AnnotatedBibliography

PrimarySources

Anderson,Jack."U.S.HeardRussiansChasingU2."TheWashingtonPost[WashingtonD.C.]12 May1960:n.pag.TheEisenhowerArchives.Web.25Oct.2013. Inthispiece,columnistJackAndersonexplainswhathappenedwhilepilotFrancisPowers wasbeingchasedbySovietfighters.Andersondevelopshisexplanationbycitingactual radiorecordingsfromtheSovietfightersandUSsupersensitivelisteningdevicesalongthe SovietBorderinTurkey.Andersonintendedthispiecetogiveaclearandfactual descriptionoftheU2missilecrisisinordertostoprumorssurroundingthecrisis.The intendedaudienceofthispieceistheaverageamericancitizen.Thesourcehelpsa researcherunderstandthetopicbetterbygivingagoodprimarypointofviewonthetopic. Eisenhower,Dwight."DwightEisenhower:SummitConferenceStatement."Speech.Paris SummitConference.Paris.16May1960.FordhamUniversityModernHistory Sourcebook.Web.3Dec.2013. EisenhowerdeliveredthisspeechtoassertthattheUSwasjustinitsespionageundertaking.He doesthisbydescribinghowhehastheresponsibilitytohiscountryandalsothefreeworldto gatherinformationontheSovietsnuclearcapabilities,whichwouldhelppreventthepossibility ofasurpriseattackfromacountrythatfrequentlythreatensnuclearannihilationoftheUS. EisenhowerdeliveredthisspeechinordertorefuteKhrushchevsharsh,condemningstatements oftheUSandatreacherousanduntrustablenation.TheintendedaudienceisParisSummit

Conferenceattendeesandtheworldwidepublic.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcher understandthetopicbetterbecauseitdisplayswhattheUSfeltasitsrightsandresponsibilities inundertakingU2missions. Khrushchev,Nikita."NikitaKhrushchev:SummitConferenceStatement."Speech.Paris SummitConference.Paris.16May1960.FordhamUniversityModernHistory Sourcebook.Web.27Nov.2013. KhrushchevdeliveredthisspeechtoasserttotheworldthattheUSwasdoingwronginthere espionageactsovertheSovietUnion.Hedidthisbygivingscathingcondemnationsof Eisenhowerandhispolicies,andlaughedathowEisenhowerhadstatedthatitwashis responsibilitytocarryoutsuchacts,allunderthecrutchofnationalsecurity.Khrushchev deliveredthisspeechinordertoinformtheworldthattheSovietUnionwouldnotbeattending, solelybecausetheUSandEisenhowerwouldnotapologizefortheirtreacherousacts.The intendedaudienceisParisSummitconferenceattendeesandtheworldwidepublic.Thiswould helparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitdisplayswhytheSovietUnionfeltit necessarytotorpedotheConference,andwhattheyfeltastheirrightsinrelationtotheU2 surveillance. Osgood,Robert.StabilizingtheMilitaryEnvironment.TheAmericanPoliticalScience Review55.1(1961):2439.JSTOR.Web.23Oct.2013. OsgoodwroteStabilizingtheMilitaryEnvironmenttoexplainthedetailsofAmericanmotives behindtheU2spymissions,andtheU.S.responsestoKhrushchevaftertheU2Incident. Osgooddoesthisbygivingasuperbanalyzationonhoweachsideviewedtheconflict.Osgood wrotethearticleinordertoinformpeopleofthereasoningthatwentonbehindthescenesofthe

U2Incident.Theintendedaudienceisthosewithinterestsintheinternationalpoliticsthat surroundingtheU2Incident.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetter bygivingafactuallybasedargumentandgoingintogreatdetailofwhyeachcountrythought theywereintheright. Pearson,Lester.AftertheParisDebacle.ForeignAffairsJul.1960:537546.Print. PearsonwroteAftertheParisDebacletoassertthattheU2Incidentnegativelyaffected relationsbetweentheUSandUSSR.Pearsonaccomplishesthisbygivingmultipleexamplesof hispoint.Osgoodwrotethearticleinordertomakepeopleawareoftheimplicationsofthe incident.Thispieceisintendedforthosewhoareinterestedinlearningabouttheeffectsofthe U2Incident.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitgivesa fantasticanalysisoftheParisSummitandwhatthetheUSSRsrefusaltoattendmeanttothe world.PearsonalsogoesintodetailonwhatcausedKruschevtocancelthesummit. Riesman,David.DealingwiththeRussiansOverBerlin.TheAmericanScholar31.1 (1961):1339.JSTOR.Web.23Oct.2013 ReismanwroteDealingwiththeRussiansOverBerlintoexplainthatthetimeperiodduring whichtheU2Incidenttookplacewasextremelytense.Reismanaccomplishesthisbygiving theexampleofhowthethemuchanticipatedandplannedParisSummitwascancelledsolely becauseofjustoneincident.Reismanwrotethispieceinordertomakepeopleawareofhow influentialandfrighteningthisincidentwasasthecountryteeteredonthebrinkofwar.This articleisintendedforthosewhowanttoknowhowtheU2Incidentimpactedanalreadytense world.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopic betterbecauseitgivesexamplesoftheeffectsoftheIncident,likethelengtheningoftheCold

