Oc Sci Eng 87

L'
OCEAN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 11(3&4), 153- 251 (1986-87)
MODELING OF DISSOLVED ELEMENTS I N SEA WATER M.S. Quinby-Hunt P. Wilde Marine Sciences Group Department of Paleontology University of C a l i f o r n i a Berkeley, C a l i f o r n i a 94720
ABSTRACT The d i s t r i b u t i o n of e l e m e n t s d i s s o l v e d i n s e a w a t e r is reviewed w i t h s p e c i a l emphasis on o c c u r r e n c e i n t h e t r o p i c a l o c e a n s where p o t e n t i a l OTEC (Ocean Thermal m e r g y Conversion) S i t e s a r e most l i k e l y t o be found. The d i s t r i b u t i o n of e l e m e n t s i n o r d e r of a t o m i c number and by chemical a f f i n i t y is disCuSSed, examining b o t h geographical and d e p t h v a r i a b i l i t y . This s t u d y i d e n t i f i e s major i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s , which can be used f o r p r e d i c t i v e models t o e s t i m a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f e l e m e n t s i n l i e u of expensive and d i f f i c u l t multielement chemical a n a l y s e s of w a t e r s a m p l e s i n r e g i o n s of p o t e n t i a l OTEC interest. The i n p u t s t o t h e model a l g o r i t h m s a r e t h e concentrations of oceanic constituents, such a s salinity ( c h l o r i n i t y ) , n u t r i e n t s (phosphate, n i t r a t e , s i l i c a t e ) , d i s s o l v e d g a s e s , and c a r b o n a t e a l k a l i n i t y , which a r e e a s i l y measured. Elements r e l a t e d t o s a l i n i t y have been d e s i g n a t e d a s " conservative" and include: Li, B, F. Na, Mg. S a s SO,, C 1 , K Ca. V, Br, Rb, Sr. Mo, Sb. C s , and U. N u t r i e n t - r e l a t e d e l e m e n t s i n c l u d e C r , N i , Zn, Ce,
Se, Cd, I as 10,, Ba and Hg.
Other elements are non-conservative,
non- reactive, non- nutrient g a s e s whose c o n c e n t r a t i o n is r e l a t e d directly t o their solubility. For some e l e m e n t s (such a s Pb o r Mn) whose c h e m i s t r y and d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s e a w a t e r is n o t r e l a t e d t o e a s i l y measured c o n s t i t u e n t s by simple a l g o r i t h m s , numerical models have n o t been proposed, a l t h o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s observed a r e discussed. Other e l e m e n t s whose chemistry o r d i s t r i b u t i o n in t h e ocean is p o o r l y known a r e n o t c a t e g o r i z e d . These a l g o r i t h m s have been a p p l i e d t o t w o p o t e n t i a l OTEC sites: Kahe Point and Ke-ahole Point, Hawaii, t o model c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in t h e s u r f a c e , mixed l a y e r and a t t h e proposed d e p t h of t h e c o l d w a t e r i n t a k e . L i t t l e v a r i a t i o n with depth is
Copyright @ 1987 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.
154
QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE
p r e d i c t e d f o r c o n s e r v a t i v e e l e m e n t s due t o t h e s m a l l v a r i a t i o n i n S a l i n i t y with depth. However, n u t r i e n t - r e l a t e d e l e m e n t s show a marked i n c r e a s e w i t h d e p t h due t o t h e g e n e r a l i n c r e a s e in n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s with depth. Thus, water from t h e c o l d w a t e r i n t a k e w i l l h a v e , s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of Cr, N i , Zn, Ce, Se. Cd. I. Ba, and p o s s i b l y Hg ( s e e c a v e a t i n t e x t ) o v e r t h a t found in w a t e r from warm w a t e r i n t a k e s s i t u a t e d a t s h a l l o w depths. Of concern f o r any proposed u s e o f deep w a t e r o r s u r f a c e mixed discharge a r e t h e t r a c e m e t a l s N i ( 2 x t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t t h e s u r f a c e ) , and Zn, Se, Ge, Cd (10x o r g r e a t e r o v e r s u r f a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ) . Simple 1:1 d i l u t i o n by s u r f a c e w a t e r s would s t i l l y i e l d high c o n c e n t ~ a t i o n si n t h e discharge. Appropriate d i s c h a r g e Such high s t r a t e g i e s should be considered t o avoid t h i s problem. c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t r a c e m e t a l s may be t h e c a u s e o f i n h i b i t i o n of Primary p r o d u c t i v i t y n o t e d in a q u a c u l t u r a l s t u d i e s o f t h e u s e o f deep ocean water.
INTRODUCTION -The d a t a a v a i l a b l e d e s c r i b i n g t h e chemical composition o f t h e oceans may provide a b a s i s f o r p r e d i c t i o n of composition a t any d e p t h o r l o c a t i o n i n t h e o x i c open ocean oceans. Among o t h e r
u s e s , t N s t y p e of information w i l l be of a s s i s t a n c e i n a s s e s s i n g t h e impact o f pumping deep w a t e r i n t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a n Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) p l a n t or certain aquaculture electrical
facilities.
Typically 5-1 0 m3sec"
p e r megawatt of
c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r from about 1000 m depth w i l l be pumped t o t h e

'
s u r f a c e f o r OTEC o p e r a t i o n s . Although generally OTEC plants are restricted the deep to tropical water regions are
(Chase
a & ,
19861,
masses
d i f f e r e n t i n e a c h a r e a . Deep water i n t h e American Mediterranean (Caribbean and Gulf o f Mexico), $or example, is d i f f e r e n t from deep w a t e r of t h e North P a c i f i c s o f a r a s t h e n u t r i e n t e l e m e n t s a r e concerned. Thus a n OTEC p l a n t o f f the F l o r i d a Keys w i l l be
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER
p r o c e s s i n g deep w a t e r l o w e r i n phosphate, n i t r a t e and s i l i c a t e (any any o t h e r elements that have distributions similar to these
s p e c i e s ) t h a n a p l a n t o f f Hawaii. The chemical composition throughout t h e w a t e r column must be known a t e a c h p o t e n t i a l OTEC s i t e . example the nutrients, For some c o n s t i t u e n t s , f o r
p r o c e d u r e s f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n have been For
s t a n d a r d i z e d ( S t r i c k l a n d and Parsons, 1972; Grasshof f , 1976).
o t h e r s . l i k e t h e t r a c e m e t a l s , d e t e r m i n a t i o n can be an expensive and difficult procedure, requiring sophisticated sampling and
a n a l y s i s p r o c e d u r e s and h i g h l y s k i l l e d p e r s o n n e l ( P a t t e r s o n and S e t t l e . 1976: Bruland a 2 , 1979).
This r e p o r t s u g g e s t s a method f o r e s t i m a t i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n t h e o x i c open ocean (Quinby-Hunt and Turekian, 1983) and a p p l i e s it t o t w o s i t e s o f f Hawaii. The method does n o t
a d d r e s s t h e problem of e s t i m a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f l o c a l r e l e a s e s from bottom sediments, o r o f human a c t i v i t y .

It a d d r e s s e s t h e
problems o f e s t i m a t i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s when c o n t i n e n t a l s o u r c e s , u p w e l l i n g (see. f o r example. Boyle
s..
1982;
Bruland and
Franks. 1983) o r f l u v i a l i n p u t s are i m p o r t a n t 1977; Boyle
(Hanor and Chan.
g., 1982;
1984).
Method of Approach The s a l i n i t y of t h e open ocean r a n g e s between 33@/,, and 38/00 (Sverdrup
a A , 1942).
Dittmar
(1884) showed t h a t d e s p i t e
v a r i a t i o n i n t o t a l s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e major i o n s making up most of t h e s a l t c o n t e n t (* Na, K, Mg, Ca, C 1 , l h e s e ions
Br, S O , ) were c o n s t a n t within a n a l y t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s .
QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE were termed c o n s e r v a t i v e ; v a r i a t i o n s in t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n can be ascribed t o t h e addition o r subtraction of pure water to a
solution of
f i x e d e l e m e n t a l proportions.
Their c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
r e l a t i v e t o t o t a l s a l i n i t y o r c h l o r i n i t y a r e well-known; from a single salinity of measurement some trace they can be calculated. correlate The with
concentrations
elements
also
c h l o r i n i t y within a n a l y t i c a l l i m i t s and t h e s e t o o can be c l a s s i f i e d a s behaving c o n s e r v a t i v e l y extending t h e c o n c e p t beyond t h a t of Dittmar. Oxidized s p e c i e s o f c e r t a i n e l e m e n t s , t h e m i c r o n u t r i e n t o r b i o l i m i t i n g e l e m e n t s (phosphorus, n i t r o g e n and s i l i c o n ) , a r e n o t conservative: g e n e r a l l y , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t h e s e s p e c i e s a c e low in s u r f a c e w a t e r s and a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher in underlying deep w a t e r (Riley, 1965a; Brandt , 191 6-1 920; Atkins and Harvey, 1925; Broecker and Peng, 1982). vertical d i s t r i b u t i o n could Any o t h e r element having a s i m i l a r be d e s c r i b e d a s being a n u t r i e n t ,
n u t r i e n t - r e l a t e d , o r b i o l i m i t i n g (Quinby-Hunt and Turekian, 1983). Analytical limitations prevented demonstration of correlation
between t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t r a c e e l e m e n t s with n u t r i e n t s u n t i l t h e p a s t decade because of a n a l y t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s , a l t h o u g h t h e concept had been s u g g e s t e d (Schutz and Turekian. 1965a.b; Coldberg
&, 1971).
Once such a r e l a t i o n s h i p was demonstrated f o r S r 1974) and Cd (Knauer and Martin, 1973).
( B r a s s and Turekian,
similar r e l a t i o n s h i p s were r e p o r t e d f o r many t r a c e c o n s t i t u e n t s .

Some e l e m e n t s have been observed t o be o n l y p a r t i a l l y d e p l e t e d i n t h e s u r f a c e waters. Broecker and Peng (1982) r e f e r t o t h e s e
e l e m e n t s a s biointermediate.
Some e l e m e n t s show complex d i s t r i b u t i o n s t h a t have n o t been related by s i m p l e (For and mathematical equations to easily measured 1983;
quantities Broecker
additional 1982). and
review a r t i c l e s These those lnclude
s e e Bruland, the in
Peng,
biologically- and the carbonate
chemically- active gases
involved
system; e l e m e n t s whose c o n c e n t r a t i o n s are effected by p a r t i c l e scavenglng, bottom r e l e a s e t e r m s , o r by redox chemistry; and
e l e m e n t s whose main s o u r c e t e r m is anthropogenic r e l e a s e s . Distributions of gases initially are determined by the
s o l u b i l i t y o f a t m o s p h e r i c g a s e s i n s u r f a c e water: i n p r i n c i p l e . t h e surface concentration of each gaseous component could be
determined by t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e w a t e r i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e atmosphere and t h e measure r e l a t i v e abundance of t h e g a s e s in t h e atmosphere (Henry's Law), b u t c o r r e c t i o n s must be made f o r bubble trapping and supersaturation (Kester, 1975). To a first
approximation, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f non- reactive g a s e s can be predicted from Henry's

Law
(Kester,
1975).
Concentrations o f
N,,
, , b i o l o g i c a l l y - a c t i v e o r chemically r e a c t i v e gases. such a s O
CO,, N&.
H,S, Hz, and CO, can v a r y w i t h consumption and metabolism, Thus. oxygen is produced by
a s w e l l a s changing redox conditions.
p h o t o s y n t h e s i s and used up d u r i n g r e s p i r a t i o n and decay processes. Carbon dioxide p a r t i c i p a t e s i n t h e o c e a n i c b u f f e r i n g system; its c o n c e n t r a t i o n depends on complex e q u i l i b r i a w i t h t h a t system. Fluxes of some s p e c i e s from t h e ocean boundaries modify t h e i r distribution patterns, significantly. Aluminum c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e
p a r t i c u l a r l y s e n s i t i v e t o s o u r c e t e r m s (Orians and Bruland, 1986).
QUINBY- HUNT AND WILDE
M n may b e r e l e a s e d from s e d i m e n t s due t o changing r e d o x c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e s e d i m e n t s (Landing and Bruland, 1980); Cu may be r e l e a s e d a s c a r r i e r p a r t i c l e s decompose (Boyle
g g.,1977).
P r i m i t i v e 'He is
r e l e a s e d from t h e i n t e r i o r a t o c e a n i c r i d g e r i s e s y s t e m s (Craig and Lupton, 1981 1. M n c o r r e l a t e s w i t h 'He i n such a r e a s (Weiss. 1977).
F l u v i a l i n p u t s , c o a s t a l upwelling, t r a n s p o r t from t h e c o n t i n e n t a l shelf effect elemental concentrations
sometimes
for
great
d i s t a n c e s from l a n d (Hanor and Chan, 1977; Boyle

1984; Bruland and Franks, 1983).
z., '1982,
Removal p r o c e s s e s , s u c h a s scavenging a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s i n t h e w a t e r column o r p a r t i c l e r e s u s p e n s i o n and p r e c i p i t a t i o n a t t h e sedimentwater i n t e r f a c e , a l s o i n f l u e n c e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s o f t h e e l e m e n t s , a s h a s been shown f o r z ' O ~ bproduced from t h e decay of "'Ra i n sediment (Craig e t al., 1974; Nozaki e t a l . , 1980). Under o x i c
Redox c h e m i s t r y c a n a f f a c t d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s .
conditions, elements such a s M n and Fe a r e highly i n s o l u b l e and show complex d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e l a t e d t o n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , particle scavenging and other factors. Under more reducing
conditions, t h e i r s o l u b i l i t y increases dramatically.
Depending on
t h e e x t e n t of t h e reducing c o n d i t i o n s , oceanic chemistry v a r i e s dramatically. The p r e s e n c e o f e l e m e n t s whose oceanic d i s t r i b u t i o n is due t o anthropogenic i n p u t s is c l e a r l y s e e n by t h e presence o f atom bombProduced n u c l i d e s , s u c h a s 'OSr, 11'C3, and lead generated by internal
' H . '% (bomb), and plutonium

combustion engines.
The
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e s p e c i e s is c o n t r o l l e d by a e o l i a n and c o a s t a l s o u r c e s . and t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s e w i t h depth.
159
A s the composition of sea water a t a particular location and
depth is a function of a l l source and removal terms. [Species] =

f (geology,
biology, physics, chemistry, source), and practically,
can be expressed a s a sum:
[Species]
Z c[ci]
b[c1]
aCci]
r[c1]
- s[ci]
....
where "cn represents
the
geological controls demonstrated by
conservative elements, "bW biological controls, "an aeolian source terms, "rn redox chemistry, and "sWscavenging and other removal terms. If "bn o r "cWa r e much greater than the other f a c t o r s then
the concentration of t h e species w i l l c o r r e l a t e w i t h Salinity ("c" predominates), intermediate or the nutrients ("bW predominates), and Peng's or' some
(1982)
combination
(Broecker
biointermediate). predicted using
The distributions of such t r a c e elements can be regression formulae. Elements whose
multiplicative f a c t o r s representing boundary e f f e c t s , scavenging components, aeolian or anthropogenic source terms or redox
chemistry, and so on dominate the s e r i e s require more extensive
information before calculation is feasible.

The l i t e r a t u r e reporting elemental distributions in seawater and t h e correlations they exhibit was reviewed with t h e idea of using those correlations t o predict t r a c e element concentrations a t OTEC or aquaculture s i t e s . Table 1 and Figure 1 summarize the
best available concentrations of the elements in seawater and the correlations they exhibit. Radionuclides were not considered.
