication means 9letter of the day, number of the day, word, for example<, and your evasion intentions, should the situation arise 9initial, immediate less than )/ hrs, and extended more than )/ hrs<. b. :rior to initiating movement, review the 7ir *asking 8rder Special Instructions 97*8S:I2S<, IS8:R3: cards, info on operational environment : ultural /oundaries, so ial or politi al events, and norms and trends<, and have everyone %sterili#e their personal effects. c. +ou can get other evasion aids through higher head uarters. *hese include evasion charts 93C;s<, which are maps made of waterproof paper. In the margins, they contain survival information such as edible and poisonous plants. Information cards printed in the destination language and in 3nglish are useful for emergency communications with locals. 17-24 INITIA2 E9ASI0N 30INT4 *his is when you realize that you have become separated from friendly forces. &ere is what to do when you reach this pointF D !mmediately move to a on ealed point D ,(2(2(,( :1o at your earliest opportunity< D 3ry to esta/lish ommuni ations "ith friendly for es D 0/serve enemy a tivity D >valuate the situation D ,e urity, amouflage D -ormulate a plan of a tion D >mploy $ey"ord ,9'O!O)2 D !nventory supplies :food, "ater, e uipment< 17-64 E9ASI0N M09EMENT4 #o not move from the area !ust for something to do. Move only if you have to, in which case, consider the following. *raveling alone offers the least possibility of detection, but traveling in groups of % or ' is more desirableF D Iealth of evaderH a/ility to move D >nemy a tivity D 'e overy potential 17-74 R0UTES4 :lan primary and alternate routes. ;onsider distance, cover, food, and water. *he easiest and shortest route may not be the best. D -ood and "ater are daily re uirements. +ou can do without food for several days? water, however, is essential. D &ove at night( 9se the daylight to o/serve, plan, and rest in a hide position( D 2in$up only during daylight hours( Pla e friendly lines under o/servation( D 7ttempt to identify the unit you approach, note their movements and routine.

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D )fter arefully onsidering your approa h route, ma$e voi e onta t "ith the unit as soon as possi/le( 17-54 +0MMUNI+ATI0NS4 #uring your evasion, you may be re uired to relay your location to higher over unsecure means such as cell phone, radio that has either lost or expired, ;8MS3; or that has been zeroed< you can use one of the following method s. *hey can be found in 7*8S:I2S along with authentication meansF %earch and &escue Numeric )ncryption (rid. S7R23@ is a "1Aletter word with no repeating letters? each letter corresponding to a number 1 to 0. %earch and &escue $.T. S7R#8* is a geographic location that is used as a reference to relay your location. It is relayed as an azimuth and distance from you to the S7R#8*. #ode /ords. (ords used to send vital information uickly and in a secure manner so that the meaning cannot be understood by an intercepting element. (ords are either pulled from the 7*8S:I2S, passed down from higher, or generated by the element in planning. (ords may have a theme for ease of remembering such as *ypes of li ueur, animals or sports. 17-64 HIDE SITE4 Should be an isolated, covered and concealed site selected during evasion. In the hide site you should take inventory of your situation and accomplish tasks such as camouflage, resting, and planning the next movement. It is seldom u sed or occupied for more than %) hrs. (hen selecting a site consider the followingF D 1istan e from natural lines of drift 9water, roads and trails, ridges, and key terrain< D Oegetation=thickM D Con ealed from all dire tionsN D )"ay from populated or /uilt up areas D >s ape route D 2o ation "here humans do not normally ha/itat 17-74 H02E U3 AREA4 *his is an isolated area selected during movement. Bse it when your physical condition re uires that you stop for food, water, e uipment maintenance, and rest. @enerally, avoid occupying such a position for more than .% hrs. (hen selecting a hole up area, consider= D )/undan e of food and "ater D !solated D 2o" population density D ,e urity at all times D &ovement in or around hole up area is still $ept to a minimum D 1e entrali#e=separate rest, food procurement, food preparation and so on. 17-;4 +AM0U(2A*E4 (hile evading, you may need to use fieldAexpedient means to camouflage yourself, your e uipment, and your site. Mud, charcoal, berries, vegetation, ash and blood can all be used to camouflage exposed skin and e uipment. 2atura l vegetation can be fixed to clothing and e uipment by using vines to secure it or cutting small holes in the rip stop uniform material and feeding vegetation into it. (henever a site is constructed and camouflaged keep the following memory aid in mind. = 6 I S S ) 632#S I2 2 8( I2 SI6&8B3**3 I RR3@B67R I2 S&7:3 S M766 I2 SID3 S 3;6B#3# Se%t on II4 SUR9I9A2 (ith training, e uipment, and the :i## to s r7i7e, you can overcome any obstacle you may face. Ho :i## s r7i7e. Bnderstand the emotional states associated with survival. C(no:ing t"2se#5C is extremely important in a survival situation. It bears directly on how well you cope with serious stresses, anxiety, pain, in!ury, illness? cold, heat, thirst, hunger, fatigue, sleep deprivation, boredom, loneliness and isolation.

17-94 MEM0RY AID4 +ou can overcome and reduce the shock of being isolated behind enemy lines if you keep the key word S-U-R-9-I-9-A-2 foremost in your mind. Its letters can help guide you in your actions. S = S ize up the situation, the surroundings, your physical condition, and your e uipment. U = U ndue haste ma$es "asteB dont /e too eager to move( Plan your moves( R = R emember where you are relative to friendly and enemy units and controlled areas? water sources 9most important in the desert<? and good cover and concealment. *his information will help you make intelligent decisions. 9 = 9 an uish fear and panic. I = I mproviseEImagine. +ou can improve your situation. 6earn to adapt what is available for different uses. Bse your imagination.

9 = 9 alue living. Remember your goal to get out alive. Remain stubborn. Refuse to give in to problems and obstacles. *his will give you the mental and physical strength to endure. A = A ct like the natives? watch their daily routines and determine when, where, and how they get their food and water. 2 = 2 ive by your wits. 6earn basic skills.

17-1<4 SUR9I9A2 :ITS4 Bpon finding yourself in a survival situation you will be re uired to provide for your basic needs? water, food, fire, shelter, medical, signaling and protection. *his will be accomplished by using the resources you have on hand and those that may be found or constructed. *he more detailed your survival kit the less scavenging or constructing you will have to do . Some examples of individual survival kits follow. 7ll items should be small, portable and most importantly multipurpose. 2e/e' 1 : t 9carried on individual< should consist of at a minimum of a knife, some form of fire starter, such as lighter matches or flint striker, watch, signal mirror and some ,,1 cord. 2e/e' 2 : t 9carried in 46; or rack< waterproof container, water purification tabs, %ft s . aluminum foil, fishing kit 9line, hooks and weights< medical supplies, snare wire, signaling devices, compass and survival knife. 2e/e' 6 : t 9carried in assault pack or ruck< water proof container with more of the materials listed in the l evel " and % kits plus shelter making materials 9poncho, tarp, bungee cords, or space blanket< and a hatchet or saw. 17-114 NA9I*ATI0N4 In a survival situation, you might find yourself without a compass. *he ability to determine direction can enable you to navigate back to your unit or to a friendly sanctuary. In sunlight, there are two simple ways to determine directionF the shadow tip and the watch. a. S&a!o. T @4 Bse the sun to find approximate true 2orth. Bse this in light bright enough to cast shadows. 4ind a fairly straight stick about ' feet long, and follow the diagram below 9 ( gBre 17-'<.

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( gBre 17-14 SHAD0= TI3 METH0D

b. =at%& Met&o!4 +ou can also determine direction using a watch 9 ( gBre 17-2<. *he steps you take will depend on whether you are in the 2orthern *emperate Done or in the Southern *emperate Done. *he 2orthern *emperate Done is located between %'.) 2orth and %-.- 2orth. *he Southern *emperate Done is located between %'.) South and --.- South. ( gBre 17-24 =AT+H METH0D

c. Nort&ern Te"@erate Oone4 :rocedures in the 2orthern *emperate Done using a conventional watch are as followsF 9"< :lace a small stick in the ground so that it casts a definite shadow. 9%< :lace your watch on the ground so that the hour hand points toward and along the shadow of the stick. 9'< 4ind the point on the watch midway between the hour hand and "% o$clock and draw an imaginary line from that point through and beyond the center of the watch. *his imaginary line is a 2orth South line. +ou can then t ell the other directions. N0TEF If your watch is set on daylight savings time, then use the midway point between the hour hand and 1 o lo $ to dra" your imaginary line( d. SoBt&ern Te"@erate Oone4 :rocedures in the southern temperate zone using a conventional watch are as followsF 9"< :lace a small stick in the ground so that it casts a definite shadow. 9%< :lace your watch on the ground so that % o$clock points to and along the shadow. 9'< 4ind the midway point between the hour and "% o$clock and draw an imaginary line from the point through and beyond the center of the watch. *his is a 2orth South line. 9)< 7 hasty shortcut using a conventional watch is simply to point the hour hand at the sun in the 2orthern temperate zone 9or point the "% at the sun in the Southern temperate zone<. 4ollow the last step of the watch method above to find your directions. *his shortcut is less accurate than the regular method, but uicker. +our situation will dictate which method to use. e. Moon4 =ecause the moon has no light of its o"n, "e an only see it "hen it refle ts the suns light( )s it or/its the earth on its %/ day circuit, the shape of the reflected light varies according to its position. (e say there is a new moon or no moon when it is on the opposite side of the earth from the sun( 3hen, as it moves a"ay from the earths shado", it /egins to refle t light from its right side and waxes to become a full moon before waning, or losing shape, to appear as a sliver on the left side. + ou can use this information to identify direction. If the moon rises before the sun has set, the illuminated side will be the west. If the moon

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rises after midnight, the illuminated side will be the east. *his obvious discovery provides us with a rough 3ast (est refere nce during the night. f. Stars4 +our location in the 2orthern or Southern &emisphere determines which constellation you use to determine your 2orth or South direction. 3ach sky is explained below. g. T&e Nort&ern S-#4 *he main constellations to learn are the Brsa Ma!or, also known as the =ig #ipper or the :low, and ;assiopeia, also known as the 6azy ( 94igure ") '<. Bse them to locate :olaris, also known as the polestar or the 2orth S tar. :olaris is considered to remain stationary, as it rotates only ".1/ degrees around the northern celestial pole. *he 2orth Star is the last star of the 2ittle 1ippers handle and an /e onfused "ith the Big 1ipper( Io"ever, the 2ittle 1ipper is made up of sev en rather dim stars and is not easily seen unless you are far away from any town or city lights. :revent confusion by attempting to use both the =ig #ipper and ;assiopeia together. *he =ig #ipper and ;assiopeia are generally opposite each other and rotate counterclockwise around :olaris, with :olaris in the center. *he =ig #ipper is a seven star constellation in the shape of a dipper. 3he t"o stars forming the outer lip of this dipper are the %pointer stars /e ause they point to the 8orth ,tar( &entally dra w a line from the outer /ottom star to the outer top star of the Big 1ippers bucket. 3xtend this line about five times the distance between the pointer stars. +ou will find the 2orth Star along this line. +ou may also note that the 2orth Star can always be found at the same approximate vertical angle above the horizon as the northern line of latitude you are located on. 4or example, if you are at ', degrees north latitude, :olaris will be easier to find if you scan the sky at ', degrees off the horizon. *his will help to l essen the area of the sky in which to locate the =ig #ipper, ;assiopeia, and the 2orth Star .;assiopeia or the 6azy ( has five stars that form a shape li$e a %W( 0ne side of the %W appears flattened or %la#y( 3he 8orth ,tar an /e found /y /ise ting the angle formed on the lazy side. 3xtend this line about five times the distan e /et"een the /ottom of the %W and the top( 3he 8orth ,tar is lo ated between ;assiopeia and the Brsa Ma!or 9=ig #ipper<. 7fter locating the 2orth Star, locate the 2orth :ole or true 2orth by dra wing an imaginary line directly to the earth. ( gBre 17-64 N0RTHERN S:Y

h. T&e SoBt&ern S-#4 =ecause there is no single star bright enough to be easily recognized near the South celestial pole, you can use a constellation known as the Southern ;ross. +ou can use it as a signpost to the South. *h e Southern ;ross or Cru. has five stars( !ts four /rightest stars form a ross( 3he t"o stars that ma$e up the Crosss long a.is are used as a gu ideline. *o determine south, imagine a distance )., to , times the distance between these stars and the horizon . *he pointer stars to the left of the Southern ;ross serve two purposes. 4irst, they provide an additional cue toward South by imagining a line from the sta rs toward the ground. Second, the pointer stars help accurately identify the true Southern ;ross fr om the 4alse ;ross. *he intersection of the Southern ;ross 9( gBre 17-7< and the two pointer stars is very dark and devoid of stars. *his area is called the coal sac. 6ook down to the horizon from this imaginary point and select a landmark to steer by. In a static survival situation, you can fix this location in daylight if you drive stakes in the ground at night to point the way. ( gBre 17-74 S0UTHERN S:Y

i. =ater4 Water is one of your most urgently needed resour es in a survival situation( Tou ant live long without it, especially in hot areas where you lose so much through sweating. 3ven in cold areas, you need a minimum of % uarts of water a day to maintain efficiency. More than three fourths of your body is composed of fluids. +our body loses flu id as a result of heat, cold, stress, and exertion. *he fluid your body loses must be replaced for you to function effectively. So, one of your first ob!ec tives is to obtain an ade uate supply of water. 9"< 4urification. :urify all water before drinking. 3ither D Boil it for at least one minute :plus 1 more minute for ea h additional 1,;;; feet a/ove sea level< or for a maximum of "1 minutes anywhere. D 9se "ater purifi ation ta/lets(

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D )dd eight drops of 4 1H 4 per ent iodine solution to a uart 9canteen full< of water. 6et it stand for "1 minutes before drinking. D Colle t rain "ater dire tly in lean ontainers or on plants( 3his is generally safe to drin$ "ithout purifying. 2ever drink urine or sea water? the salt content is too high. Bse old, bluish sea ice, but newer, grayer ice may be salty. @lacier ice is safe to melt and drink. 9%< $esert )nvironment. In a desert environment, water has a huge effect on Rangers. If a unit fails to plan properly for water, and resupply is unavailable, then they can run out of water. In the desert, look for four signs of waterF animal trails, vegetation, birds, and civilization. 7de uate water is critical in a hot environment if a unit is to survive and maintain the physical condition necessary to accomplish the mission. Bnit leaders must enforce water discipline and plan for water resupply. *he leader can use the following planning considerations for water resupplyF D 9nits average "ater onsumption( D 1rop sites( D )viation support( D 1M and 2M parties( D Ca hes( D 3argets of opportunity :enemy<( 9'< %urvival /ater %till. #ig a belowAground still 94igure ") ,<. Select a site where you believe the soil will contain moisture such as a dry stream bed or a spot where rain water has collected. *he soil should be easy to dig, and be in sunlight most of the dayF 9a< #ig a bowl shaped hole about ' feet across and % feet deep. 9b< #ig a sump in center of the hole. *he depth and the perimeter of the sump will depend on the size of the container that you have to set inside of it. *he bottom of the sump should allow the container to stand upright. 9c< 7nchor the tubing to the bottom of the container by forming a loose overhand knot in the tubing. 9d< :lace the container upright in the sump. 9e< 3xtend the unanchored end of the tubing up, over, and beyond the lip of the hole. 9f< :lace plastic sheeting over the hole and cover the edge with soil to hold it in place. 9g< :lace a rock in the center of the plastic. 9h< 7llow the plastic to lower into the hole until it is about ", inches below ground level. *he plastic now forms an inverted cone with the rock at its apex. Make sure that the apex of the cone is directly over your container. 7lso, make sure the plastic cone does not touch the sides of the hole, because the earth will absorb the condensed water. 9i< :ut more soil on the edges of the plastic to hold it securely in place and to prevent loss of moisture. 9!< :lug the tube when not being used so that moisture will not evaporate. N0TEF +ou can drink water without disturbing the still by using the tube as a straw. +ou may want to use plants in the hole as a moisture source. If so, when you dig the hole you should dig out additional soil from the sides of the hole to form a slope on which to place the plants. *hen proceed as above.