War. SecretaryofStateHerter.CoverPlanforU2Incident.2May1960. SecretaryofstateChristianHerterwrotethispiecetoexplaintheimmediatecoverplanfor thecauseofthedownedU2planeandthereasonforitbeinginRussia.SecretaryofState HerterexplainsthatthecoverstorywillbethattheU2planewasperformingaweather missionwhenthepilotreportedtoexperienceoxygendifficulties,andhisplaneisassumed tohavecrashed.HerterwrotethiscoverplaninorderhelptheUSsavefaceintheincident andtohelpkeeptheUSfromlookinglikeitwasspyingonRussia.ThePresident, topmilitaryofficials,andotherhigherupmembersofthegovernmentweretheintended audienceforthisexplanationofthecoverplan.Thiswouldhelptheresearcherunderstand thetopicbetterbyallowingtheresearchertoseehowUSofficialsfirstrespondedtothe crisis. SovietNotetotheUnitedStatesregardingU2SpyPlaneIncident.AvalonProjectYaleLaw.10 May1960Web.3Dec.2013 InthisnotewrittenbytheSovietGovernmenttotheUSonMay10,1960,theSoviets explaintotheUStheirsideofthestoryintheincidentanddenouncetheUSforconducting surveillanceoverflightsoftheSovietUnion.TheSovietsaccusetheUSofusingthe SovietrejectionoftheOpenSkiesAgreementasanexcusetospyontheSovietUnion. TheSovietspurposeinwritingthisletterwastoinformtheUSonhow/whytheU2 spyplanewasshotdownandtoridiculetheUSforspyingonthem.Theintendedaudience oftheletterwastheUSgovernment.Thesourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthe topicbetterbygivingtheresearcherinsightintohowtheSovietUnionfeltabouttheU2

SpyPlaneincident. StateDepartment.StateDepartmentPressRelease#249ConcerningU2Incident.Eisenhower PresidentialLibraryandMuseum.EisenhowerArchives,6May1960.Web.25Oct.2013. ThispressreleasebytheUSStateDepartmentrevealsthetextofaletterbetweentheUS andtheSovietMinistryofforeignaffairsthatisaskingaboutthesituationoftheshotdown U2planeanditspilot.ThelettershowsthattheUSwasplayingdumbaboutthesituation andthattheUSwastryingtoportraytheU2spyplaneasaNASAweatherresearchplane. TheUSsintendedpurposeinwritingthelettertotheSovietswastofindoutmore informationaboutwhathappenedinthecrashandwhatthefateofthepilotwas.The intendedaudienceoftheletterwastheSovietMinistryofForeignAffairs.Thesource wouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbybeingabletoseetheunfolding eventsoftheU2crisis. TheWhiteHouse.StatementbythePresidentregardingU2Incident.TheEisenhowerArchives. 11May1960.Web.25Oct.2013. Inthispressrelease,PresidentEisenhoweraddressestheAmericanpeopleabouttheU2 incidentandassertshisreasonsfororderingsurveillancemissionsoverSovietRussia. EisenhowergivesmanyreasonsforsupportingsurveillancemissionsoverRussia,mainly citingnationalsecurityasthetopreason.Eisenhowerwrotethispressreleasetofillinthe AmericanpeopleonwhyhesupportedspymissionsoverRussia.Theintendedaudience istheAmericanPeople.Thistopicwouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterby helpingtheresearcherunderstandEisenhowersthoughtsontheU2incident. Thompson,Kenneth.MoralPurposeinForeignPolicy:RealitiesandIllusions.Social

Research27.3(1960):261276.JSTOR.Web.22Oct.2013. ThompsonwroteMoralPurposeinForeignPolicy:RealitiesandIllusionstoexplainthat foreignpolicyhastwosidestoit:realitiesandillusions,andhowthiswasspecificallytrueduring theColdWar.Hedoesthisbygivingprimeexamplesoftreacheryanddeceit(theU2 Incident)inforeignpolicyaswellastherealitiesthatalsoexistinit.Thompsonwrotethisarticle inordertodisplayhowtheperceptionofforeignpolicyisnotalwayshowitseems,justlike howtheUSsecretlycarriedoutillegalmissionstospyonSovietRussia.Thispieceisintended forthosewhoareinterestedintheUSforeignpolicybehindtheU2Incidentaswellasthe espionageeffortsthattheSovietUnionmostdefinitelycarriedout.Thissourcewouldhelpa researcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitdisplayedthemotivesoftheUSintheU2 missions,andhowtheuseofespionagebyboththeUSandUSSRwasnotentirelydeceitfulit wasanecessaryevil. "U2GrandSlam."Map.U2FlightPlan.Print. ThisdeclassifiedmapwrittenbytheCIAshowstheplannedroutefortheU2plyplaneon thedayofthecrisis,May1,1960.TheCIAspurposeinwritingthismapwastoshowthe routeformissionGrandSlam,theintendedroutetobeflownbypilotFrancisPowers onthemissionthathewasshotdown.Theintendedaudienceofthemapwasthe Americanpeople.Thesourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterby allowingtheresearchertoseethelocationoftheU2crisisandtobeabletotracktheroute ofthedoomedplane. UnitedStates.DepartmentofState.StateDepartmentStatement.,1960.PBS.Web.1Dec. 2013.

TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofStatewrotethisstatementtoexplaintoassertthatno reconnaissancemissionshadbeenapprovedbyWashington,buttherewould(hypothetically) beagoodreasonfortheirexistence.TheDepartmentofStatedoesthisbystatingthatRussiais verysecretive(theIronCurtain),whichhasfrightenedmanycountries.TheDepartmentofState wrotethisinordertogivearesponsetoKhrushchevsaccusationsandtoswaypublicopinion. TheintendedaudienceisthepublicandtheRussiangovernment.Thissourcewouldhelpa researcherunderstandthetopicbetterbydisplayingtheUSsattemptatacoverupandstating theUSsreasonsforevencontemplatingreconnaissancemissions. USA.StateDepartment.MemorandumofConferencewiththePresident.ByA.J.Goodpaster. Vol.9.EisenhowerArchives.Web.1Dec.2013 ThismemorandumwrittenbyBrigadierGeneralA.J.GoodpasteronMay15,1960,givesa clearinsightintothethoughtsofPresidentEisenhowerandhiscabinetmembersduring theU2crisis.Goodpasterwrotethismemoranduminordertorecordthethoughtsand decisionsofEisenhowerduringthemoststressfulhoursoftheU2crisisinordertopreserve forfutureuse.Theintendedaudienceofthismemorandumistheeverydayperson whoisinterestedinthethoughtsoftheUSleadersduringthecrisis.Thesourcewouldhelp aresearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbyhelpingtheresearcherunderstandhowthe Presidentandhiscabinetmembersarguedoverthecoursesofactiontheyshouldtake. USA.StateDepartment.OfficeoftheStaffSecretary.MemorandumofConferencewiththe PresidentregardingSovietFighterCapability.EisenhowerArchives.6Sept.1960. Web.4Dec. InthismemorandumwrittenbySecretaryofStateHerteronSeptember6,1960,military

leadersasserttothepresidentthattheU2spyplaneisvirtuallyuntouchablebySoviet fightersandcannotbeshotdown.SecretaryofStateHerterwrotethismemorandumto savetheinformationfromtheconferenceforfutureuse.Thismemorandumwaswrittenfor theAmericanpeople.Thesourcegivesverygoodinsightintotheincorrectpreconceived notionthatU2planeswereuntouchableandhowtopmilitaryleadersconvinced Eisenhowerthattheplaneshouldflytopsecretsurveillancemissionsforthatreason. USA.StateDepartment.SovietOverflightsofFreeWorldAreas.ByChristianHerter.Eisenhower Archives.Web.1Dec.2013. ThisbackgroundpaperwrittenbyChristianHerterinMay1960explainsthediscussionof SovietOverflightsbetweenUSChiefsofStateandotherheadsofgovernment.Herter developsthemajorclaimbyshowingtheconversationbetweentheheadsofgovernment. HerterspurposeinrecordingthistextaboutthediscussionofSovietOverflightswasto recordthattheSovietUnionhadneverdonesurveillanceoverflightsoverUSsoil.The intendedaudienceofthisbackgroundpaperisthepersonwhoisinterestedinoverflight espionagecommittedbytheUSandUSSRduringtheColdWar.Thesourcewouldhelpa researcherunderstandthetopicbetterbyhelpingtheresearcherunderstandoverflightespionage andthefactthattheUSflewmanysurveillancemissionsoverRussia,whileRussiaflewnone overtheUS. USSR.Government.SovietNotetotheUnitedStates.,1960.PBS.Web.3Dec.2013. TheSovietGovernmentwrotethisnotetotheUnitedStatesGovernmenttoassertthatan Americanmilitaryplane(notaNASAweatherplane,astheUShadstatedearlier)hadcrossed farintoSovietterritorywiththepurposeofaggressivereconnaissance.TheSovietsdidthisby