TABLE
l t m ~ t lnlbn Elrunt C w r r l a t l o n Eapress~om
1
Lotatiol, Icfcrencr
Colcrntrat~ol
. i i , . , l . i . . . . , . i L . i : ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ : : : ~ ~ : : ~ : : ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ z ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ * 1 . 1 1 1 : 1 . 1 1 1 : i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . * ~ ~ ~ = = ~ ~ ~ ~ = . = ~ ~ : * = ~ ~ ~ = = . * ~ ~ ~
I Hydrqrn (as HZ01 2 lkliur
Biaqrnlc or hydrothtraal o r i q i n
Man-Yutrlmt 61s
O q t h la1 Conc l n a o l l k ~ l 2 1.74 208 i.es 511 1.79 1.81 917 I955 1.00 170 u q l t q
1 . Paific
2802P'I, 121oSB'Y
Clarke rt , I . 119101
Llthiue
--------------.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.--------------------------4 brrylllua P a c l f ~ c :nutrltnt-related, Cu-11te Atlantic: non-tonrrrvat~re, not n u t r ~ e n t - r e l a t e d Depth Irl 40 110 206 336 497 595 691 789 906 Conc IpglLql 36 36 45
Conservatlvr LllCL = 9.4 I IOE-6
N. Atlantic
IQSh'll, 49oJO'Y
f r b r ~ c m drt , I . 119bh, 19611
1 . Pac~flc
SOON, 15EoY
lkarures and E d m d llPB2l; Ilcasurrs and Edaond (1983) 1 Nrasures @t al, (19841
54
h3 I(l0 144 I44 126 6 u l l 04 I k r ~ r o 25027'1, 79056'11 Noales and Hood 119bll
Bwon Conservat ~ v e l i n w q a n i c boron1 BICL = 2.J x IOE-4
4.4 aglkq ( f l r o l l l e ava1IabIe1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*-----------------.--.-.-----.------------------------
Ltmit Lda b
Elr~cnt
Corrclatrm f ~ p r e s s i o n
Concentration
Location
Relercnce
~ * . . * . . i i E l . . : : i ~ : . D i . i . * i i l i . : . . . . i i . i i i i . i . i i i * S . i . i . i . . i i . ~ . ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t , , , ~ . C C . * ~ ~ ~ i . . i . i i i . . ~ i = l l i ~ ~ . S . . . . = ~ ~ * ~ ~ = i i ~ i i i . ~ = : ~ ~
Cubon Itarbon dioaidcl
Depth 1r1 1 83 191 U3 114 1046 1916 Bun-Ltrirnt 6rs
tolc l u m l l k q l 2039 204s 2085 2252 2264 2334 2326
S . htifit l4003'3, 12h16'W
Brocctcr and Trkahnbi (19181
1 l i t r g n 112 gas)
YO urolltq
4022'5, 14902B'r L t l r n t i c i 7oSb.S. ZBol2'Y Depth la) Cmr l u ~ l l t q l 31 0.0 90 0.1 110 15.1 256 25.1 349 28.7 4SP 33.L A10 34.1 111 34.9 909 34.0
Craig et 11. I I P b l I Pacific: lainbridge llllkl L t l m t i t l Bainbridqe IIP7Pbl
O~rgrn 14s I l s m l v r d 021
Bloloqical Dr)mdrncr
P a d f i t i l9a52'11, lbSol5'Y Depth Contentration la1 I a I o l l k g I lllL 205 14.71 09 223 15.1) 110 192 14.4) 244 186 14.31 347 181 14.21 IS9 13.21 444 596 52 11.21 b92 37 10.81 BPI 41 11.1)
l t l r n t i c r A S ' S , ZOo12'Y Depth Concentration (#I l u r o l l t q l I L l L 32 201 14.0) P O 210 14.81 110 124 12.01 ?Sb 101 12.31 149 141 13.21 459 121 12.81 A10 126 12.9) 141 13.21 711 9Ol 160 13.71
P a c i f i c i Bainbridqr 1197Pa) I l t l m t i c : k i n b r i d q r IIPlPbI
(continued)
(Table 1 c o n t . )
I~MIC Ele~nt luba

9
Cwrrlrt~on frpre~r~on
Eoncrntrat~on
Location
RLfrrrncr
.S,....ii..i.i.iii.~~~~:.~~~~~=~:~~=~~:~:~==::~~~=~=~~.~~~~~~~.~'EDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.:.D:DDDDDDD:DDD.DD.DDDD:.DD.:.DDDDDDDD.D:D:DD:DD:DD~~~:~~:~~~~~z~~
fluwint
Conswvative FIB = h.7 r IOE-S N a n - h t r i e n t 6as
1.5 pQ/tg
I . Atlantic
Drrrrs e t 1 1 . 119731
10
I I K I I I
Depth (01
10 1115 1066 1876
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
I2 Hrqnniua I1 Sodiun Conruvrtive, IalCL = 0.55M Conruvrt~vr 10.782 (Itq 1.284 ( l t p H i l l n o and Leung 1197b1
Cnnc Innollkgl 7.0 7.b 8.0 8.3
Pacific 9026'Y, t13olb'Y
Cra~q rt rl. (19671
k~/u * o.ohh26
Nan-consuvativr, depend, r t r o ~ q l yon source t u n , m d scavengirq
Sar$asro Sea 320lb'N, bd08O'Y Atlantic: about 26dl, 31dl Depth (8) Conc (nqltgl 23 785 99 l5b
Carpenter m d H m e l l a 119731
13
blu8inua
P a t i f i c i ?BolJ'N, ISSoO7'Y Dlpth 4s) Cant 1mrjlkqI 15 110 S O 73 12s 33 1M 23 200 37 300 34 508 15
P a t i f ~ c : Orians m6 k u l m d 1198bl Hydes 11905) A t l a n t ~ c
250 352 502
324 216 245
Atomic Number
Element
Correlrlinn Erpresr~on
Concentration
Location
Reference
ii~~ii~i.i~iiiE~:~~::~~x~~~~~~~~::::::::::::~::::::~:ii:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii::*~:,:~~:~:~:~:~:~~:~~:~::~:~::::~:::~~:~:~~~~~~~~,~~
750 1100 1300 I4 Sll~con Isil~cat~I Nutrient
0 2 12
7% 1002 1260
I62 162 162 Y a c i l ~ c : Ba~nbrldqe11979rl Atlantic: Bainbridpe ll979b)
- - ----- - -- - --- --- -- --- - - - -- - -- ----*----*---------- ------------- --- -------- ------ ---------- -- --------- - -- -- - -- - -- - - - ----.- ----- --- - -- ----- - -- - -- - ---
Y r c l l i c l IPo52'11, 14k115'Y Depth Cont. (11 (umollbql 22 2.0 2.0 89 170 3.4 244 7.0 347 17.3 444 38.7 596 71.0 692 87.1 891 100.8
tltlantlc: 7o5bSS, 28012'Y Depth Cant. (ml Iuwllkpl 52 1.2 90 1.2 110 5.5 256 10.9 349 17.1 459 21.8 410 26.5 711 29.2 909 35.5
...................................................................................................................................................
15
Phosphorus Ias phosphatel
Nutrient
P a c i f i c ~l?o52'N, lb3015'Y I\tlanIicl 7oSb'S, 2Bol2'Y Depth ( r l Conc l u w l l k p l Drpth Iml Conr lurollkpl 52 0.10 22 0.08 89 0.08 90 0.10 170 0.27 170 1.09 244 0.50 2% 1.64 347 1.00 349 1.90 144 1.78 4S9 2.18 596 2.60 610 2.50 692 711 2.30 2.80 891 2.84 909 2.29
P a t l l i c : Bainbridqr II97Pal A t l a n t ~ t : Ba~nbridqrlI979bl
(continued)
Atomic llulber
I6 17 18
Element
Corrslrllon E ~ p r e r s ~ o n
Cmrmtrrtion
Location
bfercntc
i : : i i i ~ i i i ~ E ~ i i E i : E : : ~ : 5 i i i i I I I : i : i i , : ~ , : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ , ~ . * , i i ~ , i i : . :
Sulfur ISM) Chlorine Argon
Conservrlive, W 4 I U = 0.1400 Consrrvrlive, CllCL = O.WBP6 Yon-nutr~ent gas
2.112 qlkq 19.35 q l t q
lri~h En
lbrris m d R i l q (I9bbl Y I M I (197s)
----------.------------------------------------.----.....................................................................................
19 Potrsslua Consnval~ve,klCL = 0.0206 399 q l k ! Evlkrn and Cw 119bhl -------------------------------------.--------------..................................................................................... 20 Calcrum Correlatrs with carbonate altrlrnrty C a = 3bb.7 + 21.1, C R k p t h (11 Conc (mqlkgl 30 417.7 99 422.b 298 410.4 498 400.9 649 408.0 800 408.0 900 40P.2 I000 410.4 1391 411.5 1709 412.3 2015 412.1 Yestern S. P r i f r c between A w r i c m Samoa and lmpa 15021'5, 170o05'Y Horibe et 11. I19741
k p t h ( n l Cant 10 51s 1086 1876
lumollkql 10.0 13.9 15.6 15.6
E s t u n Y. Pacrfic 902b'H, IIJolb'Y
ka18 et 11. llPb7)
1st Rpprox.: Conservatlvr CalCL = 0.02126
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.----------------------------.------------------------------(Itomlc Element Correlat~on Expression Concentrrt~on Locallon Wunber ................................................... ---.~==~E~===i~=~.~~=m=~:~~~~:.=:i:ii:.ia:a=::=,:s.~:::,::~::=:=:::::=:::~:=:--Reference

---==z=z:===,======.==
.....................
22 23 litanium Vanadium
0.9 nqlkq Conswvative, near surface evidence of scavrnq~nq VlCL = 6 x IOE-8 Wutrient-correlated Cr = 210 l.lI511 = 1.01511 - 7.61P011 t 210 = 1.01511 ?.47IW031 t 230 1.2 uqlkq
Puqet Sound II. lltlantic
6 r i e l and Robinson 11952) Morris 119751, lhou rt al. 119021, Huizmpa and Kester ll9021 -Loot up Cranrtom (19791, Crtnston and Hurray (1978)
-------------------------------*----------------------------.
24
Chromium
Depth (11 Conc 10 00 150 250 400 660 800 1000
Inqlkql 268 22b 259 230 222 585 202 296
6uateula Basin
25
Mmpmese
Complex, nutrientrelated$ 02, nitrate, deep water scavenging
pacific^
IM, lO0oY Depth la1 Conc 0.5 100 150 220 295 590 185 900 IS5
(nqlkql I31 148 I92 214 275 192 82 47 34
l l t l a n t i c l IlolS'W, bbol7'Y Depth (mI C n c I n q l t q l 0 137 100 71 136 66
Pacific: Martin and Knauer ll984l; Mlamtir: t u l a n d and F r m h (1903)
(continued)
(Table 1 cont. )
Ltomic Wulber
Eleuat
Correlation Erpresrion
hcmtrdion
Location
Reference
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 Iron Tentativr correlation u i t h oxygen and n u t r ~ r n t s W . Parilic Oylh 1 1 1 Conc lnglkql 0 7.8 30 35.1 50 k0.U 70 100.5 90 145.2 IS0 100.5 295 55.8 395 40.0 590 42.4 705 40.2 980 44.7 1955 S3.5 (nqllql 6.8 5.6 3.9 3.8 3.4 2.8 2.0 L t l m t i c r 340'58'1, bBoO3'Y Drpth f r l Cmc lnglkq) Gordon et a1. (19821 Ltlrnticr S y m and K e ~ t r r119851
l i l . i . i = = * i i i i i = i i E ~ S = ~ ~ = = = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ = = : = ~ = = ~ = = = = = = : ~ = ~ ~ Z S = S ~ ~ = ' = = i i i i i i ~ ~ * i S ~ i i i 5 E i S S ~ S = S ~ = ~ = ~ . i ~ i . ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ = = ~ = = = ~ = = : ~ = S Z ~ ~ ~ = ~ . ~ S i i i i ~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ =
54
95
loo
145
174
...........................................................................................................
27 Cobalt lluch l i b ~ Iln, surfarr anthropogenlc lnput Drpth ( r l Conc 0.2 100 200 SO0 400 520 900 PRO
519 735 944 1043
95 129
225
212 W. Pacific 36a50'1, 123, 05'Y
---------------------------Knaun #t 11. I19021
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.8
Atomic llunber 28
Element
Correlation Expression
Cmcrntratiom
Location
Rclerence
----------------------*------
i:~ii:ii~ii~iii~i,...ii*.liii~Siiiiiii~,ii~:.~Eii.~....EE.,.i~.~~*ii~~iii.iCli.i,iii.i.i~~i.i.~..Sii~i~i,iii.iiii~I~...i:~iii.i~i,..~
Nictrl
Nutritnt-related both Pacific: 3204l'N, 14SfJO'Y Oepth Id Conc l n q l l p l o c r m r i A t l a n t i c about 801 be1011 t h a t predicted 0 I4b i n equation 75 161, 180 185 222, 223 375 320, 298 Ni = l b l b 561POII + 1.91Sil 595 440 180 541, 524 985 566 1505 575 2025 b33, 605 Non-conrsvativt, P a c i l i c ~3204l'W, I45oM)'Y rereabler n u t r i s l s , Depth lrl Conr I n q l t q l b u l r i t h relea$a at 0 34 s e d i m c n t w r t n interlace 15 SB, 49 scavmqirq i n i n l c r w l i r t e 185 bl, 55 and dccp water. 375 01, 01 121 595 780 IZb, 121 905 130 1x5 133 2025 212, 192 Yutrirnt-rclatcd, Pacilic: 3204l'l, Atlantic c o n c c n t r a t i ~ n s Depth Iml are r b w t 2x t b ~ l 0 prcdictcd by equation. 15 I85 315 595 1n 8 1.3 5.5I511 180 985 1505 2025 145oOO'W Conc lnplhql b, 7 7, 12 24, 21 123, 121 32s 381, 400 418 529 542, 528
Atlantic: 34olS'M, bboll'Y Depth (1) Conc Inpltgl 0 114, 126 100 114, I2b 375 169, 597 174, 715 160, 10Sd 1441 2030 116 110 255 335 323 359
P a c ~ l i c : Bruland lI9BOl; Atlantic: Brulmd and Franks 11983)
29
Copper
Iltlantic: 34olS'W, bboll'W Dcpth Id Conc I n q l t q l 0 77, 70 136 80 315 81 597 14 115 85 lOSb W, 95 I!?! 183 2030 I00 Atlantic: 34olS'Y, L b l l ' Y Brpth lml Conc Inglkql 0 3 I00 I1 375 597 115 i05( 1441 2030 20 11 84 122 I30 99
PaclIic: lruland l1980li Atlantic; Bruland and Frantr 11983)
----------------------.---------------------.-------a---------------------------------------.------------------.----------*------------------------
30
linc
P a c ~ l i c : Bruland 119801; Atlantic: Bruland and F r m t s (1981)
(continued)
Itomic lluaber SI Element Cwrelation Exprerrion C~cmtrrtloa Location Reference
~~~.~.~~:~:::~~~:'~:~~:*~~~~,~,,s~~~:~::.:~~:~~~~s~~~:,~.~:~m~,~~~,.~~~~~~~,,~~~,~~~~,~~,~,~~~~s~~*~~~~..~~.,~~,~~~:,~:~~~~.~~..,.~~~~~*~......*.
61111ue
15-30 nqlkg
--------------------------------.-------.---------------------------------------------------------------------------.--.-------------------------52 Gnwnium Nutrient-corrrlrtlm 6r 5 r IN-5 I S i 1 Yutr~mt-rrlrtrd 0.5-1.5 n q l t t l k t r not q i v m i n p r o l i l e l I-? rqlkl (data mot q i v m i a ) r o f i l r l 25000'1, 11VoOS'E 53 Arsrnir Iar LlV1) SIlrnlur 11s S r l t o t l ) t r u i w 79 C r u ~ r 88 r 6EOSICS I
Burton et 01. I19591 Islibashi r t 11. I19LI)
f r m l i r h and h d r e r r I19811
I . htifir k k e a r 11919), k d r e r r 3004b'l, I&b#'M 119031 I . Ltlbntic 25006'1, 27oS2'M Cruises 19 m d 881 )Irtrurer and Burton 11W01; 6tOSECS 11 k a r u r r s et al. ll9BOl
54
Orpth Id Con( laplk9l t 27 k l t l = 27.2 t0.766511 t1sO041 91 ZQ = 42 4 0.54IS11 4 SJtPMI 235 56 = 42 9 O.JBISII t l4(P041 404 54 732 95 IbS2 E O 2091 10 C ~ n s r r v a t ~ vB rr , ICL Yon-nutrimt 91s
nutrient-rel~ted
--------------.--------------------------.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jb aryptm 010th 11) t o m ~InaoI/kgl 10 1.0 00 2.9 98 2.1 I . ltlantls 5ml$'l, 1bY'Y B i a i et rl. l I 9 U l
35
Broa~ns
0.003413
(7 q / k (
Morris u d R i l r y I l 9 M i
Rloalc Numbrr
tlewnt
C o r r e l r l l o n Erp~errton
toncentrrt ion
Locttlon
fielerente
------------
S . i i = i ~ = ~ : = : z ; : = : : = ~ ~ : = ~ : = : : : : : : ~ : : ~ : = : , ~ : : = : : , : : : : : ~ : ~ : ~ : : : : : , : ~ : . : = : = z = : = : ~ : : ~ : ~ = ~ = : = : ~ = ~ z = : ~ : :
----------------.--------------------------------------------------.-----------------------.---------------.--.----------.---------.--------------31 Rubldlun Rbltl % Strontlua Consrrvrl~ve 6.41 r I # - 6 I24 uq!tq

I I . f'tc111c
I90 190 4Eb b9E El0 1010
5.0
3.2 3.S
1.6 5.1 3.1
Spencer r t tl. !I9701
ZBoZP'N, l ? l o l 0 ' M Drplh fa1 tonr I q l L q l 10 1.404 100 1.720 2000 1.115
ll. PLCIIC 28019'1, I:Io!U'Y
htr~cnt-corrrltl~on Sr1S = 0.2104 I O.OSl0IPP4IIS 1st tppror.: conservtt~vr Sr/CL = 3.99 I lot-4
Rrtrs m d Turek~tn I19741
....................................................................................................................
40 l~rron~um 0.4-1.4 uqlbq Indlan Ocrtn 19045l, 1203b'E Sastry e l 11. ll9bVl
39
Vttrlum
I1 nqlkq
I I .Rllmt~c deep
Hopdahl e l
dl.