( gBre 17-54 SUR9I9A2 =ATER STI22

!. 3'ant (oo!4 *here are many plants throughout the world. *asting or swallowing even a small portion of some can cause severe discomfort, extreme internal disorders, or death. *herefore, if you have the slightest doubt as to the edibility of a plant, apply the universal edibility test described below before eating any part of it. 9"< Universal )di1ility Test. =efore testing a plant for edibility, make sure there are a sufficient number of plants to make testing worth your time and effort. +ou need more than %) hours to apply the edibility test outlined belowF D 3est only one part of a potential food plant at a time. D Brea$ the plant into its /asi omponents, leaves, stems, roots, /uds, and flo"ers( D ,mell the food for strong or a id odors( Keep in mind that smell alone does not indi ate a plant is edible. D 1o not eat for L hours /efore starting the test( D #uring the / hours you are abstaining from eating, test for contact poisoning by placing a piece of the plant you are testing on the inside of your elbow or wrist. Bsually ", minutes is enough time to allow for reaction. D 1uring the test period, ta$e nothing by mouth except purified water and the plant part being tested. D ,ele t a small portion and prepare it the "ay you plan to eat it( D Before putting the prepared plant part in your mouth, tou h a small portion :a pin h< to the outer surface of the lip to test for burning or itching. D !f after 7 minutes there is no rea tion on your lip, pla e the plant part on your tongue, holding there for ", minutes. D !f there is no rea tion, thoroughly he" a pin h and hold it in your mouth for 15 minutes( 1o not swallow. D !f no /urning, it hing, num/ing, stinging, or other irritation o urs during the 15 minutes, s"allo" the food. D Wait L hours( !f any ill effe ts o ur during this period, indu e vomiting and drin$ a lot of "ater( D !f no ill effe ts o ur, eat 1H % cup of the same plant part prepared the same way. (ait another / hours. If no ill effects occur, the plant part as prepared is safe for eating.

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9%< 4oisonous 4lants. #o not eat unknown plants that= D Iave a mil$y or dis olored sap( D Beans, /ul/s, or seeds inside pods D ) /itter or soapy taste( D ,pines, fine hairs, or thorns( D -oliage that resem/les dill, arrot, parsnip, or parsley( D )n almond s ent in "oody parts and leaves( D *rain heads "ith pin$, purplish, or /la $ spurs( D ) three leafed gro"th pattern. k. Inse%ts4 Insects are the most abundant and easily caught life form on earth. Many insects provide -, to /1 percent protein as compared to %1 percent beef. &owever you should avoid all insects that sting or bite, are hairy or bright colored, are common disease carriers 9ticks, flies, and mos uitoes< and caterpillars and insects that have a pungent odor. Insects that ha ve a hard outer shell such as beetles and grasshoppers should have their wings and barbed legs removed and must be cooked beca use they have parasites. Most soft shelled insects can be eaten raw. Insects can be ground into a paste and eaten or mixed with e dible vegetation to improve or mask their taste. l4 An "a' (oo!4 7nimal food contains the most food value per pound. 7nything that creeps, crawls, swims, or flies is a possible source of food, however you must first catch, kill, and butcher it before this is possible. *here are numerous metho ds for catching fish and animals in a survival situation. +ou can catch fish by using a n et across a small stream, 9( gBre 17-6< or by making fish traps and baskets. Improvise fish hooks and spears as indicated in ( gBre 17-7, and use them for conventional fishing, spearing and digging. ( gBre 17-64 SETTIN* A *I22 NET IN THE STREAM

( gBre 17-74 3EAR H00:S AND (ISH H00:S

17-124 TRA3S AND SNARES4 4or an unarmed survivor or evader, or when the sound of a rifle shot could be a problem, trapping or snaring wild game is a good alternative. Several well placed traps have the potential to catch much more game than a Range r with a rifle is likely to shoot. a. *o be effective with any type of trap or snare, you must D Kno" the spe ies of animal you intend to at h( D Kno" ho" to onstru t a proper trap( D )void alarming the prey "ith signs of your presen e( b. *here are no catchall traps you can set for all animals. +ou must determine what species are in a given area and set your traps specifically with those animals in mind. 6ook for the followingF D 'uns and trails( D 3ra $s( D 1roppings( D Che"ed or ru//ed vegetation( D 8esting or roosting sites. D -eeding and "atering areas( c. :osition your traps and snares where there is proof that animals pass through. +ou must determine if it is a OrunO or a Otrail.O 7 trail will show signs of use by several species and will be rather distinct. 7 run is usually smaller and less distinct and will only contain signs of one species. +ou may construct a perfect snare, but it will not catch anything if haphazardly placed in the woods. 7nimals have bedding areas, waterholes, and feeding areas with trails lead ing from one to another. +ou must place snares and traps around these areas to be effective. d. 7n evader in a hostile environment must conceal traps and snares. It is e ually important, however, to avoid making a disturbance that will alarm the animal and cause it to avoid the trap. *herefore, if you must dig, remove all fresh dirt from the area. Most animals will instinctively avoid a pitfall type trap. :repare the various parts of a trap or snare away from the site, c arry them in, and set them up. Such actions make it easier to avoid disturbing the local vegetation, thereby alerting the prey. #o not use freshly cut, live vegetation to construct a trap or snare. 4reshly cut vegetation will ObleedO sap that has an odor the prey will be able to smell. It is an alarm signal to the animal. e. +ou must remove or mask the human scent on and around the trap you set. 7lthough birds do not have a developed sense of smell, nearly all mammals depend on smell even more than on sight. 3ven the slightest human scent on a trap will alarm

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the prey and cause it to avoid the area. Removing the scent from a trap is difficult but masking it is relatively easy. Bse t he fluid from the gall and urine bladders of previous kills. #o not use human urine. Mud, particularly from an a rea with plenty of rotting vegetation, is also good. Bse it to coat your hands when handling the trap and to coat the trap when setting it. In nearly all parts of t he world, animals know the smell of burned vegetation and smoke. It is only when a fire is a ctually burning that they become alarmed. *herefore, smoking the trap parts is an effective means to mask your scent. If one of the above techni ues is not practical, and if time permits, allow a trap to weather for a few days and then set it. #o not handle a trap while it is weathering. (hen you position the trap, camouflage it as naturally as possible to prevent detection by the enemy and to avoid alarming the prey. f. ;analize traps or snares you place on a trail or run. *o build a channel, construct a funnel shaped barrier extending from the sides of the trail toward the trap, with the narrowest part nearest the trap. ;analization should be inconspicuous t o avoid alerting the prey. 7s the animal gets to the trap, it cannot turn left or right and continu es into the trap. 4ew wild animals will back up, preferring to face the direction of travel. ;analization does not have to be an impassable barrier. +ou only have to make it inconvenient for the animal to go over or through the barrier. 4or best effect, the canalization should reduce the trail$s width to !ust slightly "ider than the targeted animalFs /ody( &aintain this onstri tion at least as far /a $ from the trap as the animals body length, and then begin the widening toward the mouth of the funnel. 9"< Bse a treadle snare against small game on a trail 9 ( gBre 17-;<. #ig a shallow hole in the trail. *hen drive a forked stick 9fork down< into the ground on each side of the hole on the same side of the trail. Select two fairly straight sticks that span the two forks. :osition these two sticks so that their ends engage the forks. :lace several sticks over the hole in the trail by positioning one end over the lower horizontal stick and the other on the ground on the other side of the hole. ;over the hole with enough sticks so that the prey must step on at least one of them to set off the snare. *ie one end of a piece of cordage to a twitch up or to a weight suspended over a tree limb. =end the twitch up or raise the suspended weight to determine where you w ill tie a , centimeter or so long trigger. 4orm a noose with the other end of the cordage. 9%< Route and spread the noose over the top of the sticks over the hole. :lace the trigger stick against the horizontal sticks and route the cordage behind the sticks so that the tension of the power source will hold it in place. 7d!ust the bottom horizontal stick so that it will barely hold against the trigger. 7s the animal places its foot on a stick across the hole, the bottom horizontal stick moves down, releasing the trigger and allowing the noose to catch the animal by the foot. =ecause of the disturbance on the trail, an animal will be wary. +ou must therefore use canalization. ( gBre 17-;4 TREAD2E SNARE

g. *rapping game can be accomplished through the use of snares, traps, or deadfalls. 7 snare is a noose that will slip and strangle or hold any animal caught in it. +ou can use inner core strands of parachute suspension lines, wire, bark of sma ll hardwood saplings as well as hide strips from previously caught animals to make snares.

9"< $rag Noose %nare. *he drag noose snare, ( gBre 17-9, is usually the most desirable in that it allows you to move away from the site, plus it is one of the easiest to make and fastest to set. It is especially suitable for catching rabbits. *o make the drag noose snare= :a< &a$e a loop in the string using a /o" line or "iremans $not( When using "ire, se ure the loop /y intertwining the end of the wire with the wire at the top of the loop. 9b< :ull the other end of the string 9or wire< through the loop to form a noose that is large enough for the animals head /ut too small for its /ody 9c< *ie the string 9or attach the wire< to a sturdy branch. *he branch should be large enough to span the trail and rest on the bush or support 9two short forked sticks< you have selected. 7 snared animal will dislodge the drag stick, pulling it until it becomes entangled in the brush. 7ny attempt to escape tightens the noose, strangling or holding the animal. ( gBre 17-94 DRA* N00SE SNARE

9%< Locking %nare Loop. 7nother type snare is the locking type snare loop 9 ( gBre 17-1<< that will lock when pulled tight, ensuring the snared animal cannot escape. 9a< Bse lightweight wire to make this snare such as trip wire, or the wire from a vehicle or aircraft electrical system. *o construct this snare, cut a piece of wire twice the length of the desired snare wire. 9b< #ouble the wire and attach the running ends to a securely placed ob!ect, such as the branch of a tree. :lace a stick about "E % inch in diameter through the loop end of the wire? holding the wire taut, turn the stick in a winding motion so that the wire is twisted together. +ou should have four to five twists per inch. 9c< #etach the wire from the branch and then remove the loop from the stick. 9d< Make a 4igure / in the lE % inch loop by twisting the loop over itself then fold the 4igure / so the small loops are almost overlapping? run the loose wire ends through these loops. *his forms a stiff noose that is strong. *ie the loose end to the stick 9for a drag noose s uare< or branch you are using to complete the snare. *his is an excellent snare for catching large animals.

16 C 17

( gBre 17-1<4 20+:IN* TY3E SNARE 2003

9'< $eadfall Trap. 7nother means of obtaining game is the use of the deadfall trap 9 ( gBre 17-11 and ( gBre 17-12C4 ( gBre 17-114 TRI**ER =ITH DEAD(A22

( gBre 17-124 TRI**ER =ITH DEAD(A22

17-16 3R0+ESSIN* 0( (ISH 0R *AME4 8nce you have obtained your fish or game, you must cleanE butcher and cookE store it. Improper cleaning storing can result in inedible fish and game. a. ( s&4 +ou must know how to tell if fish are free of bacterial decomposition that makes the fish dangerous to eat. 7lthough cooking may destroy the toxin from bacterial decomposition, do not eat fish that appear spoiled. 9"< %poilage. 3ating spoiled or poisoned fish may cause diarrhea, nausea, cramps, vomiting, itching? paralysis, or a metallic taste in the mouth. *hese symptoms appear suddenly " to - hours after eating. If you are near the sea, drink sea water as soon as you notice this set of symptoms, or, force yourself to vomit. Signs of spoilage include= D Pe uliar odor( D ,uspi ious olor( *ills should /e red or pin$( , ales should /e a pronoun ed=not faded=shade of gray. D 1ent that remains after pressing the thum/ against the flesh then removing it. D ,limy rather than moist or "et /ody( D ,harp or peppery taste( 9%< 4reparation. 4ish spoil uickly after death, especially on a hot day, so prepare fish for eating as soon as possible after you catch them. 9a< ;ut out the gills and large blood vessels that lie next to the backbone. 9+ou can leave the head if you plan to cook the fish on a spit<. 9b< @ut fish that are more than ) inches long cut along the abdomen and scrape out the intestines. 9c< Scale or skin the fish. 9d< +ou can impale a whole fish on a stick and cook it over an Oopen fire.O &owever, boiling the fish with the skin on is the best way to get the most food value. *he fats and oil are under the skin, and by boiling the fish, you can save the !uices for broth. 7ny of the methods used for cooking plant food can be used for cooking fish. 9e< 4ish is done when the meat flakes off. 9f< *o dry fish in the sun, hang them from branches or spread them on hot rocks. (hen the meat has dried, splash it with sea water, if available, to salt the outside. 5eep seafood only if it is well dried or salted. b. Sna-es4 7ll poisonous and nonpoisonous fresh water and land snakes are edible. *o prepare snakes for eating use the following steps 9( gBre 17-16<F 9"< @rip the snake firmly behind the head and cut off the head with a knife. 9%< Slit the belly and remove the innards. 9+ou can use the innards for baiting traps and snares<. 9'< Skin the snake. 9+ou can use the skin for improvising, belts, straps, or similar items<.

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DANGER
.ENOMOUS SNA+ES TA:E E?TREME +ARE IN SE+URIN* SNA:ES--THE )ITE 0( S0ME 30IS0N0US SNA:ES +AN )E (ATA24 E9EN A(TER A SNA:E1S HEAD IS +UT 0((, ITS RE(2E? A+TI0N +AN +AUSE IT T0 )ITE, INHE+TIN* 30IS0N4 THE )EST TIME T0 +A3TURE SNA:ES IS IN THE EAR2Y M0RNIN* 0R 2ATE E9ENIN* =HEN TEM3ERATURES ARE 20= AND THEY M09E S20=2Y4 :I22 IT, 0R USE A 20N* STI+: T0 3IN D0=N ITS HEAD AND +A3TURE IT4 T0 3I+: U3 A SNA:E, 32A+E Y0UR INDE? (IN*ER 0N THE T03 REAR 0( ITS HEAD =ITH Y0UR THUM) AND MIDD2E (IN*ER 0N EITHER SIDE 0( THE SNA:E5S HEAD )EHIND THE HA=S4 -))4 F.U& *N$)3 *N()& .N T.4 . %N0-)8% ')0$ T0 3RE9ENT IT (R0M TURNIN* AND )ITIN* Y0U4 ( gBre 17-164 +2EANIN* A SNA:E

c. (o.'4 +our first step after killing a fowl for eating or preserving is to pluck its feathers. If plucking is impractical, you can skin the fowl. 5eep in mind, however, that a fowl cooked with the skin on retains more food value. (aterfowl are easier t o pluck while dry, but other fowl are easier to pluck after scalding. 7fter you pluck the fowl 9"< ;ut off its neck close to the body. 9%< ;ut an incision in the abdominal cavity and clean out the insides. Save the neck, liver, and heart for stew. *horoughly clean and dry the entrails to use for cordage. 9'< (ash out the abdominal cavity with fresh clean water. +ou can boil fowl or cook it on a spit over a fire. +ou should boil scavenger birds such as vultures and buzzards for at least %1 minutes to kill any parasi tes. Bse the feathers from fowl for insulating your shoes clothing, or bedding. +ou can also use feathers for fish lures. d. Medium Sized Mammals. *he game you trap or snare will generally be alive when you find it and is therefore dangerous. =e careful when you approach a trapped animal. Bse a spear or club to kill it so you can keep a safe distance from it. 7fter you kill an animal, immediately bleed it by cutting its throat. If you must drag the carcass any distance, do so before you cut off

the hide so that the carcass is protected from dirt and debris that might contaminate it. ;lean the animal near a stream if possible so that you can wash and cool the carcass and edible parts. 4leas and parasites will leave a cooled body so if the situation all ows, wait until the animal cools before cleaning and dressing the carcass. *o skin and dress the animal 9 ( gBre 17-17 and ( gBre 1715<. ( gBre 17-174 S:INNIN* AND )UT+HERIN* 2AR*E *AME

( gBre 17-174 S:INNIN* SMA22 *AME

9"< 4osition. :lace carcass, belly up, on a slope if available. +ou can use rocks or brush to support it. 9%< (enitals and or Udder. Remove genitals or udder. 9'< 2usk (lands. Remove these to avoid tainting meat. 9)< 'ide. Split hide from tail to throat. Make the cut shallow so that you do not pierce the stomach. 9,< %kin. Insert your knife under the skin, taking care not to cut into the body cavity. :eel the hide back several inches on each side to keep hair out of the meat. 9-< #hest #avity. 8pen the chest cavity by splitting the sternum. +ou can do this by cutting to one side of the sternum where the ribs !oin. 9.< /indpipe and (ullet. Reach inside and cut the windpipe and gullet as close to the base of the skull as possible. 9/< Internal 8rgans. (ith the forward end of the intestinal tract free, work your way to the rear, lifting out internal organs and intestines. ;ut only where necessary to free them. 90< ,ladder. ;arefully cut the bladder away from the carcass so that you do not puncture the bladder 9urine can contaminate meat<. :inch the urethra tightly and cut it beyond the point you are pinching. Remove the bladder. 9"1< 0nus. 4rom the outside of the carcass, cut a circle around the anus. :ull the anus into the body cavity and out of the carcass.