tellingtheAmericansthattheplaneandpilotwerestillverymuchintact,andthatcamera equipmentandmapsfoundinthedownedplane(alongwithinterrogationofthepilot)gave irrefutableevidencethattheaircraftwasinfactareconnaissanceplane.TheSovietswrotethis inordertoprovetotheUSgovernmentandworldpublicthattheyknewexactlywhatwas goingon,andwouldnotlettheUnitedStatespullaveilovertheireyes.Theintendedaudience istheAmericangovernment.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetter becauseitdisplaysthefactthattheUSgovernmentwascaughtinalieregardingtheU2plane, andthatthetheSovietswereabletoexaminenearlyeverypieceofthedownedU2. USStateDepartment.StatementbytheSecretaryofStateNo.254.EisenhowerArchives.9May 9May1960.Web.2Dec.2013 ThispressreleasewrittenbySecretaryofStateChristianHerteronMay9,1960,defendsthe reasonsfortheUSconductingoverflightsoverSovietRussiaandcondemnstheSovietsfornot agreeingtotheOpenSkiesAgreement.SecretaryofStateHertersupportstheseclaimsby citingthetensionsbetweenfreecountriesoftheworldandtheSovietUnion,alongwiththefear ofsurprisenuclearattacks.Herterspurposeinwritingthepressreleasewastoinformthe AmericanpeopleonwhatwashappeningintheU2SpyPlaneCrisisandtodefendtheactof AmericansurveillanceonSovietMilitarysites.Theintendedaudienceofthispressreleasewas theAmericanpeople.Thesourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterby helpingtheresearcherunderstandtheopenskiesagreementandwhytheSovietrejectionofthe agreementledtoU2surveillanceofSovietmilitarysites. Wicker,Tom."PowersIsFreedbySovietinanExchangeforAbelU2PilotOnWayto US."TheNewYorkTimes10Feb.1962:TheNewYorkTimesOntheWeb.Web.1Dec.

2013. Wickerwrote"PowersIsFreedbySovietinanExchangeforAbelU2PilotOnWaytoUS" toinformthepublicofthespywapcurrentlytakingplacebetweendownedU2pilotGary PowersandKGBColonelRudolfAbel.Wickersdoesthisbygoingintobackgroundofeach man,includinghowtheywerecaptured,andthenlinkingitallbacktowhatwasnowhappening atthefamedGlienickebridge.Wickerwrotethisnewspaperarticleinordertoexplaintothe publicthelargelyunhearddetailsoftheswap.TheintendedaudienceissubscriberstotheNew YorkTimeswhoareinterestedinforeignaffairs.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcher understandthetopicbetterbecauseitgivesadetailedbackgroundoneachman,andalsostates thatayoungmannamedFredericL.Pryor,anAmericanstudentheldbyEastGerman authoritiessinceAugust,1961,wasalsothrowninwiththeswap. Wright,Quincy.LegalAspectsoftheU2Incident.TheAmericanJournalofInternational Law54.4(1960):836854.JSTOR.Web.23Oct.2013. WrightwroteLegalAspectsoftheU2IncidenttoarguethattheU2IncidentwasWright doesthisbypointingoutthelegalaspectsthatmustbeaccountedforinasituationsuchasthis. WrightwrotethisarticleinordertogiveararelegalviewoftheIncident.Theintendedaudience isthosewhoareinterestedinexamininginternationallawwhendealingwithespionage.This sourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitstatesthattheUSwas carryingoutillegalactions,butthesituationdemandedit,sotheUSwasintheright. "WreckageofU2SpyPlane."ArchivalFilm.1May1960.NBCLearn.Web.5September 2012.

ThisAmericannewsclipwascreatedinanattempttoshinelightontheU2Incident.Atthe time,theAmericanpublicknewverylittleofwhatwasgoingonwiththisinternationaldisaster, andNBCgavethereportonittothehungrypublic.NBCwassuccessfulinthis,asitwasshort andtothepoint,andalsoinstilledAmericanprideandresiliencetoitsviewers.Khrushchev(or Mr.K.,asreferredtointhevideo)wasportrayedasapowerhungryextortionist.

Images

Bachrach,Fabian.DwightD.Eisenhower,HeadandshouldersPortrait,FacingSlightlyLeft. 1952.Photograph.LibraryofCongress,Washington,DC.LibraryofCongress.Web.31 Dec.2013. BachrachtookthisphotographinordertohelprecordDwightEisenhowerforreferenceby futuregenerations.Bachrachdefinitelycompletesthisobjective,astheimageisdetailedand clear. Chernov,Yuri.AmericanSpyPilotFrancisGaryPowers.1960.Photograph.Moscow.EBSCO. Web.15Jan.2014. ThispicturetakenbySovietKGBofimprisonedGaryPowersgivesgoodinsightintotheprison lifethatGaryPowersfaceddaytoday. CIA.KhrushchevandtheU2.1960.Photograph.Moscow.EBSCO.Web.12Jan.14. ThisphotographshowsSovietPremierNikitakhrushchevsmuglyinspectingpiecesof wreckagetakenfromthesiteoftheU2crash. Fanta,John.AtomicWar.1953.Photograph.NewYork.JSTOR.Web.29