IIPbUI
(5 npltq
I .R i i m i i c , Carl~sle and 6ursersione SY of P l y w u l h Sound (19%)
42
lollbdrnum
--------..---------.-..-..-..-.--...---.--...-..---..-.-.----..-.-------.-------.-.-----------.*---------.-------43 lrchnwlum
Con ser #a1~ v r I c o l t l * 5.0 I IOf.1
10 uqlkq
I. A t l r l ~ c
I I .F r c ~ l ~ r
I l o r r ~ s119151 C o l l ~ e r 119851
(continued)
ltorlc tlewnl Correld\lon E ~ p r r r % t o n Coatrntrrt~oa Lorrt~on Nuder -=----~Li.i.~.i.iiiiiii,iiiiiiiiiiiiii5::::55555555.5:555:5::5~~:ii.:,:::~~~~~~~~~~IIII,sEEEEE:iiiii*~~.~~*Ciii.iiiiiiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiii,:,II.~=~~~~~~ I4 Ruthcniur Rcfecncc
Depth In1 tonc Inglkpl

10 670 880 1800 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6
k r t n n 8ulf 01 Ilrxico, ZSaOS'N, W 9 ' U
Dixoa c t 11. (19W
I5
4b
Rhodium Palladium
1111
Uutrirnt-related
--------------------------------------.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I7 S~lvw Wutrirnt-rrlrtcd, Cu-like Depth Irl Conc Inqlk)l 0 0.15 60 0.04 100 0.22 150 0.15 210 0.11 295 0.01 490 O.lb 690 0.60 880 1.00 900 1.17 2440 2.46 h c i f i c , o l l I(erico Martin c t rl. IIWSly IbN, lOBdl
Depth In1 CMC I p p l k ~ l 5 21 200 30 300 a 800 38 1200 1 7 1800 53, 40
29042'n, IIBoM'Y
Hdqe rt rl. IIPBS)
Lee (11831
-------------.--.----------------------.------------------------*------------------------------------------------------
Atorlc Wunber 4 B
tlennt
Cwrelat~onf i p r e ~ r ~ o n
Concentrat~on
Locrt ion
Referencr
- - - -- -- - - -
, S ~ ~ i i i i i ~ : ~ ~ : ~ ~ : : ~ ~ ~ : x : : ~ : : : : : ~ : : ~ : : ~ : ~ : : : ~ , ~ ~ : : ~ , , ~ : ~ , ~ ~ : : ~ : : : s ~ : ~ : : , * ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : , ~ , * : : ~ ~ * * ~ ~ , , , ~ z ~ ~ . s ~ * ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ : : : ~ : : : : : : ~ , ~ ~ : , ~ ~ ~ : : * ~ ~ ~
Cadriur
Nutrient .correlation, co9acific: 32041'1, 14St100'Y tions i n the Allantic abwt Depth In1 EMlc 1npIkql I 5 1 l o r r than predicted by 0 0.2b equation: 15 0.3 Pacific: Cd = 39 IPO41 1.6 r = 0.991 l l S 19, IB Atlantic: 29.llP041 + 1.0 r = 0.958 315 5b 6ulf of Ilerico~ a SO.3IW4l + 7.9 595 93 180 110, 111 985 Ill 113 I505 2025 104, 102
Itlantic: 54015'1, bbo11'U Depth 1 1 ) Conc lnqlkq) 0 0.22 100 0.9 136 1 315 2 S91 10 115 19 1036 31 1441 31, 30 1030 31 I . htlantir off Y coast of hfricr, 23000'1, 10042'Y
Pacific: Brulrnd 11980)i l t l i n t i c : tuland and franks 119831) O l r f f r m ll9BSl 6ulf of I k ~ i c o tBOyle @t aI. 11981)
D q t h 1r1 Coac Inplkyl 2 0.30 W 0.12 I000 0.10 2090 0.11
ltthws m d Riley IIPIOaI
I l i n (at SnItotl)
Mon-conruvative, mthropopenic; b o t t w r e l e r r r tern
Depth Irl Conc 0 B O O tho0 2800 3600 0.21 uqllq
Inplkgl 2.b 2.1 0.6 0.0 0.2
6 1 1 1 1 Strran 2hS0'11, 70oO0'Y
Byrd md Andrrar (1982)
----------------------------------------------------------*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
51
A n t i ~ ~
Conrnvali v r
I .Y l m t l c
B r w u et rl. ll9121
(continued)
Rtonlr Wuabrr Eleunt C o r r e l r t i m Expresr~on Concentration Location Refrrence
/ i i i i i i ~ i i i x i ~ i m i i i = : = ~ ~ = s ~ = ~ : = ~ : : : ~ ~ =----~=ZiiiiziEliSE~i.SSE.Eii~~===EiiStSiii~ii~iXI~==.Si~~X=.Z=li.iiS~ii=~iii.iiiZi=~==..l~.Xl~S~=ii~5iiSSS =----
I l C L = 1.1
IOE-8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52 lelluriu~ ?Seleniu&- or Y a c i i i c ~07000'1, 7k4O'Y polonlua-like Depth Is) Cnnc (nqlkql Slronq tvldeace of rcaSurfbcr 0.22 renqln~ by partlcler 2500 O O .b Wutrlent -correlrted 105 = 0.35 IN051 4 SO = 5.4b IPO41 + 40 Depth (4 Conc lmplkgl 2 4B 126 55 353 55 533 57 729 60 I036 60 I t l a n t i c : I~oSP'S, Olo00'E Depth (11 Cmc ln#ltq) Surface 0.16 2500 0.07 Lee and Edwnd (19151
Sarqrsro S u 3%44'I, MoOC'Y
53
lodlne, as iodate
Y c r t n n 5. Atlantic Yon9 and Brewr I19741 32031'S, 42o(lO0Y
rr I I t o t )
----------------------------------------..--.-------.---------------------------------------------------------------.-------------------.---------54
K m o n
Yan-nutrlent gas MA
Depth (01 Conc ( n r o l l t q l
Pacific
Maror et 11. (1964)
10 5010 5329
0.26 U.52 0.44
55
Ces~ua
CsiCL
Conservat~ve :1.54 a IOE-8
0.29 uqlkq
HE Pacific
Spencer et dl. (19701
56
Barlus
Nutrient-cwrelate4, but dependeat upon rater nrrs

I B r l = (l.Ob;lS~l
t
4.8
-.---------------.-----*----------------------------.-------------------------------------------------------------------
Oepth (BI Cnnc (uqlkgl 13 4.81 55 4.96 154 5.22 304 5.13 6.59 430 566 8.52 776 11.06 997 11.32 Ll9b 14.97
ME Pacific o f f llaraii 31023'1, 15002'Y
Chan et 11. (1976, 19771
Aloalc Nuaber 51
Element
Correlalron Eaprers~on
Concrntration
Locat i m
Relerence
~:~=~=~i=::=~iiE=ii~:::::::::::~~:::~:~::::::~:::::::::~::~:::~.:~:~~:~~::::~~~:~:~:~~:~~~~~i~z~:~~:.:iii*::~~~~s~~::~::~~::~:~*~~~.mz~~~:,:*:*~~~~
Lanthrnua
Nutrrent-relatrd, particle and possrbly boundary scrvenqinq
...................................................................................................................................................
50
Y a c i f i o IEoN, lOBd Depth (el Conc 15 100 150 200 500 750 1000 1250
(nqlkql 2.64 4.44 6.53 2.36 2.70 4.72 4.06 4.50
btlmtici20oOl'l, 25oSP'Y Depth I r ) Conc Inglhql 0 5.10 100 1.80 200 b00 700 900 IS00 2.lb 3.12 J.50 2.09 1.17
E l d c r l i c l d m d Grcavrs (I9821 Dekaar e l al. 119851
Cerium
Redor controllrd
P a c r f ~ cLB ~ O ~~, lO8oY Depth 1 1 1 Conc 15 100 150 200 500 750 1000 1250
lnqlkpl 1.54 1.40 3.50 2.58 1.02 1.18 1.04 0.59
Rtlantic128oOI'N, 2So59'Y Orpth (a1 Conc Inqlkql 0 9.29 100 2.35

200 600 700 900 1000 1500
Elderfield and Greavrs 11982) Oearar c t , I . (198SI
3.12 2.56 3.46 1.35 2.91 1.36 Pacific: IBoI, lO0d Debar e t 11. (19951
59
Prreseodyriua
Mutirent-related, particle and p o r s ~ b l y boundary scavmqrnq
Depth (01 Conc I n q l t q l IS 0.45 100 0.46 I50 0.61 200 0.35 SO0 0.44 0.59 750 IOU0 1.07 1250 0.01
---------------------------------------*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(continued)
11oa1c Wunber 60 Elenent Correlrlion Expression Cormtratioa Locatim Ref crence
iiii~i:i:.iiiiiiiii~:~~~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~*E:iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,~,~~*tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,~:iiiiDiiii,~~~~~~~*i*~.~:iiiiii*~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.~
Nrodyr~ua
Nutrient-related,
part~cle and possibly boundary rtrrenqlnq
Y v l l l t : IBoW, lOBoY Depth In1 Cont 15 100 150 2tlb 0 750 1000 1250
Inqlkql 1.88 2.1) 3.4b I.BE ?.I6 2.45 4.90 5.61
Atlut1t12BoOl'I, no59'Y Depth Irl Cont (nqlkql 0 4 . n 100 1.85 200 2.28 bOO 1.81 700 1. I 6 PO0 1.04 10011 3.29 15M 2.74
f l d r r f i e l d m d Greave5 IIPB1) Delaar e l (1. llP851
b2
Saaarlur
r n t - r e p a r t l r l e m d possiblf boundary scavemq~nq
f ' a c i l i t : IBoN, lO8oY Depth Is1 Cant IS 100 150
lnqlkpl (1.41 0.39 6.60
I\tlrnl1t1:8oOl'N, 2505P'Y Depth IaI Cont Inpltp) 0 0.90 100 0.40 200 0.M
t l d e r l i c l d md Greaves IIPB21 DeBaar e l 11. 119051
Itoaic Eleaent Correlation Express~on ' Wuaber --------------------*----------------------------------------------------------------===------ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Concentration
* -
Locatim
Relerence
------ i..i.i...*i.i.=sz~=~:::::,=:=:====:=~~====~===~=====~
600 700 900 1000 1500 0.58 0.68 0.65 0.68 0.56 t l d r r f i e l d and 6reaves (I982I DeBaar e t al. ll9851
200 500 150 I000 1250 b3 Europ~ua lutr~mt-related, Patitic: I L Y , lO8dl p a r t i c l e and p o ~ s l b l v Depth (@I Conc boundary scavmq~nq IS 100 150 200 5no 750 1000 1250 Wutr~rnt-related, p a r t i c l e and porrlbly boundary rcavesq~ng Pacilict I L N , lO8oY Depth ( @ I Conc IS 100 I50 200 500 750 1000 I250
0.39 0.58 0.47 0.96 0.68
Inglkql 0.11 0.12 0.19 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.24 6.19
Atlmtir:10oOI'N, tSo59'Y Depth 1 1 1 Conc Inqltq) 0 0.073 100 0.091 200 0.129 600 0.I2O 100 0.115 900 0.125 1000 0.155 1500 0.145 Atlantic:2800I'I, 25059'Y Depth la1 Conc Ingltq) 0 0.819 100 0.51b 600 100 900 1500 0. 162 0.822 0.BIB 0.855
64
6adollniur
(nqllql 0.61 0.63 0.99 0.58 O.6b 0.64 1.35 1.12
Elderfield md Greaves (19821 DePaar e t al. II9851
----------------------------------------------------------------*------------------------------------------*---------------------------------------
(continued)
(Table 1 con t . )
Atomic
Wwbu
i i i i i i i i i i l i i i i i i ~ i . i i * * i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i . 3 s ~ i ~ : ~ : i i i ~ i i i i i ~ ~ i ~ ~ : i l i : i i : I I I . . i i l i ~ i . i i i i i i i i : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i i i : i i i ~ ~ i i ~ ~ i I I I I I I I . I I I i * i i ~ S i i S i i i i ~ ~ i . i I , . , I I . ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Elewnt
Corrrltlipn trpresr~on
Concrntratim
Locttim
Relerence
65
Iwbium
Nutrient-rcltted, p a r t i c l e and possibly boundary srrvenqin~
k p t h I&) Conc l n q l l q l 15 0.09 100 0.09 150 U.14 200 0.09 500 O.?? 750 0.11 1000 0.12 0.10 1250 k p l h 111 Conc 1nqlkpl 0 0.01 160 0.78 200 0.86 boo 0.88 7SO 0.88 900 0.91 1000 0.98 1500 0.98 Depth 1m1 Conc 15 100 150 200 500 150 1000 1250 (nglkql 0.16 0.12 0.25 0.18 0.25 0.23 0.58 0.39
Pacific: IBoN, 1080Y
OeBttr e l tl. llP85)
66
Oysprosiu~
Nutrient- rrlated, ptrt~cle and p o s s ~ b l l boundary stavenqinp
Ltlmtlr: 2BpOl'I, 2SoSP'M
E l d c r f i c l l md Grraver 11982) DeBaar e l 11. ll9ESI
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.------------------
67
Holr~un
Nutr~ent-~plated, p a r t i c l e and possibly boundary sraveng~nq
Pacific: ~BOW, 108dl
Debar e t dl. 119851
Atomic Number 68
Element
Corrrlalion Erpresr~on
Concmtration
Lotatim
Heierence
i===:=i.iiiiiiiiii=======:~:==~======:=:=:~=~=---==.aI=ii=..=Ei.=S::=*===~::=::=:~:~=:=z==:iiiiiiiiiiiii~-.i.iSi.iiiiiii,iii~=~,~::z,==~~*,~=*~~iiii
trb~um
Nutrient-related, p a r t i c l e and possibly boundary advenqinp
...................................................................................................................................................
69 lhulium Nutrient-related, p a r t i c l e and possibly boundary scavenpinq Depth (mI Conc I n q l t q l 15 0.06 100 0.09 150 0.13 200 0.10 500 0.11 0.13 750 1000 0.31 1250 0.25 Pacific: ~DOH, l O 8 d Depth (mI Conc Inqlkpl i5 0.38 100 0.46 150 5.15 200 0.61 SO0 0.69 750 0.95 1000 2.28 P a c i f i r t IBdl, 1WoY DeBatr @t al. (19651
Depth Iml Conc lnplk(l 0 0.61 100 0.68 200 0.71 600 0.17 100 0.71 900 0.0s I500 0.89
ZOoOt'N, 25o59'Y
fldrrfi~ld and Greavrs 119821
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*--------------------------------
10
Vttrrbium
Nutrient-related, p a r t i c l e and possibly boundary scarenpin)
AtlrnticrZ8oOl'll, 25059'M L p t h ImI Conc I n p l l q l 0 0.545 100 0.614 100 600 100 900 0.104 0.111 0.104 0.606
Elderfield and Greves (1982) LBaar ct al. llPB5l
(continued)
Atomic Element Correlation Erpress~m Concentration Location Relerente Number ---------------------------==,,===*1........................... -iii~i=ii~ii=ii=lii=~.::=:~mie~,s~.EEEEEEEEEEEEE==.=~=:=::=~==:=s==~.==:::==~~:.=~:::=:=====~====:=~=======~~=
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71 Lutet~ua Nutrlmt-related, part~rle md possibly boundary ccarenglnq Depth (ml Conc 15 100 150 290 500 150 IOU0 In0 111~1kgI 6.06 0.oU 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.13 0.29 P c i f ~ c iIEoW,
tno
1.57
S IM )
0.163
DcBau e l al. 119851
lMdl
72
Hafn~um lantrlua Ibngcten
NR
RR
t.0 aglkq
Var Iw s Var iour Japanese coastal l r l s h Sea, surface
Schutz and lurekian (I965a1 ScLutz md l w t l i a n ll9b5al Irhibashl 119531; than and Riley 11967)
73
74
(2.5 nqlkq
0.1 up119
NA
HA
---------------------------------------------.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 : Rhenrua Depth (ml Conc 0 900 1310

1 1 1
lnp/Lp) 5.6 4.3
N. Atlantic b2o58'1, I9051 ' Y
Olrfsson and Riley (19721
4.2
-----.------.---.--.-------------------..---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 lr~dius RA 10 ~ 9 l h Coastal P a c ~ f i c fresco e l dl. 119851
76
Olrlua
R A
--------------------------------.------.--------.-------------------------------------------------------
Rtomic Number 7B
Eleaent
Correlrtion Erpress~on
Concentration
Locallon
Reference
iiliilii:ii:iiiiiii:~~~~::::~:~~~~:~~~~~:~~~::~:::~~~~~~:,::~~:::::::~:~~~~::~::::::,:~:~~:~~::~~:~::~:::*~~~~~~~~~~~~::~~~:~~~~~~~~~~~~,::~*s~~~~~
Plrtinue
W u t r ~ m t - l i k eprofile
Dcpth 11) Conc (pgltql Surlrce 106 10 105 50 130 SO0 119 109 160 800 170 I000 70 12!10 150 2000 3?0 4-26 nqlb)
19042'W, IIBoO4'Y
Hodqe et al. 11985)
--------------.--------------.-------------*--.------------------*----------------------------------------*-----.------------.---------------------
79
601d
N A
Atlantic
Sthutz and T u r d (I91Sdl ~ ~
80
Mercury
Nutrient-torrelaled ibut r i t h c a ~ ~ a t s 1 Hq = 2.26 t 0.2: ISI l
Depth (11 Conc (nqlkpl 250 3 500 4 100 4 I900 4.5 Depth (mi Conc 0 400 1000 2070 3470 InqlLpl 12.4 16.4 13.6 12.1 12.1
#. Atlantic
b t h e r ~ and i Kerter (19791
3VolO'W, bSoSO'Y
81
Ihrlllue
?Conscrvrl~vc
14olJ'I, bboll'Y
Fleqal and Patterron 1198%
.---------------------------------------------------.-----------------.--------------------------------------(continued)
Rtanic Wuaber Eleaent Cwrelat~on Expression Concentration Locat ion Relerentr
~ ~ = i i i i ~ i i * i i i i i i i i : : ~ ~ : i i i i i i i i i i i i i i : i z : ~ : ~ ~ z : ~ ~ : ~ : ~ ~ : ~ s : : ~ s ~ s : ~ : , ~ ~ : ~ : ~ ~ ~ : ~ : z ~ : : ~ , ~ ~ . ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ , ~ . : : ~ ~ : : ~ , ~ : : ~ : , : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ * *
82
Lead
-----------------------------.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------83 Disnuth Non-ronrwvat~ve, aeolltn source Dcpth In) Conc l)qlkql p o r s ~ b l ec o r r e l a t ~ o n with Lead; 25 36 Atlantic hlqher thatn Pacilic 60 35 7s 35 100 34 200 5s 400 73 600 10s 150 79 900 b4 1100 56 28 2000 VERIEI IV, Y. o l Hawdli Let e t al. I190516i Lee l I9821
Non-ronsnvat~ve, anthroPtrific: 32041'1, 14hOO'Y P l m t i r : 34015'1, b b o l l ' l Depth (1) Conc lnqlkql Depth (61 Conc ln9lkql 0.2 13.b 0.2 53.2 15 12.2 35 51.1 200 1J.I IS0 53,2 400 14.0 400 35.2 600 0.9 600 51.1 860 5.1 750 26.9 lO(l0 4.5 1000 16.0 2000 2.0 2010 8.9
Pacific: Scldule m d Patterson I19811 Atlantic: Scbrule and Patterson 119831
92
Uran~ua
Conservrt re = 1.1 K 101-1
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER DISTRIBUTION OF THE ELEMENTS IN SEAWATER 1 \ A 1 $ I & 1 VIIA 1 Vlll I 1. 1 11. 1 111 1 I V I
I1
IIIA
It*
YI
Vll
. . . . . a
...... ......' .'... ...... ......

1 He ......
Conservative Conaervatlve (withln rough experimental llmltation~) Measure
rn
R
Nutrlent - related (Correlated e x ~ r e a a i o navailable)

Nutrient-related
on-nutrlent game#
Scavenging tmrm
H
of the
Antkropogenlc
Fig. 1 . seawater.
Concentrations
and
correlations
elements
in
Although d a t a have been published i n a number o f u n i t s , e l e m e n t a l d a t a ( f o r o t h e r t h a n n u t r i e n t s and g a s e s are expressed in g/kg and multiples thereof. The n u t r i e n t s and g a s e s a r e given in vm/kg ( f o r W e will several
, , t h e commonly used mL/L is in p a r e n t h e s e s ) . dissolved O

generally r e f e r species elements, t o t o t a l elemental concentration. they a r e identified.
If
were a d d r e s s e d ,
For c o n s e r v a t i v e
t h e average concentration
in s e a w a t e r , normalized t o

35/0e.
and
t h e relation t o chlorinity
(CL) is r e p o r t e d .