16 C 17

9""< ,lood. 6ift or roll the carcass to drain all blood. =lood, which contains salts and nutrients, is a good base for soups 9remember to boil the blood first<. N0TEF *ry to save as much blood as you can = it contains food and salt = and then boil the blood. 9"%< 'ide. Remove the hide, and make cuts along the inside of the legs to !ust above the hoof or paw. :eel the skin back, using your knife in a slicing motion to cut the membrane between the skin and meat. ;ontinue this until the entire skin is removed. 9"'< )ntrails. Most of the entrails are usable. *he heart, liver, and kidneys are edible. ;ut open the heart and remove the blood from its chambers. Slice the kidneys and if enough water is available, soak or rinse them. In all animals except those of the deer family, the gall bladder 9a small, dark colored, clear textured sac< is attached to the liver. ")< %ac. Sometimes, the sac looks like a blister on the liver. *o remove the sac, hold the top portion of it and cut the liver around and behind the sac. If the gall bladder breaks and gall gets on the meat, wash the gall off the meat immediately so the gall does not taint the meat. #ispose of the gall. 9",< 4reservation. ;lean blood splattered on the meat will glaze over and help preserve the meat for a short time. &owever, if an animal is not bled properly, the blood will settle in the lowest part of its body and spoil the meat uickly. ;ut out any meat contaminated this way. If the situation and time allow, you should preserve the extra meat for later use. If the air is cold enough, you can freeze the meat. In warmer climates, preserve by drying or smoking. 8ne night of heavy smoking will make meat edible for about " week. *wo nights will make it remain edible for % to ) weeks. *o prepare meat for drying or smoking, cut it with the grain in uarter inch strips. *o air dry the meat, hang it in the wind and hot sun out the reach of animals? cover it so that blow flies cannot land on it. 9"-< Temperature. (hen temperatures are below )1 degrees, you can leave meat hanging for several days without danger of spoilage. If maggots get on the meat, remove the maggots and cut out the discolored meat. *he remaining meat is edible. Maggots, which are the larvae of insects, are also edible. 9".< *ntestines. *horoughly clean the intestines and use them for storing or smoking food or lashings for general use. Make sure they are completely dry to preclude rotting. 9"/< 'ead. *he head of most animals contains a lot of meat, which is fairly easy to get out. Skin the head and save the skin for leather. ;lean the mouth thoroughly and cut out the tongue. 7fter cooking the tongue, remove its outer skin. ;ut or scrape the meat from the head. 8r, you can roast the head over an open fire before cutting off the meat. 3yes are edible. ;ook them but discard the retina 9this is a plasticAlike disc<. *he brain is also edi/leB in fa t, some people onsider it a deli a y( >a h animals /rain matter is onsidered suffi ient to tan the animals hide( 9"0< Tendons and Ligaments. Bse the tendons and ligaments of the body of large animals for lashings. 9%1< ,one 2arrow. *he marrow in bones is a rich food source. ;rack the bones and scrape out the marrow, and use bones to make weapons or fish hooks. 9%"< %moke. *o smoke meat, you will need an enclosed area = for instance, a teepee 9( gBre 17-16< or a pit. +ou will also need wood from deciduous trees, preferably green. #o not use conifer trees such as pines, firs, spruces, or cedars, as the smoke from these trees give the meat a disagreeable taste and the resin is inedible. 9a< Para Teepee or Ot"er En!#osed Area :it" a @ent at t"e Top0 (hen using this, set the fire in the center and let it burn down to coals, then stoke it with green wood. :lace the strips of meat on a grate or hang them from the top of the enclosure so that they are about % feet above the smoking coals. 9b< Pit Met"od0 *o use the pit method of smoking meat, dig a hole about a yardEmeter deep and "E% yardEmeter in diameter. Make a fire at the bottom of the hole. 7fter it starts burning well, add chipped green wood or small branches of green wood to make it smoke. :lace a wooden grate about "E % yardEmeter above the fire, and then lay the strips of meat on the grate. ;over the pit with poles, boughs, leaves, or other material. 97 half a yardEmeter is about "/ inches or " "E% feet.<

( gBre 17-164 SM0:IN* MEAT

17-174 SHE2TERS4 7 shelter can protect you from the sun, insects, wind, rain, snow, hot or cold temperatures, and enemy observation. In some areas your need for shelter may take precedence over your need for food, possibly even your need for wat er. 7fter determining your shelter site, you should keep in mind the type of shelter 9protection< you need. +ou need to know how to make different types of shelters. 8nly two are described in this handbook. 7dditional information is available in 4M ' 1,..1, Survival 9not releasable to foreigners<. a. 3'ann ng +ons !erat ons4 D Io" mu h time and effort are needed to /uild the shelterN D Will the shelter ade@uately prote t you from the elements :rain, sno", "ind, sun, and so on<N D 1o you have tools to /uild itN !f not, can you improvise tools from materials in the areaM D 1o you have the type and amount of manmade materials needed to /uild itN !f not, are there suffi ient natural materials in the areaM b. 3on%&o 2ean To4 +ou need only a short time and minimal e uipment to build this lean to 9( gBre 17-17<. +ou need a poncho, - to "1 feet of rope, three stakes about - inches long, and two trees 9or two poles< . to 0 feet apart. =efore you select the trees you will use 9or decide where to place the poles<, check the wind direction. Make sure the back of your lean to will be into the wind. *o make the lean to= 9"< *ie off the hood of the poncho. *o do this, pull the draw cord tight? roll the hood long ways, fold it into thirds, and tie it with the draw cord. 9%< ;ut the rope in half. 8n one long side of the poncho, tie half of the rope to one corner grommet, and the other half to the other corner grommet. 9'< 7ttach a drip stick 9about a ) inch stick< to each rope "E ) to 'E ) inches away from the grommet. *hese drip sticks will keep rainwater from running down the ropes into the lean to. Bsing drip lines is another way to prevent dripping inside the shelter. *ie lines or string about ) inches long to each grommet along the top edge of the shelter. *his allows water to run to and down the line without dripping into the shelter. 9)< *ie the ropes about waist high on the trees 9uprights<. Bse a round turn and two half hitches with uick release knot. 9,< Spread the poncho into the wind and anchor to the ground. *o do this, put three sharpened sticks through the grommets and into the ground.

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( gBre 17-174 30N+H0 2EAN T0

9-< If you plan to use the lean to for more than one night, or if you expect rain, make a center support to the lean to. +ou can do this by stretching a rope between two upright poles or trees that are in line with the center of the poncho. 9.< *ie another rope to the poncho hood? pull it upward so that it lifts the center of the poncho, and tie it firmly to the rope stretched between the two uprights. 9/< 7nother method is to cut a stick to place upright under the center of the lean to. *his method, however, will restrict your space and movements in the shelter. 90< *o give additional protection from wind and rain, place boughs, brush, your rucksack, or other e uipment at the sides of the lean to. 9"1< *o reduce heat loss to the ground, place some type of insulating material, such as leaves or pine needles, inside your lean to. N0TEF (hen at rest, as much as /1 percent of your body heat can be lost to the ground. 9""< *o increase your security from enemy observation, lower the silhouette of the lean to by making two modifications. 9a< Secure the support lines to the trees at knee height rather than waist height. 9b< Bse two knee high sticks in the two center grommets 9sides of lean to<, and angle the poncho to the ground, securing it with sharpened sticks as above. c. 4ield 3xpedient 6ean *o. If you are in a wooded area and have sufficient natural materials, you can make an expedient lean to 9( gBre 17-1;< without the aid of tools or with only a knife. +ou need more time to make it than the shelter previously mentioned, but it will protect you from most environmental elements. +ou will need two trees, 9or two upright poles<, about - feet apart? one pole about . feet long and " inch in diameter. 4ive to eight poles about "1 feet long and " inch in diameter for beams, cord or vines for securing, the horizontal support to the trees an d other poles, saplings, or vines to crisscross the beams. *o make this lean toF

( gBre 17-1;4 (IE2D E?3EDIENT 2EAN T0

9"< *ie the . foot pole to the two trees at point about waist to chest high. *his is your horizontal support. If there is a fork in the tree, you can rest the pole in it instead of tying the pole in place. If a standing tree is not available, construct a bipod using an + shaped sticks or two tripods. 9%< :lace one end of the beams 9"1 foot poles< one side of the horizontal support. 7s with all lean to type shelters, make sure the backside of the lean to is placed into the wind. 9'< ;rissAcross sapling or vines on the beams. 9)< ;over the framework with brush, leaves, pine needles, or grass, starting at the bottom and working your way up like shingling. 9,< :lace straw, leaves, pine needles, or grass inside the shelter for bedding. 9-< In cold weather, you can add to the comfort of your lean to 9 ( gBre 17-1;C by building a fire reflective wall. #rive four stakes about ) feet long into the ground to support the wall. Stack green logs on top of one another between the support stales. =ind the top of the support stakes so the green logs will stay in place. 4ill in the spaces between the logs with twigs or small branches. (ith !ust a little more effort, you can have a drying rack. ;ut a few 'E ) inch diameter poles. *he length depends on distance between the lean to support and the top of the fire reflective wall. 6ay one end of the poles on the lean to horizontal support and the other ends on top of the reflector wall. :lace and tie into place smaller sticks across these poles. +ou now have a place to dry clothes, meat, or fish. 17-15 (IRES. 7 fire can full fill several needs. It can keep you warm, it can keep you dryF you can use it to cook food, to purify water, and to signal. It can also cause you problems when you are in enemy territoryF it creates smoke, which can be smelled and seen from a long distanceF It causes light which can be seen day or night and it leaves signs of your presence. Remember you should always weigh your need for a fire against your need to avoid enemy protection. (hen operating in remote areas you shou ld always take a supply of matches in a waterproof case and keep them on your person. a. Se'e%t on. (hen selecting a site to build a fire, you should consider the followingF D Where :terrain and limate< you are operating( D What materials and tools are availa/le( D Io" mu h time you have( D Why you need a fire( D Where is the enemy=how near is heM b. 3re@arat on4 If you are in a wooded or brush covered area, clear brush away and scrape the surface soil from the spot you selected. *he cleared circle should be at least ' feet 9" meter< in diameter so that there is little chance of the f ire spreading. *o prepare the site for a fire, ensure that it is dry and that it look for a dry spot that

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D 0ffers prote tion from the "ind( D !s suita/ly pla ed in relation to your shelter :if any<( D Con entrates the heat in the dire tion you desire( D Ias a supply of "ood or other fire burning material. c. Da-ota ( re Ho'e4 In some situations, an underground fireplace will best meet your needs. It conceals the fire to some extent and serves well for cooking food. *o make an underground fireplace or #akota fire hole 9 ( gBre 17-19<F 9"< #ig a hole in the ground. 9%< 8n the upwind side of this hole, poke one large connecting hole for ventilation. ( gBre 17-194 DA:0TA (IRE H02E

d. Abo/egroBn! ( re. If you are in a snow covered or wet area, you can use green logs to make a dry base for your fire 9( gBre 17-2<<. *rees with wristAsized trunks are easily broken in extreme cold. ;ut or break several green logs and lay them side by side on top of the snow. 7dd one or two more layers, laying the top layer logs in a direction oppos ite those of the layer below it.

( gBre 17-2<4 )ASE (0R (IRE IN SN0= +09ERED AREA

17-164 METH0DS4 *here are several methods for laying a fire for uick fire making. *hree easy methods follow 9 ( gBre 17-21<F a. *epee. 7rrange tinder and a few sticks of kindling in the shape of a cone. 4ire the center. 7s the cone burns away, the outside logs will fall inward, feeding the heart of the fire. *his type of fire burns well even with wet wood. b. 6ean *o. :ush a green stick into the ground at a '1Adegree angle. :oint the end of the stick in the direction of the wind. :lace some tinder 9at least a handful< deep inside this lean to stick. 6ight the tinder. 7s the kindling catches fire f rom the tinder, add more kindling. c. ;ross #itch. Scratch a cross about " foot in size in the ground. #ig the cross ' inches deep. :ut a large wad of tinder in the middle of the cross. =uild a kindling pyramid above the tinder. *he shallow ditch allows air to sweep under the fire t o provide a draft. ( gBre 17-214 METH0DS (0R 2AYIN* A (IRE

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+&a@ter 15

A9IATI0N
7rmy aviation and Infantry units can be fully integrated with other members of the combined arms team to form powerful and fl exible air assault task forces. *hese forces can pro!ect combat power throughout the depth and width of the modern battlefield, wit h little regard for terrain barriers. *hese combat operations are deliberate, precisely planned, and vigorously executed. *hey strike the enemy when and where he is most vulnerable. See ( gBre 2-11, Air Mo7e3ent AnneA, and ( gBre 2-12, &oordination &"e!-#ists, which include the Ar32 A7iation &oordination &"e!-#ist. 15-14 RE9ERSE 32ANNIN* SE8UEN+E4 Successful air assault execution is based on a careful analysis of M3**A*; and detailed, precise reverse planning. 4ive basic plans that comprise the reverse planning se uence are developed for each air assault operation. *he battalion is the lowest level that has sufficient personnel to plan, coordinate, and control air assault opera tions. (hen company size or lower operations are conducted, most of the planning occurs at battalion or higher head uarters. *he five plans are= a. *roBn! Ta%t %a' 3'an( 3he ommanders ground ta ti al plan forms the foundation of a su essful air assault operation. 7ll additional plans must support this plan. It specifies actions in the ob!ective area to ultimately accomplish the mission and address subse uent operations. b. 2an! ng 3'an4 *he landing plan must support the ground tactical plan. *his plan outlines a se uence of events that allows elements to move into the area of operations, and ensures that units arrive at designated locations at prescribed times, and that as soon as they arrive, they are prepared to execute the ground tactical plan. c. A r Mo/e"ent 3'an. *he air movement plan is based on the ground tactical and landing plans. It specifies the schedule and provides instructions for air movement of troops, e uipment, and supplies from :Ds to 6Ds. d. 2oa! ng 3'an. *he loading plan is based on the air movement plan. It ensures that troops, e uipment, and suppl ies are loaded on the correct aircraft. Bnit integrity is maintained when aircraft loads are planned. ;ross loading may be necess ary to ensure survivability of command and control assets, and that the mix of weapons arriving at the 6D is ready to fight. e. Stag ng 3'an. *he staging plan is based on the loading plan and prescribes the arrival time of ground units 9troops, e uipment and supplies< at the :D in the order of movement 15-24 SE2E+TI0N AND MAR:IN* 0( 3I+:U3 AND 2ANDIN* O0NES a. ;onsiderations. Small unit leaders should consider the following when selecting a :DE 6DF 9"< %i7e. Minimal circular landing point separation from other aircraft and obstacles is neededF 8& ,/# = %, meters. B& ", 7& " = ', meters. B& -1, 7& -) = ,1 meters. ;argo helicopters = /1 meters. 9%< %urface #onditions. 7void potential hazards such as sand, blowing dust, snow, tree stumps, or large rocks. 9'< (round %lope. 1 to - percent?land upslope. . to ", percent?land sideslope. 8ver ", percent?no touchdown 9aircraft may hover<. 9)< .1stacles. 7n obstacle clearance ratio of "1 to " is used in planning approach and departure of the :D and 6D. 4or example, a tree that is "1 feet tall re uires "11 feet of horizontal distance for approach or departure. Mark obstacles with a red chemlight at night or red panels in daytime. A7oid sing 3ar-ings i5 t"e ene32 :o #d see t"e30 9,< 0pproach; $eparture. 7pproach and depart into the wind and along the long axis of the :DE 6D. 9-< Loads. *he greater the load, the larger the :DE 6D must be to accommodate the insertion or extraction. b. Mar- ng o$ 3Os an! 2Os. 9"< $ay. 7 ground guide will mark the :D or 6D for the lead aircraft by holding an M"-E M) rifle over his head, by displaying a folded CS ". panel chest high, or by other coordinated and identifiable means.

