Financial Analysis Study Materials

Contents
FROM THE EXAMINING TEAM - Financial Statement Analysis ............................... 3 What will you be asked to do in the FR exam? ...................................................... 5 Why are we preparing this material?...................................................................... 5 What are the examiners looking for in analysis and interpretation answers?.......... 6 What were the weaknesses of candidates answers in recent examinations? ........ 6 ADDITIONAL STUDY MATERIAL - PREPARED BY THE EXAMINERS ................. 10 1. Financial Statement Analysis ........................................................................... 11 2. Financial Reporting Complications in Analysing Financial Statements ............. 12 2.1 Overriding requirement for disclosures........................................................... 12 2.2 Specific events............................................................................................... 12 3. Disaggregation of information .......................................................................... 14 3.1 IAS 1 and IFRS 5........................................................................................... 14 3.2 IAS 14............................................................................................................ 14 4. Approach to examination questions ................................................................. 15 5. Examination question - Lydford plc .................................................................. 18 6. Initial Review ................................................................................................... 21 7. Structuring the answer ..................................................................................... 23 7.1 Part (a)........................................................................................................... 23 7.2 Part (b) the ratio calculations ...................................................................... 23 7.3 Part (b) structuring your answer .................................................................. 23 7.4 Part (b) writing your answer ........................................................................ 24 8. Mark plans and model answers ....................................................................... 29 ANSWERS TO EXERCISES ................................................................................... 33 Practice Questions with extended commentaries................................................. 40

Cash flow statement ............................................................................................ 52 Investor ratios ...................................................................................................... 53 Further matters for investigation .......................................................................... 53 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 54

FROM THE EXAMINING TEAM - Financial Statement Analysis What is financial analysis and why is it relevant to you? Financial analysis is an important skill that chartered accountants have to demonstrate throughout their careers. Financial analysis techniques are used by chartered accountants to assess and explain business performance to clients and non-financial managers. The ACA qualification requires students to develop their financial analysis skills throughout the Professional and Advanced Stage examinations. Strong financial analysis skills are core to your examination success and key to your long-term career development. This article and the supporting materials are relevant for those studying for the Professional Stage Financial Reporting examination and as a revision aid to assist candidates preparing for the Advanced Case Study. Financial analysis has two principal aspects financial data analysis and financial statement analysis. Financial data analysis involves using analytical techniques to assess the results of individual transactions, measure a particular performance indicator or quantify the impact of changes in underlying assumptions. It can include flexing the numbers or performing financial calculations such as break-even analysis. Financial statement analysis involves analysing the financial statements of an organisation, being both the individual elements and the statements in their entirety, and using a variety of techniques in order to understand the story behind them. Financial Analysis

Financial Data Analysis Choice of analytical tools Calculation and explanation Flexing numbers Interpretation of results

Financial Statement Analysis Choice of relevant performance indicators (including ratio analysis) Calculation and explanation Interaction of elements of financial statements

Financial analysis is included throughout the ACA examination structure. The skills you develop at Professional Stage will have a direct effect on your Advanced Stage performance. When using these materials, it is important to remember the importance of financial analysis in your progression through the ACA qualification.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS - PROGRESSION

PS - Financial Reporting (FR) Advanced Case Study (ACS)

Financial statement analysis

Financial statement and data analysis Complex case studies Information pre-disclosed, based on own research or given in examination

Simple scenarios Information given in examination question

Requirement is directed providing clear guidance of analysis required

Broader requirements. Students need to exercise judgement in choosing analytical techniques

As you progress through your training contract, the analysis of a business is something that will be a recurring skill that you will have to demonstrate. It is an essential skill whether you work in general practice or a more specialist area. If you advise clients, it is important that you understand their business, its current strengths and weaknesses, and its future potential. This applies to insolvency, taxation, auditing and business consulting situations. You may have reviewed existing performance and future projections in considering tax planning opportunities or you may have reviewed financial performance to identify risks associated with the viability of a business operations. The important skill is to be able to interpret financial information and relate it to the business strategy, the economic environment or other factors that have influenced the given scenario. Financial statement analysis is only one aspect of the review of an organisation but it is core to the success of any evaluation. As you work your way through this material, keep focused on the following questions: What is the key information relating to profitability and liquidity? What are the appropriate ratios and analysis tools that I should use in analysing the financial performance, position and cash flows of a company? How does financial statement analysis help to identify the issues a company is facing? How does my analysis demonstrate an understanding of the scenario?

What will you be asked to do in the FR exam? Financial statement analysis is a significant portion of the financial reporting examination, and accounts for approximately 20% of the total marks. These marks will be assessed through written and objective test questions. Each examination includes an individual written test question, typically 16 to 18 marks long, that requires you to analyse the extracts from both the financial statements and additional information for an organisation. You may also be required to comment on how chosen accounting policies or their application will affect the interpretation of the information. Questions provide extracts from financial statements including accounting policy notes, disclosure notes and background contextual information. Candidates are expected to utilise this detailed information in providing a financial statement analysis of the entity. The questions will test your development of higher level skills including your analysis, judgement and evaluation skills. These questions could require you to: Select and calculate relevant indicators, including ratios (for example stock market ratios), trends and interrelationships, to analyse a single entitys or groups financial position, performance and changes in financial position. Identify accounting treatments adopted in financial statements and other financial information and assess how they affect the view presented. Identify and compare significant features in the information supplied for a given entity or entities, including inconsistencies between the results of analysis and the information supplied. Specify and justify any additional information required for a meaningful analysis. Draw conclusions and make inferences from an analysis which take account of significant features in the information supplied, and which allow for the limitations of the information supplied and the analytical methods used, economic conditions and the businesss circumstances. Recognise the ethical and professional issues for an accountant undertaking work in and giving advice on accounting and financial reporting; explain the relevance and importance of these issues and evaluate the relative merits of different standpoints taken. Comment on the use, advantages and disadvantages of financial statement analysis techniques.