For
e l e m e n t s c o r r e l a t e d t o t h e n u t r i e n t s , a prof i l e , t h e c o r r e l a t i o n , c o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n and c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e given a s a v a i l a b l e .

The c o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d s o t h a t t h e r e s u l t a n t
e l e m e n t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n in "xng/kg c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e o b s e r v e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s In s e a w a t e r .
L , we
To c o n v e r t t o approximate kg-'
1.025
from
have
divided
by
as
suggested
by
Bainbridge
(1979a1b,c). CONCENTRATIONS AND CORRELATIONS The d i s c u s s i o n of
OF
THE ELEMENTS I N SEAHATER
t h e e l e m e n t a l abundance p a t t e r n s i n t h e The Main Croup Elements a r e the Transition Elements,
oceans follows t h e periodic table. discussed

first,
by
group
and
then
Lanthanides and Actinides a r e d i s c u s s e d by row.
G r o u p & Teh A l k a l i M e t a l s , Lithium. Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium

and Cesium Evidence conservative indicates to the that all of the current alkali metals are
precision
analytical
methods
(Wilson. 1975) and t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s can be p r e d i c t e d everywhere i n t h e open ocean from s a l i n i t y ( c h l o r i n i t y , CL). Li c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e a b o u t 180 m / k g i n s e a w a t e r normalized t o 3s0/, s a l i n i t y and is c o n s e r v a t i v e (Table 1 ; Fabricand e t a l . ,
1966, 1967; Chow and Coldberg, 1962; Riley and Tongudai, 1964). Although t h e r e is some evidence of spatial variability in t h e
t r o p i c a l o c e a n s (Riley and Tongudai, 1967; Angino and B i l l i n g s , 1966: Fabricand
a & ,
19671,
the
differences
were
not
s t a t i s t i c a l l y significant.
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER Sodium and potassium a r e major c o n s t i t u e n t s of s e a w a t e r , historically, Forchhammer, thought 1865; Cox, to be conservative Culkin, 1965). (Dittmar, a finding 1884; still 1972;
1965; 1966;
s u p p o r t e d (Culkin and Cox, M i l l e r o and Leung, 1976). been reported for
Mangelsdorf and Wilson,
No s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n w i t h d e p t h h a s
t h e cation
to chlorinity ratios
(Table
1).
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t h e s e e l e m e n t s can be p r e d i c t e d r e l i a b l y from s a l i n i t y measurements. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e p o r t e d i n t h e few
p a p e r s a v a i l a b l e w i t h d a t a from t r o p i c a l s i t e s (Fabricand 1966; Barker and Zeitlin, 1972; Froelich
ak,
ak,
1978) are i n
agreement w i t h t h e above findings. Seawater salinity).

It
contains
is
about
124 and
pg/kg
its
rubidium
(at
35/00 may be
conservative
concentration
c a l c u l a t e d using t h e e x p r e s s i o n a p p e a r i n g i n Table 1 (derived from Spencer Spencer
s..
1970).
Most r e s e a r c h e r s ( B o l t e r
a & ,
1.964;
a L , 1970; Brewer
a & ,
O/,,
1972) have r e p o r t e d cesium s a l i n i t y and no s i g n i f i c a n t
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 0.3 pg/kg a t 35 v a r i a t i o n with depth. t a k e n a t s i t e s in
About 1 % v a r i a t i o n between s u r f a c e samples t h e North P a c i f i c Ocean and f o r s u b s u r f a c e Even i f t h i s v a r i a t i o n
s a m p l e s h a s been r e p o r t e d (Folsom, 1974).
is r e a l , t o a f i r s t approximation C s can be considered c o n s e r v a t i v e
(Table 1).
m e
Csoup
IIA
Elements:
the
Alkaline
Earths
Beryllium,
Magnesium Calcium, Strontium. Barium, and Radium ---A The d i s t r i b u t i o n of b e r y l l i u m i n t h e P a c i f i c r e s e m b l e s copper, t h a t is, it shows n u t r i e n t - l i k e behavior e x c e p t t h a t high v a l u e s
184
'
a r e found n e a r t h e sedimentwater i n t e r f a c e and n e a r ridge- rise systems ( ~ e a s u r e s and Edmond, 1982, 1983). There
is some
scavenging in intermediate and deep water.
f i e d i s t r i b u t i o n of Be
in t h e A t l a n t i c n e a r t h e equator is n o t l i k e any of t h e n u t r i e n t s o r t r a c e elements. I n t h e A t l a n t i c , its c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s enriched r e l a t i v e t o t h e Pacific (Measures e t a l . , 1984). Magnesium, a major constituent, 1884;
is
conservative 1865;
within Cox,
analytical limitations
(Dittmag,
Forchhammer,
1965; Culkin, 1965; Culkin and Cox, 1966; Carpenter and Manella, 1973). 1973; Data f o r t h e t r o p i c a l oceans is s i m i l a r (Atwood e t al., Barker and Zeitlin, 1972; Billings and Harris, 1965:
Carpenter. 1972; Sen Gupta e t al.. 1978). Calcium c a r b o n a t e is removed from biological deposition of calcareous surface water by t h e since
tests.
Accordingly,
Dittmar (1 884). r e s e a r c h e r s have predicted t h a t calcium should n o t behave c o n s e r v a t i v e l y (Culkin and Cox, 1966; Riley and Tongudai, 1967; Mangelsdorf and Wilson, 1972). calcium concentrations can To a f i r s t approximation, using t h e conservancy (and l a t e r S h i l l e r and
be predicted I n 1974,
r e l a t i o n r e p o r t e d in Table 1.
Gieskes, 1980) ' v a r i a t i o n of calcium concentration with depth was observed (Horibe e t al., 1974: S h i l l e r and Cieskes. 1980): about 1 % v a r i a t i o n over 5000 m (Table 1 ) and a d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n of calcium concentration with c a r b o n a t e a l k a l i n i t y . Strontium e x h i b i t s a c o r r e l a t i o n (r = 0.88) (Figure 2) (Brass and Turekian, 1974). with phosphate
Using t h e i r d a t a and t h a t of
Bainbridge (1979b) f o r PO, and s a l i n i t y a t t h e same s t a t i o n , t h e
Fig. 2. Strontium c o n c e n t r a t i o n v s phosphate c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( d a t a from B r a s s and Turekian, 1974). o r e p r e s e n t s d a t a from S t a t i o n 3 a t 5 1 0 1 * ~ ,43071W. x r e p r e s e n t s d a t a from S t a t i o n 68 a t 48O39*S, 45O09'~.
c o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n i n Table 1 may be derived.
The v a r i a t i o n of
[ S r ] w i t h d e p t h d e v i a t e s by l e s s t h a n 0.3% o v e r 4000 m from t h a t p r e d i c t e d by Sr/CL Turekian, 1974). Several profiles of barium have been r e p o r t e d (Wolgemuth,
3.99
lo'*
(based on d a t a i n B r a s s and
1970; Bacon and Edmond. 1972; Bender 1972).
a L , 1972; Bernat e t al..
The e x t e n s i v e and r e l i a b l e d a t a of Chan e t a l . (1976, 1977)
shows a n u t r i e n t - l i k e distribution (Figure
3).
They r e p o r t
QUINBY-HIMT AND WILDE
"
Barium Concentration ((rg/kg)
Fig. 3. Barium concentration in seawater vs depth ( d a t a from Chan e t al., 1976, Station 204, 3I023*N, 15002'W.
- --
l i n e a r relationship between barium and s i l i c a t e , however t h e r a t i o varies with water mass (Figure 4 ) . Chan (Chan
Using t h e [Ba] reported by
a k , 1976) and t h e CSII of Bainbridge (1979a) f o r
GEOSECS s t a t i o n 204, a c o r r e l a t i o n expression may be derived (Table

1).
Although radium e x i s t s in a number of isotopes, only 'Ra

w i l l be considered. ~adium-226 has been determined in seawater by
a number
of
researchers (Broecker
. : 1 5
1970; Ku
all2.
1970;
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS I N SEA WATER
Silicate Concentration (pmoilkg)
Fig. 4. Barium concentration v s s i l i c a t e concentration (data from g.(1976); GEOSECS Station 204, 3123*N, 15002'W). Ba data: Chan Si data: Bainbridge ( 1 9 7 9 ~ 1 ) . Chan a k demonstrated t h a t t h e r a t i o of [Ba]/[Si] v a r i e s with water mass.
Chung and Craig.

1980; Chan
1973; Bruland
&,
1974; Chung, 1974. 1976.
al,, 1976; Bacon
a l , , 1976; Broecker
al,, 1976;
K u and Lin, 1976; Knauss report a pofile

9.1
a l , , 1978).
at
149
Broecker
m
al, (1976)
15.0
dpm/lOOkg
increasing t o
dpm/lOOkg a t 4170 m a t a s t a t i o n i n t h e western t r o p i c a l North
188
QUINBY- HUNT AND WILDE"
Atlantic.
Chan
&. (1976)
u s i n g d a t a from t h e same s i t e (and
o t h e r s i n t h e North A t l a n t i c ) r e p o r t a l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n between radium and barium c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and, t h e r e f o r e , a l s o t o s i l i c a t e , c o n f i r m i n g a n e a r l i e r r e p o r t of L i
a l ,
(1973).
However, t h e y
f u r t h e r r e p o r t t h a t a t some s t a t i o n , n o t a b l y o n e i n t h e North P a c i f i c . n o r t h w e s t of Hawaii, t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p does not h o l d a t great depths. The
Group
Elements 1 Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, Indium _and
Thallium Boron is c o n s e r v a t i v e and its c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n s e a w a t e r a s approximately 4.4 mg/kg a t s a l i n i t y

O/,,
( T a b l e 1: Culkin, 1965; 1961; Williams and
C a s t and Thompson,
1958; Noakes and Hood,
S t r a c k (1966); Gassaway, 1967). The o c e a n i c d i s t r i b u t i o n of aluminum is complex a n d d a t a has been seemingly c o n t r a d i c t o r y (Measures
5 &..
1986).
S a c k t t and
A r r b n i u s (1962) r e p o r t e d s e a w a t e r has an CAI]
o f about 1 %/kg.
Moore (1981) r e p o r t e d no c o r r e l a t i o n of aluminum with n u t r i e n t s in

the
Arctic.
Hydes (1979) r e p o r t e d open ocean p r o f i l e s of d i s s o l v e d with concentrations ranging from 1.0 a/kg at
the
aluminum
s u r f a c e , a minimum of 0.5 ug/kg a t about 1000 m , i n c r e a s i n g w i t h d e p t h t o about 0.9 &kg. He s u g g e s t e d a n e g a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h
s i l i c a , but did n o t r e s e n t a r e r e s s i o n f o r m u l a o r c o r r e l a t i o n c o n s t a n t . In t h e A t l a n t i c , Hydes (1983) r e p o r t e d t h a t A 1 is nonconservative, with a surface maximum (0.9 &kg), minimum i n
i n t e r m e d i a t e w a t e r s (0.2 ug/kg), i n c r e a s i n g t o w a r d t h e sedimentwater interface o r the continent. In

the
Mediterranean
is
.DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER
c o n s i d e r a b l y higher
than
i n t h e Atlantic and c o r r e l a t e s
with 1978;
s i l i c a t e a t l e a s t i n t h e upper 1500 m ( M a c k n z i e
2..
S t o f f y n and Mackenzie. 1982; C a s c h e t t o and Wollast, 1979) perhaps due t o uptake by s i l i c e o u s organisms. m e r e s u l t s from t h e
Mediterranean may not be a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e open ocean (Hydes, 1983). Recently, t h e oceanic d i s t r i b u t i o n of A 1 has been described i n t e r m s of e x t e r n a l , a e o l i a n and f l u v i a l s o l r c e t e r m s and e x t e n s i v e scavenging by p a r t i c l e s (Orians and Bruland, 1986; Measures 1986). Concentrations can vary from 1 &kg
&.,
t o 1 3 pg/ kg depending
s e a s o n and l o c a t i o n .
The deep P a c i f i c c o n t a i n s 50 t i m e s l e s s A 1
than does t h e deep A t l a n t i c . It a p p e a r s u n l i k e l y t h a t any simple c o r r e l a t i o n s w i l l be derived t h a t permit c a l c u l a t i o n of aluminum c o n c e n t r a t i o n s from simply measured oceanic c o n s t i t u e n t s .
A 1 d a t a from t h e Tongue of t h e Ocea'n i n t h e Bahamas, a r e in
g e n e r a l agreement w i t h Hydes, a l t h o u g h w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r s c a t t e r (Alberts
z.,
1976).
A s aluminum
concentrations a r s
p o t e n t i a l l y i m p o r t a n t is OTEC o p e r a t i o n s , t h i s element and i t s r e l a t i o n t o biological activity should

be
examined f u r t h e r i n
conjunction with measurements a t p o t e n t i a l OTEC s i t e s . Gallium has been determined i n s e a w a t e r (Table 1). but no profiles a r e available. In t h e north Atlantic, near t h e British
I s l e s , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f about 30 ng/kg have been r e p o r t e d (Culkin and Riley. 1958; Burton e t a l . , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 15-20 ng/kg 1961). 1959). In t h e P a c i f i c o f f Japan,
were r e p o r t e d (Ishibashi 5
g.,
QUINBY-HUNT AND WIT.DE '
Matthews
and
Riley
(1970a)
report
indium
concentrations
r a n g i n g from 0.3 ng/kg a t t h e s u r f a c e t o 0.1 ng/kg a t 2000 m f o r a station

in
the
north
Atlantic
off
the
coast
of
Africa,
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r t h a n t h e v a l u e s r e p o r t e d by t h e same c o w o r k e r s for i n s h o r e waters (Matthews and Riley. More d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s a r e needed t o determine if 1970b).
the surface The
e n r i c h m e n t which t h e y o b s e r v e d i n open ocean w a t e r s is r e a l . d a t a were i n s u f f i c i e n t t o a s s i g n a c o r r e l a t i o n c a t e g o r y .
Thallium d e t e r m i n a t i o n s , l i k e t h o s e o f indium and g a l l i u m , a r e rare. Matthews and R i l e y (1970d) r e p o r t e d a p r o f i l e from t h e Bay
o f Biscaye giving a n a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 10 ng/kg, which was somewhat less that the 19 ng/kg reported for t h e I r i s h Sea
(Matthews and Riley, 1969).
More r e c e n t t h a l l i u m d e t e r m i n a t i o n s
a t v a r i o u s d e p t h s in t h e P a c i f i c and A t l a n t i c r e p o r t measuring
similar
concentrations
(Table
1)
and
suggest
that
it
is
conservative within a n a l y t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s 1985). More d e t a i l e d o b s e r v a t i o n s
legal and P a t t e r s o n ,
may r e v e a l a
more complex
d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h a dependence on r e d o x s p e c i e s .
The Croup
N A Elements
- Carbon,
S i l i c o n , Germanium, Tin, and Lead make up many o f t h e important Carbon
Carbon and its compounds
b i o l o g i c a l , o r g a n i c and i n o r g a n i c s p e c i e s i n s e a w a t e r .
t i e d i n t o t h e biochemical c y c l e c a n be p r e d i c t e d r o u g h l y from t h e Redfield- Richards e q u a t i o n (Redfield 106C:16N: 1P.
g.,1963;
Richards, 1965):
Carbon d i o x i d e and t h e c a r b o n a t e s y s t e m p a r t i c i p a t e In c o n s i d e r i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l
l n t h e oceanic buffering system.
e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f OTEC p l a n t s , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f r e l e a s i n g
Concentration of Total GO2 (pmole/kg)
Fig. 5. CO, d i s s o l v e d i n s e a w a t e r v s d e p t h ( d a t a from Rroecker and Takahashi 1978, GEOPAC 10, S t a t i o n 326, 14'03'S. 126'1 5'W).
excess
COz i n t o
t h e atmosphere
must
be
considered.
Thus, a
r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e of [CO,]
a t OTEC s i t e s is r e q u i r e d .
T o t a l CO,
p r o f i l e s (Table 1, Figure 5 ) have been determined i n t h e o c e a n s (Li et
G.,
1969; Takahashi
+.,
1970; Edmond, 1974) and w i l l be Bradshaw
published as p a r t of t h e GEOSECS a t l a s .
g. (1981)
r e p o r t t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l GEOSECS c a l c u l a t i o n s should be c o r r e c t e d by a b o u t +12 umol/kg f o r t h e Pacific- Indian Ocean d a t a and +5 umol/kg for the Atlantic. In addition to the GEOSECS d a t a
(Bainbridge, 1979a,b,c),
much d a t a is a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e t r o p i c a l
192
o c e a n s (e.g. 1975).
Broecker and Takahashi, 1978; Edmond. 1974; Skirrow,
Vast q u a n t i t i e s o f d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r s i l i c a t e in w a t e r
( C r a s s h o f f , 1964; Brewer and Bradshaw, 1975; Bainbridge, 1979a,b,c). Table 1 and Figure 6 show t h e t y p i c a l l y low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s found i n s u r f a c e w a t e r s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g l y higher v a l u e s a t depths. greater
As can be s e e n in Figure 6, s i l i c a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in
P a c i f i c deep w a t e r a r e d i s t i n c t i v e l y higher t h a n t h o s e in A t l a n t i c deep w a t e r (Sverdrup
g.,
1942; Bainbridge, 1979a.b).
Profiles
determined in t h e t r o p i c a l o c e a n s a r e r e p o r t e d in Bainbrfdge and many o t h e r s o u r c e s . Germanium r a r e l y h a s been d e t e c t e d i n s e a water. Germanium
c o - v a r i e s w i t h s i l i c a t e ( F r o e l i c h . and Andreae, 1981 ; Andreae, 1983) t y p i c a l l y ranging from C0.5-9 ng/kg from n e a r t h e s u r f a c e t o a b o u t
2800 m
(Table 1).
Germanium h a s n o t
been r e p o r t e d f o r
the
t r o p i c a l o c e a n s , a l t h o u g h Braman and Tompkins (1978) r e p o r t e d t h a t i n s a m p l e s t a k e n i n t h e Gulf o f Mexico o f f Tarpon Springs F l o r i d a , germanium was undetected using a technique with a minimum
d e t e c t i o n l i m i t of 4 ng/kg.