15 C 1

9%< Night. *he code letter O+O 9inverted O+O< is used to mark the landing point of the lead aircraft at night 9( gBre 15-1<( Chemi al lights or %/ean/ag lights are used to maintain light dis ipline( ) s"inging hemlight may also be used to mark the landing point. ( gBre 15-14 IN9ERTED SYS

15-64 AIR ASSAU2T (0RMATI0NS4 7ircraft supporting an operation may use any of the following :DE 6D configurations 9Tab'e 15-1<, which are prescribed by the air assault task force 977*4< commander working with the air mission commander 97M;<. Tab'e 15-14 AIR ASSAU2T (0RMATI0NS .&20T*.N &eavy 6eft or Right #iamond Cee 3chelon 6eft or Right *rail 4&.% :rovides firepower to front and flank 7llows rapid deployment for all round security Re uires only a small landing area Re uires a relatively small landing area 7llows rapid deployment of forces to the front 7llows rapid deployment of forces to the flank 7llows unrestricted suppressive fire by gunners Re uires a relatively small landing area 7llows rapid deployment of forces to the flank Simplifies preApositioning of loads 7llows unrestricted suppressive fire by gunners. Simplifies preApositioning of loads 7llows rapid deployment for all round security #.N% Re uires a relatively long, wide landing area :resents difficulty in preApositioning loads Restricts suppressive fire by inboard gunners :resents some difficulty in preApositioning loads Restricts suppressive fire of inboard gunners :resents some difficulty in preApositioning loads :resents some difficulty in preApositioning loads Re uires a relatively long, wide landing area 2one

Staggered *rail 6eft or Right

Re uires a relatively long, wide landing area ,ome"hat restri ts gunners suppressive fire

a. Hea/# 2e$t or R g&t (or"at on A( gBre 15-2C4 3R0SF :rovides firepower to front and flank. +0NSF Re uires a relatively long, wide landing area? presents difficulty in pre positioning loads? restricts suppressive fire by inboard gunners. ( gBre 15-24 HEA9Y 2E(T> HEA9Y RI*HT (0RMATI0N

b. D a"on! (or"at on A( gBre 15-6C4 3R0SF 7llows rapid deployment for all round security? re uires a small landing area. +0NSF :resents some difficulty in pre positioning loads? restricts suppressive fire by inboard gunners. ( gBre 15-64 DIAM0ND (0RMATI0N

15 C 7

c. 9ee (or"at on A( gBre 15-7C4 3R0SF Re uires a relatively small landing area? allows rapid deployment of forces to the front? restricts suppressive fire of inboard gunners. +0NSF :resents some difficulty in pre positioning loads. ( gBre 15-74 9EE (0RMATI0N

d. E%&e'on 2e$t or R g&t (or"at on A( gBre 15-5C4 3R0SF 7llows rapid deployment of forces to the flank? allows unrestricted suppressive fire by gunners. +0NSF Re uires a relatively long, wide landing area? presents some difficulty in pre positioning loads. ( gBre 15-54 E+HE20N 2E(T> E+HE20N RI*HT (0RMATI0N

e. Tra ' (or"at on A( gBre 15-6C4 3R0SF Re uires a relatively small landing area? allows rapid deployment of forces to the flank? simplifies pre positioning loads? allows unrestricted suppressive fire by gunners. +0NSF 2one. ( gBre 15-64 TRAI2 (0RMATI0N

f. Staggere! Tra ' 2e$t or R g&t (or"at on A( gBre 15-7C4 3R0SF 'e@uires a relatively long, "ide landing areaB gunners suppressive fire restri ted some"hat( +0NSF Simplifies pre positioning loads? allows rapid deployment for all round security. ( gBre 15-74 STA**ERED TRAI2 2E(T> STA**ERED TRAI2 RI*HT (0RMATI0N

15 C 5

15-74 3I+:U3 O0NE 03ERATI0NS :rior to arrival of aircraft, the :D is secured, :D control party is positioned, and the troops and e uipment are positioned in platoonE s uad assembly areas. In occupying a patrolE s uad assembly area, the patrolE s uad leader does the following steps. ( gBre 15-; shows an example of a large, one sided :D. 4igures ",A0 through ",A"% show loadingE unloading procedures and techni uesF D &aintain all round se urity of the assem/ly area( D &aintain ommuni ations( D 0rgani#e personnel and e@uipment into hal$s and loads. D Condu t safety /riefing and e@uipment he $ of troops( ( gBre 15-;4 2AR*E, 0NE-SIDED 3I+:U3 O0NE

( gBre 15-94 UH 6< 20ADIN* SE8UEN+E

( gBre 15-1<4 UN20ADIN* SE8UEN+E

15 C 7

( gBre 15-114 TA+TI+A2 20ADIN* SE8UEN+E

( gBre 15-124 TA+TI+A2 UN20ADIN* USIN* D00R NEAREST +09ER, +0N+EA2MENT

15-54 SA(ETY4 Safety is the primary concern of all leaders when operating inEaround aircraft. *he inclusion of aircraft into Ranger operations brings high risks. ;onsider the followingF a. 7pproach the aircraft from ), to 01 degrees off the nose. b. :oint upward the muzzles of weapons with blank firing adapters. c. :oint downward the muzzles of weapons loaded with live ammunition. d. (ear the ballistic helmet. e. (hen possible, conduct an air crew safety brief with all personnel. f. 7t a minimum, cover loadingE off loading, emergency, and egress procedures. g. J6eadersK ;arry a manifest and turn in a copy to higher. 15-64 RE8UIREMENTS4 Minimum landing space re uirements and minimum distance between helicopters on the ground depend on many factors. If the aviation unit S8: does not spell out these re uirements, the aviation unit commander works wit h the :athfinder leader. *he final decision about minimum landing re uirements rests with the aviation unit commander. In selecting helicopter landing sites from maps, aerial photographs, and actual ground or aerial reconnaissance, he considers the followin g factorsF a. NB"ber o$ He' %o@ters4 *o land a large number of helicopters at the same time, the commander might have to provide another landing site9s< nearby. 8r, he can land the helicopters at the same site, but in successive lifts. b. 2an! ng (or"at ons4 &elicopter pilots should try to match the landing formation to the flight formation. :ilots should have to modify their formations no more than necessary to accommodate the restrictions of a landing site. &owever, in order t o land in a restrictive area, they might have to modify their formation somewhat. c. SBr$a%e +on! t ons4 Rangers choose landing sites that have firm surfaces. *his prevents helicopters from bogging down, creating excessive dust, or blowing snow. Rotor wash stirs up any loose dirt, sand, or snow. *his can obscure the groun d, especially at night. Rangers remove these and any other debris from landing points, since airborne debris could damage the rotor blades or turbine engine9s<. d. *roBn! S'o@e4 Rangers choose landing sites with relatively level ground. 4or the helicopter to land safely, the slope should not exceed . degrees. (henever possible, pilots should land upslope rather than downslope. 7ll helicopters can land where ground slope measures . degrees or less 9 ( gBre 15-16<. 9"< $ay .peration %ignals. 4or daylight operations, you can use different smoke colors for each landing site. +ou can use the same color more than once, !ust spread them out. Bse smoke only if you have to, because the enemy can see it, too. *ry to use it only when the pilot asks for help locating his helicopter site. 9%< Night .peration %ignals. 4or night operations, use pyrotechnics or other visual signals in lieu of smoke. 7s in daylight, red signals mean O#o not land,O but you can also use them to indicate other emergency conditi ons. 7ll concerned must plan and know emergency codes. 3ach flight lands at the assigned site according to ;; messages and the visual aids displayed. +ou can use arm and hand signals to help control the landing, hovering, and parking of helicopters.

15 C 5

( gBre 15-164 *R0UND S203E

15-74 DESERT4 *he typical desert is a dry, barren region, generally treeless and sandy. It suffers environmental extremes, with violent and unpredictable weather changes. Its terrain conforms to no particular model. 4re uent clear days offer une ualed v isibility and flight conditions, but a sudden sandstorm immediately halts all operations. Successful desert operations re uire special traini ng, acclimatization, and great self discipline. a. +o""Bn %at ons4 In desert operations, the radio offers the best way to communicate. *he low, rolling terrain allows good radio range. #ue to the increased distances involved in military desert operations, 4M radio communications may prove inade uate, especially in the higher 4M fre uencies. Rangers, aircraft, and ground crew must all have high fre uency radio e uipment. Sand or dust in e uipment or a poor electrical ground cause most communication problems. #ue to the increased distances between land force units engaged in desert operations, helicopters may provide air or ground relay or help deploy ground radio rebroadcast facilities. Tab'e 15-2 shows an example groundAtoAair radio transmission. Tab'e 15-24 *R0UND T0 AIR TRANSMISSI0NS 3 'otF RangerF 3 'otF RangerF 3 'otF RangerF 0L4'0 .N) L*20 .N) %*3 M0:L:AN! T'*% *% &.2). T/. ,&0E. T/. %)E)N M&>,>KN! .E)&. R8M38 *(8 =R7C8 *(8 S3C32, *&IS IS 76:&7 823 6IM7 823 SIH, 8C3R. T'*% *% ,&0E. T/. %)E)N! ##4 *N,.UN$! .E)&. *&IS IS 6IM7 823 SIH, S*7*3 *+:3, 2BM=3R, 72# I2*32*I82S, 8C3R. T'*% *% ,&0E. T/. %)E)N! .U& UN* .&2 '.T)L %*3T*)% MU'GALsN! T&..4 $&.4G. 0N$ %L*N( L.0$! .& F.U& %*T)! .E)&. *&IS IS 6IM7 823 SIH, R8@3R, &37#I2@ *&R33 *(8 4IC3 J'%,K, *&R33 *&8BS72# J',111K M3*3RS. 672# *&R33 *(8 4IC3, SI@276 82 ;766, 672# 3;&3682 RI@&*, S6I2@A687# 7IR;R74* BS3 2BM=3R 48BR 672#I2@ :8I2*, ;82*I2B3 7::R87;& 48R CISB76 ;82*7;*, 8C3R.

b. Na/ gat on4 Many of the conditions experienced in cold weather operations resemble those in desert operations. Rangers and pilots find distances and altitudes hard to !udge in the desert. *he lack of definable terrain features makes navigation difficult, especially at night and over long distances. 7lso, the sameness of the terrain can influence a pilot to pay less a ttention to his surroundings. Rangers may have to mark and man release points. c. 2an! ng S tes4 *he climatic conditions in the desert profoundly affect the setup and operation of landing sites. Most importantly, the Ranger must consider density altitude, wind, and sand 9dust<. Sand on a landing site can produce brownout conditions similar to those in snowy areas, so the same precautions apply. *his makes a rocky area a better landing site than a sandy hollow, depression, or valley. d. = n!4 #esert winds generally calm down for an hour or two around sundown. 7nother calm occurs before sunrise. 8ther than those times, desert winds can drive dense clouds of dust and sand with hurricane force, and rapid temperature changes often follow strong winds. *he :athfinder leader must consider what times of day the wind will allow him to operate the landi ng site. 9"< *he extreme heat often experienced in the desert also affects the aircraft$s 7;6. (hen supporting a ground unit, the Ranger leader coordinates with the aviation element to determine the 7;6 for each type of aircraft. =oth the minimum distance between aircraft and the size of the landing point increase in desert operationsF "11 meters between aircraft, "11 meter diameter landing points. In daylight hours, ground crew members mark the touchdown points. *hey paint sandbags a bright color or mark them using some other uick method. Ideally, they use signalmen. %< (hen establishing a landing site, the Ranger leader considers taxi procedures. (hen an aircraft must taxi, the pilot moves it into a vertical position as uickly as possible to reduce the amount of sand 9dust< the engine sucks in as well as to avoid a brownout. :ilots should avoid taxiing over the same area repeatedly. e. 2 $to$$s4 :ilots will not try a normal liftoff in a sandstorm. &elicopters with wheels and airplanes should make a running type takeoff. &elicopters with skids should make a maximum performance liftoff.