Why are we preparing this material? Financial statement analysis questions have been core to each FR examination over the past three years. Performance has been poor and disappointingly few candidates provide a concise, coherent answer of a pass standard. The examiners believe further guidance would be invaluable to candidates in this area. There has been NO change to the syllabus. Session 16 of edition 7 of the FR Study Manual provides a background to financial statement analysis. The FR Revision Qs & As include a comprehensive set of practice and past exam questions. More recent examination questions are available from the ICAEW website (www.icaew.com/students). These materials are designed to compliment those resources. They will identify what the examiners are looking for, critically analyse recent exam performance in this area and provide a detailed review of an examination question with enhanced examiners commentary and the

principles used by the assessment team in assessing the quality of answers. These resources draw on existing and new material. What are the examiners looking for in analysis and interpretation answers? The examiners expect candidates to provide a concise, coherent and focused analysis that addresses the question requirement. The answer should use the contextual information given within the scenario to identify relevant points and explain the trends identified. The contextual information could be based on business events, economic events or industry specific issues. Specific industry knowledge will not be required to answer the question. However, knowledge and skills gained from work based learning could be applied. The additional study material will highlight examples of the style and quality of answer that the examiners require. What were the weaknesses of candidates answers in recent examinations? The key weaknesses in candidates answers in recent exams can be summarised as: Scattergun approach Candidates fail to focus their financial analysis on the specific circumstances of the company in the question. Answers often provide a range of short, limited value statements across the full range of financial ratios rather than those relevant to the company. Boiler plate answers Candidates often restate facts from the question without applying them to the specific context of the question. This may involve stating that an absolute amount or ratio has changed without suggesting an explanation that supports the movement. Lacking reader focus The answers are not focused on the readers requirements. They do not specifically address the information requirements of the addressee of the report. They are often writer not reader focused. Quality versus quantity Candidates often prepare several pages of poor quality analysis rather than shorter, focused answers. Quantity is not a replacement for quality. Such answers often do not link related points or ratios together. Ignoring additional information The examiner provides additional information, such as industry data, in addition to the financial statement extracts. Candidates often fail to use this information in formulating answers.

Big picture Candidates often dwell on movements in insignificant numbers rather than focussing on the big picture. Communication skills Candidates are often unable to explain their findings in a coherent manner that is unambiguous and readily understandable. Too few answers are structured in a professional manner.

What SEVEN things would the examiners advise you to do to improve the quality of your answers? The examining team have identified seven ways that candidates can improve their answers by addressing the common weaknesses. These are the attributes that the examining team look for when marking answers.

7 ways to improve answers

Specific not generic

Create dont repeat

Reader not writer

Integration not isolation

Use the clues, dont ignore news

Big picture not trivial pursuits

Three course meal

Specific not Generic Comments need to relate to the companys specific circumstances. Too many answers are generic, ie the observations made (such as receivables days have increased, this could be due to poor credit control) could apply to any company, not only the one that you are reporting about. Create dont repeat Use new ratios and new relationships between financial statement data contained in the stem of the question, rather than repeating existing information. Repetition of figures and comments from the question itself, unless accompanied by added value, will not earn you any marks. Use the because rule to add value. This rule is discussed in the accompanying study text material and suggests that you explain why things happen rather than what has happened. Reader not writer

The report contents should focus on the information needs of the supposed reader of the report. Put yourself in their shoes, think about what they want from the report and then give it to them. For example, if a client is considering a takeover of a rival company, and has asked you to report back, ask yourself what do they want to know? For example: Is the target company growing more slowly or quickly than the acquirer? How big is the target company compared to the acquirer? How much additional debt would be taken on by the combined entity? Is there scope for cost savings/economies of scale etc?

Integration not isolation Dont just use one ratio or number when making a point or conclusion in a report - try to link some together. For example, if a companys revenues and receivable days have increased significantly then it could be a strategic management decision to expand operations by providing more generous credit terms to customers, OR it could be due to the company expanding and not investing in its credit collection department at the same time. You need to therefore Use the clues, dont ignore the news The examiner will nearly always provide additional information in the question and not just the financial statements. This information normally gives a significant twist to the data contained in the income statement/balance sheet/cash flow statement. Ensure you link this information to the financial statements as it will help you formulate explanations for changes in the figures. Big picture not trivial pursuits You have a limited amount of time to write your report, so concentrate on the big issues and not insignificant numbers. For example, if a company has operating profits of 500 million for two years, and finance costs increase from 4 million to 6 million, dont waste time calculating interest cover, and then commenting why it has increased by 50%, as it is not important in the wider scheme of things. Three course meal A good answer should be like a good meal; it should have a short starter (one or two sentences that contextualises the answer), a memorable main course (consisting of separate elements such as commentary on performance, position and solvency etc.) and a dessert (in the form of a conclusion or recommendation) that finishes the meal (one or two sentences). What next? There are two other documents in this package. The first is a supplemental study text chapter. It contains extracts of the existing study manual and some new material. It includes a suggested process for answering financial statement analysis questions together with a detailed review of an exam standard question. It has been written by the examining team who have prepared examples of poor and good answers. It includes comprehensive guidelines about the assessment criteria used by the exam marking team. The second contains two past exam questions, where the examiners have prepared extended comments about their expectations and the key aspects required in an answer.

ICAEW would welcome feedback on this package of material. If you would like to comment then please e-mail your comments to students@icaew.com

ADDITIONAL STUDY MATERIAL - PREPARED BY THE EXAMINERS

Introduction This material has been prepared by the Financial Reporting (FR) examination team. It is designed to be complimentary to the existing edition 7 of the FR Study Manual. You should work your way carefully through this material. Remember that the financial statement analysis questions test higher level skills. Practising and applying the techniques will improve your examination performance and serve as a good base for later studies. A series of exercises are included throughout this material. It is recommended that you attempt these exercises before you continue through the chapter. The answers are included at the end of the chapter. Summary of main issues The FR financial statement analysis questions focus around 3 core areas: profitability, liquidity (and cash flow) and financial position. In each examination you should expect to need to review one or more of these areas. Your focus during this chapter should be on how to improve your answers. The chapter has been developed to help you by focusing on the seven key areas where you can improve your answers identified by the exam team in the introductory article.

7 ways to improve answers

Specific not generic

Create dont repeat

Reader not writer

Integration not isolation

Use the clues, dont ignore news

Big picture not trivial pursuits

Three course meal

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1. Financial Statement Analysis Financial statement analysis is the review and explanation of the financial state of a business. This is achieved by considering the published financial statements, the accompanying notes and additional information (such as financial and non-financial performance indicators). The review can range from a high-level overview considering a small number of key aspects of the whole business through to a detailed analytical review of a business activity. In the financial reporting examination the analysis required lies somewhere between the two. In exam questions, you will be provided with extracts from the financial statements, some prepared ratios and additional comments and information. The information provided will be far less than could be obtained from the full set of financial statements or what could ordinarily be obtained from available information within the public domain. However, it will be relevant to the context of the question such as when a business event has occurred. Common business events that may occur in financial statement analysis questions include: business restructurings reorganisations mergers and acquisitions sale or demerger refinancing outsourcing strategy changes competitors entering and leaving markets regulatory changes contractual terms renegotiated market / legal / environmental changes These business events will influence the relevant financial information provided in the examination question.