It is p o s s i b l e , however, t o p r e d i c t
t h e Ge c o n c e n t r a t i o n from t h e S i c o n c e n t r a t i o n on t h e b a s i s o f F r o e l i c h and Andreae's work. Only few d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t i n i n s e a w a t e r , r e c e n t p a p e r s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n in t h e open oceans are very low, non- conservative,
with
strong
anthropogenic i n p u t s (Byrd and Andreae, 1982).
Riverlne i n p u t s
were found t o be s m a l l r e l a t i v e t o i n p u t s from a e o l i a n s o u r c e s .
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS I N SEA WATER 0
200
Paclfic Ocean near Hawaiian Islands
A
,w
400
600
Atlantic Ocean ar Recife. Brazil
800
1000
0 20
40
60
80
100
120
Silicate Concentration (pmollkg) Fig. 6. S i l i c a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s v s d e p t h in t h e A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c oceans. Data observed by GEOSECS (Bainbridge, 1979a. b). A t l a n t i c s t a t i o n s : 48 (400fS, 2 g 0 0 0 q ~ ) 49 , (T056'S, 28O12'W), and 5 3 (1200'S, 28O01 'W). P a c i f i c s t a t i o n s : 234 ( 1 9 5 2 ' ~ , 163'1 4 ' ~ ) . 235 (1 b045*N, 1 61 O231W), and 206 (2209'N 153O50'W).
I n t h e Gulf Stream and S a r g a s s o Sea, Andreae (Byrd and Andreae, 1982; Andreae, 1983) r e p o r t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r a n g i n g from a maximum a t t h e s u r f a c e of detection l i m i t , ng/kg a few 2.5 ng/kg d e c r e a s i n g t o a minimum (below t h e 0.1 ng/kg) a t a b o u t 3000 m, i n c r e a s i n g t o 0.6 meters of off the bottom. They observed have Hodge
<
hundred
significant
concentrations
organotin
compounds,
which
t o x i c i t i e s comparable t o t h a t f o r organomercury compounds.
e t z. -
(1979) r e p o r t
0.3-0.8
ng/kg
of
[Sn(IV)]
in
subsurface
194 s a m p l e s (12-17 m) t a k e n o f f San Francisco. o r g a n o t i n compounds were undetected.
'
Other s p e c i e s such a s
Braman and Tompkins (1979) S n ( t o t ) i n t h e Gulf of
have r e p o r t e d higher c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of Mexico (3.5 ng/kg). Lead h a s been s t u d i e d e x t e n s i v e l y . analyses prior to 1974 were
However,
most o f
the
contaminated
(Patterson.
19741, Schaule
p r i m a r i l y due t o anthropogenic l e a d from t h e atmosphere.
and P a t t e r s o n (1978, 1981,1983) have found l e a d c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e ng/kg range. P r o f i l e s (Figure 7 ) from t h e c e n t r a l n o r t h
P a c i f i c show higher c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n s u r f a c e w a t e r s ( f o r example 13.6 ng/kg) d e c r e a s i n g t o 1.2 ng/kg a t depth. Lower s u r f a c e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e r e p o r t e d i n a r e a s l e s s exposed t o anthropogenic POllUti~n. Variations in concentration appear t o be due to

At
t r a n s p o r t o f anthropogenic l e a d t h r o u g h t h e w a t e r column.
d e p t h s g r e a t e r t h a n 2500 a a c o n s t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 1 ng/kg is observed; presumably t h e p r e - p o l l u t i o n v a l u e , a l t h o u g h Schaule and P a t t e r s o n a r g u e t h a t t h e Pb c o n c e n t r a t i o n would have been a f a c t o r o.f two t o f i v e lower. I n t h e upper 2000 m c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e p o r t e d
in t h e A t l a n t i c a r e a l m o s t a f a c t o r o f t h r e e t i m e s t h o s e o b s e r v e d
i n t h e P a c i f i c (Schaule and P a t t e r s o n , 1983).
The
Croup
Elements 1 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony,
and Bismuth Nitrogen, l i k e carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, a p p e a r s i n s e a w a t e r i n a wide v a r i e t y o f compgunds: a s a d i s s o l v e d g a s , in t h e
n u t r i e n t s , n i t r a t e , n i t r i t e , ammonia, u r e a and in numerous o r g a n i c compounds. species Table 1 g i v e s p r o f i l e s of t w o of d i s s o l v e d N, and n i t r a t e .

t h e more important
Lead Concentration (nglkg)
Fig. 7. Lead c o n c e n t r a t i o n s v s d e p t h from t h e c e n t r a l n o r t h e a s t P a c i f i c ( d a t a from Schaule and P a t t e r s o n . 1981. 32041qN. 14500'W.
The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
dissolved
N,
(Craig
g.,1967)
is
t y p i c a l o f t h e p r o f i l e s e x h i b i t e d by t h e non- reactive g a s e s i n s e a w a t e r ( K e s t e r , 1975; Konig be p r e d i c t e d from formation. effects. N i t r a t e is t h e dominant nitrogen- containing n u t r i e n t s p e c i e s i n s e a w a t e r (Vaccaro, 1965).
It h a s been determined e x t e n s i v e l y
s., 1964).
Its c o n c e n t r a t i o n can
known s o l u b i l i t i e s
(Weiss.
1970) and bubble
Modifications l o c a l l y c a n occur due t o b i o l o g i c a l
and v i r t u a l l y hundreds of p a p e r s r e p o r t d a t a .
?he p r o f i l e s given
196
in T a b l e 1 are t y p i c a l o f t h e t r o p i c a l A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c Oceans.
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t great d e p t h s in t h e A t l a n t i c a r e u s u a l l y less that

In
the
Pacific
(Figure
8).
Nitrate
concentrations
are
c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f chromium, i o d a t e and (away from t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f manganese, chromium and i o d a t e (Wong and Brewer, 1974; Cranston, 1979; Klinkhammer and Bender, 1980). The a t l a s by Bainbridge (1979a.b.c) i n c l u d e s numerous p r o f i l e s from the Atlantic. Pacific, and Indian Oceans, Including the
tropics. a & ,
Additional d a t a is a v a i l a b l e f o r Hawaii ( e ~ Gunderson .
1972;
Gunderson and Palmer, 1972; Cunderson and Mountain, a & , 1977; Nowlin and McClellan, El-Sayed
1973). Gulf o f Mexico (Cummings 1967; Morrison and Nowlin, 1977;
s..19721,
the
Caribbean (Lee e t al.. and Le Corre, 1979).
1978) and o f f t h e c o a s t o f Morocco ( P e g u e r Many of t h e p a p e r s p r e s e n t i n g t r a c e m e t a l
d a t a a l s o give n u t r i e n t d a t a . Phosphorus a l s o e x i s t s i n a v a r i e t y o f compounds i n t h e ocean; its dominant form is r e a c t i v e phosphate (Brewer, 1975). P r o f i l e s t y p i c a l o f t h e P a c i f i c and A t l a n t i c Oceans a r e found i n Table 1. Figure 9 compares d i s t r i b u t i o n s t y p i c a l o f t h e t r o p i c a l Phosphate is r e l a t i v e l y e a s y t o with arsenic, cadmium and nickel
A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c Oceans. d e t e r m i n e a n d is c o r r e l a t e d
(Johnson and Pilson, 1972: Andreae, 1977. 1978. 1979; Bruland al.,
197th. 1979; Bruland, 1980). Vast q u a n t i t i e s o f phosphate d a t a a r e i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e .
Data
f o r t h e t r o p i c s c a n be found i n most o f t h e s o u r c e s suggested f o r n i t r a t e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e CEOSECS r e p o r t s (Bainbridge, 1979a.b.c) and
200
400
h
Y
Pacific Ocean near Hawaiian Islands
600
n
800
0)
1000
1200
10
20
30
40
50
Nitrate Concentration (pmollkg)

Fig. 8. N i t r a t e concentrations v s depth in t h e ~ t l a n t i d and Pacific oceans. Data observed by GEOSECS (Bainbridge, 1979a. b). Atlantic s t a t i o n s : 48 (4'00tS, 2 9 0 0 1 ~ ) , 49 (7'56'~, 28O12'~), and 5 3 ( 12001S. 28O01 'W). P a c i f i c s t a t i o n s : 234 ( 1 9 ' 5 2 ' ~ , 163'1 4'~). 235 ( 1 6'45'N, 1 6123'W), and 206 (2200g1N 153'5O9W).
QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE "
Phosphate Concentration (pmollkg)

Fig. 9. Phosphate concentrations vs depth in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Data observed by GEOSECS (Bainbridge, 1979a. b) Atlantic stations: 48 ( 4 0 0 ' ~ , 2 9 0 0 ' ~ ) , 49 ( 7 O 5 6 ' ~ . 28'1Ztw), and 5 3 ( 1 2 0 0 ' ~ , 28O01 'W). Pacific stations: 234 ( 1 9 " 5 2 ' ~ , 163'1 4'W), 235 (16O45'~, 16123'W), and 206 (22O09.N 15350W).
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS I N SEA W A T E R in Richards (19581, Churgin and Halminski (19741, Culbersan and ~ y t k o w i c z (19751, (1979). Arsenic e x i s t s a s As(V), As(II1) and a s s e v e r a l o r g a n o a r s e n i c species, which a r e o f importance d u e t o v a r y i n g t o x i c i t y and 1977). Johnson and P i l s o n (1972) Halminski
( 1975),
and
Voituriez
and
Herbland
c a r c i n o g e n i c i t y (EPA, 1976; NRC,
r e p o r t e d a r s e n i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in t h e Caribbean. Gulf o f Mexico and n o r t h w e s t A t l a n t i c which r a n g e from 2.0 pg/kg ( s u r f a c e ) t o 3.2 &kg ( a t depth). They r e p o r t e d t h a t a r s e n a t e maxima occur a t t h e maxima. Andreae (1977, 1978, 1979)
same d e p t h as phosphate
r e p o r t e d determined p r o f i l e s o f 10). I n t h e Pacific Ocean,
s e v e r a l a r s e n i c s p e c i e s !Figure partial correlation Concentratlons, 1
h e observed a
between a r s e n a t e and phosphate c o n c e n t r a t i o n . &kg
( s u r f a c e ) t o 2 w / k g ( > I 0 0 0 m ) were a b o u t a f a c t o r o f t w o The methylated
l o w e r t h a n t h o s e r e p o r t e d by Johnson and Pilson. species, dimethylarsenate (DMA) correlated
to
'C
uptake
or
c h l o r o p h y l l 5.
A n a l y t i c a l v a r i a b i l i t y prevented t h e d e r i v a t i o n of
c o r r e l a t i o n expressions. Antimony r a r e l y h a s been determined in s e a w a t e r . researchers have found Generally, within
antimony
to
be
conservative
analytical limitations Riley,
(Schutz and Turekian. 1970; Brewer
1965a; Portman and
1966a; Spencer e t a l . ,
g g.,1972;
Gilbert
and Hume, 1973; Godha, 1975).
The c o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n (Table 1 )
is based on t h e l i m i t e d d a t a i n Brewer
r e c e n t l y , f o u r s p e c i e s of Sb
g g.
(1972).
More
Sb(V), Sb(III1, monometh~lantimony

A p r o f i l e of
and dimethylantimony have been d e t e c t e d in s e a w a t e r .
QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE7
.I...
......
I
A I
r,
Y
400
m .
f a
600
800
I
I I
O-
1000 MMA (pglkg As) DMA ((rg/kg As) Arsenite ( ~ ~ / k As) g Arsenate ( ~ ~ / k As) g
0 0 0 1.0
0.02 0.10 0.1 1.2
0.20 0.2 1.4
-----
0.3 1.6
0.4 -.-.1 . 8 . .........
Fig. 10. Arsen'ate, a r s e n t i e , and d i m e t h y l a r s e n a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s v s d e p t h ( d a t a from Andreae, 1979, 3 0 4 6 ' ~ , 163"30'~).
Sb(V), t h e dominant form, measured i n t h e P a c i f i c Ocean showed c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r a n g i n g from 0.09-0.14

ug/kg w i t h
no t r e n d in t h e
v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n ; t h e a u t h o r s r e p o r t p o s s i b l e s t o r a g e problems (Andreae, 1983). l a r g e as might The d i s c r e p a n c y with e a r l i e r r e s u l t s is n o t a s be expected, b u t i t is c l e a r t h a t a n a l y t i c a l
problems need t o be r e s o l v e d , b e f o r e t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of Sb i n t h e ocean is understood. Recent analyses of bismuth in the Atlantic and Pacific
s u g g e s t t h a t its d i s t r i b u t i o n r e s e m b l e s t h a t o f l e a d : i t is nonc o n s e r v a t i v e with a p o s s i b l e a e o l i a n anthropogenic s o u r c e term
201
(Lee, 1982; Lee e t al.,
1985/6).
A s with lead. concentrations a r e
h i g h e r i n t h e A t l a n t i c t h a n i n t h e Pacific. m e Group V I A Elements
Oxygen,, S u l f u r . Selenium, and Tellurium g a s and in many o t h e r
Oxygen is found as t h e d i s s o l v e d compounds i n t h e ocean. easily measured
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e d i s s o l v e d g a s is reported. Figure 11 compares the
and o f t e n
d i s t r i b u t i o n s commonly observed in t h e A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c Oceans. In t h e t r o p i c a l P a c i f i c , oxygen shows a deep minimum o f about 40 pmol/kg (0.8 mL/L) a t a b o u t 700 m. In t h e A t l a n t i c , Caribbean, and
Gulf o f Mexico, t h e minimum g e n e r a l l y is n o t s o p'onounced and is s h a l l o w e r , a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e anoxic b a s i n s which a r e exceptions. T r o p i c a l d a t a c a n be found in Bainbridge. o f t h e p a p e r s r e f e r e n c e d i n this r e p o r t . (1979a.b.c) a n d i n many
Dissolved oxygen may be
a n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r o l o n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f d i s s o l v e d manganese, i r o n , c o b a l t , cerium and europium (Klinkhammer and Bender, 1980; Bacon
g., 1980;
Knauer
z., 1982;
Klinkhammer
and
E l d e r f i e l d . 1982). S u l f u r a s s u l f a t e is a major anion i n t h e ocean, h i s t o r i c a l l y r e g a r d e d a s c o n s e r v a t i v e (Dittmar. 1884; Forchhammer, 1865; Bather and Riley, 1954).
A more r e c e n t r e p o r t c o n f i r m s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
a s 2.712 g/kg and t h e SO JCL 1966). In t h e oxic oceans. Sr
r a t i o a s 0.1400
(Morris and Riley.
o c c u r s i n v e r y low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ,
however, i n anoxic b a s i n s i t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e s c o n s i d e r a b l y . For example,
H2S in t h e Cariaco Trench is v i r t u a l l y u n d e t e c t e d

A s t h e w a t e r s become anoxic with
u n t i l a d e p t h o f about 250 m. depth.
H s
i n c r e a s e s t o a b o u t 1.3 g/kg ( S c r a n t o n
s., in
press).
D.O. Concentration (pmol/kg)

Fig. 11. Dissoved oxygen p r o f i l e s in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Data observed by GEOSECS (Bainbridge, 1979a, b). Atlantic 2 8 1 2 r ~ ) , and 5 3 (12'00rS, stations: 48 (4'00*S, 2900'W), 49 (7'56's. 2801'~). Pacific stations: 234 ( 1 g 0 5 2 ' ~ , 163'1 4'W). 235 ( 1 604StN, 161 O 2 3 ' ~ ) , and 206 (22'09'N 1 5350pW).
203
Under anoxic conditions, s u l f a t e c a n n o t be considered conservative. Clearly, the presence of anoxic waters containing high
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of' S of operations
would be a s e r i o u s concern f o r many a s p e c t s in pumping deep ocean waters to the
involved
surface. Both s e l e n a t e and s e l e n i t e have been determined ( C u t t e r , 1978; Measures and Burton, 1980; Measures e t
s., 1980,
1983).
T o t a l Se c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e a t ng/kg l e v e l s i n c r e a s i n g with d e p t h with a n u t r i e n t - l i k e d i s t r i b u t i o n (Figure 12). - . Concentrations of In t h e n o r t h 40-110
S e ( t o t ) in t h e North Pacific vary from 27-85 ng/kg.
P a c i f i c , v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of Se(VI) can r a n g e f'rom
ng/kg and Se(1V) from 4-62 ng/kg; c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e about 30-40s higher t h a n i n t h e Atlantic. ng/kg i n t h e Pacific. Surface [ S e ( t o t ) ] v a r y from 15-60
C o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n s have been derived,
however, t h e y v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y w i t h site ( ~ e a s w e sand Burton, 1980: Measures
2..1980,
can been
1983) a s can be seen from t h e

A t t h e s u r f a c e anomalies have been
e x p r e s s i o n s given in Table 1. reported features. that
understood
in
terms
of
hydrographic
Tellurium h a s been measured only r e c e n t l y in s e a w a t e r by Lee and Edmond (1985).

Its p r o f i l e a p p e a r s t o be l i k e t h a t of selenium
.(Table 11, t h a t is n u t r i e n t - l i k e w i t h s t r o n g evidence of scavenging by p a r t i c l e s . No c o r r e l a t i o n e x p e s s i o n s have been derived.
m e Halogens 1-------Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine --The halogens, p r i m a r i l y a s h a l i d e s , c o n s t i t u t e a majority o f t h e anions in seawater. S a l i n i t y is s t r o n g l y r e l a t e d t o t h e
Selenium Concentration (pg/kg)
Fig. 12. P r o f i l e s o f t h e concentrations of s e v e r a l selenium s p e c i e s vs d e p t h ( d a t a from Measures and Burton. 1980, 23086'N. 27'52'W).
concentration o f t h e halides.
S a l i n i t y is d e f i n e d a s " t h e weight
in grammes [ s i c ] i n 1 kg of s e a w a t e r , a f t e r a l l bromide and i o d i d e

have been r e p l a c e d by c h l o r i d e , a n d a l l c a r b o n a t e c o n v e r t e d oxide n (Cox, 1965 q u o t i n g Knudsen, 1901).
/ , t h e o c e a n is 34.69 '
to
The median s a l i n i t y o f
(Knauss, 1978). mg/kg and is g e n e r a l l y t h o u g h t
F l u o r i d e o c c u r s a t a b o u t 1.3
t o be c o n s e r v a t i v e ( R i l e y , 1965b; Wilkniss a n d Linnenbom, 1968;
Kester, 1971; Bewers. 1971; Warner, 1971; Bewers
g 9..