15 C 11

f. 2an! ngs4 (hen they can, pilots should use a running type landing to reduce sand intake. If a pilot can make a running landing, he keeps the touchdown roll to a minimum to keep from overloading the landing gear. If the terrain does not permit a running landing, the pilot lands at a greater than normal angle. &e should never land from a hover. g. Sa$et#4 @round crew personnel should wear clothing that will protect them against the sand blown around by the rotor wash. 3ach person on the ground should take special care to keep the sand out of his eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. @oggl es, earplugs, and cloth masks provide ade uate protection for facial areas. 8ther ground crew procedures resemble those for cold weather operations. 15-;4 M0UNTAINS4 Mountains have rugged, divided terrain with steep slopes and few natural or manmade lines of communication. (eather fluctuates seasonally from extreme cold, with ice and snow, to extreme heat. 7lso, it can switch between the two extremes very uickly. *his unpredictability greatly affects operations. a. +o""Bn %at ons. Mountainous terrain often limits or restricts communications. *o maintain communications within the 78, aircraft may have to limit operations to the vicinity of the unit. 8ther aircraft can serve as radio relay stations. Ranger units may also have to set up radio relays at the R:, ;;:, or both. 9"< Mountain conditions challenge aviators in Ranger operations more than any other con ditions. 4or precise flying in mountainous areas, pilots need large scale terrain maps. 9%< Since intervening terrain degrades @*7 communications, providing navigational aid and control over extended ranges might prove difficult. b. = n!4 *he main weather hazard in the mountains is wind. 3ven moderate winds 9"" to %1 knots< can produce significant turbulence over mountain ridges. :redicting wind conditions is difficult. *he windward side of a mountain maintai ns a steady direction of airflow, though the strength of the wind may vary. *he leeward side has turbulent winds with strong vertical currents. *his turbulence might prevent assault landings and re uire pilots to fly at higher altitudes. *his naturally increa ses the risk of detection and destruction. c. Dens t# A't tB!e4 In the mountains, density altitude can vary a lot between :Ds and 6Ds. It can also vary greatly from one time of day to another. It normally peaks in the late afternoon, and drops to its lowest point at dawn. d. Na/ gat on4 In the mountains, the helicopter offers the best way to rapidly move forces. In the offense, air assault operations can insert forces into the enemy$s rear area and bypass or envelop his defenses. In the defense, helicopters can m ove reinforcements and reserves rapidly. e. 2an! ng S tes4 Mountainous regions offer few, if any airfields for fixed wing aircraft, and few 6Ds suitable for multiple helicopters. 9"< If the enemy situation allows, Rangers to set up 6Ds on the windward side of the mountain, since that side offers more stable winds. 9%< (hen they can only find 6Ds designed for single aircraft, planners increase in flight spacing. *his places an extra load on each crew. (hen conducting multiship operations into a small 6D, the Ranger controller should allow sufficient time between liftoff and landing for the turbulent air generated during the departure of the previous helicopter to stabilize. 8therwise, the pilot of the incoming craft will experience that turbulence and lose lift. 9'< 7 pilot must touchdown very carefully on the typical small, rough, sloped mountain 6D. #epending on the angle of the slope and on the aircraft$s available tor ue, the pilot might be able to make a normal slope landin g. :ilots of larger craft, such as cargo helicopters, may have trouble positioning the entire fuselage in the available area. 8nce the cockpit extends over the landing area, the pilot cannot see the ground. &e must rely on the crew chief and signalman to direct him. 9)< #uring a mountain approach to an 6D surrounded by uneven terrain, the pilot has a hard time determining the actual aircraft altitude and rate of closure. (here the terrain slopes up to the 6D, a visual illusion occurs. *he pilot may think he is flying too high and closing too slowly. If the terrain slopes down to the 6D, he may feel he is flying too low and closing too fast. 3mploying a signalman on the ground gives the pilot a visual reference to ad!ust his controls. &e may need more than one signalman. f. S te Assess"ent. Rangers should determine the following information while reconnoitering and selecting a mountain siteF

9"< *he size, slope, amount of surface debris, and the area covered by shadows and obstacles in and around the site. 9%< *he approximate direction, speed, and characteristics of the wind. 9'< *he inbound route, if necessary. (hen the pilot cannot land due to a steep slope, the aircraft may terminate at a hover to off load troops and supplies. 9)< *he departure route, which should orient into the wind and over the lowest obstacles. 15-94 0)SER9ATI0N HE2I+03TERS4 *his category includes the 8& ,/# 5iowa and the 8& -7 ;ayuse. a. 0H 5;D : o.a4 Tab'e 15-6 shows specifications for the 5iowa? ( gBre 15-17 shows the aircraft from three angles. Tab'e 15-64 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS (0R THE 0H 5;D A:I0=AC Rotor #iameter ', feet 6engthF Rotor 8perating )% feet % inches =lades Removed '' feet "1 inches &eight to *op of *urret "% feet 0A"E% inches *read 9Skids< - feet % inches Main Rotor #isk 7rea 1.0-% s uare feet =lade 7rea '/.%- s uare feet ;lear 7rea 2eeded for Rotor "%., meters *#: T " %, meters diameter ( gBre 15-174 0H 5;D A:I0=AC

15 C 17

b. 0H 6A +a#Bse4 Tab'e 15-7 shows specifications for the ;ayuse? ( gBre 15-15 shows the aircraft from three angles. Tab'e 15-74 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS (0R THE 0H 6A +AYUSE Rotor #iameter %- feet ) inches 6engthF Rotor 8perating '0 feet 'A'E) inches Rotor 4olded %% feet 0 "E% inches Span, Maximum 6ateral %- feet &eight / feet 0 inches *read 9Skids< - feet ' inches ;lear 7rea 2eeded for Rotors 0.' meters *#: T " %, meters diameter ( gBre 15-154 0H 6A A+AYUSEC

15-1<4 ATTA+: HE2I+03TERS *his category of helicopters includes the 7& "S ;obra and the 7& -)7 7pache. a. AH 1S +obra4 Tab'e 15-5 shows specifications for the ;obra? ( gBre 15-16 shows the aircraft from three angles. Tab'e 15-54 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS (0R THE AH 1S A+0)RAC Rotor #iameter )) feet 6engthF Rotor 8perating ,' feet " inch 4uselage )) feet 0 inches Span, Maximum 6ateral "" feet / inches &eight "" feet . inches *read 9Skids< . feet Rotor @round ;learance 9Static< . feet "1 inches ;lear area needed for Rotors "-."/ meters *#: T % ', meters diameter ( gBre 15-164 AH 1S A+0)RAC

15 C 15

a. AH 67A AA@a%&eC4 Tab'e 15-6 shows three views and final specifications for the 7& -)7 7pache? ( gBre 15-17 shows the aircraft from three angles. Tab'e 15-64 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS (0R THE AH 67A AA3A+HEC Rotor #iameter )/ feet 6engthF Rotors 8perating ,/ feet 'A"E/ inches Rotors Static ,. feet ) inches 4uselage )/ feet &eight ", feet 'A"E% inches ;lear area needed for Rotors "..0 meters &inimum 31P "ithout ommanders approval is T' ,1 meters ( gBre 15-174 AH 67A AA3A+HEC

15-114 UTI2ITY HE2I+03TERS *his category of helicopters includes the B& "& Iro uois and the B& -17 =lackhawk. a. UH 1H IroEBo s4 Tab'e 15-7 shows specifications for the Iro uois? ( gBre 15-1; shows the aircraft from three angles. Tab'e 15-74 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS (0R THE UH 1H AIR08U0ISC Rotor #iameter )/ feet 6engthF Rotors 8perating or Static ,. feet " inch 4uselage )" feet "1A'E) inches Span, Maximum 6ateral 0 feet ) inches &eight ") feet - inches *read / feet -A"E% inches @round ;learance 9Static< 7gainst Stops - feet - inches ;lear area needed for Rotors "..) meters *#: T % ', meters diameter 7llowable ;argo 6oad ),111 pounds ( gBre 15-1;4 UH 1H AIR08U0ISC

15 C 17

b. UH 6<A )'a%-&a.-4 Tab'e 15-; shows specifications for the B& -17 =lackhawk? ( gBre 15-19 shows the aircraft from above and from the left side. Tab'e 15-;4 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS (0R THE UH 6<A A)2A+:HA=:C Rotor #iameter ,' feet / inches 6engthF Rotors 8perating or 4olded -) feet "1 inches 4uselage ,1 feet .="E% inches Span, Maximum 6ateral 0 feet /="E% inches &eight "- feet , inches *read / feet "1="E% inches @round ;learance 9Static<, 7gainst Stops / feet 0 inches ;lear area needed for Rotors "0., meters *#: T ' ,1 meters diameter 7llowable ;argo 6oad /,111 pounds ( gBre 15-194 UH 6<A A)2A+:HA=:C

15-124 +AR*0 HE2I+03TERS *his category of helicopters includes the ;& ).=E; and the ;& ). =E# ;hinooks. (ith slingload , cargo helicopter *#: is T, 9"11 meter diameter<? without slingload, it is T) 9/1 meter diameter<. a. +H 77)> + +& noo-4 Tab'e 15-9 shows specifications for the ;& ).=E; ;hinook? ( gBre 15-2< shows the aircraft from three angles. Tab'e 15-94 S3E+I(I+ATI0NS (0R THE +H 77 )> + A+HIN00:C Rotor #iameter -1 feet 6engthF Rotors 8perating 0/ feet "1 'E) inches Rotors 4olded ,1 feet 0 inches &eight 98verall< "/ feet "" "E% inches *read "" feet "" inches Rotor @round ;learance Static 4orward . feet ) 'E) inches Idling 4orward "1 feet "" inches ;lear 7rea 2eeded for Rotors '1.) meters *#: T ) /1 meters diameter 7llowable ;argo 6oad %",111 pounds ( gBre 15-2<4 +H-77) A+HIN00:C

15 C 15

15 C 41

+&a@ter 16

(IRST AID
:atrolling, more than some other types of missions, puts Rangers in harms way. ;7S3C7; planning is vital. 7lso, because trained medical personnel might be unavailable at the initial point of in!ury, everyone must know how to diagnose and treat in!uries, wounds, and common illnesses. *he unit should also have a plan for handling 5I7s. 16-14 2I(ESA9IN* STE3S4 (hatever the in!ury, 9"< stop lifeAthreatening bleeding? 9%< open the airway and restore breathing? 9'< stop the bleeding and protect the wound? 9)< check, treat, and monitor for shock? and 9,< M3#3C7; the casualty. 16-24 +ARE UNDER (IRE4 (hen still under fire, 9"< maintain situational awareness? 9%< return fire? 9'< protect the casualty? 9)< move the casualty to cover? and 9,< identify and control severe bleeding with bandage or tourni uet. 16-64 3RIMARY SUR9EY4 Bse the alphabet to remember how to deal with life threatening in!ures such as blocked airway, not breathing, or uncontrollable bleeding 9hemorrhaging< ATab'e 16-1C4 Tab'e 16-14 T&e A)+5s4 A B C D E 16-74 A IR=AY 8pen airway by patient position or with airway ad!uncts. B REATHIN* Seal open chest wounds with occlusive dressing. C IR+U2ATI0N .. Identify uncontrolled bleeding and control with pressure or tourni uet. Start IC if needed. D ISA)I2ITY #etermine 6evel of consciousness. E ?30SURE 4ully expose patient. 93nvironment dependent<

AIR=AY MANA*EMENT4 *he airway is usually obstructed 9blocked< at the base of the tongue. a. If this happens, open the airway using the chin lift 9for nontraumatic in!uries, shown in ( gBre 16-1< or the !aw thrust 9for trauma, ( gBre 16-2<. b. ( gBre 16-14 +HIN 2I(T ( gBre 16-24 HA= THRUST

16 C 1

b. Remove debris 9teeth, blood clots, bone< from the oral cavity? use suction if you have it? and place airway ad!uncts to allow the victim to breathe through their nose 9( gBre 16-6< or mouth 9( gBre 16-7<. ( gBre 16-64 NASA2 AIR=AY ( gBre 16-74 M0UTH AIR=AY

16-5

)REATHIN*4 If the patient is having trouble breathing= a. 3xpose the chest and identify open chest in!uries b. 7pply a dressing to seal open entry and exit chest wounds c. :lace the patient on the in!ured side, or position him where he can breathe most comfortably. )2EEDIN*4 Iuickly identify and control bleeding. a. 7pply a tourni uet to arterial bleeding of the extremities b. If this does not control the bleeding, apply a second tourni uet above the first and apply a pressure dressing. c. ;ontrol all other bleeding with either a standard or pressure dressing. d. ;heck dressings often to ensure bleeding is under control.

16-64

16-74

SH0+:4 Shock is caused by an inade uate flow of oxygen to body tissues. a. *he most common form of shock is hemorrhagic 9due to uncontrolled bleeding<. b. Signs and symptoms of shock include altered mental state, increased pulse and respiration, reduced or no pulse, and profuse sweating. c. =asic treatment 9"< ;ontrol bleeding 9%< 8pen airway 9'< Restore breathing 9)< Initiate IC or saline lock 9,< Monitor condition. 16-;4 E?TREMITY INHURIES4 Identify and control bleeding. If you suspect a fracture, splint it as it lies. #o not reposition the in!ured extremity. " 16-94 A)D0MINA2 INHURIES4 Identify and control bleeding, and then = a. *reat for shock. b. If internal organs are exposed, cover them with dry, sterile dressing. #o not place them back in the abdominal cavity. c. :lace patient in comfortable position. 4lex knees to relax abdomen. d. #o not give anything by mouth to the patient.

16-1<4 )URNS a. Remove patient from burn source. b. Remove all clothing and !ewelry from the areas of the body with burns. c. ;over burns with dry, sterile dressings. 3nsure fingers and toes have dressings between them before covering entire area. d. 3vacuate immediately any casualties with burns of the face, neck, hands, genitalia, or over %1 percent 9one fifth< of his body surface 9( gBre 16-5<. ( gBre 16-54 3er%entages o$ bo!# area4

16 C 7

16-114 H0T =EATHER AHEATC INHURIES4 Tab'e 16-2, Tab'e 16-6, and Tab'e 16-7 show first aid for heat in!uries, cold in!uries, and environmental in!uries. Tab'e 16-24 HEAT INHURIES

INHURY
Heat +ra"@s

SI*NS> SYM3T0MS
;asualty experiences muscle cramps in arms, legs andE or stomach, may also have wet skin and extreme thirst. ;asualty experiences loss of appetite, headache, excessive sweating, weakness or faintness, dizziness, nausea, muscle cramps. *he skin is moist, pale, and clammy. ;asualty stops sweating 9hot, dry skin<, may experience headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, rapid pulse and respiration, seizures, mental confusion. ;asualty may suddenly collapse and lose consciousness.

(IRST AID
". Move the casualty to a shaded area and loosen clothing. %. 7llow casualty to drink " uart of cool water slowly per hour. '. Monitor casualty and provide water as needed. ). Seek medical attention if cramps persist. ". Move the casualty to a cool, shaded area and loosen clothing. %. :our water on casualty and fan to increase cooling effect of evaporation. '. :rovide at least one uart of water to replace lost fluids. ). 3levate legs. ,. Seek medical aid if symptoms continue. ". Move casualty to a cool, shaded area, loosen clothing, and remove outer clothing if the situation permits. %. Immerse in cool water. If cool bath is not available, massage arms and legs with cool water. 4an casualty to increase the cooling effect of evaporation. '. If conscious, slowly consume one uart of water.

Heat EG&aBst on

Heat Stro-e 9SBnstro-e<

SUNSTRO+E T'*% *% 0 2)$*#0L )2)&()N#FJ %))- 2)$*#0L 0*$ 0N$ )E0#U0T) 0%04. 4)& .&2 0NF L* )%0E*N( 2)0%U&)%.

DANGER

Tab'e 16-64 +02D INHURIES

INHURY
;hilblain

SI*NS> SYM3T0MS
Red, swollen, hot, tender, itchy skin. ;ontinued exposure may lead to infected 9bleeding, ulcerated< skin lesions. 7ffected parts are cold and numb. 7s body parts warm, they may become hot, with burning and shooting pains. 0dvanced stage@ Skin is pale with bluish cast? pulse decreases? blistering and swelling occur, swelling, heat hemorrhages, and gangrene may follow. %uperficial@ Redness, blisters in %) to '- hours followed by peeling skin $eep@ :receded by superficial frostbite? skin is painless, paleA yello"ish, "a.y, %"ooden or solid to touch, blisters form in "%A '- hours Red, scratchy, or watery eyes? headache? increased pain in eyes with exposure to light. Similar to heat exhaustion. ;asualty is cold, shivers uncontrollably until shivering stops. 7 core 9rectal< temp below 0,W 4 can affect consciousness. Bncoordinated movements, shock, and coma may occur as body temperature drops.

(IRST AID
". 7rea usually responds to locally applied warming 9body heat<. %. #o 2ot rub or massage area. '. Seek medical treatment. ". @radual warming by exposure to warm air. %. #8 28* massage or moisten skin. '. :rotect affected parts from trauma. ). #ry feet thoroughlyF avoid walking. ,. Seek medical treatment.

