Chapter 2 /1

DEFORMABLE BODIES
Chapter 2

Chapter 2 /2

ANALYSIS STEPS
Three Steps for Analysis: 1. Forces and equilibrium requirements 2. Deformation and geometric compatibility 3. Application of force-deformation relations

EXAMPLE 2.1:
Piston compressing two coaxial springs Free Body Diagrams Equilibrium requirement for each free body:

Equilibrium requirement for piston: Geometric compatibility requirement:

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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Application of force-displacement relations:
Solution now can be obtained

Example 2.2:

Problem definition: 1. Very light and stiff wood plank. 2. Two identical springs of constant k. 3. Plank just touches ground when man reaches a distance b.

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Example 2.2..

FBD of Plank

Force equilibrium conditions:

Geometric compatibility:

Force displacement relations: FBD of springs and geometric compatibility Unknowns: 7

Number of equations: 7 Solution can be obtained. Results:

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UNIAXIAL LOADING
Three rods of identical material loaded gradually by two balanced loads

Plot of results:

Results re-plotted:

Observation: Uniaxial load-elongation relation of the material is linear. Define Modulus of Elasticity:

Expression for :

Expression for k:

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MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

Note: Units of P/A and of E (modulus of elasticity) are the force per unit area, which are also the units of stress. We will define stress and modulus of elasticity, more accurately, later. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS

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EXAMPLE
This is the same frame that we had discussed earlier Forces in members from equilibrium conditions:

Deformations of members BD and CD:

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Example.
Geometric compatibility Obtain location of D after deformation of links: Geometric compatibility: Simplified method 1. Replace arcs by tangents. 2. Possible only for small deformations.

Horizontal and vertical displacements of point D:

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THIN RING
Axial view Half ring FBD

Radius: r, Thickness t, Width b

Force Analysis: Symmetry requirement: FR = 0 Radial force on arc length r = pb(r ) Component of force in y direction = pb(r )sin Force equilibrium of half ring in y-direction:

Thus FT = prb

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THIN RING...
Deformation:
Since hoop is thin, it may be thought of as a flat plate: Length = 2(r + t/2), Width = b. and Thickness = t Increase in circumference of the hoop: .

Geometric Compatibility: Change in radius: or Neglecting (t/2r)

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EXAMPLE:FRICTION-BRAKE BAND
Problem definition: 1.Steel band (1.6 mm thick, 50 mm wide) used as a brake for motor. 2. Kinetic coefficient of friction = 0.4. 3. Tension in section BC = 40 kN. 4. Predict elongation of band.

Schematic view

Free Body Diagrams of Band in contact

Will tension in section AD be equal, lower or higher than 40 kN?

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FRICTION-BRAKE BAND..
FBD of band small section: Force equilibrium equations:

Useful approximations: Equations with approximations:

Solution:
In the limit as 0 By integration from = 0 to = : This is an important result in mechanics. Many machines employ this frictional behavior. Sailors use it to halt the motion of a large ship by taking a few turns of a rope around a piling.