1973;
Greenhalgh and Riley, 1973; Kullenberg and Sen Gupta, 1973; Sen Gupta
2 g.,1978).
h e r e l a t i o n s h i p has been questioned a t
c e r t a i n s i t e s (Riley, 1965b; Brewer
g g.,
1970; Kester, 1971).
although t h e r e is some disagreement (Bewers, 1971; Bewers e t al.. 1973). In any case. t h e non- conservative condition is considered
an anomaly. Chloride.
C l ' ,
t h e most abundant anion i n t h e oceans, is

A
conservative (Table 1). concentration of
s a l i n i t y of 35 g/kg
O/oo
includes a chloride and Leung, 1976).

is
19.353
(Millero
I n v e s t i g a t o r s a r e a l s o in general agreement t h a t bromide, B r '
conservative, and t h a t t h e Br/CL r a t i o is 0.003473 (Morris and Riley, 1966). Iodate stable
( 1 0 , ) '
is
the
more abundant and thermodynamically in seawater, although small but
species
of
iodine
signlf i c a n t q u a n t i t i e s of iodide have a l s o been d e t e c t e d (Wong, 1980). The species balance may be linked t o t h e productivity o f a
region, although t h e c o r r e l a t i o n of iodide w i t h productivity is n o t q u a n t i t a t i v e (Wong, 1980). Iodate h a s been found t o increase with
depth from a level of about 48
I/kg a t the surface t o 58 %/kg
a t approximately 4000 m (Figure 13. Tsunogai. 1971; Tsunogai and Hemni, 1971; Wong, 1977; Wong and Brewer, 1974, 1976, 1977; Liss
G.,
1973).
Wong and B r e w e r e s t a b l i s h e d t h e c o r r e l a t i o n between Using t h e mole r a t i o s correlation

(W0ng
i o d a t e with r e a c t i v e phosphate and n i t r a t e . presented by Wong and

1).
Brewer
we have determined
the
equations (Table
Later
s t u d i e s confirmed
correlation

1
"
200
'
400
i\.
600
5 a
800 -
1000
2000
3000
1'
45
50
55
60
65
Iodate Concentration (pg/kgl
1
The
Fig. 13. I o d a t e concentration v s depth ( d a t a is from Wong a n d Brewer. 1974. 32'31 'S, 12' W.
and Brewer, 1976; Wong, 1980; E l d e r f i e l d and Truesdale, 1980).
c o r r e l a t i o n is n o t v a l i d in anoxic basins where iodide shows a pronounced i n c r e a s e with d e p t h (Wong and Brewer, 1977).
The Rare Gases
- Helium
Neon, Argon, Kryption, Xenon and R_aadzn
The rare g a s e s a l l have been d e t e c t e d in seawater (Bieri
e.,1966,
al.,
1968; Mazor e t a l . , 1964; Konig e t a l , 1964; Clarke
1969, 1970; Craig
5 g.,1975).
Some of t h e e a r l i e r work
207
shows a l a c k o f a n a l y t i c a l precision, however, t h e more r e c e n t work g i v e s d a t a which is r e p r o d u c i b l e . sample profiles. Table 1 and Figure 1 4 give
With t h e exception o f radon, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
of t h e r a r e g a s e s in s e a w a t e r depend upon t h e i r s o l u b i l i t y and e n t r a p m e n t by bubble formation. The d e g r e e t o which t h e y d e v i a t e
from t h e i r s o l u b i l i t y depends l a r g e l y on physical p r o c e s s e s , f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e p a r t i a l d i s s o l u t i o n o f a i r b u b b l e s , o r mixing of w a t e r s of d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s ( s e e , f o r example, K e s t e r , 1975). r a t h e r t h a n on chemical and b i o l o g i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n . The p r o f i l e o f radon throughout most o f t h e w a t e r column is d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o its p a r e n t i s o t o p e , 226Ra. Relative t o
'%,
Rn
shows a d e f i c i e n c y in t h e t o p 100 m and an e x c e s s i n n e a r bottom waters (Broecker. 1966; Broecker
g..
1967:
Broecker and
Kaufman, 1970; Broecker and Peng, 1971; Wilkening and Clements, 1975; Sarmiento
g,1978).
Reported c o n c e n t r a t i o n s range from salinity) near t h e surface t o
5.6 dpm/100kg (normalized t o 35O/,, 17.05 dpm/lOOkg
( a t 35/00 s a l i n i t y ) n e a r 4000 m (Broecker and
Peng, 1971).
These e x c e s s e s and d e f i c i e n c i e s have been used t o
determine eddy d i f f u s i o n c o n s t a n t s f o r bottom w a t e r and s u r f a c e water. Throughout can be the rest of the water column, radon Si
concentrations concentrations.
predicted
from
known
'"Ra,
Ba, o r
The F i r s t T r a n s i t i o n S e r i e s Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromiur., Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper a s 2 C o n c e n t r a t i o n s of the first t h r e e e l e m e n t s of the first
t r a n s i t i o n s e r i e s . Sc. Ti and V r a r e l y have been r e p o r t e d in ocean
Concentration (nmoleslkg)
Fig. 14. Neon. a r g o n and krypton c o n c e n t r a t i o n s v s depth. Data ' W . Kr from Ne and A r is from Craig 2 a l . (19671, g026'N, 113'1 6 d a t a a r e from Bieri e t a l . (1968). f i 5 ' ~ , 23030fw.
water.
in
the
Scandium concentrations reportedly vary from 0.4-1 ng/ kg

Atlantic (Spencer
g., 1970;
Brewer
G..
1972;
Robertson
52 . .1968).
No p r e d i c t i o n o f its c o r r e l a t i o n c a t e g o r y
h a s been made.
In Puget Sound. 0.9
1.9
kg T i
were measured
( G r i e l and Robinson, 1952), b u t no open ocean c o n c e n t r a t i o n s have been published. No c o r r e l a t i o n c a t e g o r y h a s been assigned. Morris
(1975) r e p o r t e d a p r o f i l e of V i n t h e n o r t h e a s t A t l a n t i c Ocean, i n
which V v a r i e s from 1.0-1.2
w/kg.
N o c o n s i s t e n t variation with
depth was apparent. t h e r e f o r e within t h i s degree of precision, V is conservative and using Morris' d a t a , a V/CL is 6 x 10'". examinations of
V have
Recent
shown scavenging
in s u r f a c e water and
somewhat higher average concentration, about 2 m/kg (Zhou 1982; Huizenga and Kester. 1982). Dissolved chromium exists in two oxidation states
g.,
in
seawater: Cr(II1) and Cr(V1). waters. Campbell and Yeats
In a s t u d y of northwest A t l a n t i c (1979, 1981) found chromium
concentrations slowly increased with depth and then l e v e l e d o f f . They r e p o r t e d a correlation profiles of positive c o r r e l a t i o n with s i l i c a t e but with a of 0.66. Cranston (1979) determined
coefficient Cr(VI),
Cr(II1) and C r ( t o t ) in
t h e Guatemala Basin ~ r ( t o t ) , 44 ng/kg

Cr] correlated
(Figure 15). Concentrations average 297 ng/kg

Cr(III), and 9 ng/kg p a r t i c u l a t e C r .
The [ t o t a l
with Si.
or
Si
and
P O .
or
NO,.
?Cr(III) may c o r r e l a t e
with
biological production and regeneration of biogenic debris. Manganese p r o f i l e s have been r e p o r t e d from t h e Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Bender e t al.. 1977; Klinkham.mer and Bender. 1980;
Landing and Bruland, 1980; Martin and Knauer, 1980, 1982, 1984 1985). M n c o r r e l a t e s with t h e l a b i l e n u t r i e n t s and inversely with [ ~ n ]is a t a maximum a t t h e
oxygen (Landing and Bruland, 1980).
s u r f a c e (about 140 nglkg), declining t o minimum a t t h e top of t h e thermocline (Figure 16) then increasing. I f t h e dissolved oxygen
n apparently is r e l e a s e d concentration drops below 2.3 mL/L, then M

as p a r t i c l e s pass through t h e oxygen minimum a n d a maximum may be
QUINBY-HUNT AND WXLDE0

0
.,
0
200
400
E E
600
a 800
1000
2000\ 3000 200

248
,
280 320
,
6
1
In
360
400
448
Chromium (ng/kg)
Fig. 15. Chromium c o n c e n t r a t i o n v s d e p t h ( d a t a is from C r a n s t o n , 1979, Guatemala Basin).
o b s e r v e d n e a r t h e oxygen minimum (Knauer and Martin, 1984).
t h e Atlantic, concentrations apparently decline with g r e a t e r depth (Bruland and Franks. 1983). In anoxic b a s i n s , M n concentrations
c a n i n c r e a s e d r a m a t i c a l l y a s is o b s e r v e d i n t h e Cariaco Trench (Figure 16: Bacon e t al.. 1980). The d a t a from t h e Cariaco Tpench show c o n s i d e r a b l e s c a t t e r and t h e s u r f a c e d a t a a r e q u e s t i o n a b l e , however s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s have been r e p o r t e d f o r t h e Black Sea.

0
'0
'0
Ii
-
2
(onlc) pac.ic.
0 t
{
A
Carlaoo Trench. (anoxlc at depth)
I
I
"\central
E
0.
600
C,
800
'i I ie i
l
1000
2000
3000 10
'f/ y
30 10,000 20,000 30,000
Manganese Concentration (ngtkg)
& /
Fig. 16. Manganese c o n c e n t r a t i o n v s depth. C o n c e n t r a t i o n s observed i n t h e oxic e a s t e r n P a c i f i c (32'41 'N, 1 45001W, Landing and Bruland, 1980) a r e compared w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s observed i n t h e Cariaco Trench, and anoxic basin (Bacon 1980).
s.,
As
t h e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t is a p r o a c h e d , s u r f a c e v a l u e s i n c r e a s e coastal
A
indicating a
source f o r
the surface M n (Landing and
Bruland, 1980). hydrothermal
significant M n f l u x is a s s o c i a t e d with t h e ridge r i s e systems (Xlinkhammer
v e n t s of
g.,
1977). t h e r e f o r e M n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s depend s t r o n g l y on location. N o c o r r e l a t i o n expressions have been proposed f o r Mn.

A c o r r e l a t i o n between manganese and oxygen could have s e r i o u s
implications f o r OTEC o r o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s r e q u i r i n g pumping of water from g r e a t depth.

If w a t e r s r i c h i n dissolved manganese
were r e l e a s e d i n t o a w a t e r mass with high oxygen concentration, t h e d i s s o l v e d / p a r t i c u l a t e equilibrium might be disrupted, causing t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f a l a r g e number o f f i n e MnOz p a r t i c l e s . I r o n is e s s e n t i a l t o many forms of life, and might be
expected t o show a c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e n u t r i e n t s o r biochemical s p e c i e s (Corcoran. 1967). can be suggested. an all- pervasive Only a preliminary c o r r e l a t i o n , however,
It is
Iron is extremely d i f f i c u l t t o determine. contaminant making ultra- clean
techniques
mandatory. as
Under normal oceanic conditions, i r o n oxides can e x i s t

f ine
extremely
particles,
which
render
normal
filtration
techniques u s e l e s s and s t a n d a r d methods of d e t e c t i o n meaningless. Concentrations of 8-400 ng/kg ( g r e a t e r near t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f and bottom) have been r e p o r t e d and a n apparent c o r r e l a t i o n between dissolved i r o n and t h e n u t r i e n t s . inverse t o dissolved oxygen noted (Gordon
s., 1982;
Symes and Kester, 1985).
In anoxic basins, t o manganese
iron concentrations increase dramatically, similar i n c r e a s e s (Bacon e t al.. 1980).
Some evidence of an a s s o c i a t i o n of
i r o n maxima with a n e x c e s s of primordial %e has been r e p o r t e d , but n o t confirmed (Brewer The c o b a l t
et s.,1972;
Spencer
et g., 1970).
North 1982). Pacific
is
d i s t r i b u t i o n in
the eastern
similar t o t h a t of
manganese (Knauer
g..
From t h e
s u r f a c e maximum (6.8 ng/kg)
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s d e c r e a s e t o 1.4 ng/ k g
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS I N SEA WATER a t 2350 m. No i n c r e a s e in c o n c e n t r a t i o n was found a t t h e oxygen
minimum, a l t h o u g h in anoxic b a s i n s t h e Co c o n c e n t r a t i o n h a s been r e p o r t e d t o i n c r e a s e d r a m a t i c a l l y (Kremling, 1983). The p r o f i l e s ,
t a k e n o f f t h e C a l i f o r n i a c o a s t , showed a n i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p between [Co] and s a l i n i t y which i n d i c a t e s a f r e s h w a t e r s o u r c e f o r t h e high Co, probably San Francisco Bay, r e s u l t i n g a t l e a s t i n p a r t from anthropogenic r e l e a s e s . Nickel -d i s t r i b u t i o n s ranging from 140-340
. 7
ng/kg
at
the
s u p f a c e i n c r e a s i n g t o 600-700 ng/kg a t d e p t h (Figure' 17) have been r e p o r t e d (Bender and Gagner, 19?6; S c l a t e r al.. with 1979; Bruland. 1980). reactive phosphate
g., 1976;
(Table
1).
Bruland
Bruland (1980) h a s shown a c o r r e l a t i o n and silicate Nic ke 1
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e A t l a n t i c a r e n u t r i e n t - l i k e and a r e l o w e r t h a n a r e observed i n t h e Pacific. C o n c e n t r a t i o n s p r e d i c t e d using
t h e above e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e A t l a n t i c a r e a c t u a l l y l o w e r t h a n those observed for that ocean. In the Atlantic, shelf
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h a t a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n open ocean v a l u e s have been i n t e r p r e t e d t o i n d i c a t e a c o n t i n e n t a l s o u r c e , whereas in t h e P a c i f i c , enhanced c o n c e n t r a t i o n s have been a s s o c i a t e d u p w e l l i n g (Bruland and Franks, 1983). with
Nickel c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in t h e
Gulf of Mexico a r e s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i n t h e open A t l a n t i c ocean (Boyle
g., 1984).
Moore and Burton. 1976; Bayle
Copper h a s been determined s u c c e s s f u l l y i n s e a w a t e r (Boyle and Edmond, 1975: Bruland
s., 1977;
g.,
(1980)
5 g.,1977;
Moore, 1978; Bruland, 1980; Boyle
1981: Bruland and Franks. 1983: Boyle
&. 1984).
Bruland
200
400
600
8QO
Nkkel Concentration (nglkg)
Fig. 17.
32'41 'N,
Nickel c o n c e n t r a t i o n v s d e p t h ( d a t a from Bruland, 1980,

1 45'OO1W).
reports
levels
of
Cu a t
the
surface of
about
4000
35-100
ng/kg
i n c r e a s i n g t o g r e a t e r t h a n 300 n g / k g n e a r
m ( F i g u r e 18).
Copper is d e p l e t e d a t t h e s u r f a c e , r e p l e n i s h e d in t h e bottom water by s u p p l y from s e d i m e n t s (Bruland. 1980; Boyle e t a l . , 1977) w i t h scavenging i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e a n d d e e p w a t e r . expression h a s been f o r m u l a t e d r e l a t i n g [Cu] No c o r r e l a t i o n t o salinity, the
n u t r i e n t s o r e a s i l y determined biological parameters, although it
100
200
300
400
Copper Concentration (nglkg)
Fig. 18. Copper c o n c e n t r a t i o n v s d e p t h ( d a t a from Bruland, 1980, 32"4l9N, 145OOO'W).
most c l o s e l y behaves l i k e phosphate.
In t h e Gulf of Mexico, t h e
importance o f r i v e r l n e and c o n t i n e n t a l s o u r c e s o f copper h a s been d e m o n s t r a t e d (Boyle Zinc
g 2.. 1982;
in
the
1984). Pacific Ocean are correlated
concentrations
l i n e a r l y w i t h s i l i c a t e (Table 1) (Bruland, 1980; Bruland 1978b). to about
ak,
Approximately 6-10 ng/kg Zn i n s u r f a c e waters i n c r e a s e s

600
ng/kg
at
depths
greater
than
2000
m for the
n o r t h w e s t P a c i f i c LFigure 19).
QUINBY- HUNT AND WILDE'
Zinc Concentration (nglkg)
Fig. 19. Zinc c o n c e n t r a t i o n v s d e p t h ( d a t a from Bruland, 1980, 320411N, 1 45OOO1W).
The
Second T r a n s i t i o n S e r i e s Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Ruthenium, Rhodium. ~ a i l a d i u m ,S i l v e r , and Cadmium

Of
t h e second
transition
series,
only
cadmium
has
been
studied extensively in seawater.
For t h e r e s t o f t h e m e t a l s in No d a t a a r e
t h i s s e r i e s o n l y minimal i n f o r m a t i o n is a v a i l a b l e . a v a i l a b l e f o r rhodium.
The o n l y d a t a f o r y t t r i u m a v a i l a b l e r e p o r t
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 12-13 n g / k g in t h e Gulf o f Mexico and t r o p i c a l
217
North Atlantic (Hogdahl
a k , 1968; Hayes
2..
1966).
N o
s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n s with depth were o b e r v e d . zirconium ranging from 0.4-1.4 c o a s t a l waters (Sastry ocean water (Shigematsu
Concentrations of
a / k g have been r e p o r t e d in Indian

0.01-0.04
g . . 1969) and g., 1964).
a / k g in open
Neither d a t a s e t is The only
s u f f i c i e n t t o define a p r o f i l e much l e s s a correlation.
concentration reported f o r niobium is 5 ng/kg in Plymouth Bay ( C a r l i s l e and Hummerstone (1958). of
In open ocean water southwest

N o c o r r e l a t i o n has been
Plymouth Bay, none was detected.
predicted f o r t N s element. Molybdenum concentrations vary from 8.6-1 2.7 ug/kg, averaging
10.4
a / k g and show no s i g n i f i c a n t variation s p a t i a l l y o r t o a

1000 m (Morris, 1975).
depth of
Although t h e s c a t t e r is not of precision molybdenum

is
insignificant, conservative. derived: Pacific, Mo/CL
to
this
level
Using Morris 1 d a t a , a c o r r e l a t i o n expression may be
5 . 8
x 1 0 " .
Recent d a t a from t h e n o r t h e a s t
is
confirm
that
molybdenum
conservative
with
concentration of 10 ug/kg ( C o l l i e r , 1985). Ru concentrations in seawater a r e reported f o r t h e Gulf of Mexico (Dixon
g g.,
ng/kg.