Immersion 9trench< foot

4rostbite

%U4)& *#*0L ". 5eep casualty warm? gently warm affected parts. %. #ecrease constricting clothing, increase exercise and insulation. $))4 ". :rotect the part from additional in!ury. %. Seek medical treatment as fast as possible. ". ;over the eyes with a dark cloth. %. Seek medical treatment. ". 5eep warm, loosen clothes. %. Replace lost fluids, rest, and additional medical treatment. 2*L$ 'F4.T')&2*0 ". (arm body evenly and without delay. 9&eat source must be provided.< %. 5eep dry, protect from elements. '. (arm li uids may be given to conscious casualty only. ). =e prepared to start ;:R. ,. Seek medical treatment immediately. %)E)&) 'F4.T')&2*0 ". Iuickly stabilize body temperature. %. 7ttempt to prevent further heat loss. '. &andle the casualty gently. ). 3vacuate to nearest medical treatment facility as soon as possible.

Snow =lindness #ehydration &ypothermia

16 C 5

Tab'e 16-74 EN9IR0NMENTA2 INHURIES

TY3E
Snake bite

(IRST AID
". @et the casualty away from the snake. %. Remove all rings and bracelets from the affected extremity. '. Reassure the casualty and keep him uiet. ). 7pply constricting band9s< " to % finger widths close to the bite. +ou should be able to slip " finger between the band and skin. ARM OR +EG BITE A :lace one band above and one band below the bite site. 'A$D OR %OOT BITE A :lace one band above the wrist or ankle. ,. Immobilize the affected limb below the level of the heart. -. : '' t&e sna-e, $ @oss b'e, A. t&oBt !a"ag ng ts &ea! or en!anger ng #oBrse'$C an! sen! t . t& t&e %asBa't#4 .. Seek medical treatment immediately. ". 5eep the casualty calm. %. (ash the area. '. 7pply ice or a freeze pack, if available. ). Seek medical treatment. ". (ash the area. %. 7pply ice or a freeze pack, if available. '. 7pply baking soda, calamine lotion, or meat tenderizer to the bite site to relieve pain and itching. ). If site of bite9s< or sting9s< is on the face, neck 9possible airway blockage<, or genital area, or if reaction is severe, or if the sting is by the dangerous Southwestern scorpion, keep the casualty as uiet as possible, administer an antidote if needed and seek immediate medical aid. ". If the stinger is present, remove by scraping with a knife or finger nail. #8 28* s ueeze venom sack on stinger, more venom may be in!ected. %. (ash the area. '. 7pply ice or freeze pack, if available. ). If allergic signs or symptoms appear, be prepared to administer an antidote and seek medical assistance. ". ;leanse the wound thoroughly with soap or detergent solution. %. 4lush bite well with water. '. ;over bite with a sterile dressing. ). Immobilize in!ured extremity. ,. *ransport casualty to a medical treatment facility. -. 4or animal bites, without endangering yourself or damaging the animal$s head, kill the animal and send its head with the casualty. .. 4or human bites, try to extract some of the attacker$s saliva from the wound and send that in a sealed, identified container with the casualty. ". @ently clean affected area two to three times daily. (ash clothing. %. 7pply topical antiAitch lotion or ointment as needed, and cover. '. 7void scratching the area. ). 8bserve for signs of infection 9increasing redness, tenderness, warmth to touch<. ,. Seek medical attention if rash persists or signs of infection develop.

=rown recluse or black widow, spider bite *arantula bite, scorpion sting, ant bite

(asp or bee sting

&uman and 8ther animal =ites

:oison Ivy, 8ak, Sumac

16-124 30IS0N0US 32ANT IDENTI(I+ATI0N4 :oison plants include, among others, poison ivy, oak, and sumac, as well as a few more such as stinging nettles, which we will not discuss here 94igure "- -<. a. :oison Ivy. :oison ivy is grows as a vine or shrub. *he compound leaves of poison ivy have three pointed leaflets. *he middle one has a much longer miniAstalk than the two side ones. *he leaflet edges can be smooth or toothed but are rarely lobed 9lobed leaves look something like a hand with fingers<. *he leaves vary greatly in size, from "E' inc h to !ust over % inches long. In spring, the leaves appear reddish. *hey turn green in the summer, and turn red, orange, and yellow in fall. Small gr eenish flowers grow in bunches right where the leaf !oins the main stem. *he flowers are later replaced by clusters of poisonous white, waxy, plump, droopy fruit. b. :oison 8ak. :oison oak is a widespread deciduous shrub throughout mountains and valleys of 2orth 7merica, generally below ,,111 feet elevation. It commonly grows as a climbing vine with airy roots that cling to the trunks of oaks and sycamores. :oison oak can also form dense thickets. 6eaves typically have three leaflets 9sometimes five<, with the terminal one on a slender miniAstalk, as opposed to 3astern poison ivy, whose terminal leaf is often on a longer miniAstalk, and whose leaves tend to be less ragged and serrated 9less Ooak likeO<. 6ike many members of the sumac family 97nacardiaceae< new foliage and autumn leaves often turn brilliant shades of pink and red. c. :oison Sumac. :oison sumac is a woody perennial shrub or small tree. It grows from , to %, feet tall, and favors swampy areas. *o identify it, look for the fruit that grows between the leaf and the branch. 6ook for red stems that stay red all year. 6eaves grow ad!acent to each other and grow in odd numbers totaling ,A "' per stem. *hey have a glossy, waxy look and they turn bright red and orange during the fall. ( gBre 16-64 30IS0N0US 32ANTS

16-164 (00T +ARE4 Bse moleskin to prevent blisters prior to movement or foot march. #rain large blisters. ;lean area, puncture with needle, drain blister. :lace moleskin over area. 8bserve for signs of infection. 5eep feet as clean and dry as possible. Bse foot powder and change socks. 6et feet air dry as mission permits. 16-174 2ITTER4 *he proper procedures for employing a litter followF a. Unro'' Stret%&er 9"< Remove the stretcher from the pack and place on the ground. 9%< Bnfasten retainer strap, step on foot end of the stretcher, and unroll the stretcher completely, to the opposite end. 9'< =end the stretcher in half and back roll. Repeat with opposite end. *he stretcher will lay flat and is ready to load patient. b. 3'a%e 3at ent on t&e Stret%&er

16 C 7

9"< Log &oll 2ethod. 9a< :lace stretcher next to patient. 3nsure head end of stretcher is ad!acent to head of patient. :lace all straps under stretcher. 9b< 6og roll patient and slide stretcher as far under patient as possible. @ently roll patient down onto stretcher. : < ,lide patient to enter of stret her( Be sure to $eep patients spin al column as straight as possible. 9d< :ull straps out from under stretcher and secure patient. 9%< %lide 2ethod. 9a< :osition foot end of stretcher at head of patient. :/< Iave one res uer straddle stret her and support patients head, ne $, and shoulders. 9c< @rasp foot straps of stretcher and slide stretcher under patient. 9d< ;enter patient on stretcher and secure patient. c. Se%Bre 3at ent 9"< 6ift sides of stretcher and fasten the four cross straps to the buckles directly opposite the str aps. 9%< 4eed foot straps thru unused grommets at foot end of stretcher, and then fasten the straps to the buckles. 9'< 4or horizontal prepare stretcher for horizontal liftE descent, use two nylon webbing straps rated at 0,111 pounds each. *he head strap is 6 shorter than foot strap and is used at head end of stret her only( 9)< Insert one end of head strap thru lift slot at head end of stretcher. 9,< =ring strap under stretcher and thru slot on opposite side of stretcher. 9-< 3 ualize length of strap. Repeat procedure with other strap at foot end of stretcher. 9.< 3 ualize all four straps and secure to large steel locking carabiner. N0TEF Bse this procedure only after loading the patient and properly securing them in the stretcher. d. 3re@are Stret%&er $or 9ert %a' 2 $t> Des%ent4 N0TEF 7 '1Afoot length of 7H L stati $ernmantle rope "ith a figure L $not tied in the enter is used to configure stretcher for vertical leftE descent. 9"< :ass each end of the rope thru grommets at the head end of the stretcher. :ull the knot up against the stretcher. 9%< ;ontinue feeding rope thru unused grommets and carrying handles all the way to the foot end of the stretcher. 3nsure both ends of rope are even. 9'< :ass the rope ends thru grommets at the foot end of stretcher from the inside outward. *ie the ends of the rope together with a s uare knot. 9)< =ring ends of rope up over end of stretcher. :ass thru carrying handles and secure with a s uare knot. Safety each side with an overhand knot. e. Use +arab ner to +o"@'ete 2 $t4 4asten a large locking carabiner on the 4igure / located on the head end of the stretcher to accomplish the lift

16-154 HYDRATI0N AND A++2IMATIOATI0N4 Tab'e 16-5 shows strategies for minimizing dehydration and increasing acclimatization and good hydration practices. Tab'e 16-54 HYDRATI0N MANA*EMENT AND A++2IMATIOATI0N

STRATE*Y
Start early Mimic the training environment climate 3nsure ade uate heat stress

SU**ESTI0NS (0R IM32EMENTATI0N

". Start at least " month prior to school. %. =e flexible and patientF performance benefits take longer than physiological benefits. ". In warm climates, acclimatize in the heat of day. %. In temperate climates, work out in a warm room wearing sweats. ". Induce sweating. %. (ork up to "11 minutes of continuous physical exercise in the heat. =e patient. *he first few days, you may not be able to go the full "11 minutes without resting. '. 8nce you can comfortably exercise for "11 minutes in the heat, then continue doing so for seven days. (ork up to at least fourteen days, and increase your exercise intensity each day 9loads, or training runs<. ". +our thirst mechanism will improve as you acclimatize to the heat, but you will still under drink if you wait until you feel thirst. %. 7cclimatizing to heat increases your water re uirementsX '. #ehydration offsets most benefits of physical fitness and heat acclimatization. ). +ou will sweat out more electrolytes during the first week of heat acclimatization, so add salt to your food or drink electrolyte solutions. ,. 7 convenient way to learn how much water your body needs to replace is to weigh yourself before and after the "11 minutes of exercise in the heat. 4or each pound lost, you should drink about oneAhalf uart of fluid so, for example, if you lose / pounds, / times "E% uart R ) uarts or one gallon of fluid. -. #o not skip meals, as this is when your body replaces most of its water and salt losses.

*each yourself to drink and eat

16-164 =0R:, REST, AND =ATER +0NSUM3TI0N4 Tab'e 16-6 shows a work, rest, and water consumption table. *he guidance applies to the average size, heatAacclimated Ranger wearing 7;B 9not hot weather gear, except as noted<. *he work and rest times and fluid replacement volumes shown will help the Ranger sustain his performance and hydration for at least ) hours of work in the specified heat category. 4luid needs can vary based on individual differences 9give or take one uart per hour<. a. INLI means that there is no limit to work time per hour. I&estI means minimal physical activity such as sitting or standing, preferably in the shade. b. ;onsume no more than "., uarts of fluid per hour, and no more than "% uarts per day. c. If you are wearing body armor in a humid climate, then add ,Y 4 to the (=@*. If wearing M8:: ) clothing, add "1Y 4 to the (=@*. d. (ork categories include easy, moderate, and hard. "< )asy /ork. *his includes, for example, maintaining weapons? walking on hard surfaces at %., mph with a load of no more than '1 pounds? participating in marksmanship training? and participating in drills or ceremonies. %< 2oderate /ork. *his includes, for example, walking in loose sand at %., mph 9maximum< or with no load? walking on a hard surface at '., mph 9maximum< with a load weighing no more than )1 pounds? performing calisthenics? patrolling? or conducting individual movement techni ues such as the low or high crawl. '< 'ard /ork. *his includes, for example, walking on a hard surface at '., mph with a load weighing )1 or more pounds? walking in loose sand at %., mph while carrying a load? and conducting field assaults.

16 C 5

Tab'e 16-64 =0R:, REST, AND =ATER +0NSUM3TI0N TA)2E

EASY =0R:
HEAT +ATE*0RY 1 4 :*'>>8< 7 :T>220W< 6 :'>1< 5 :B2)CK< =)*T INDE?, IN DE*REES (AHRENHEIT 7L to L1(5 L4 to L6(5 55 to L7(5 LL to L5(5 5; or more =0R:> REST 82 82 82 82 5;H 1; min =ATER INTA:E A8T> HC ;(5; ;(5; ;(75 ;(75 1(;;

M0DERATE =0R:
=0R:> REST 82 5;H 1; 6;H 4; 7;H 7; 4;H 6; =ATER INTA:E A8T> HC ;(75 ;(75 ;(75 ;(75 1(;;

HARD =0R:
=0R:> REST 6;H 4; 7;H 7; 7;H 7; 4;H 6; 1;H 5; =ATER INTA:E A8T> HC ;(75 1(;; 1(;; 1(;; 1(;;

16 C 11

A@@en! G A

RES0UR+ES

)C1

)C7

)C5

)C7

)C5

) C 11

) C 17

) C 15

) C 17

2EADER5S RE+0NNAISSAN+E

) C 15

A@@en! G )

8UI+: RE(EREN+E +ARDS

BC1

BC7

BC5

BC7

BC5

*20SSARY
1SG &/C01 &/201 &/S01 AA AAR AATF ABCDE ACE ACL ACP ACU ADA AG ATC ALT AMC 'mm3 ANCD AO AOO AR ABF ATL ATM 4'!5'*3)( t3)6(73 first sergeant Con$ r", C'ear, Ca'', Cor!on, Contro' 9rea!tions to !onta!t :it" an IED< 2&o, 2&at, 2&ere, 2&en , 2&#M S ear%&, S 'en%e, S egregate, S a$egBar!, S @ee! to rear 9r #es 5or "and#ing prisoners< avenue9s< of approach afterAaction review air assault task force method of identification and response to lifeAthreatening conditionsF A r.a#, Breat& ng, C r%B'at on, D sab ' t#, EG@osBre ammunition, casualties, and e uipment allowable combat load aerial checkpoint 7rmy combat uniform air defense artillery assistant gunner air traffic controller? a mechanical belay device that locks down on itself when tension is applied in opposite directions alternate air mission commander ammunition automated netAcontrol device area of operations actions on the ob!ective automatic rifleman attack by fire 7lpha team leader 7lpha *eam 7 manually emplaced, ".,Ameter long explosiveAfilled tube used to breach wire and detonate simple, pressureAactivated antipersonnel mines. *en tubes will clear a "A by ",Ameter lane. 7ny action taken to stop a climber$s fall or to control the rate a load descends =inoculars begin morning nautical twilight battalion belay that uses the belayer$s body to apply friction by routing the rope around the his body knot used to secure a climber to the end of a climbing rope

4(*'8 4 !31 BMNT BN 4378 4(*'8 439 * !( 3! ' :3 *

*lossary C 1

battle position knot used to !oin the ends of detonation cords from multiple charges to one initiation system BTC bridge team commander BTL =ravo *eam leader BTM =ravo *eam C2 command and control CAS close air support CASE.AC casualty evacuation CCA close combat attack CCIR commander$s critical information re uirements CCP casualty collection point CDR commander CDS ;amp #arby Special 93ap< CLS combat lifesaver CO company COA course of action COMSEC communications security :3)7(*(tt( short section of static rope or static cord. A#so !a##ed Os' ng ro@eO COTS commercial off the shelf CP command post CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation C>C close uarters combat CS combat support CSS o9so#ete; no: re5erred to as sustainment CTT common task test DAR designated area of recovery DOL direction of landing 73<4*( F 5<)( 8 =!3t knot used to form a fixed loop in the end of the rope? loops are large enough to insert a carabiner 73<4*( 3?(),'!7 =!3t knot used to secure the end of detonation cord DP duty position? decision point 9depending on context< DST distance DTG dateAtime group 78!'m : )36(1 one of two classifications of kernmantle rope? used for climbing? see a#so stat % ro@e D@ drop zone EA engagement area EEFI essential elements of friendly information EENT end evening nautical twilight E!7/3f/t,(/R36( C*3?( H t:,intermediate anchor knot that re uires constant tension BP B) t 1, ;<!:t 3! =!3t