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2. Financial Reporting Complications in Analysing Financial Statements One of the complications in analysing financial statements arises out of the way IFRS are structured: IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, sets down the requirements for the format of financial statements, containing requirements as to their presentation, structure and content; but the recognition, measurement and disclosure of specific transactions and events are all dealt with in other IFRS. Preparers of financial statements must consider the possible application of several different IFRS when deciding how to present certain transactions and events and users must be aware that details about particular transactions or events may appear in several different parts of the financial statements. 2.1 Overriding requirement for disclosures In considering which IFRS will be relevant in different circumstances, it is necessary to remember the overriding requirement in IAS 1; that in addition to disclosure of the specific items listed within the standard, there shall be disclosure of: additional line items, when such a presentation is relevant to an understanding of an entitys financial position; the nature and amounts of material items of income and expense (often described as exceptional items); and key assumptions about the future and other sources of estimation uncertainty, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year. IAS 1 should result in more detailed sub-classification of assets and liabilities in the balance sheet or the notes thereto, disclosure of exceptional items, usually in the notes, and coverage of the key valuation uncertainties being faced by management, usually in the notes. 2.2 Specific events When a specific business event has occurred, the consequences of that event may be covered by more than one accounting standard and details may be spread throughout the financial information provided. Worked Example: Identifying relevant financial reporting information Analysis of the consolidated financial statements of a group is made more difficult by changes to the make up of the group and/or to the activities of group companies. Decisions to dispose of a group company or to close down a business activity within the group both result in restructurings. Requirement Identify the appropriate IFRS that may provide relevant financial information when a restructuring occurs and the nature of the information provided.

Solution

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The decision to restructure a major part of the business will require consideration of: IAS 7 Cash Flow Statements requirements as to disclosure within investing activities of the cash flows resulting from disposals; IAS 10 Events After The Balance Sheet Dates requirements as to events occurring after the balance sheet date, whether they are adjusting events (eg confirmation of assets/liabilities values) or non-adjusting events (eg the disclosure of a decision to restructure); IAS 14 Segment Reportings requirements as to segment reporting a disposal could well affect the segments which are reportable; IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations' requirements a decision to restructure a major part of the business is likely to lead to disclosures of both discontinued operations in the income statement and non-current assets held for sale in the balance sheet; IAS 36 Impairment of Assets requirements as to impairment of assets impairment will almost certainly result from a restructuring decision; and IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets requirements as to provisions liabilities which previously were only contingent may well now require recognition.

EXERCISE 1: Acquisition of a business An acquisition of another company or business is also a major business event. Identify the IFRS that may require relevant information to be disclosed and the appropriate information provided. Solution

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3. Disaggregation of information The information presented in financial statements is highly aggregated. Where a business is large and complex, disaggregation of data helps to facilitate analysis. However, whilst management has access to internal management accounting information, external users must rely on the more limited disaggregation of data provided as a result of the requirements of accounting standards, in particular IAS 1, IFRS 5 and IAS 14. Disaggregated information provided in examination questions is highly useful and should be analysed carefully as it often provides the additional information that the explanation to key events. 3.1 IAS 1 and IFRS 5 IAS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements, requires: identification of exceptional items; the statement of changes in equity; and reconciliations of all movements in shareholders capital and reserves. The disclosure of exceptional items is important in identifying trends in the core business and understanding the reasons for fluctuations in performance, while the statement of changes in equity identifies the impact of gains and losses - in relation to non-current asset revaluations in particular - which have not passed through the income statement. The reconciliations allow users of financial statements to separate out changes in equity (and therefore capital employed) which may have occurred late in the accounting period and therefore distort ROCE calculations. IFRS 5, Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, requires the separation of the results of continuing operations from those of discontinued operations. This allows projections into the future to be based on continuing operations only. These projections can be combined with adjustments for exceptional items to allow users to determine underlying (core) profitability. 3.2 IAS 14 IAS 14, Segment Reporting, requires certain businesses to classify their business and geographical segments as primary and secondary and then to make additional disclosures. This allows analysis of the profitability of different segments, which may well have different risk/reward characteristics. However, there is a great deal of scope for management judgements in the preparation of segment information, particularly in the allocation of expenses, assets and liabilities to segments on a reasonable basis. So it is possible for the figures to be adjusted to present a picture which suits management objectives; an example could be a reduction in the profitability of a particular segment so as not to reveal to competitors how much profit there is to be made in it. Solvency and investors ratios cannot normally be applied in a meaningful way on a segmental basis as major companies and groups are often financed as a whole. Therefore it is difficult to apportion debt, shareholders funds and net profits between segments without making significant arbitrary judgements and allocations.

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4. Approach to examination questions In helping you to develop an approach to financial analysis, we will base our discussions around the question Lydford plc. Lydford plc is a sample question that was produced by the FR examination team to demonstrate the style of a common financial analysis examination question. We will lead you through the Lydford plc question. You will be able to develop a range of skills that should help you in the real examination. You need to focus particularly on the requirements of the question and those attributes of an answer that are valuable analysis and would generate you a good mark in the examination. As you read the question you should bear in mind the common weaknesses of candidates answers that were identified in the examiners article. These include Scattergun approach Candidates fail to focus their financial analysis on the specific circumstances of the company in the question. Answers often provide a range of short, limited value statements across the full range of financial ratios rather than those relevant to the company. Boiler plate answers Candidates often restate facts from the question without applying them to the specific context of the question. This may involve stating that an absolute amount or ratio has changed with suggesting an explanation that supports the movement. Lacking reader focus The answers are not focused on the readers requirements. They do not specifically address the information requirements of the addressee of the report. They are often writer not reader focused. Quality versus quantity Candidates often prepare several pages of poor quality analysis rather than shorter, focused answers. Quantity is not a replacement for quality. Such answers often do not link related points or ratios together. Ignore additional information The examiner provides additional information, such as industry data, in addition to the financial statement extracts. Candidates often fail to use this information in formulating answers. Big picture Candidates often dwell on movements of insignificant numbers rather than focusing on the big picture.

Communication skills Candidates are often unable to explain their findings in a coherent manner that is unambiguous and readily understandable. Too few answers are structured in a professional manner.

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In the examiners article we suggested that answers could be improved by addressing the following seven issues. The seven suggestions that you should bear in mind are: Specific not Generic Comments need to relate to the companys specific circumstances. Too many answers are generic, ie the observations made (such as receivables days have increased, this could be due to poor credit control) could apply to any company, not only the one that you are reporting about. Create dont repeat Use new ratios and new relationships between financial statement data contained in the stem of the question, rather than repeating existing information. Repetition of figures and comments from the question itself, unless accompanied by added value, will not earn you any marks. Use the because rule to add value. This rule is discussed later in this material and suggests that you explain why things happen rather than what has happened. Reader not writer The report contents should focus on the information needs of the supposed reader of the report. Put yourself in their shoes, think about what they want from the report and then give it to them. For example, if a client is considering a takeover of a rival company, and has asked you to report back, ask yourself what do they want to know? For example: Is the target company growing more slowly or quickly than the acquirer? How big is the target company compared to the acquirer? How much additional debt would be taken on by the combined entity? Is there scope for cost savings/economies of scale etc? What is the motivation behind the takeover?