1966).
In
several
profiles,
surface
concentrations vary from 0.1-1.4 vary from 0.5-0.9
ng/kg;
a t depth concentrations
These concentrations a r e of t h e same
order a8 t h o s e r e p o r t e d by Bekov
s.,1984.
N o consistent
v a r i a t i o n with depth was observed and no c o r r e l a t i o n category has been assigned. Palladium e x h i b i t s a n u t r i e n t - l i k e p r o f i l e varying from
21-53
with
concentrations
pg/kg
(Lee,
1983; Hodge
5 g., 1985).
218
Preliminary r e s u l t s s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p r o f i l e is s i m i l a r t o t h a t f o r N i and Pt which occur j u s t above and below Pd in t h e periodic table. Recent d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f Ag s u g g e s t t h a t i t behaves much l i k e Cu i n s e a w a t e r ; it is non- conservative, r e s e m b l i n g t h e n u t r i e n t s w i t h a r e l e a s e term a t t h e sedimentwater i n t e r f a c e and scavenging
in i n t e r m e d i a t e w a t e r s (Martin
z., 1983).
Concentrations vary
from 0.1 t o 2.5 ng/kg.. Cadmium h a s been determined with a c c u r a c y a t e x t r e m e l y low l e v e l s , r a n g i n g from 0.2 ng/kg in s u b s u r f a c e w a t e r s o f t h e n o r t h A t l a n t i c t o around 100 ng/kg below 600 m (Boyle Bruland
G..
1976;
g., 1978a;
Bruland, 1980; Bruland and Franks, 1983
Olafsson, 1983; Boyle p r o f i l e (rigure 2P). derived (Table 1).
g.,
1984). It d i s p l a y s a n u t r i e n t - l i k e
A number o f c o r r e l a t i o n e x r e s s i o n s have been
The expresnion p r e d i c t s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s about mese correlations Concentrations o f Cd notably in the
1 5 5 higher t h a n a r e observed i n t h e A t l a n t i c . a r e nor v a l i d a t subnanogram l e v e l s o f Cd.
can change r a d i c a l l y during u p w e l l i n g s e a s o n ,
t r o p i c a l P a c i f i c when s u r f a c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s can i n c r e a s e from < I ng/kg t o 9 ng/kg. C l e a r l y , under t h e s e conditions, t h e c o r r e l a t i o n
e x p r e s s i o n s (Table 1 ) a r e n o t valid. The Third T r a n s i t i o n S e r i e s Hafnium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Rhenium, Platinum, Gold Osmium. Iridium, --- and Mercury
-- ---
--
In t h e t h i r d t r a n s i t i o n s e r i e s , no e l e m e n t s can be assigned a
c o r r e l a t i o n c a t e g o r y w i t h c e r t a i n t y , a l t h o u g h Mukherji and K e s t e r (1979) and Hodge e t a l . (1985) have suggested p o s s i b l e c o r r e l a t i o n s f o r Hg and Pt. Three e l e m e n t s remain u n d e t e c t e d in s e a w a t e r : H f ,
Cadmium Concentration (Wkg)

Fig. 20.
3241'N.
Cadmium c o n c e n t r a t i o n v s d e p t h ( d a t a from Eiruland, 1980, 14500'W).
Ta, and 0s.
S c h u t z and Turekian (1965b) did n o t d e t e c t Hf and Ta
u s i n g n e u t r o n a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s u s i n g a procedure which had a minimum d e t e c t i o n l i m i t for t h e s e e l e m e n t s o f 8 and 2.5 ng/kg, respectively. Tungsten concentration of 0.1 =/kg
have
been
reported
(Ishibashi, 1953; Chan and Riley, 1967; Kawabuchi and KurOda, 1969). No p r o f i l e s a r e a v a i l a b l e and no c o r r e l a t i o n c a t e e p r y h a s been
220
QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE Rhenium c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 4-8 ng/kg have been r e p o r t e d Matthews and Riley, 1970c: O l a f s s o n and Riley,
"
assigned.
(Scadden, 1969; 1972).
No s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a t i o n with d e p t h h a s been r e p o r t e d and Iridium c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
no c o r r e l a t i o n c a t e g o r y h a s been assigned.
o f 10 pg/kg have been r e p o r t e d f o r c o a s t a l P a c i f i c w a t e r ( F r e s c o et
- s.,1985).
was r e p o r t e d .
No open ocean d a t a is a v a i l a b l e .
Platinum is
n u t r i e n t - l i k e , r a n g i n g from
106 pg/kg n e a r t h e s u r f a c e t o 320
pg/kg a t 2000 m (Hodge e t a l . ,
1985).
No c o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n
The most p r o b a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f gold in s e a w a t e r is a b o u t
4 ng/kg,
f l r s t r e p o r t e d by Haber (1927) and confirmed l a t e r by

A number of r e s e a r c h e r s a t t e m p t e d t o
Schutz and Turekian (1965b).
d e t e r m i n e Au i n t h e i n t e r i m w i t h v a r y i n g r e s u l t s (Brewer, 1975). N o trends with depth a r e evident a t t h e l e v e l s of precision
reported. Mercury and mercury complexes a r e i m p o r t a n t due t o t h e i r e x t r e m e t o x i c i t y when c o n c e n t r a t e d i n marine systems. been s t u d i e d e x t e n s i v e l y . Mercury h a s
Since Brewer's review (19751, a number about 5 ng/kg i n and s i m i l a r
o f a n a l y s t s have r e p o r t e d mercury i n s e a w a t e r : t h e open ocean o f f Japan (Matsunaga
2.. 1979).
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r t h e n o r t h w e s t A t l a n t i c Ocean ( F i t z g e r a l d and Hunt, 1974; F i t z g e r a l d and Lyons, 1975; F i t z g e r a l d , 1976).

4 ng/kg:
One
p r o f i l e showed an a v e r a g e oceanic c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
ng/kg in A t l a n t i c s u b s u r f a c e w a t e r (about 25 m ) i n c r e a s i n g t o 5 ng/kg at greater depth (Mukherji and Kester, 1979) and a
c o r r e l a t i o n between mercury and s i l i c a t e (Table 1).
DISSOLVED ELEMENTS I N SEA W A T E R

A t d e p t h s g r e a t e r t h a n 2200 m ,
t h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f mercmy
w i t h s i l i c a t e did n o t hold.
The c o r r e l a t i o n was derived using d a t a
from t h e A t l a n t i c , where s i l i c a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in t h e upper 2000
m a r e g e n e r a l l y <20 umol/kg.
A s t h e c o r r e l a t i o n may n o t e x i s t a t
d e p t h s g r e a t e r t h a n 2200 m o r when s i l i c a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e >20 pmol/kg,
its
application
on
world- wide
scale
may
not
be
j u s t i f i e d . Olafsson (1983) h a s i n v e s t i g a t e d more northerly latitudes in the
Hg c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t and reports He did
Atlantic
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of t h e same o r d e r of magnitude b u t higher.
n o t o b s e r v e a c o r r e l a t i o n between [Hgl and any of t h e n u t r i e n t s . This r e p o r t s u p p o r t s t h e view t h a t u s e o f a c o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n t o p r e d i c t C ~ g lwould n o t be j u s t i f i e d u n t i l its d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e ocean is b e t t e r understood. Lanthanum and h e -----Lanthanides ---- t-
In a d d i t i o n t o lanthanum,
t h e lanthanides o r
rare earth
9
e l e m e n t s (REEs) a r e cerium, praeseodymium, neodymium. promethium samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium,
holmium,
erbium, thulium, y t t e r b i u m , and l u t e t i u m .
The chemical p r o p e r t i e s
All
of t h e s e r i e s a r e s i m i l a r w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of Ce and Eu. t h e o t h e r s a r e found i n t h e + 3 o x i d a t i o n s t a t e in s e a water. can occur a s Ce(II1) and Ce(1V); Eu a s Eu(I1) and Eu(II1).
Ce
Because
of t h e i r chemical s i m i l a r i t i e s , REEs a r e g e n e r a l l y considered a s a group. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f REEs a s a s e r i e s o f t e n a r e examined
r e l a t i v e t o c h o n d r i t e (Haskin Haskin, 1966) c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . t h e A t l a n t i c and t h e Pacific.
a h , 1966) o r s h a l e (Haskin and
P r o f i l e s o f most have determined in Example p r o f i l e s a r e i n Table

1;
Figure 21 g i v e s d a t a f o r t h e A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c n e a r t h e s u r f a c e
'La
de
P;,
dm ~ ' r n u ;
dd
tb
iy
C;o
m ;
{b
L?
Rare Earth Elements
Fig. 21. Concentrations o f t h e r a r e e a r t h e l e m e n t s n e a r t h e ' s u r f a c e and a t d e p t h (Data from E l d e r f i e l d and Greaves, 1982, 2 8 0 1 p ~ , 2559qW; DeBaar e t a l . , 18'N. 108'W). Absolute c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ~ e l a t i v e t o c h o n d r l t e (Haskin 5 &.. 1966) a r e shown.
' DISSOLVED E L E M E N T S I N SEA WATER
223
and
at
depth
(both absolute
concentrations
and
relative
to
chondrite). Concentrations of a l l the REEs except Ce increase w i t h depth in b o t h the Atlantic and Pacific, t h e more for the heavy REEs than the light. h e distribution of the REEs is nutrient- like w i t h
evidence of scavenging by p a r t i c l e s in deep water (DeBaar 1985a). whereas
g.,
The heavy REEs follow a typical s i l i c a t e distribution, the light

REEs
are
less
systematic
(Klinkhammer and
Elderfield. 1982).
In North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Pacific
Equatorial Deep Waters, a correlation between L u and Si has been demonstrated (DeBaar Atlantic: Pacific: Units:
5 g . , 1985a):
[LU]
= =
5.36CsiI 4.72LSiI pg/kg
76 372
0.99
[Lu]
[Lu],
r = 0.8
expession in
(original
pmol/kg) [Si], mol/kg

A similar expression can be derived using alkalinity t h a t has been
corrected f o r n i t r a t e formation (DeBaar F J Atlantic: pacific: [Lu] = 4.02 Alkcorr.

[LU] = 3.85 A l k o r , .
s., 1985a):
9210 9030
r = 0.98
r = 0.8
The correlation expression is valid only f o r the deep waters. N o expressions qualitative have been reported for the or other
REEs.
The
correlation
with
alkalinity
silicate
indicates
mechanisms associated with t h e biogeochemical cycle of s k e l e t a l material, adsorption. such as actual incorporation into the lattices or
QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE ?he d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Ce is dominated by its redox chemistry a s
is t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f Fe and Mn.
In a r e a s of
low pE, its
c o n c e n t r a t i o n is g r e a t l y enhanced (DeBaar
& l
s., 1985a 1985b).
Actinides
- Uranium
Most r e s e a r c h e r s a g r e e water and that
Its
Only Uranium w i l l be discussed. Plutonium and americium e x i s t o n l y a s t h e r e s u l t o f man's a c t i v i t i e s . that uranium

is
conservative
in
sea
c o n c e n t r a t i o n is about 3.2 (Rona Goldberg,
ug/kg normalized t o 3S0/,, Sackett, 1964;
salinity,
g., 1956;
1966;
Moore and
Somyajulu and 1969;
Noakes
; L . ,
1967; S a c k e t t and Cook,
Turekian and Chan, 1971; Brewer Using the data of
g 2 . .1972;
Chan was derived.
Ku
G . . 1977).
a correlation
Turekian and x lo",
(19711,
expression, U/CL
= 1.7
S a c k e t t and Cook I n open ocean
(1969) r e p o r t g r e a t e r f l u c t u a t i o n s in c o a s t a l m n e s .
Water, however, t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p has proven r e l i a b l e and c a n be used t o p r e d i c t u r a n i u m , c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . CONCENTRATIONS PREDICTED AT PROPOSED OTEC SITES
It h a s been shown t h a t f o r a number o f e l e m e n t s c o r r e l a t i o n s
between
the
elemental
concentration
and
other
chemical
oceanographic p a r a m e t e r s e x i s t (Table 1 , Figure 1 1.
W e conclude
t h a t u s i n g chemical oceanographic d a t a measured a t a s p e c i f i c s i t e and known c o r r e l a t i o n s between t h o s e p a r a m e t e r s and o t h e r s p e c i e s , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f many e l e m e n t s can be p r e d i c t e d f o r any time o r location. To test the viability of this
the
conclusion,
elemental
c o n c e n t r a t i o n have been predicted f o r
p r o p s e d OTEC s i t e s i n
225
Hawaii a t (I) Kahe P o i n t o f f t h e s o u t h w e s t c o a s t o f Oahu ( T a b l e 2 ) and (II) Ke-ahole P o i n t off (Table 3).
the
Kona C o a s t o f t h e I s l a n d o f H a w a i i
C a l c u l a t i o n s were made u s i n g n u t r i e n t and s a l i n i t y
m e a s u r e m e n t s made a t Kahe P o i n t by Noda the conservative elements and
g. (1981,
1982).
For
nutrientrelated
elements,
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s have been c a l c u l a t e d a t t h e s u r f a c e i n t h e mixed l a y e r and a t 680 m , a p p r o x i m a t i n g d e p t h s o f w a r m a n d c o l d w a t e r i n t a k e s f o r OTEC. The r a n g e o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r o t h e r d e p t h s c a n
b e made by s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s a l i n i t y a n d n u t r i e n t v a l u e s a t t h a t depth i n t h e algorithm f o r a p a r t i c u l a r element. V a r i a t i o n s i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t t h e same d e p t h o f s a l i n i t y a n d t h e n u t r i e n t s a r e i n d i c a t e d i n t h e t a b l e s a s a v e r a g e , maximum, a n d minimum v a l u e s . Such v a r i a t i o n s , in excess of instrument
Or
a n a l y t i c a l e r r o r are l i k e d u e t o s e a s o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n n u t r i e n t p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d w a t e r mass f l o w a n d l o c a l l y d u e t o p a t c h i n e s s a n d t h e a c t i o n o f i n t e r n a l waves.

As T a b l e s 2 a n d
3 i n d i c a t e , b o t h s i t e s have similar s a l i n l t y -
n u t r i e n t depth d i s t r i b u t i o n r e f l e c t i n g t h e i r c l o s e proximity and the relative homogeneity elements do of not the vary open oligotrophic with ocean. depth There
Conservative
appreciably
r e f l e c t i n g t h e uniform s a l i n i t y of t h e o c e a n i n t h i s area.
is a s l i g h t s e a s o n a l s a l i n i t y maximum a t d e p t h d u e t o c h a n g e s in
w a t e r masses. model However. s u c h s m a l l c h a n g e s d o n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e
calculations.
The n u t r i e n t - r e l a t e d
elements
do
show
significant increase with depth r e l a t e d t o t h e increase of nutrient

w i t h depth to
a b o u t 1000 m.
As t h e
n u t r i e n t i n c r e a s e is w i t h i n
TABLE 2
Observed Concentrations a t Kahe Point Chlorinity lpp thousand1 Average Phosphate IuH) Hix.Layer CHI llir.layer CHI 0.2 2.8 19.26 18,99 1.8 0.01 19.10 18.90 3.8 19.10 0.5 19.50
Average Hinirur Haxirun Atoric llurber
Avaagr N i t r a t e IuH) Hix.lqer . CHI 36 0.01 20 0 3 40
S i l i c a t e lull) Hix.Layer CHI 2 90 0 75 8 120
Element
--------- Hired Layer .....................

Average Hinirur Haxirur Uni tr 183 4.5 1.3 10.849 1.292 2.729 19.475 uqlkg rqlkg rqlkg glkg glkg glkg qlkg 402 r q l k g
Predicted concentrations (Beware caveats, see t e x t
--------Average
CY[ fllnirur
---------------------Haxirur 180 4.5 1.3 10.628 1.27 2.674 19.077 393 ug/kg rqlkg rqlkg 91kq glkq plkq glkq rglkq
L i thiur Boron Fluorine Sodiur Hagnesiur Sulfur ISO4) Chlorine Potassium Calciur based on carb. a l k based on conserv. Vanadium
2.28 seqltg r g l k g 414.5 aglkg S.2 uglkq
415.2 [ark al k, '2.3 reqlkq rglkg 403.7 401.9 406.0 rglkg !.a 1.1 1.1 sgltq
Atomic Number 24
Eleaent
---- - - --- Nixed Layer .....................

Aver ape Mini mum 210 240 230 162 1.3 Aaximua Units 219 244 239 204 29.3 0.4 47.3 62.8 53.6 67.7 125.0 7.7 7.8 11.3 11.9 0.21 51 51 0.30 5.3 4;0 3.3 212 240 232 176 8.3 0.1 34.3 49.7 46.0 66.9 123.5 7.6 7.7 11.2 0.2 0.21 50 49 0.30 4.7 2.70 3.3
Predicted Concentrations (Beware caveats, see t e x t
--------lveraqe 309 309 337 489 316.3 4.5 174.0 183.0 133.4 65.9 121.7 7.7 7.6 11.0 101.6 0.21 63 63 0.29 10.5 22.1 3.2
cy[ Minimum
......................
Maximum 342 uqlkq 331 uglkg 373 uqlkq 602 nqlkq 421.3 nglkq 6 nqlkq 224.8 nqlkq 232.2 nqlkq 164.8 nqlkq 66.3 mqlkg 122.4 uqlkq 7.8 ~ q l k g 7.6 mglkq 11.1 uqlkq 140.6 nqlkq 0.21 uqlkq 67 nglkq 69 nglkq 0.29 u q l t q 12.1 uqlkg 28.7 nqlkg 3.2 uqlkq
28 30 32 34
35 37 38 42 48 51 53 55 56 80 92
Chroaium silicate rel. silicate, PO4 r e l . 5ilicate, NO3 r e l . Nickel Zinc Germanium Selenium Site 1 Site 2 GEOSECS I Bromine Rubidium Strontium Phosphate Conservat Molybdenum Cadmium Pacific Antimony lodine Nitrate Phosphate Cesium Barium Hercury Uranium
0
27.5 42.3 42.1 66.3 122.4 7.5 7.6 11.1 0.21 50 48 0.29 4.8 2.3 3.2
uqikq uqlkq uqlkq nqlkq nglkq nplkq nqlkq nqlkq nqlkq ~qlkq uqlkg mqlkg mqlkg uqlkg nqlkq uqlkg nglkq nqlkq uqlkq uqlkq nqlkq uqlkq
TABLE 3
Observed Concentratims a t Kahe Point C h l w i n i t y (pp thwsand) Avnage Phosphate ( u l l lix.Layer CYI lir.layer CHI 19.18 19.01 0.2 2.9 18.91 18.99 0.01 2.5 19.50 19.04 0.4 3.2
Average Hiniwr laxirur Rtoric Nurber
Average N i t r a t e l u l l lix.layer CYI 0.01 30 0 32 3 43
Silicate l u l l lix.layer CHI 2 85 0 50 8 100
Element
-- ---- --Average
Predicted Concentrations (Beware caveats, see t e x t mired Lays .....................