E!7/3fAt,(AR36( P)<1 = ENY EP2 FA FDC FFIR F 5<)( 8 1* 6 =!3t FLIR FLOT FO FPF FRAGO FSC FSO GOT2A

GPS GRN HDG HE H/H3<) HI HPT H> IA2 ICM ID IP IR ERRP BAAT BD +IA LA2 LB. LD

knot used to attach a movable rope to a fixed rope? see a#so M !!'e-o$Dt&eDRo@e 3rBs enemy enemy prisoner of war field artillery fire direction center friendly force information re uirements knot used to form an ad!ustable bight in the middle of a rope forward looking infrared forward line of own troops forward observer final protective fires fragmentary order fire support coordinator fire support officer G (here leader is @oing O 8thers he is taking with him T *ime he plans to go 2 (hat to do if the leader does not return in time A 3he units and the leaders a tions on han e onta t "hile the leader is gone global positioning system grenadier heading high explosive hit hour 9the time the unit plans to accomplish the mission< high temperature 9weather< highApayoff target head uarters in accordance with improved conventional munitions identification initial point information re uirements en route to release point !oint air attack team >ulian date killed in action light antiarmor weapon loadAbearing vest line of departure

*lossary C 7

LDA LO LOA LOGSTAT LP L@ m't() '* f':t3) m4 MDI ME m(:,'! :'* 4(*'8 MEDE.AC METL METT/TC M 77*(A 3fAt,(AR36( C*3?( H t:, M 77*(/3f/t,(/R36( P)<1 = MG MOPP MR MRE MS MSD MSL M<!t() , t:, NATO NA. NFA NLT N.D N.S OA+OC OBB 3::*<1 ?( 7)(11 !5 OD OOM OP

linear danger area low temperature 9weather< limit of advance logistical status listening post landing zone the strength, hardness, and mass of the material to be demolished millibar 9a metric unit used to measure air pressure< modernized demolition initiator main effort a belay that uses mechanical devices to help the belayer control the rope, as in rappelling medical evacuation missionAessential task list mission, enemy, terrain 9and weather<, troops 9and support< available, time available, and civil considerations knot that secures the middle of a rope to an anchor knot that attaches a movable rope to a fixed rope, anywhere along the length of the fixed rope? see a#so En!-o$Dt&eDRo@e 3rBs machine gunner missionAoriented protective posture moonrise meal, ready to eat moonset minimum safe distance mean sea level commonly used belay that re uires little e uipment 2orth 7tlantic *reaty 8rganization navigation noAfire area no later than nightAvision device night vision system observation and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, observation, and cover and concealment ob!ective a dressing that seals a wound from air or bacteria olive drab order of movement observation post

OPORD OPS+ED ORP OT PB PCC precombat inspection PDF principal direction of fire PI PIR PL PLD PLOT/CR PLT POL PRI 6)3t(:t 3! PSG PSI P@ R RCS RACO RAP )'66(* 1('t RED RE> )()3<t(7 f 5<)( 8 =!3t RFA RFL RFLM RHB ROE )3<!7 t<)! 9 t, t93 ,'*f , t:,(1 RP RTO S/2 S/3

operation order operational schedule ob!ective rally point observerAtarget patrol base precombat checks PCI

probability of incapacitation priority intelligence re uirements platoon leader probable line of deployment purpose, location, observer, trigger, communication method, resources 9a format for planning fire support< platoon petroleum, oils, and lubricants primary a piece of e uipment, natural or artificial, that is used to construct an anchor platoon sergeant pounds per s uare inch pickup zone rifleman reconnaissance and surveillance rear area combat operations rocketAassisted pro!ectile a rope harness used in rappelling and climbing riskAestimate distance re uired anchor knot that also attaches a climber to a climbing rope restrictive fire area restrictive fire line rifleman Ranger &andbook rules of engagement a constant tension anchor knot release point radio operator intelligence staff officer operations staff 9and training< officer

*lossary C 5

SALUTE SA2 SBF SDT SE SEAD SITREP SITTEMP SL 1* !5 )36( SLLS SOC SOI SOP SP 1D<')( =!3t SR SS STANO 1t't : )36(1 SUR.I.AL

S ,e, A%t / t#, Lo%at on, Un tEUn $or", T "e, and EEB @"ent s uad automatic weapon support by fire 9position< selfAdevelopment test supporting effort suppression of enemy air defenses Situation Report situational template s uad leader short section of static rope or static cord. 7lso called OcordeletteO Sto@, Loo-, L sten, S"e'' succession of command signal operating instructions standing operating procedures start point knot used to !oin two ropes of e ual diameter? used to !oin the ends of the detonation cord to the explosive sunrise sunset surveillance, target ac uisition, and night observation one of two classifications of kernmantle rope? used where rope stretch is undesired, and when the rope is sub!ected to heavy static weight. See a#so dynamic rope S Size up the situation, your surroundings, your physical condition, and your e uipment. U 9ndue haste ma$es "asteB dont /e too eager to move( Plan your moves( R Remember where you are in relation to important friendly and locations and critical resources . Can uish fear and panic. I Improvise. +ou can improve your situation. Bse what you have. Bse your Imagination. . Calue your life. Remember your goalF to get out alive. Remain stubborn. Refuse to give in to problems and obstacles that face you. *his will give you the mental and physical strength to endure. A 7ct like the natives? watch their daily routines. (hen, where, and how do they get foodM (here they get waterM L 6ive by your wits. 6earn basic skills. used to move personnel and e uipment over rivers, ravines, chasms, and up or down a vertical obstacle tactical air controller depends on the location and tamping of the charge using safe and proper e uipment and techni ues to climb on a rock formation in parties of two or more used to anchor rope on highAload installations such as bridging

sBs@ens on tra/erse TAC t'm6 !5 f':t3) t(:,! :'* :* m4 !5 t(!1 3!*(11 '!:,3)

TL TLP TL TOC t) 6*( )3** =!3t TTP <* =!3t .IEL 2ARNO 2BGT 2FF1 2IA EO 2SL

team leader troopAleading procedures team leader tactical operations center knot used to !oin branches of detonation cord tactics, techni ues, and procedures knot used to securely fasten detonation cord to explosive video image crosslink warning order wet bulb globe temperature warfighting functions 9fire support, movement and maneuver, protection, command and control, and sustainment< wounded in action executive officer weapons s uad leader

*lossary C 7

INDE?
5 Cs, L=" abatis, ,="" 9illus< )BCs, 16=" aboveground fire, ")=%% acclimatization, "-=0 9illus< accountability, "=7;3 report, "=), .="), .=". actions at danger areas, "=' at halts, -=,, -=. in the ob!ective area, "=', "=, in the patrol base, "=', "=,, "=on the ob!ective, .=,, .=. 9illus<, .=0, .="% 9illus<, .=",, .=". 7&="S ;obra, ",=", 9illus< 7&=-)7 7pache, ",="9illus< aid and litter team, .=% air assault formations, ",=% 9illus< movement annex, %=". traffic controller, 0=",< aircraft capabilities and limitations, '="1 re uest, ==' 9illus< air tasking order special instructions 97*8S:I2S<, ")=" airway management, "-=" alert plan, .="0 alternate routes, .=' alternating bounds, -=% ambush, .="1, .="", .="% boards, 7A". 9illus< deliberate, .A", 9illus< formations, .A"" 9illus< S8:, 7A"- 9illus< types, .A"1 ammunition, %A"1 planning, "1A"" anchoring traverse rope, 0A%1 9illus< anchors, 0A, annexes, %A". antennas, )A-, )A ., )A/ base, )A0 9illus< field expedient, )A/ 9illus<, )A0, )A"1 9illus<, )A"" 9illus< length considerations, )A"% whip, )A. wire, )A. 7pache , 7&A-)7, ",A",, ",A"- 9illus< approach march, .A%', .A%) to building or breach point, "%A. area ambush, .A"1, .A"% reconnaissance, .A, through .A0 7rmy aviation coordination checklist, %A%artificial anchors, 0A" protection, 0A) 9illus<, 0A- 9illus< assault element, .A%, .A"1, .A",, .A"-, .A". assumption of command, "A/ 7*8S:I2S, ")A" attachments and detachments, %A"% attack helicopters, ",A", automated net control device 972;#<, )A", )A, avenues of approach, %A', "%A, aviation operations, ",A" ) backbrief, %A) battle drills, /A" beaching a boat, "'A) beaten zone, "1A% begin morning nautical twilight 9=M2*<, %A"", %A%' =e, 5now, #o, "A" 9illus< belays, 0A"' =ig #ipper, ")Abites, "-A=lackhawk , B&A-17, ",A"/ blasting caps, ,A' bleeding, "-A% boats, crew positions on, "'A- 9illus< body belay, 0A"' rappel, 0A%% 9illus< bounding overwatch, -A%, -A' 9illus<, -A) 9illus< box method, .A0 9illus< breach. mined wire obstacle, /=%, point, approach to, "%=. breaching charge, ,=. material factors, ,="1 through ,=") radius 9R<, ,="" 9illus< break contact, /=breathing, "-=% bridges, 0=', 0="., "'=" british !unction, ,=. 9illus< buddy teams, .=% burns, "-=' burst of fire, "1=% butchering large game, ")=". 9illus< + call for fire, '=,, '=/ 9illus< camming device, 0=) 9illus< camouflage, ")=% capsize drill, "'=/ captured documents, %=, carabiner9s<, 0=%, 0=%) 9illus<, 0=%, 9illus< care under fire, "-=" cargo helicopters, ;&=).= ;hinook, ",="0 9illus< carry techni ue, "%=;assiopeia, ")=- 9illus< casualty collection point 9;;:<, "=' criterion, '=' evacuation 9;7S3C7;<, %="' feeder card, ==" 9illus< report, "=% cavity, ,=, ;ayuse , 8&=-7, ",=") 9illus< ;&=).= ;hinook, ",="0 9illus< chain gun, '1 mm, '="1 charge bare, ,=/ 9illus< breaching, ,=/, ,=0, ,="1 9illus< material factor 95<, ,="1 9illus< expedient, ,=) through ,=9illus< internal or external, ,="' 9illus<, ,=") 9illus< ring, ,="" 9illus< size, cutting timber, ,="" 9illus< timber cutting, ,="% 9illus< checklist coordination ad!acent unit, %="aviation, %=%., %=%/, fire support. %=", forward unit, %=%,

Index A "

intelligence, %=%) rehearsal area, %=%chemlights, "%=0 chillblain, "-=, ;hinook, ;&=).=, ",="0 9illus< circulation, "-=" civilians, "%=, classes of fire, "1=' through "1=. 9illus< clear a room, /="/ climbing commands, 0=", 9illus< close air support, '=/, '=0 9illus<, '="1 9illus< combat attack 9;;7<, '="1, '="" uarters combat, "%=;love &itch, 0=0, 0="1 ;oal Sac, ")=. 9illus< ;obra , 7&="S, ",=", cold in!uries, "-=, 9illus< cobra head, )="1 9illus< combat intelligence, %=, patrols, .=%, .=0 commando crawl, 0="., 0="/ 9illus< common sense, .=" communication, )=", ")=% desert, ",="" compass man, .=% complete plan, %=, concrete, breaching charges for, ,=0 9illus< conduct a detailed mission analysis, %=% cone of fire, "1=% constant tension anchor knot, 0=/ 9illus< constellations, ")=- 9illus<, ")=. 9illus< contingency plan, .=) converging routes method, .=0 9illus<

conversion factors, materials other than concrete, ,="1 9illus< convoy operations, ""=" coordinated fires, .=", cordelette, See s#ing rope and stati! rope, 0=' cords, 0=' correction of errors, '=. course of action, %=%, %=' cover and concealment, %=', "%=, coxswain, duties, "'=crossing a small open area, 7="1 9illus< crossing site, "'=) current, "'=0 D #7 4orm "",,, "=% #7 4orm "",-, "=% #7 4orm ,,".=R, ==. 9illus< #akota fire hole, ")=%% 9illus< danger area, "=', -=. through -="1, 7=/, 7=0 dead space, "=), "1=' water, "'=/ deadfall trap, ")=") 9illus< debarkation, "'=-, "'=/ 9illus< defense, "1=0 in urban operations, "%=% definitions, .=", "1=% dehydration, "-=, delay, '=" demolition, ,=" explosives, ,=% knots, ,=. team, .=% density altitude, mountain, ",="%

descender carabiner wrap, 0=%' 9illus<, 0=%)9illus<, 0=%, 9illus< figure /, 0=%%, 0=%' 9illus< desert, ")=/, ",="" detonation 9firing< systems, ,=) detonation point, ,=, diamond formation, ",=' 9illus< direct fire, /=", /=%, /=, dismounted mobility, 0=" distribution of fire, "1="1 documents, captured, %=drag noose snare, ")="' 9illus< duties, responsibilities, actions, "=% through "=/ dynamic ropes, 0=' E edibility test, ")=0 embarkation, "'=end evening nautical twilight 9332*<, .=%% end=fed antenna, )=/ enfilade fire, "1=, en route recorder, .=% enter and clear a room, /="/ a trench to secure a foothold, /=%" environmental in!uries, "-= ) 9illus< e uipment, )=", .=%% mountain, ",=". navigation, "'=0 personnel and, "'=, poncho raft, "'=) rescue, 0=% rope bridge, 0=". suspension traverse, 0=%1 wet crossing 98ne Rope =ridge<, "'="

essential elements of friendly information 9334I<, %="' estimate process, %=' evacuation team, 0=" evasion, ")=" expedient antenna, )=/ explosives, ,=) through ,=9illus< exploitation, "%=% explosives demolition, ,=% 9illus< expedient, ,=) through ,=, 9illus< extremities, "-=% ( factor 5, ,="1 9illus< 4alse ;ross, ")=. 9illus< fan method, .=0 9illus< field artillery, '=% 9illus< sanitation, -=field=expedient 943< omnidirectional antennas, )=/ figure / descender, 0=%%, 0=%' 9illus< double, 0="" rerouted, 0="" 9illus< slip knot, 0="% 9illus< final protective fire 94:4<, "1=% protective line 94:6<, "1=%, ==- 9illus< fire aboveground, ")=%% classes, "1=' through "1=. 9illus< commands, "1="" control, "1="1 #akota fire hole, ")=%% fixed, "1=. laying methods, ")=%' 9illus< lean=to, ")=%" 9illus<

site preparation, ")=%" superiority, /=", support, "=/, '=", '=,, -=) coordination checklists, %=%, overlay, '=', '=) 9illus<, '=, traversing and searching, "1=. first aid, "-=" fishing, ")="1 9illus< five phases of truck movement, ""=" fixed fire, "1=. protection, 0=' 9illus< flank security, .="% flanking fire, "1=, food animals, processing, ")=", through ")= "/ 9illus< insects, ")="1 meat, smoking, ")="0 9illus< plants, ")=0, ")="1 snakes, ")=",, ")="- 9illus< foot care, "-=. force protection, %="' forced stop, ""=/ 9illus<, ""=0 9illus< formations, -=", 7=air assault, ",=% 9illus< and orders of movement, 7=9illus< boat, "'=0, "'="1 9illus< landing, ",="% formula antenna size, )="% 9illus< charge size, ,="" 9illus< conversion factors, ,="1 9illus< fallen tree obstacle,