Dec.2013. ThisimagewasusedtohelpmaketheAmericanpublicawareofthethreatofnuclearwar withRussia.Itscaredmanypeople,andcompleteditsgoalinincreasingAmerican awareness. Pingstone,Adrian.USAFLockheedU2DragonLady.2003.Photograph.EglinAFB.EBSCO. Web.1Jan.2014. ThisphototakenbyAdrianpingstonewastakentopreservethehistoryoftheU2Spy Plane.Thisphotocompletesthisgoal,asitgivesagoodandbroadviewofthelargeU2. Reynolds,Rose.USAirForceU2.1996.Photograph.Anchorage,AK.LibraryofCongress. Web.31Dec.2013. ReynoldstookthisphotographtohelprecordthehistoryoftheU2SpyPlane.The photographachievesthisgoal,asitisclearanddetailed. Searle,Ronald.TIMEMagazineCover:ParisSummitMay23,1960.Digitalimage.Time.Time Inc.Web.8Feb.2014. Searledrewthisimagetoportraythedifferentworldleadersandgivearepresentationof theFourPowersPeaceSummitinParis.Thedrawingiswelldrawnandgivesagood sarcasticrepresentationoftheexpectationsfortheSummit. Vartiainen,Mikko.WreckageofGaryPower'sU2.1960.Photograph.Moscow.Libraryof Congress.Web.10Jan.2014. ThisphotoshowsthewreckageofGaryPowersU2SpyPlanebeinginspectedbySoviet KGB.ThephotographallowstheviewertoseethecrashedU2andwhatshapeitwasin whenitwentdown.

SecondarySources

Beschloss,MichaelR.,andRobertWilson."DwightD.EisenhowerandJohnF.Kennedy." PowerandthePresidency.4755.Print. WilsonwrotePowerandPresidencytoexplainthemindsetandleadershipofkeypresidents inAmericanhistorymorespecifically,DwightEisenhower.Hedoesthisbycomparingand contrastingdifferentpresidenciesandanalyzinghowthepublicandhistoriansremembertheir mosttellingmoments.Thisarticleisintendedforthosewhowanttoexamineprimeexamplesof leadershipandworkingwellundercrises.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthe topicbetterbecauseitgoesdeepintothemindofsomeofthemostinfluentialpeopleinthe world. Beschloss,MichaelR.MAYDAY:Eisenhower,Khrushchev,andtheU2Affair.NewYork: Harper&Row,1986.Print. Inthispiece,MichaelR.BeschlossprovidesvaluableandinterestinginsightintotheU2affair. BeschlosstellsthestoryoftheU2crisisfromthepersonalproblemsofpilotFrancisPowers,to thewayforeignpolicywasconductedintheEisenhowerAdministration,theinternational tensionsinthe1960s,andfinallytothelongtermrepercussionofthecrisis.Beschlossspurpose inwritingthispiecewastogiveinsighttotheU2crisis.Theintendedaudienceofthispiecewas theaverageamerican.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbygiving interestingandnewinsightintotheU2crisis/Butler,MichaelJ."USMilitaryInterventionin Crisis,19451994:AnEmpiricalInquiryofJustWarTheory."TheJournalofConflict

Resolution47.2(2003):22648.Print.MichaelJ.Butlerwrotethispiecetoexaminethejust wartheory.Butlerquestionsthemoralityofwarandifthereeverisajustwar.Butlers purposeinthispiecewastoquestionUSmilitaryinterventionandargueforbothsidesofthe theory.TheintendedaudienceisscholarsandeverydayAmericanswhoareinterestedinthe moralityofwar.Thesourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbylettingthe researcheranalyzethejustnessoftheUSsurveillanceofRussiainthe1950sand 1960s.skzjclkjzncvklzjnxcvkjnzxckvjnxcvzxcv Chapman,GlennR.MeandU2:MyAffairwithDragonLady.Tucson:G.R.Chapman,1999. Print. Thebook,writtenbyformerU2cameratechnicianGlennChapman,givesfirsthandaccountsof theuseoftheU2planeintheColdWar.Heexplainshisexperienceswiththeplanewhilebeing thecameratechnician,andhisaccountswithitsuseinCubaandSovietRussia.Chapmanwrote thebooktogivefirsthandinformationontheU2anditstacticaluseinordertopreservethe memoryoftheplane.Thebooksintendedaudienceisaviationenthusiastswhowishtoknow moreabouttheU2oranyonehavingacuriositytoknowwhattherealtruthisaboutwhatit tooktokeepitflyingduringtheColdWar.Thebookwouldbehelpfultoaresearcherbygiving firsthandinformationabouttheU2anditsdeploymentintheColdWar. Craig,Campbell,andSergeyRadchenko.TheAtomicBombandtheOriginsoftheColdWar. NewHaven:YaleUP,2008.Print. ThisbookwrittenbyCampbellCraigandSergeyRadchenkoexplainsthedevastating effectsoftheatomicbombandtheuseofitasapeacekeeper.Theauthorsintended purposeinwritingthisbookwastodemonstratehowintricatelyconnectedtheColdWar