Integration not isolation Dont just use one ratio or number when making a point or conclusion in a report - try to link some together. For example, if a companys revenues and receivable days have both increased significantly then it could be a strategic management decision to expand operations by providing more generous credit terms to customers, or it could be due to the company expanding and not investing in its credit collection department at the same time. You need to therefore Use the clues, dont ignore the news The examiner will nearly always provide additional information in the question and not just the financial statements. This information normally gives a significant impact on the data contained in the income statement/balance sheet/cash flow statement. Ensure you link this information to the financial statements as it will help you formulate explanations for changes in the figures. Big picture not trivial pursuits You have a limited amount of time to write your report, so concentrate on the big issues and not insignificant numbers. For example, if a company has operating profits of 500 million for two years, and finance costs increase from 4 million to 6 million, dont waste time calculating

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interest cover, and then commenting why it has increased by 50%, as it is not important in the wider scheme of things. Three course meal A good answer should be like a good meal; it should have a short starter (one or two sentences that contextualise the answer), a memorable main course (consisting of separate elements such as commentary on performance, position and solvency etc.) and a dessert (in the form of a conclusion or recommendation) that finishes the meal (one or two sentences).

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5. Examination question - Lydford plc Read the following examination question: Lydford plc is a listed parent of a group of chemical manufacturing companies operating in several different business sectors. The groups operations, management structure and internal financial reporting are organised into business segments and this is used as the primary reporting format in accordance with IAS 14, Segment Reporting. A fund manager for an institutional investor who holds 10% of the ordinary share capital in Lydford plc has approached you because she is concerned about the performance of senior management, and would like to propose a resolution at the forthcoming Annual General Meeting for a change of directors. She has provided you with an article that appeared in the May 2006 edition of Industrial Chemistry, a highly regarded trade magazine with a reputation for reporting exclusive breaking news articles. The following is an extract from that article: Lydford in business reorganisation Interesting challenges lie ahead for Lydford plc. In common with many other global catalysed synthesis players, the rising price of oil has forced a strategic review of its operations. Negotiations are at an advanced stage with a number of interested parties to establish a preferred bidder to acquire Lydfords Monomer division. Lydford will then look to concentrate on the Electronics and Organics markets. It is estimated that 25% of Lydfords Monomer division output is sold to the Electronics and Organics divisions. It has always been difficult to understand the effect of this on financial performance, as transfer pricing details offered by the company are vague. Other revenue transactions between its three operating divisions are insignificant. Lydford has declined to comment on the potential disposal or the long term outlook for its three divisions. She has also provided you with the following extracts from the financial statements and some additional information. Lydford plc - Income statement for the year ended 31 March 2006 Year ended 31 March 2006 000 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Profit from operations Finance costs Profit before tax Tax Net profit for period 40,910 (23,490) 17,420 (9,730) 7,690 (1,660) 6,030 (2,010) 4,020 Year ended 31 March 2005 000 39,260 (24,440) 14,820 (9,200) 5,620 (1,070) 4,550 (1,770) 2,780

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 2006 Return on capital employed (ROCE) Chemical sector - ROCE 21.1% 22.1% 2005 17.6% 21.9%

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Chemical sector PE ratio Cash return on capital employed Cash flow per share Cash dividend cover Gearing (net debt/equity) Non-current asset turnover Dividend per share Earnings per share Market share price (at 31 March) Segment information

16.1 times 28.7% 68.1p 3.4 times 63.0% 1.57 times 18p 40.2p 620p

14.0 times 26.4% 56.2p 2.8 times 57.0% 1.81 times 20p 27.8p 580p

Year ended 31 March 2006 000 Segment revenue Organics Electronics Monomers Less: Inter-segment sales 23,640 5,520 15,810 (4,060) 40,910

Year ended 31 March 2005 000 21,030 5,090 16,080 (2,940) 39,260

Segment profit from operations Organics Electronics Monomers Corporate and unallocated

5,300 1,550 1,060 (220) 7,690

3,910 910 610 190 5,620

Segment operating profit margin Organics Electronics Monomers Average number of employees Organics Electronics Monomers Corporate and central functions

22.4% 28.1% 6.7%

18.6% 17.9% 3.8%

718 98 313 10 1,139

650 105 310 11 1,076

Revenue per employee Organics Electronics Monomers Segment return on capital employed Organics Electronics Monomers Segment capital expenditure Organics Electronics

33 56 51

32 48 52

22.2% 34.3% 9.0%

22.3% 21.1% 4.7%

4,100 2,630

2,610 1,920

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Monomers Corporate

400 180 7,310

370 100 5,000

Extract from accounting policies note Segment reporting Lydford plc presents segment information using business segments as its primary reporting format, which is consistent with the internal management and financial reporting systems, and reflects the risks and earnings structure of the group. Each segment provides different products and serves different sectors. They include all revenues and expenses which are directly attributable to a segment plus central overheads which are capable of allocation by management on a reasonable basis. Management determines transfer prices on sales between segments in a market-orientated manner. Segment assets and liabilities include all items that are directly attributable to a segment plus central assets that are allocated on a reasonable basis by management where possible. Requirements (a) Analyse the judgements and ethical issues associated with the preparation of segment information. (3 marks) Assess and comment on the apparent performance of the directors of Lydford plc, identifying five additional relevant ratios to assist in your analysis. Your answer should identify matters that you consider require further investigation. (15 marks) (18 marks)

(b)

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6. Initial Review The mark allocation allows you approximately 30 minutes to formulate your answer to the question. We would recommend that you should spend 5 minutes reading the question thoroughly, 5 minutes thinking and planning your answer and 20 minutes in writing your answer. It is essential that before you begin to answer the question that you take a few minutes to understand the requirements and develop a plan. Here are a number of common questions that you should answer. They will provide you with a good base to answer the question. Context o Who am I? o With respect to the context, what is my focus? o To whom am I communicating and what are their key information needs? Requirement o What is it? o If there is more than one part to the requirement, does the first part lead in to the second? Does that give me some clues to what may be important? Additional information o What am I given? o Is there some other information that is obviously omitted? o How does the information relate to the requirement? Economic and business issues o What are the key issues identified in the information? o How is this reflected in the financial information? Disclosure notes and accounting policies o Which are reproduced? o How can I use this information? o What queries does it raise in my mind? Ethical issues and judgements o Are there any that need considering? o Does anything look unusual? o Are there any areas when significant judgement has been applied? Financial headlines o Growing? o Profitable? o Cash generative? o Solvent or highly geared? Other Matters o Have I noticed or thought of anything else? Additional ratios o Which additional ratios can I calculate that would address the requirement?

