CONTENTS

Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page ix Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Preface and Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meanings that Lie Beneath the Material Remains 1.3 Relevance of Archaeology to Medical History 1.4 The Reason for This Book 1.5 Design of This Book 1.6 Limits of the Text 1.7 Conclusion Consideration Questions Further Reading 1 2 5 7 8 10 10 11 11

2 Background to Archaeological Theories and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.1 Dening Medical History and Archaeology 2.2 A Modern Example of Meanings Derived from Materials: A Visit to My Doctors Ofce 2.3 Evolving Archaeological Theory 2.4 Introduction to Field Methods Box 1. Excavation of a Subsidiary Healing Sanctuary to the Goddess Hygieia 2.5 Conclusion Consideration Questions Further Reading 12 13 16 20 21 28 28 28

3 Text as Material Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.1 Introduction
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3.2 The Need to Study Material Remains 3.3 Interdisciplinary Approaches to Historical Period Archaeology 3.4 Working with Texts 3.5 Textual Sources as Material Culture 3.6 Text as Material Culture 3.7 Conclusion Box 2. Accessing Collections of Textual Remains Consideration Questions Further Reading

30 31 34 36 52 53 54 56 56

4 Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Art History and Classical Archaeology 4.3 Anthropology of Art 4.4 General Questions to be Addressed of Art Objects 4.5 Specic Questions to be Addressed 4.6 Conclusion Consideration Questions Further Reading 58 60 65 67 68 83 84 84

5 Small Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Dening the Term Artefact 5.3 Problems of Classication and Identication 5.4 The Practice of Collecting Information about Material Culture 5.5 Interpretations 5.6 Conclusion Consideration Questions Further Reading 85 86 87 94 100 108 108 108

6 Healing Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

6.1 Introduction 6.2 What Does the Extant Literature Tell Us of Ancient Healing Spaces? 6.3 Identifying Sites 6.4 Identifying Attitudes towards Medicine and Hygiene in Spaces 6.5 Conclusion Consideration Questions Further Reading 110 111 115 126 134 135 135

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7 Archaeological Science. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Scientic Division in Archaeology 7.3 Bodily Remains 7.4 Ancient DNA Analysis 7.5 Stable Isotope Analysis 7.6 The Environment 7.7 Archaeobotanical Remains and Residue Samples 7.8 Metal, Ceramic, and Wood Analysis 7.9 Use-wear and Blood Analyses on Tools 7.10 Conclusion Consideration Questions Further Reading 136 137 138 148 149 150 154 156 157 158 158 158

8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

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