andtheatomicbombwere.Theintendedaudienceofthisbookistheaveragepersoninterested intheatomicbombduringtheColdWar.Thesourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthe topicbetterbyallowingthereadertounderstandhowtheatomicbombandtheU2spyplane werelinked,andwhyEisenhowerorderedsomanysurveillanceoperationstokeeptabson Sovietnuclearweapons. Gary,Powers,Jr."The1962SpyExchangeofPowersforAbel."FrancisGaryPowersJr. Web.01Dec.2013. PowersJr.wrote"The1962SpyExchangeofPowersforAbel."toexplainhowhisfatherwas returnedbacktotheUnitedStatesastheresultofaspyswap.Hedoesthisbyrecallingallof theeventsthatleduptotheswap,andalsostatingthemagnitudeoftheswap,asitwouldbethe firstofseveralswapsbetweenthesuperpowers.PowersJr.wrotethisarticleinordertoinform thepubliconthedetailsofthislargeevent,andhowsomesimplepoliticalnegotiationgot PowersoutofRussianprisonafterservingonly2yearsoutofhis10yearsentence.The intendedaudienceispeopleinterestedinespionagebyboththeUSandUSSR.Thissource wouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitdetailstheswapalongwiththe spythatPowerswasswappedforavaluableRussianKGBColonelwhohadbeencaught spyinginNewYorkabout5yearsearlier. Geelhoed,Bruce.DwightD.Eisenhower,theSpyPlane,andtheSummit:A AQuarterCenturyRetrospectivePresidentialStudiesQuarterly17.1(1987): 95106.JSTOR.Web.24Oct.2013. GeelhoedwroteDwightD.Eisenhower,theSpyPlane,andtheSummit:A AQuarterCenturyRetrospectivetoinformreadersabouttheU2Incidentanditseffects.

Geelhoeddoesthisbygivinganexcellentretrospectiveviewoftheincident.Geelhoedwrote thispieceinordertoinformpeopleoftheU2Incidentanditsshortandlongtermeffects.This articleisintendedforthosewhowanttolearnabouttheU2Incidentandhowitisremembered byhistory.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitexplains theeventsoftheaccidentandtheeffectsthatithadonSoviet/Americanrelations. Hoxie,Gordon.DwightDavidEisenhower:BicentennialConsiderationsPresidential StudiesQuarterly20.2(1990):253264.JSTOR.Web.24Oct.2013. HoxiewroteDwightDavidEisenhower:BicentennialConsiderationstoassessthepresidency ofEisenhower,andhowhedealtwiththeseveraltellingmomentsofhispresidency.Hoxiedoes thisbygivingspecificexamplesofrememberedincidentsduringhispresidency,specificallythe U2Incident,andanalyzinghisperformanceontheinternationalstage.Hoxiewrotethisarticle inordertoinformpeopleofEisenhowerspresidencyandhowhisleadershipskillspulledthe USthroughthetrickyU2Incident.Theintendedaudienceisthosewhoareinterestedinthe presidencyofEisenhowerandhisdefiningmomentsinhistory.Thissourcewouldhelpa researcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitdisplaysthemindsetandpoiseoftheleaderof theUSduringaheighteventoftheColdWar,andhowthepublicgenerallysupportedhim. Loosbrock,JohnF.TheU2IncidentinPerspectiveSurprisevs.Survival43.6(2004):Web.3 Dec. 2013. ThisbookwrittenbyJohnLoosbrockassertsthatthetheUSsurveillance overflightsofSovietRussiainthe1950swerewellfounded.Loosbrockstatesthat becauseoftheamountsecrecytheSovietsoperatedin,intelligenceoperationswerecrucial

tomakingsuretheUSwasnotannihilatedinasurprisenuclearattack.Loosbrocks purposeinwritingthebookwastoarguethattheneedforintelligenceoperationswasand isanecessityinorderforacountrytonotbesurpriseattacked.Theintendedaudienceof thebookisthepersonwhoisinterestedinespionageandtheneedacountryhasfor intelligenceoperations.Thesourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetter byshowingthevalidreasonstheUShadtosupporttheactofoverflightsoverSoviet Russia. Pocock,Chris.TheU2Spyplane:TowardtheUnknown:ANewHistoryoftheEarlyYears. Atglen,PA:SchifferMilitaryHistory,2000.Print. Inthisbook,ChrisPocockexplainsthedevelopmentoftheU2planeanditsuseinthe ColdWar.HemainlycitestheoverflightsofSovietRussiabytheU2astheplanes crowningachievement.Pocockwrotethebooktoshowthecapabilities,history,and magnificenceoftheU2inordertohonortheserviceoftheplane.Thebookwasintended forpeoplewhoareinterestedinespionage,aviation,andtheColdWar.Thebookcanhelp aresearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbygivinginformationontheplanedirectly involvedintheincident. Polmar,Norman.Spyplane:TheU2HistoryDeclassified.Osceola,WI:MBIPub.,2001.Print. ThisbookwrittenbyNormanPolmarexplainstheoperationalhistoryoftheU2andits involvementintheColdWarwiththeCIAandNASA.Itgoesintodetailaboutthe developmentoftheplaneanditssecretoverflightsoverenemyterritories.Polmarspurpose inwritingthebookwastogivepreviouslyclassifiedinformationontheU2inorderto educatetheworldaboutthemysteriousplane.Thebookwasintendedforthe