,="% 9illus< internal charge, ,="' safe distances for large charges, ,=/ size of charge to breach concrete, masonry, rock, ,=0 9illus< forward observer 948<, "=/ 9illus< fragmentary order 94R7@8<, .="), .=",, .=". free gun, "1=. fre uency ranges, )=) frontal fire, "1=, frostbite, "-=, full spectrum operations, "%=" fundamentals of movement, -=) of reconnaissance, .=, fuse igniter, M/", ,=' * game, ")=", through ")="/ 9illus< gill net, ")="1 9illus< grapeshot charge, ,=9illus< graphic training aid 9@*7<, 1.=1"=1'/, ==% 9illus< grenades, /="/ ground movement plan, ""=% slope, ",=0, ",="1 9illus< tactical plan, ""=%, ",=" H halts, -=. heat in!uries, "-=) heavy formation, ",=' 9illus<, ",=) 9illus< helicopters, ",="' 9illus< through ",="0 9illus< attack, ",=", 9illus< cargo, ",="0 9illus<

observation, ",="' 9illus< utility, ",=". 9illus< &ellfire missile, '="1 hide site, ")=% high=carry techni ue, "%=hole=up area, ")=% hydration, "-=0 9illus< hypothermia, "-=, I I3#EBH8 report, ==) 9illus< immediate assault, /=" implied task, %=%, .=' improvised explosive device 9I3#<, /=" shaped charge, ,=), ,=, 9illus< indirect fire, '=", /=%/ !nfantry 2eaders 'eferen e ;ard, ==% 9illus< inflation of watercraft, "'=, initial evasion point, ")=" planning and coordination, .=" initiating 9priming< systems, ,=' in!uries, "-=) through "-=9illus< inspection, %=,, "'=" insulator, )=. intelligence, %=,, %=%) interdiction, '=" intermediate anchor knot ;love &itch, 0=/, 0=0 9illus< internal charge, ,="', ,=") Iro uois, B&="&, ",=". 9illus< island, "'=/ issue a warning order, %=the complete order, %="1

: key terrain, %=), "%=, 5iowa, 8&=)/#, ",="' 9illus< knock out bunker, /=", knots demolition, ,=. double figure /, 0="" 9illus< double overhand, ,=. 9illus< 3nd=of=the=;love &itch, 0=/, 0=0 9illus< 3nd=of=the=Rope :rusik, 0="% 9illus< figure / slip, 0="% 9illus< Middle=of=the=Rope ;love &itch, 0=0 9illus< Middle=of=the=Rope :rusik, 0="' 9illus< rappel seat, 0="1 rerouted figure /, 0="" 9illus< round turn, 0=/ 9illus< s uare, 0=/ 9illus< uli, ,=. 9illus< 2 laid rope, 0=' landing formations, ",=0 landing plan, ",=" sites, "'=., ",="", ",="% zones, ",=" landings, desert, ",="" large open danger area, 7=0 9illus< laying a fire, ")=%", ")=%% 9illus<, ")=%' 9illus< lazy (, ")=) lead team, -=leaders re onnaissan e, .=), 7="/ 9illus< leadership, "=", .=" lean=to, ")="0, ")=%1 9illus<, ")=%" 9illus< lifesaving steps, "-="

Index A '

lift or shift fires, .="' liftoffs, desert, ",="" limit, '=" line of sight, )=), "1=% linear ambush, .="1 danger area, -=., -=/ 9illus<, 7=/ 9illus< linkup, .="/, 7=. 9illus< litter, "-=. live, virtual, and constructive training, "%=' loading plan, ""=% procedure, 0=% se uence, B&=-1, ",=. 9illus< locking down a room, "%=. locking snare loop, ")="', ")=") 9illus< logroll method, 0=% long count, "'=- 9illus<, "'=. halt, -=. =range surveillance, .=,, "%=, low=carry techni ue, "%=6=shaped ambush, .="1 M M/" fuse igniter, ,=' machine guns, "1=" 9illus< M%, "1=/, "1="1 M%)1=, "1=", "1=/ M%)0, "1=", "1=/, "1="1 M5 "0, "1=/, "1="1 effective ranges, "1=" 9illus< ordinate, "1=%, "1=' 9illus< main body, -=, make a tentative plan, %=% malfunction, weapon, "%=maneuver, '=', .=0 element, "1=0

mark, '=matches, ,=' material factor 5, ,="1 9illus< meat, smoking, ")="0 9illus< mechanical belay, 0=") 9illus< medic, "=.9illus<, -=medical evacuation 9M3#3C7;<, nine=line report, ==0 9illus< plan, -=re uest, ==' 9illus< memory aids, @8*(7, .=) 9illus< mess plan, .=%% message to observer, '=. method of engagement, '=of fire, "1="" of fire and control, '=M3**=*;, -=,, "%=) military mountaineering, 0=" minimum safe distances, ,=/ 9illus< mission, %=" accomplishment, -=, analysis, %=%, ""=" =essential tasks, %=% grid, '=/ 9illus< preparation, .=%' receive the, %=" restarted, %=% M5 "0, "1=/, "1="1 monkey crawl, 0="0 9illus< mortars, '=% 9illus<, '=' 9illus< mountain aircraft operations, ",=" density altitude, ",="% landing sites, ",="% navigation, ",="% site assessment, ",="' winds, ",="%

mountaineering e uipment, 0=' training, 0=" movement, -=" during limited visibility conditions, -=formations, -=" plan, %="%, ""=%, ",=" techni ues, -=" to contact, .=%', "%=% munter hitch, 0=") 9illus< N 27*8 standard markings, "%=/ natural anchors, 0=, navigation, "'=0, ")=' navigator=observer method, "'=0 night vision devices, -=), -=. nine=line M3#3C7; report, ==0 9illus< 2orth star, ")=0 ob!ective actions on the, .=,, .=-, .=. 9illus< area, "=', "=, rally point 98R:<, .=), .="0, .=%1 9illus< obli ue fire, "1=, 9illus< observation helicopters, ",="' 9illus<, ",=") 9illus< observed fire reference card, ==/ 9illus< obstacles, %=', ,="%, "%=,, ",=" occupation, controlled, "1=0 offense, "1=/, "%=" offensive considerations, %=' 9illus< 8&=)/# 5iowa, ",="' 9illus< 8&=-7 ;ayuse, ",=") 9illus<

operation order 98:8R#<, %="1, %="" through %=") 9illus< pickup zone, ",=signals, ",=0 operations, %=" convoy, ""=" types, , %='1 orders. See a#so fragmentary, operation, and warning orders annexes, %=". of movement, 7=9illus< standing, 'ogers Rangers, inside front cover overlay, fire support, '=' through '=, 9illus< overwatch, -=%, -=' 9illus<, -=) 9illus< 3 packing list, %=0 9illus< paintball guns, "%=/ passive patrol base, .=%" passwords, .=' patrol, .=" base, .=%", .=%%, .=%' 9illus< personal hygiene, .=%% pickup zones, ",=", ",=9illus< pitons, 0=, 9illus< plan, .=' alert, .="0 communications, -=, completion, .=' contingency, .=) loading, ""=% medical evacuation 9M3#3C7;<, -=mess, .=%% movement, ""=% tactical, ""=%, ",=" withdrawal, .=%% planning, .=" ammunition, "1=""

completion, .=' considerations, .=%1, ")=" initial, .=', planning considerations, ")=" plant edibility, ")=0 plants, poisonous, ")=0, "-=. platoon bounding overwatch, -=%, -=' 9illus< -=) 9illus< leader, "=% 9illus<, -=8R:, .=), .="0, .=%1 9illus< sergeant, "=% 9illus<, "=', "=) 9illus<, platter charge, ,=,, ,=9illus< point ambush, .="1, .="% pointer stars, ")=- 9illus< poisonous plants, "-=. 9illus< polar, '=/ 9illus< :olaris, ")=- 9illus< poncho lean=to, ")=%" 9illus< raft, "'=) preparation actions during, "=mission, .=%% site, ")=%" primary routes, .=' principal direction of fire, "1=%, ==, 9illus< principles, .=" of leadership, "=" priorities of work, .=%" priority intelligence re uirements 9:IR<, %="' prisoners, %=probable line of deployment 9:6#<, .="' processing fish or game, ")=",

protection, 0=) 9illus< :rusik knots, 0="' 9illus< purpose, location, observer, trigger, communication, resources 9:68*=;R<, '=, 9illus< pursuit, "%=% R radiating element, )="1, )="% 9illus< radio, )=" 72E:R; ""04, )=) fre uencies, )=) 9illus< operator, "=. transmitter, )=. raid, .=", assessment, .=". 9illus< boards, 7="% 9illus< through 7==",, 9illus<, 7="0 9illus< rally point, -=., .=), .="0 rappel seat, 0="1 9illus<, 0="/, 0=%% 9illus< site selection, 0=%, rappelling, 0=%% 9illus< rate of fire, "1=" 9illus< reach, "'=0 react to ambush, /=0, /="%, ""=- 9illus<, ""=. 9illus< contact, /=", 7=% 9illus< far ambush, 7=) 9illus< indirect fire, /=%/, 7=" 9illus< near ambush, 7=' 9illus< reconnaissance, .=", .=, through .=0 method comparison, .=0 recovery operations, ""="" 9illus<

rehearsal, %=), "%=- area, %=%- coordination checklist, %=%stream crossing, "'=" release point, -=, rendezvous point, -=, repairs, )=reports, %=, rerouted figure / knot, 0="" 9illus< rescue e uipment, 0=% respect to ground, "1=', "1=) 9illus< to gun, "1=. 9illus< to target, "1=), "1=,, "1=- 9illus< responsibilities, "=%, -=restEsleep plan, .=%% restated mission, %=% resupply, .=%% reverse planning, air assaults, ",=" ring charge, ,="% 9illus< risk, '=% estimate distances 9R3#<, '=' 9illus< river, "'=/ 'ogers 'angers, inside front cover rope bridge, 0="., "'=" installations, 0=",, 0= "ropes, 0=' round=turn with two half hitches knot, 0=/9illus< route of march, -=, routes, .=', .=) 9illus< ")=" rubber boats, "'=ruler, ==/ 9illus< rules of engagement, %="', /="/ running passwords, .='

S safe distances, minimum, ,=/ 9illus< safety, ,=', ",=0 S76B*3 format, %=, sandbar, "'=0 sanitation, -=search, .=%' and attack, .=%' and rescue numeric encryption grid 9S7R23@<, ")=% team, .=% searching fire, "1=. seat=hip rappel, 0="1, 0="/ 9illus< security, "=), -=), -=-, -=., .=", 0=", "%=) continuous, .=%% element, .=', .=,, .=0, .="), .="measures, .=,, .=%" s uad, -=semipermanent protection, 0=, 9illus< shadow tip, ")=', ")=) 9illus< shelters, ")="0, ")=%1, ")=%" 9illus< shift from a known point, '=shock, "-=" tube, ,=' short count, "'=halt, -=. =range surveillance, .=/ 9illus< signals, ",=0 simplicity, "%=) site assessment, mountain, ",="' selection, .="/, .=%1, 0=%, situation.report 9SI*R3:<, "=%

Index A ,

size, activity, location, unitEuniform, time, e uipment 9S76B*3< report, %=, 9illus< skinning and butchering game, ")=", 9illus< through ")="/ sleep plan, .=%% slide method, 0=%, "-=/ sling rope, See !orda#ette and stati! rope, 0=' slings, 0=) slit trench, .=%% slough, "'=/ smoking meat, ")="0 9illus< snake bite, "-=- 9illus< snakes edible, ")=",, ")="9illus< venomous, ")="snares, ")="" drag noose, ")="' 9illus< treadle, ")="% 9illus< snow blindness, "-=, ,oldiers 2oad, 7=%' Southern ;ross, ")=. 9illus< spacing stick, )="" 9illus<, )="% 9illus< spears and fish hooks, ")="" 9illus< special teams, .=") specified task, %=% speed principle, "%=) spider bite, "-=spoilage, ")=", spray paint, "%=/ spring=loaded camming device, 0=) 9illus< s uad attack, 7="" 9illus< bounding overwatch, -=%, -=' 9illus<, -=) 9illus< leader 9S6<, "=) 9illus<, -=" 8R:, .=%1 9illus<

s uare knot, 0=0 9illus< stability, "%=% staggered trail formation, ",=%, ",=, 9illus< staging plan, ""=", ",=" stance, "%=standard range card, ==. 9illus< standards of movement, -=) standing operating procedure 9S8:<, "=%, ambush, 7="2ato markings,"%=/ s uad ammunition, %="1 ,tanding 0rders, 'ogers Rangers, inside front cover standoff, ,=, static rope, See !orda#ette and s#ing rope, 0=' stealth, -=) stop, look, listen, smell 9S66S<, -=. stream crossing annex, %= %" stretcher, 0=%, "-=/ subordinate guidance, %=0 9illus< successive bounds, -=%, -=' 9illus< supervise and refine, %=) support=by=fire position, "1=0 suppress, obscure, secure, reduce, assault 9S8SR7<, /=%" suppression, /=/ 9illus< surface conditions, ",=", ",=0 surprise, "%=) surveillance, .=, team, .=%, Z"%=, survival, ")=', ")=/, ")=0 9illus<

suspension traverse, 0=%1 9illus<, 0=%" 9illus<, 0=%% 9illus< swinging traverse, "1=. T tactical cross=loading, ""=% loading se uence, B& =-1, ",=/ 9illus< marches, -=, unloading se uence, B& =-1, ",=/ 9illus< tamping factor 9;<, ,="" 9illus< target description, '=/ location, '=, overlays, '=' task organization, .=", 0=", ""=%, "%=", standards, .=,, .=%) tasks, .=' to maneuver units, .=0 to subordinate units, %=team leader 9*6<, "=- 9illus< temperate zones, ")=, tensionless anchor, 0=,, 0=. 9illus< tentative 8R:, .="0, .=%1 9illus< plan, %=% tepee, fire, ")="0 9illus< terrain model, %='1, %='" 9illus< =dimensional battlefield, -=, =point anchor, 0=9illus< timber=cutting charges 9external<, ,="" thru ,=") 9illus< time, "%=, schedule, %=0, %="' 9illus< *2* 9:<, ,="" 9illus<, ,="% 9illus<, ,=") 9illus<

tools of the tactician, %=" 9illus< tracer burnout, "1=" 9illus< traditional protection, 0=) 9illus< trail team, -=tra!ectory, "1=%, "1=' 9illus< transmissions, '=/ 9illus<, ",="" 9illus< transport=tightening system, 0=". 9illus< traps and snares, ")="", through ")=") 9illus<, ")="- 9illus< traveling, -=" overwatch, -=% traversing and searching fire, "1=. treadle snare, ")="% 9illus< triple roll knot, ,=. 9illus< trip=string deadfall trap, ")= ") 9illus< troop=leading procedures 9*6:<, %=" 9illus< troubleshooting, )=truck annex, %=%% U B&="& Iro uois, ",=". 9illus< B&=-17 =lackhawk, ",="/ 9illus< uli knot, ,=. 9illus< unit tasks, %=% unloading se uence, B&=-1, ",=. 9illus< urban operations, "%=" warriors, "%=' utility helicopters, ",="., ",="/ 9illus< 9 vee formation, -=" 9illus< vehicle recovery, ""="" 9illus< venomous snakes, ")="vertical hauling line, 0="9illus<

violence of action, .=",, "%=) visual signals, .="", ",=0 = warfighting functions, %="% 9illus< war=game, %=) warning order 9(7R28<, %=%, %=-, 9illus< shock tube, ,=" wasp or bee sting, "-=watch method, ")=, 9illus< water consumption, "-=0, "-="1 9illus< discipline, -=-, ")=/ purification, ")=., ")=/ supplyEresupply, .=%% survival still, ")=0 9illus< waterborne operations, "'=" watercraft, other, "'=, weapons maintenance, .=%% s uad leader, "=, 9illus<, "1="" s uad **:, "%=/ webbing, 0=) wedge formation, -=" 9illus< wet crossing, "'=" whip antenna, )=. winds, ",="", ",="% wire antenna, )=. withdrawal, .=%%, "1=0 wolf tail, "%=0 work, rest, and water, "-=0, "-="1 9illus< zone reconnaissance, .=,, .=/, .=0 9illus<

Index A .