This approach can be summarised below.

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Analysis and interpretation

Users and user focus

Ratios and relationships

Cash flow

Business & economic factors

Accounting factors

Ethical Issues

Non-financial performance measures

Financial performance measures

Reporting requirements arising from business and economic events

Choice of accounting treatments, judgements and disclosure notes.

EXERCISE 2: Lydford plc initial review Reread the question Lydford plc and write down the key points you have identified under each of the headings suggested. Context Requirement Additional information Economic and business issues Disclosure notes and accounting policies Ethical issues and judgements Financial headlines Other Matters Additional ratios

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7. Structuring the answer You are now in a position to start writing your answer. The examiner has ordered the requirements in the given order for a reason. In most cases it will be a good idea to answer them in that order. 7.1 Part (a) In the Lydford plc question part (a) requires an analysis of the judgements and ethical issues that should be considered in preparing segmental information. You should have identified some ideas for these issues from your review of the financial information provided for Lydford plc. You should remember that the mark allocation for this part of the question is only 3 marks and this should be reflected in the depth of your answer. EXERCISE 3: Completing part (a) Now reread the requirement for part (a) and prepare your answer.

7.2 Part (b) the ratio calculations Part (b) requires you to assess the apparent performance of management with a view to advising the investor about his proposal to try and remove the management. Before you can write a meaningful answer you should calculate the five additional ratios that you identified in your initial review. EXERCISE 4: Calculating the ratios Calculate the five additional ratios that you identified from your initial review. In the examination the identification and correct calculation of each ratio, including comparatives, carries mark.

7.3 Part (b) structuring your answer You should structure your answer to help demonstrate how you have addressed the question requirement. You will need a short introduction and conclusion. The other sections in your answer should address the requirements of the question. EXERCISE 5: Headings Write down 6 headings under which you are going to structure your answer.

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7.4 Part (b) writing your answer Before you make an attempt at writing an answer it is important that you understand how the points you make will be assessed. It is important that you understand why one script would obtain a better mark on the points made than another. This suggested evaluation is given for guidance only and cannot be exact, since the overall mark will be based on the answer coverage as a whole and not just the specific point. For each of the examples given, there are three versions of comments given. They show a progression from a poor to an average and through to a good comment. As a broad rule of thumb the examples would achieve no mark, mark and 1 mark respectively. Poor points typically state (or restate) facts from the question without any direct reference to the context of the question. Average points generally relate a ratio or fact to the context given. Good points build on average points by providing rationale, judgement or a link to further investigation.

Candidates answers should demonstrate how relevant information can be obtained from the financial reporting data and how it is of benefit to the financial analysis. Hence, good answers will show not only that candidates have understood the purposes of the analysis by computing ratios appropriate to the context of the question but also that candidates are able to interpret the resulting information to produce sensible recommendations. In most cases, good points pass the because test. When answering an analysis question you should be able to include the word because in your answer. For example, EPS has reduced because ., the share price has reduced because The word because changes a what into a why. In other words you can demonstrate what has changed as well as why it has changed. You should try to relate the why to the specific company, industry or environmental issues given in the question. The reader (in your case the examiner) will then appreciate that you understand the relationships between the financial statement information and the business issues. Finally, within the constraints of these short examples, there are some important features to note, particularly of the good points: they are concise they demonstrate the benefit of careful thought, planning and a logical approach; they include succinct financial information; and they receive credit for reaching conclusions drawn from the information given and the analysis. Such points are not included in poor answers.

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Here are some examples of poor, average and good points on the same area. Area Profitability Poor point The return on capital employed (ROCE) has increased from 17.6% to 21.1%. (Examiner comment This is a simple restatement of information given in the question. Nothing has been added from the scenario itself, consequently no marks are awarded). Average point The return on capital employed (ROCE) has increased from 17.6% to 21.1% demonstrating that the overall efficiency of the group in employing the resources available has increased. (Examiner comment this is a generic comment in relation to ROCE that could apply to any company. It provides marginally more information than the poor point. It does not earn a whole mark as it adds little value to the analysis exercise. In practice as a chartered accountant clients are only willing to pay for advice if it is focused on their company and the specific circumstances it faces). The revenue of the group has increased by over 4%. In contrast to the other segments, the Monomer segment has shown a decline in revenue by 1.7%. Good point The return on capital employed (ROCE) has increased from 17.6% to 21.1% demonstrating that the overall efficiency of the group in employing the resources available has increased. The ROCE is still below that of the chemical sector but the sector ROCE has remained almost stagnant and Lydford plcs has grown. (Examiner comment this answer looks at the specific circumstances of Lydford itself, in terms of its own trading position and that of its competitors and the industry it operates in. It passes the because test).

Profitability

The revenue of the group has increased by over 4%.

The revenue of the group has increased by over 4%. In contrast to the other segments, the Monomer segment has shown a decline in revenue by 1.7%. In addition, the Monomer division has increased its sales to the other segments (given all intersegment sales are thought to originate from this segment). Therefore, turnover to 3rd parties has reduced significantly. 25

Efficiency

The group has been spending significant amounts of capital expenditure.

The group has been spending significant amounts of capital expenditure. It may be that this capacity has yet to generate operating performance improvements.

The group has been spending significant amounts of capital expenditure. It may be that this capacity has yet to generate operating performance improvements. This would contribute to the reduction in net asset turnover. This idea is supported by the reduction in noncurrent asset turnover from 1.81 times to 1.57 times. The price earnings ratio has fallen from 20.9 times to 15.4 times. The EPS growth has not been reflected in the share price movement. The shares may be less attractive to investors seeking growth. A cash flow statement for Lydford plc. A review of cash flows from operations and those from other activities would be useful. In particular an analysis of the quality of the profits by comparing the operating cash flows and operating profits would be useful. In addition details of the cash flows of each division.

Investor ratios

The price earnings ratio has fallen from 20.9 times to 15.4 times.

The price earnings ratio has fallen from 20.9 times to 15.4 times. The EPS growth has not been reflected in the share price movement.

Further information

A cash flow statement for Lydford plc. A review of cash flows from operations and those from other activities would be useful.

A cash flow statement for Lydford plc. A review of cash flows from operations and those from other activities would be useful. In particular an analysis of the quality of the profits by comparing the operating cash flows and operating profits would be useful.

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Profitability

Profitability in the monomer division has increased.

The improvement in profitability for the Monomer division seems to be inconsistent with its revenue decrease.

The improvement in profitability for the Monomer division seems to be inconsistent with its revenue decrease. The increase in the proportion of intersegment sales initiated by the division may indicate favourable transfer pricing arrangements on these transactions.