personinterestedinU2planes.Thebookisagoodsourceforresearchersbecauseithelps theresearchertounderstandtheuseanddevelopmentoftheU2. Powers,FrancisGary,andCurtGentry.OperationOverflight:TheU2SpyPilotTellsHis StoryfortheFirstTime.NewYork:Holt,RinehartandWinston,1970.Print. PowerswroteOperationOverflight:TheU2SpyPilotTellsHisStory fortheFirstTimeto,asthetitlesuggests,tellthewidelyunheardpersonalstoryofFrancis GaryPowers,thepilotofthedownedU2aircraft.Hedoesthisbygivingpersonalrecollections ofhisjourney.Powerswrotethisbookinordertotellhisownstoryandclearuphisname, whichwastrampleduponduringtheIncidentbynewsmediasourcesthatcalledhimadefector. TheintendedaudienceispeopleinterestedinhearingabouttheU2SpyPlaneIncidentfromthe mostcrediblesourcepossible.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetter becauseittellsofPowersfrighteninglifewhilebeingheldinaRussianprisonfor2years followingthecrash,andhowhewaspoorlyreceptedbytheAmericanpeopleuponhisreturn home. Powers,FrancisG.,Jr."GaryPowers,Jr.RadioInterviewwithSteveCrilley."Interviewby SteveCrilley.RadioFM4.Vienna,Austria,1Dec.2007. SteveCrilleyinterviewedFrancisGaryPowers,Jr.toletothershearthestoryofJrsfather.He doesthisbyaskingPowersseveraldetailedquestionsabouthisdadandtheincident,including thetreatmentofPowersbytheAmericanpublicafterhereturnedhome.Crilleyinterviewed Powers,Jr.inordertoallowothershearthestoryofPowersfromoneofthebestsources possiblehisson.TheintendedaudienceisthosewantingtolearnaboutPowersexperiences duringtheU2Incident.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetter

becauseitdetailsabouthowPowerswastreatedbytheRussians,andhowhefacedpublic criticismuponhisreturnhome. Powers,Gary,Jr."InterviewWithGaryPowersJr."Telephoneinterview.2Jan.2014. SethandJustinAshley(me)interviewedGaryPowersJr.,thesonofthedownedU2pilot GaryPowers,togaininsightfulinformationfromoneofthebestsourcespossible.Wedidthis byaskingdetailedandopenedendedquestionsthatspawnedveryhelpfulanswersfromGary PowersJr.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitprovides interestingdetailsthatjustcannotbefoundinothersources. Roberson,Gary."TheU2Incident."ColdWarMuseum.ColdWarMuseum,Web.23Nov. 2013 RobersonwroteTheU2IncidenttoexplaintheU2Incident.Hedoesthisbyshowing primarysourcesandanalyzingthemtoprovehispoint.Hewrotethisinordertogivepeoplea goodbackgroundknowledgeontheU2Incident.Theintendedaudienceisthosewantingto learnaboutkeymomentsintheColdWar.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthe topicbetterbecauseitshowsthemainideasandeventsoftheIncident. Sagan,Scott.NuclearAlertsandCrisisManagementInternationalSecurity9.4(1985): 99139.JSTOR.Web.25Oct.2013. SaganwroteNuclearAlertsandCrisisManagementtoexplainhowcountriesdealwithcrises, specificallyhowtheSovietUnionandUSdealtwiththeU2Incident.Hedoesthisby contrastingandanalyzingthedifferentpressreleasesoftheUSandUSSRshortlyfollowingthe Incident,andanalyzinghowtheUSdealtwithsituationsofthismagnitudeinthepast.Sagan wrotethisarticleinordertoinformpeopleonhowthetwosuperpowersoftheworldhandled