--------Average
CYI llinirur
......................
Waxiwr 179 uglkg 4.5 q l k q 1.3 rqlkq 10.596 g l l q 1.26 glkg 2.666 glkg 19.020 glkg 392 rqlkg
linirur
llaxirur Units 183 4.5 1.3 10.849 1.292 2.729 19.475 402 uglkg qlkg rglkg 91kq glkg glkg glkg rglkg
Lithiur Bwon Fluorine Sodium lagnesiur Sulfur IS041 Chlorine Potassium Calciur based on carb. a l k Cased on conserv. Vanadi ur
413.3 407.8 1.2
carb alk, 2.29 meqlkg r g l k g 411.5 r g l k q 402.0 1.6 1.2 uqlkg
415.2 carh alk, 2.3 reqlkp rglkg 404.2 403.7 404.8 aglkg I.! 1.1 1.1 uglkq
Atomic Number
Element Chrori ur s i l i c a t e rel. s i l i c a t e , POI r e l . s i l i c a t e , NO3 r e l . Nickel Zinc Germanium Site 1 Selenium Site 2 GEOSECS I Brorine Rubidiun Phosphate Strontium Conservat Molybdenum Pacific Cadmium llntimony Nitrate !odlne Phosphate Cesium Barium Mercury Uranium
-- - - - - - - Average
Predicted Concentrations (Beware caveats, see text Mixed Layer ..................... --------Hinimum Maxirum Units 219 uqlkg 245 uqlkg 239 uglkq 199 nglkg 29.3 nglkq 0.4 nglkg 44.5 nglkg 59.5 nglkg 52.2 nglkg 67.7 r g l k g 125.0 uglkg 7.7 mqlkg 7.0 r g l k g 11.3 uglkg 0.0 nglkg 0.21 uglkg 51 nolkq 50 nglkg 0.30 uglkg 5.3 uqlkg 4.0 nglkg 5.3 uglkq Aver age Minirur
......................
Maximum 320 uqlkg 316 uglkq 350 uglkg 530 nglkq 351.3 nglkg 5 ngllp 192.0 nglkg 201.6 nglkq 144.8 ngikg b6. I mgikg 122.0 uglkg 7.7 mqlkq 7.6 mglkq 11.0 uqlkg 117.2 nglkp 0.21 uglkg 65 nglkg 65 nglkq 0.29 uylkp 11.1 ugikq 24.3 nqlkg 3.2 uglkq
QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE the range of depths required f o r cold water withdrawal, changes in depth of t h e cold water pipe intake
will
"
also
change
the
concentration of nutrients and nutrientrelated elements used by the O T E C plant. For engineering and economic reasons t h e depth of
the cold-water intake is kept a s shallow a s possible t o produce the required thermal difference to operate the
OTEC
heat
exchangers.
Thus any increase in depth t o gain b e t t e r thermal
efficiency a l s o produces an Increase in nutrientrelated metal concentrations in the intake water.
Of
particular concern a r e t h e nutrientrelated t r a c e metal
which have potential environmental e f f e c t s i f released in the metal-depleted surface water. The very f a c t t h a t such metals a r e
r e l a t e d t o nutrient concentration indicates they a r e readily taken up by organism in the near surface waters.
This i s emphasized in
the nomenclature t h a t Woecker and Peng (1982) use t o describe those elements that they identified as biolimiting or
biointermediate.
Their increase w i t h depth show t h e i r release Natural
from organic matter through oceanic decay processes.
processes such a s upwelling bring up water from depth into the photic zone. However, the depth of the source of naturally-
upwelled water is on the order of 10's of meters r a t h e r than the nearly 1000 meters required f o r OTEC operations. Thus, natural
marine populations do not see metal concentrations of the values predicted for cold water intakes for OTEC plants. Based on the
model in Tables 2 and 3, nutrientrelated elements such a s N i
(a
surface) and Zn, Se, Ge, and Cd (lox surface or g r e a t e r ) show
231
significant
increase
in
concentration
over
surface
values.
Accordingly, t h e e f f e c t s o f a d i s c h a r g e o f t h i s d e e p w a t e r i n t o t h e p h o t i c zone or u s e o f s u c h w a t e r i n b i o l o g i c a l l y s e n s i t i v e processes, such a s a q u a c u l t u r e , must be examined. The t o x i c
e f f e c t s o f t h e s e elements a t such concentrations a r e n o t w e l l known. Mitigation t o a c c e p t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s might be e f f e c t e d mixed d i s c h a r g e w i t h t h e s p e n t w a t e r from t h e warm

A 1:l
by u s e o f
water ( n e a r s u r f a c e ) i n t a k e used a s a d i l u a n t .
mixture
w o u l d only h a l f
t h e metal concentration.
However, by proper
design, minimizing mixing and proper d e p t h l o c a t i o n o f t h e combined discharge. t h e i n c r e a s e d d e n s i t y of t h e mixed d i s c h a r g e could be
made t o descend t o below t h e p h o t i c zone b e f o r e mixing w i t h t h e ambient s e a watep.
CONCLUSIONS
It
should
be
possible
in
the
future
to
predict
the
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f many t r a c e e l e m e n t s i n t h e w o r l d ' s o c e a n s using c o r r e l a t i o n e x p r e s s i o n s d e r i v e d by e x p e r t s in t h e f i e l d . important to test t h e s e hypotheses in order to

It is now
get a
good
approximation of t h e c h e m i s t r y of t h e s e a w a t e r involved i n an OTEC operation. depth would Appropriate u s e of focus elements direct while and such model c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h costly analytical studies on
significant
e l i m i n a t i n g t h e need f o r expensive More r e f i n e d a n a l y s e s and t e c h n i q u e s
s t u d i e s on o t h e r e l e m e n t s .
a r e r e q u i r e d i f t h e bottom e f f e c t s prove t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a s t h e s e models are based o n open ocean conditions. chemical s t u d i e s s h o u l d be r e l a t e d t o p a r a l l e l Any a d d i t i o n a l b i o l o g i c a l and
23 2
"
biochemical s t u d i e s o n t h e e f f e c t of d e e p w a t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s on s u r f a c e and near- surf a c e b i o t a n e a r proposed OTEC s i t e s . Without
a c c e p t e d t o x i c and c h r o n i c exposure s t u d i e s using deep w a t e r . a prudent m i t i g a t i n g s t r a t e g y f o r discharge of w a t e r from t h e c o l d
water i n t a k e is t o i n s u r e its r e t u r n t o d e p t h s below t h e p h o t i c

zone.
ACKNOGILEDGEMENTS
W e wish t o thank Prof. Karl Turekian of Yale U n i v e r s i t y f o r

h i s continuing s u p p o r t , c o n v e r s a t i o n s and c r i t i c i s m throughout t h i s
poject.
W e a l s o would l i k e t o t h a n k t h e numerous r e s e a r c h e r s who

Noda and Paul
provided u s with preliminary d a t a , e s p e c i a l l y E.K. Bienfang and t h e i r c o l l e a g u e s .
I l l u s t r a t i o n s and f i n a l composition This work
was accomplished w i t h h e r u s u a l s k i l l s by Michele Krup. was s u p p o r t e d by t h e Department
o f Energy under U n i v e r s i t y of
C a l i f o r n i a C o n t r a c t DE- AT03-83C~9302-~erry-22-05/84 and SERI FTP 524A C o n t r a c t XX-5-05000-1. This is coritribution MSG-86-006 of
t h e Marine Sciences Group, U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a . Berkeley. CA.
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P a t t e r s o n , C.C., and D. S e t t l e . 1976. The r e d u c t i o n of o r d e r s of magnitude e r r o r s i n l e a d a n a l y s i s o f b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s and n a t u r a l w a t e r s by e v a l u a t i n g and c o n t r o l l i n g t h e e x t e n t and s o u r c e s o f i n d u s t r i a l l e a d contamination i n t r o d u c e d d u r i n g s a m p l e c o l l e c t i n g , h a n d l i n g and a n a l y s i s . U. S. Nat. B u r . Stand. Spec. Pub. 422. 321-351. Portmann, J.E., and J.P. Riley. 1966a. The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f antimony i n n a t u r a l w a t e r s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o s e a water. Anal. Chim. Acta, 35: 35-41. Portmann, J.E., and J.P. Riley. 1966b. The d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f bismuth i n n a t u r a l waters w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o sea water. Anal. Chim. Acta. 34: 201-210. Quinby-Hunt, M.S. and K.K. Turekian. 1983. i n s e a w a t e r . EOS. 64: 130-1 31. Distribution of elements
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Redfield, A.C., B.H. Ketchum, and F.A. Richards. 1963. The i n f l u e n c e o f organisms on t h e composition o f s e a water. In: H i l l , M.N. (ed.) The Sea, Wiley- Interscience. New York. pp. 26-77. Richards, F.A. 1958. Dissolved s i l i c a t e and r e l a t e d p r o p e r t i e s of some w e s t e r n North A t l a n t i c and Caribbean w a t e r s . J. Mar. Res., 17: 449-465. Riley, J.P. 1965a. Historical I n t r o d u c t i o n . In J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow ( e d s l C h e m i c a l Oceanography. Academic Press. London, 1: 1-41. Riley. J.P. 1965b. The o c c u r r e n c e o f anomalously high f l u o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e North. A t l a n t i c . Deep-Sea Res., 12: 21 9-220.
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Riley, J.P., and M. Tongudai. 1964. The lithium c o n t e n t o f s e a water. Deep-Sea Res., 11: 563-568. Riley, J.P., and M. Tongudai. 1967. The major c a t i o n / c h l o r i n i t y r a t i o s i n s e a water. Chem. Ceol., 2: 263-269.
D.E.. L.A. Rancitelli, and R.W. Perkins. 1968. Robertson. Multielement a n a l y s i s o f s e a w a t e r , marine organisms and s e d i m e n t s by n e u t r o n a c t i v a t i o n without chemical s e p a r a t i o n . B a t t e l l e Northwest Laboratory. Richland, Wash., BMWL-S A-1776, 77p.
Rona, E., L.O. C i l p a t r i c k , and L.M. d e t e r m i n a t i o n i n s e a w a t e r . Trans, 697-701.
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S a c k e t t . W.M., and G. Arrhenius. 1962. D i s t r i b u t i o n o f s p e c i e s o f t h e hydrosphere: aluminum i n t h e ocean. Cosmochim. Acta.. 26: 955-968.
S a c k e t t , W.M., and G. Cook. 1969. Uranium geochemistry of t h e Gulf o f Mexico. Trans. Gulf Coast Geol. Soc.. 19: 233-238. Sarmiento. J.L.. W.S. Broecker, and P . E . Biscaye. bottom radon- 222 d i s t r i b u t i o n in deep ocean Geophys. Res., 83: 5068-5076. 1978. Excess passages. J.
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DISSOLVED ELEMENTS I N SEA W A T E R In M. Bronica (ed.) P r o c e e d i n g s of a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l e x p e r t s d i s c u s s i o n on l e a d : Occurrence, f a t e and p o l l u t l o n I n t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t . Pergamon P r e s s , Oxford.
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Schaule, 8. and C.C. P a t t e r s o n . 1983. P e r t u r b a t i o n s of t h e n a t u r a l l e a d p r o f i l e i n t h e S a r g a s s o Sea by i n d u s t r i a l lead. In: Wong, C.S.. E.Boyle, K.W. Eiruland, J.D. Burton, and E.D. Goldberg (eds.) T r a c e M e t a l s i n S e a Water, Plenum P r e s s , New York, pp. 487-503. Schutz. D.F., and K.K. Turekian. 1965a. h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l and v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s e v e r a l t r a c e e l e m e n t s in w a t e r u s i n g neutron' a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s . Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta.. 29: 259-313. S c h u t z , D.F., and K.K. Turekian. 1965b. The d i s t r i b u t i o n o f c o b a l t , n i c k e l and s i l v e r in ocean w a t e r p r o f i l e s around P a c i f i c A n t a r c t i c a . J. Geophys. Res., 70: 5519-5528. S c l a t e r , F.R., E. Boyle, and J.M. Edmond. 1976. On t h e marine geochemistry o f n i c k e l . Earth P l a n e t . Sci. Lett., 31: 119-128. S c r a n t o n , M.I., F.L. S a y l e s , M.P. Bacon, and P.C. Brewer. i n p r e s s (1986). Temporal changes in t h e hydrography and chemistry o f t h e Cariaco Tranch. Deep-Sea Res., Richards Memorial Volume. Sen Gupta, R., S. Naik, and S.Y.S. Singbal. 1978. A s t u d y o f f l u o r i d e , calcium, and magnesium i n t h e n o r t h e r n Indian ocean. Mar. Chem., 6: 125-141. Shigematsu, T., Y. Mishikawa, H. Hirake, and H. Nakagawa. 1964. Determination of zirconium i n seawater. Nippon Kagaku Zasshi, 85: 490-493.
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L'

OCEAN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 11(3&4), 153- 251 (1986-87)

Se, Cd, I as 10,, Ba and Hg.

Other elements are non-conservative,

Copyright @ 1987 by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

QUINBY-HUNT AND WILDE

Typically 5-1 0 m3sec"

c a p a c i t y o f w a t e r from about 1000 m depth w i l l be pumped t o t h e

DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER

p r o c e d u r e s f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n have been For

s t a n d a r d i z e d ( S t r i c k l a n d and Parsons, 1972; Grasshof f , 1976).

o t h e r s . l i k e t h e t r a c e m e t a l s , d e t e r m i n a t i o n can be an expensive and difficult procedure, requiring sophisticated sampling and

a n a l y s i s p r o c e d u r e s and h i g h l y s k i l l e d p e r s o n n e l ( P a t t e r s o n and S e t t l e . 1976: Bruland a 2 , 1979).

a d d r e s s t h e problem of e s t i m a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f l o c a l r e l e a s e s from bottom sediments, o r o f human a c t i v i t y .

problems o f e s t i m a t i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s when c o n t i n e n t a l s o u r c e s , u p w e l l i n g (see. f o r example. Boyle

Franks. 1983) o r f l u v i a l i n p u t s are i m p o r t a n t 1977; Boyle

(Hanor and Chan.

v a r i a t i o n i n t o t a l s a l t c o n c e n t r a t i o n t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f t h e major i o n s making up most of t h e s a l t c o n t e n t (* Na, K, Mg, Ca, C 1 , l h e s e ions

Br, S O , ) were c o n s t a n t within a n a l y t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s .

n u t r i e n t - r e l a t e d , o r b i o l i m i t i n g (Quinby-Hunt and Turekian, 1983). Analytical limitations prevented demonstration of correlation

similar r e l a t i o n s h i p s were r e p o r t e d f o r many t r a c e c o n s t i t u e n t s .

DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER

additional 1982). and

review a r t i c l e s These those lnclude

biologically- and the carbonate

chemically- active gases

system; e l e m e n t s whose c o n c e n t r a t i o n s are effected by p a r t i c l e scavenglng, bottom r e l e a s e t e r m s , o r by redox chemistry; and

e l e m e n t s whose main s o u r c e t e r m is anthropogenic r e l e a s e s . Distributions of gases initially are determined by the

s o l u b i l i t y o f a t m o s p h e r i c g a s e s i n s u r f a c e water: i n p r i n c i p l e . t h e surface concentration of each gaseous component could be

approximation, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f non- reactive g a s e s can be predicted from Henry's

, , b i o l o g i c a l l y - a c t i v e o r chemically r e a c t i v e gases. such a s O

a s w e l l a s changing redox conditions.

p a r t i c u l a r l y s e n s i t i v e t o s o u r c e t e r m s (Orians and Bruland, 1986).

QUINBY- HUNT AND WILDE

r e l e a s e d from t h e i n t e r i o r a t o c e a n i c r i d g e r i s e s y s t e m s (Craig and Lupton, 1981 1. M n c o r r e l a t e s w i t h 'He i n such a r e a s (Weiss. 1977).

F l u v i a l i n p u t s , c o a s t a l upwelling, t r a n s p o r t from t h e c o n t i n e n t a l shelf effect elemental concentrations

d i s t a n c e s from l a n d (Hanor and Chan, 1977; Boyle

conditions, t h e i r s o l u b i l i t y increases dramatically.

' H . '% (bomb), and plutonium

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e s p e c i e s is c o n t r o l l e d by a e o l i a n and c o a s t a l s o u r c e s . and t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s e w i t h depth.

DISSOLVED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER

A s the composition of sea water a t a particular location and

depth is a function of a l l source and removal terms. [Species] =

biology, physics, chemistry, source), and practically,

can be expressed a s a sum:

where "cn represents

geological controls demonstrated by

biointermediate). predicted using

The distributions of such t r a c e elements can be regression formulae. Elements whose

chemistry, and so on dominate the s e r i e s require more extensive

information before calculation is feasible.

I Hydrqrn (as HZ01 2 lkliur

Conservatlvr LllCL = 9.4 I IOE-6

f r b r ~ c m drt , I . 119bh, 19611

Bwon Conservat ~ v e l i n w q a n i c boron1 BICL = 2.J x IOE-4

4.4 aglkq ( f l r o l l l e ava1IabIe1

Cubon Itarbon dioaidcl

Depth 1r1 1 83 191 U3 114 1046 1916 Bun-Ltrirnt 6rs

tolc l u m l l k q l 2039 204s 2085 2252 2264 2334 2326

S . htifit l4003'3, 12h16'W

Brocctcr and Trkahnbi (19181

Craig et 11. I I P b l I Pacific: lainbridge llllkl L t l m t i t l Bainbridqe IIP7Pbl

O~rgrn 14s I l s m l v r d 021