Profitability

The significant year on year movement in the operating profit allocated to the corporate and unallocated segment raises questions about allocation issues.

The significant year on year movement in the operating profit allocated to the corporate and unallocated segment raises questions about allocation issues. The allocation of expenses, assets and liabilities to the segment may have been made with a view to improving the segment performance before its impending disposal in order to maximise sales proceeds and expedite the process.

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EXERCISE 6: Attempting part (b) You can now attempt part (b) of the question. Try to write down 15 good points under the six headings that you identified in exercise 5 and using the ratios you have calculated and the ratios given in the question. You can mark your answer by applying the general principles in the commentary and table above. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

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8. Mark plans and model answers The answer to exercise 6 is a mark plan. It covers an analysis of all of the nine additional suggested ratios (calculated in exercise 4) and is longer than a candidate would be expected to prepare, as the candidates discussion will only cover five additional relevant ratios. In the examination a clear pass would include six good points and six average points, plus four correct ratios. A model answer of a clear pass is included below which has been constructed on this basis.

Lydford plc 2006 42.6% 2.2 times 2.9% 15.4 times 2005 37.7% 1.4 times 3.4% 20.9 times

Gross profit % Dividend cover Dividend yield Price earnings ratio Introduction

To assess the directors performance a detailed analysis of the information provided is required. The initial interpretation of the operating performance suggests that Lydford plc has performed well during the year. However, the reduction in the dividend from 20p to 18p is inconsistent with this interpretation. (Average point) Profitability The return on capital employed (ROCE) has increased from 17.6% to 21.1% demonstrating that the overall efficiency of the group in employing the resources available has increased. (Average point) The Monomer and Electronics business segments show impressive growth in ROCE. However, the Monomer segment ROCE is significantly below the market ROCE and that of the other segments and this may be a contributing factor to the decision to sell that business. (Average point) The cash return on capital employed has increased to 28.7%. As expected it is higher than traditional ROCE as that ratio takes into account depreciation. (Poor point) The revenue of the group has increased by over 4%. In contrast to the other segments, the Monomer segment has shown a decline in revenue by 1.7%. In addition, the Monomer division has increased its sales to the other segments (given all inter-segment sales are thought to originate from this segment). This would be expected given the growth of these other segments. Therefore, turnover to 3rd parties has reduced significantly. (Good point) The improvement in profitability is largely attributable to the improvement in gross margin by almost five percentage points to 42.6%. No analysis of gross margins by division is provided and so it is difficult to ascertain whether this is due to improvements by gross margin in each division or due

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to the mix of turnover from each division changing. (Average point Look at the length of the sentence, could you break it down into shorter points?) Operating expenses have increased by over 500,000. There could be issues with cost control. (Poor point how could you improve on this?) The significant year on year movement in the operating profit allocated to the corporate and unallocated segment raises questions about allocation issues. The allocation of expenses, assets and liabilities to the segment may have been made with a view to improving the segment performance before its impending disposal in order to maximise sales proceeds and expedite the process. (Good point) The effective tax rate has fallen. (Poor point it adds nothing to the figures calculated) Efficiency Net asset turnover has reduced markedly from 1.23 times to 1.12 times. ROCE has increased and this suggests that the increase in operating margin has masked a reduction in the efficiency of sales generation from the overall resources of Lydford plc. (Good point) The group has been spending significant amounts of capital expenditure. The capital expenditure has been concentrated on the Organics and Electronics divisions. (Poor point how could it be improved?) Investor ratios The EPS has shown strong growth to 40.2p per share. However, investors will be cautious given the reduction in the level of dividend and the dividend yield. The yield has reduced to 2.9% from 3.4% and the shares will be less attractive to investors seeking income. (Good point) The price earnings ratio has fallen from 20.9 times to 15.4 times. (Poor point once again this adds no value) The dividend has probably been cut to restore dividend cover. In 2005 it was only 1.4 times and even though it has increased to 2.2 times investors may be cautious about the sustainability of future distributions. (Good point) The capital expenditure requirements of the business also seem to be increasing. The future capital expenditure requirements will have a major influence on the capacity to pay dividends. (Good point it demonstrates an ability to link historic trends to future capital requirements and the implications) Further matters for investigation A copy of the financial statements or press releases issued with the annual results to identify any reasons given for the dividend reduction. (Average point) Details of arrangements to secure Monomer product for use by the two remaining divisions when the Monomer division is sold. Are there any cost implications? (Good point) A balance sheet and cash flow statement. (Poor point)

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Conclusion The directors have delivered operational performance but shareholder value is less apparent. (Weak point not focused on requirement. It is business speak and does not help the reader)

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SUMMARY & CONCLUSION At this stage it would be useful for you to review the examiners introductory article and the suggestions of the seven ways to improve your answer. Critically review your attempt against the examiners suggestions.

7 ways to improve answers

Specific not generic

Create dont repeat

Reader not writer

Integration not isolation

Use the clues, dont ignore news

Big picture not trivial pursuits

Three course meal

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ANSWERS TO EXERCISES EXERCISE 1: Business acquisition The acquisition of a business will require consideration of: IFRS 3 Business Combinations requirements as to the separate disclosure of the revenue and profit from operations of the acquired business together with the key terms of the acquisitions; IAS 7 Cash Flow Statements requirements as to disclosure within investing activities of the cash flows resulting from the acquisition; IAS 10 Events After The Balance Sheet Dates requirements as to events occurring after the balance sheet date, whether they are adjusting events (eg confirmation of deferred or contingent consideration) or non-adjusting events (eg the disclosure of an agreement to acquire a business); IAS 14 Segment Reportings requirements as to segment reporting an acquisition could give rise to a new reportable segment; IAS 36 Impairment of Assets requirements as to impairment of goodwill arising from the initial impairment calculation; and IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets requirements as to provisions, for example, where acquired and existing operations have been merged and a rationalisation has begun.

EXERCISE 2: Lydford plc initial review Here are a number of suggested points that you could have identified. You must remember that you may have raised some additional valid points. Examiners will award credit for any valid points that you raise even if they are not included in the marking guide provided. Context o Advisor to a fund manager o Focus is on managements performance need to consider investor ratios and financial performance and whether to force a replacement Requirement o Two parts o First part would indicate that segmental analysis is important o Second part looks at management performance o Does the word apparent suggest anything? o Need to identify matters for investigation Additional information o Given income statement and segmental information plus some other data o Other data includes investor ratios o What about balance sheet and cash flow to assess their management of these aspects (although ratios are given relating to these) Economic and business issues o Extract from Industrial Chemistry suggests that the monomer division is to be sold a substantial amount of its output is to other divisions (will this continue?) transfer prices are vague

Disclosure notes and accounting policies o Segmental information and policies are given o Accounting policy note allocation on a reasonable basis

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o Vagueness of transfer pricing and allocation information Ethical issues and judgements o Transfer prices and allocations could have been manipulated to effect profitability of monomer division? o Profitability of monomer division has increased substantially whereas revenue has fallen. ROCE still low. o Sector CAPEX for monomers is minimal Financial headlines o Marginal growth overall divisions growing at different rates o Profitability increasing variable by division o Highly geared and increasing o Dividend reduced Other Matters o What will disposal proceeds be used for? o Which divisions are cash generative? o Large capital spend in divisions to be retained Additional ratios o Investor ratios dividend cover, dividend yield, P\E o Interest cover (as gearing is climbing) o Gross profit margin

EXERCISE 3: Completing part (a) The following is the published answer to part (a) of the question. Remember that the mark allocation is 3 marks for this part.