themselvesinthisstressfulsituation.Theintendedaudiencearethosewhoareinterestedincrisis management.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseitgivesa fantasticretrospectiveonhowhistoryremembersthediplomaticblowsbetweentheUSSRand US. Saum,Steven.GoodNight,Mr.KhrushchevTheKenyonReview23.3(2001):144165. JSTOR.Web.25Oct.2013. SaumwroteGoodNight,Mr.KhrushchevtoexplainthemindsetofKhrushchevaftertheU2 Incident.SaumdoesthisbyshowingexamplesofKhrushchevspressreleasesshortlyafterthe Incident.HewrotethispieceinordertogivearareviewintothemindoftheSovietPremiere, probablytohelphumanizehim.Theintendedaudienceisthoseinterestedinhearingbothsides oftheargumentaftertheU2Incident.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthe topicbetterbecauseitshowswhatKhrushchevfeltashisrightsandresponsibilitiesregarding theU2surveillanceandcrash. Sharp,JoanneP.CondensingtheColdWar:Reader'sDigestandAmericanIdentity.Minneapolis: UniversityofMinnesota,2000.Print. ThisbookwrittenbyJoanneSharpexplainstherelationshipsandtensionsbetweentheUSand theSovietUnionduringtheColdWar.Theauthorspurposeinwritingthisbookwastogive insightintotherelationshipsbetweenthecountriesandhowtheserelationshipswerebasedon eventsoftheColdWar,suchastheU2spyplanecrisis.Theintendedaudienceofthisbookis theaveragepersonwhoisinterestedintheColdWar.Thesourcewouldhelparesearcher understandthetopicbetterbyhelpingtheresearcherunderstandhowthetensionsbetweenthe USandUSSRcameintoplayintheU2crisis.

Sullivan,Michael."FrancisGaryPowers:OneMan,TwoCountries,andtheCold War."Military.com.Web.26Nov.2013. Sullivanwrote"FrancisGaryPowers:OneMan,TwoCountries,andtheColdWar"togivea retrospectiveviewoftheU2Incident,particularlytheeventsthatleduptoit.Hedoesthisby goingintodetailaboutallthefactorsoftheIncidentforexample,hegoesintodetailonthe highlyclassifiedcreationoftheU2byLockheedMartinsSkunkWorks.Sullivanwrotethis webpageinordertoinformpeopleofthelesserknowneventsleadinguptotheevent,likehow PowersofficiallylefttheAirForceafterhewashandpickedbytheCIAtotakepartintheir weathermissions.TheintendedaudienceisthosewhowanttoseehowthedisastrousU2 Incidentallcametogether.Thissourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetter becauseitdisplayshowPowerscametobeaU2pilot,andhowhehadactuallyflownmany otherU2surveillancemissionsbeforebeingshotdown. Trachtenberg,Marc.TheColdWarandAfter:History,Theory,andtheLogicofInternational Politics.Princeton,NJ:PrincetonUP,2012.Print. ThisbookbyMarcTrachtenbergexplainstherelationshipsandnuclearpoliciesbetweenthe countriesduringtheColdWar.Theauthorspurposeinwritingthisbookwastoletthereader understandtherelationshipsbetweenthecountriesduringtheColdWarinordertohelpthe readerunderstandthenuclearforeignpoliciesofthecountries.Theintendedaudienceofthe bookistheaveragepersoninterestedinnuclearforeignpolicyduringtheColdWar.Thesource wouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbyhelpingthereaderunderstandtheforeign policythatcameintoplayintheU2crisis. USA.USDepartmentofState.OfficeoftheHistorian.U2OverflightsandCaptureofFrancis

GaryPowers,1960.MilestoneOfficeoftheHistorian.Web.3Dec.2013. Inthispiece,theUSStateDepartmentexplainswhathappenedintheU2crisisandthe effectsofit.TheauthorspurposeinwritingthispiecewastoexplainhowtheU2incident unfoldedandshedlightonpilotFrancisPowersinordertoeducatetheamericanpeopleon thistopic.ThispiecewasintendedfortheaverageAmericaninterestedintheU2incident. Thesourcewouldhelparesearcherunderstandthetopicbetterbygivinggoodbase knowledgeontheU2incident. Zeidenstein,Harvey.NewsMediaPerceptionsofWhiteHouseNewsManagement PresidentialStudiesQuarterly14.3(1984):391398.JSTOR.Web.25Oct.2013. ZeidensteinwroteNewsMediaPerceptionsofWhiteHouseNewsManagementtoexplain howthenewsmediaportrayedandtwistedGaryPowersduringtheIncident.Hedoesthisby statingPowerstrueintentionsandthencontrastingthemwithwhatthemedialabeledhimas:a defector,possiblyadoubleagent,whopurposelytriedtolandtheplanefullyintact,sothatthe SovietscouldanalyzeUSsecrets.Zeidensteinwrotethisarticleinordertoinformpeopleofthe mediabiasthatcansometimepoisontruth.Theintendedaudienceisthoseinterestedintheway peopleperceivetheinformationgiventothembythenewsmedia.Thissourcewouldhelpa researcherunderstandthetopicbetterbecauseittellshowthemedialabeledPowers,andthe subsequentcriticismthathehadtoface.