There is a great deal of management judgement involved in the presentation of segment information. The exercise of this judgement can have a significant influence on the information provided and its interpretation. Examples of those judgements include Identification of the segments and those that are reportable whilst management does not have a free hand in deciding how to identify risks and returns, a number of judgements are required in defining segments. It may be possible to consume a loss making segment into a larger one with a similar risk profile. Management allocating expenses, assets and liabilities between segments on a reasonable basis. This may allow the profitability of one segment to be dressed up to avoid competitors gaining beneficial information on margins. Transfer pricing has a direct effect on segment profitability. It may be driven by taxation motives to minimise liabilities in any given jurisdiction.

The exercise of this judgement has a direct effect on key performance indicators. Management may use the opportunity to present biased information that meets their motives and objectives. It may obscure the true picture of an entitys performance and position. Chartered accountants should resist these temptations and the influence of non-financial management in preparing financial statements. They should be objective and ensure the spirit of the reporting requirements is met.

Remember, this is a mark plan and is more detailed than would be required to obtain 3 marks in the examination. The key is to remember the requirement of the question. The key term was analyse.

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The answer contains five key issues. The discussion of each, comprising a couple of sentences for each issue, would have gained one mark. The five key issues are Segment identification Allocation judgements Transfer pricing Managements motivations Chartered accountants responsibilities

EXERCISE 4: Calculating the ratios 2006 Profitability & efficiency Gross profit % Operating cost % Operating profit margin Revenue per employee Net asset turnover Interest cover Investors ratios Dividend cover Dividend yield Price earnings ratio 42.6% 23.8% 18.8% 35,920 1.12 times 4.6 times 2.2 times 2.9% 15.4 times 2005 37.7% 23.4% 14.3% 36,490 1.23 times 5.3 times 1.4 times 3.4% 20.9 times

(Credit would be given for other ratios; the basis of the calculation should be given.)

EXERCISE 5: Headings Introduction Profitability Efficiency Investor ratios Further matters Conclusion

You may have considered some other headings.

EXERCISE 6: Attempting part (b) The following is the examiners answer to this question. Remember that the maximum mark for part (b) is 15. Two and a half of these marks relate to the calculation of ratios and therefore you need to make 13 good points to obtain full marks. The examiners answer is a mark plan. It is necessarily comprehensive to accommodate for a wide range of possible answers. However, markers will award credit for other valid points not included in the mark plan.

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As a rule of thumb, each paragraph in the examiners answer represents a good point for which 1 mark would be awarded.

Introduction To assess the directors performance a detailed analysis of the information provided is required. The initial interpretation of the operating performance suggests that Lydford plc has performed well during the year. Turnover has increased by 4.2% and operating profits by almost 37%. In addition, interest cover, whilst down on last year, remains healthy at 4.6 times. Moreover, EPS has grown by 44.6% year on year. However, the reduction in the dividend from 20p to 18p is inconsistent with this interpretation. The increase in gearing and reduction in the price earnings ratio confirm these causes for concern. Profitability The return on capital employed (ROCE) has increased from 17.6% to 21.1% demonstrating that the overall efficiency of the group in employing the resources available has increased. The ROCE is still below that of the chemical sector but the sector ROCE has remained almost stagnant and Lydford plcs has grown. This may be due to the mix of Lydford plcs business segments against that of the sector. The Monomer and Electronics business segments show impressive growth in ROCE. However, the Monomer segment ROCE is significantly below the market ROCE and that of the other segments and this may be a contributing factor to the decision to sell that business. The Organics segment ROCE has decreased. The decrease is only marginal and may reflect the significant investment in new capital expenditure which may not yet be generating its expected return. The cash return on capital employed has increased to 28.7%. As expected it is higher than traditional ROCE as that ratio takes into account depreciation. The cash return on capital employed suggests that whilst operating profits have increased, the effect on operating cash flows has been less marked. This may be due to additional investments in working capital. The operating profit margin has increased by 4.5 percentage points to 18.8%. All 3 business segments have shown growth in operating margins. The Organics and Electronics segments are above the group average. The Monomers division shows growth in operating margins but it is significantly below the other business segments. This may be another factor in the decision to dispose of this business segment. The revenue of the group has increased by over 4%. In contrast to the other segments, the Monomer segment has shown a decline in revenue by 1.7%. In addition, the Monomer division has increased its sales to the other segments (given all inter-segment sales are thought to originate from this segment). This would be expected given the growth of these other segments. Therefore, turnover to 3rd parties has reduced significantly.

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The operating cost percentage is almost unchanged at 23.8%. However, the information provided does not indicate how this is allocated by division in accordance with the accounting policy extract. The operating cost control in each segment cannot be commented upon. The improvement in profitability is largely attributable to the improvement in gross margin by almost five percentage points to 42.6%. No analysis of gross margins by division is provided and so it is difficult to ascertain whether this is due to improvements by gross margin in each division or due to the mix of turnover from each division changing. The improvement in profitability for the Monomer division seems to be inconsistent with its revenue decrease. The increase in the proportion of inter-segment sales initiated by the division may indicate favourable transfer pricing arrangements on these transactions. The significant year on year movement in the operating profit allocated to the corporate and unallocated segment raises questions about allocation issues. The allocation of expenses, assets and liabilities to the segment may have been made with a view to improving the segment performance before its impending disposal in order to maximise sales proceeds and expedite the process. Efficiency Net asset turnover has reduced markedly from 1.23 times to 1.12 times. ROCE has increased and this suggests that the increase in operating margin has masked a reduction in the efficiency of sales generation from the overall resources of Lydford plc. The group has been spending significant amounts of capital expenditure. It may be that this capacity has yet to generate operating performance improvements. This would contribute to the reduction in net asset turnover. This idea is supported by the reduction in non-current asset turnover from 1.81 times to 1.57 times. The capital expenditure has been concentrated on the Organics and Electronics divisions. Additional facilities in these areas appear to being built. The capital expenditure in the Monomer division is much lower. This may reflect the higher margins available in the other divisions and the disposal decision. Revenue per employee has remained broadly static. The number of employees in the Electronics division has reduced. The capital expenditure in that division may have generated operating efficiencies. The number of employees in the Organics division has increased significantly. The capital expenditure in that division may have generated additional capacity and a need for more employees. Investor ratios The EPS has shown strong growth to 40.2p per share. However, investors will be cautious given The reduction in the level of dividend and the dividend yield. The yield has reduced to 2.9% from 3.4% and the shares will be less attractive to investors seeking income.

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The price earnings ratio has fallen from 20.9 times to 15.4 times. The EPS growth has not been reflected in the share price movement. The shares will be less attractive to investors seeking growth.

The dividend has probably been cut to restore dividend cover. In 2005 it was only 1.4 times and even though it has increased to 2.2 times investors may be cautious about the sustainability of future distributions. The capital expenditure requirements of the business also seem to be increasing. Cash dividend cover seems healthy at 3.4 times but this excludes the capital expenditure requirements of the business. The future capital expenditure requirements will have a major influence on the capacity to pay dividends. This issue is brought into focus by the increase in the gearing to 63%. The ability to borrow further may be restricted and investments may have to be financed largely from operating cash flows. Cash flow per share has grown to 68.1p from 56.2p. Again, this excludes expenditure on capital as this is largely at the discretion of management. It is significantly higher than EPS as the latter includes depreciation. The key to the future cash flows is also dependent on the future cash resources from the potential disposal. However, it may be imprudent to consider these as no agreements have been made and any transaction is uncertain. Any reinvestment by way of capital expenditure or business acquisition needs also to be considered. Further matters for investigation A cash flow statement for Lydford plc. A review of cash flows from operations and those from other activities would be useful. In particular an analysis of the quality of the profits by comparing the operating cash flows and operating profits would be useful. In addition details of the cash flows of each division. A balance sheet to determine working capital efficiency. A copy of the financial statements or press releases issued with the annual results to identify any reasons given for the dividend reduction. Further details of the proposed disposal of the Monomer division including any indicative proceeds, timing of the disposal and post year end performance. Details of the basis of any intercompany pricing as this has a direct effect on profitability. Details of any changes in transfer pricing arrangements between 2005 and 2006. Details of arrangements to secure Monomer product for use by the two remaining divisions when the Monomer division is sold. Are there any cost implications? Analysis of the allocation of central costs and assets between divisions. In particular, any costs or assets allocated to the Monomer division but which will continue to be borne by the continuing operations after the disposal. Details of any future capital expenditure plans and available financial resources. Details of any plans for the utilisation of the disposal proceeds of the Monomer division.

Conclusion

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The directors have a key strategic decision to make. If the press reports are correct then they are in the process of disposing of a key business segment. This raises questions about the performance and cash flows of the continuing operations together with the future operational and dividend policies. Whilst EPS has grown investors will be wary about the dividend cuts and the fall in the PE ratio. The directors have delivered operational performance but shareholder value is less apparent.

Examiners comments The key issues in this question are the segmented information and the judgemental issues surrounding its preparation and reliability. The disposal of the monomer division should be carefully scrutinised. In particular, the consequential effects of the disposal due to the significant intercompany sales and the lack of clarity historically relating to transfer prices. Your answer should be more focused due to only considering five additional ratios.

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Practice Questions with extended commentaries

Answer the two following questions. A detailed mark plan and a commentary are provided after each question. You can apply the general principles for poor, average and good points to mark your script.

Question 1 Ironville plc Ironville plc is the listed parent company of a group of companies which operate in the oil engineering industry. The group prepares consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS. You have been asked by the finance director of Ironville plc to investigate the financial performance, financial position and liquidity of the groups principal manufacturing subsidiary, Radbourne Ltd. Market conditions in the sector have been poor with raw material prices increasing. Radbourne Ltds management have been highly motivated by targets for net profits growth. The draft financial statements show that these targets have been met which will generate management significant cash bonuses. The following information has been provided: Income Statement Year ended 31 October 2005 000 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Profit from operations Finance costs Profit before tax Tax Net profit for period 16,440 (12,600) 3,840 (1,710) 2,130 (470) 1,660 (500) 1,160 Year ended 31 October 2004 000 16,510 (12,200) 4,310 (2,530) 1,780 (380) 1,400 (490) 910

Extract from statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 October 2005 Retained Earnings 000 Balance at 1 November 2004 Net profit for the period Final 2004 dividend on ordinary shares (5p per ordinary share) Balance at 31 October 2005 2,110 1,160 (500) 2,770

No dividends have been paid or declared in respect of the year ended 31 October 2005. Balance Sheets Year ended 31 October 2005 Year ended 31 October 2004

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000 ASSETS Non-current assets Property, plant & equipment Intangibles Current assets Inventories Trade and other receivables Cash and cash equivalents Total assets EQUITY & LIABILITIES Capital & reserves Issued capital - 1 ordinary shares Share premium Retained earnings Equity Non-current liabilities Borrowings due to Ironville plc Provisions (see note below)

000

000

000

16,200 500 16,700 3,150 5,070 50 8,270 24,970 2,760 4,200 120

16,130 16,130

7,080 23,210

10,000 1,000 2,770 13,770

10,000 1,000 2,110 13,110

8,500 8,500

6,600 880 7,480

Current liabilities Trade payables and other liabilities Taxation Total equity and liabilities

2,230 470 2,700 24,970

2,040 580 2,620 23,210

Extract from notes to the financial statements Restructuring Provisions Radbourne Ltd commenced a restructuring and rationalisation of its engineering activities in 2003. At that time a restructuring provision was created to cover the expected full costs of the programme. The restructuring was completed in June 2005 and the unused amount was reversed to operating expenses. The movement on the restructuring provision during the year was as follows: 000 880 (260) (620)

Restructuring provision at 1 November 2004 Amounts used during the period Unused amounts reversed during period Restructuring provision at 31 October 2005

Additional Information 2005 Gearing (net debt/equity) 61.4% 2004 49.4%

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Operating profit margin Inventory turnover Current ratio Acid test ratio Return on capital employed (ROCE) Average number of employees Engineering sector operating profit margins Research and development expense

13.0% 4.0 times 3.1 1.9 9.6% 105 10.5% 260,000

10.8% 4.4 times 2.7 1.7 9.1% 97 11.2% 640,000

Requirements (a) Comment on the usefulness to financial statement users of the disclosure information in respect of provisions required by IAS37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets. (3 marks) Comment on the performance, financial position and liquidity of Radbourne Ltd, calculating five additional relevant ratios to assist in your analysis. Your answer should identify matters that you consider require further investigation. (15 marks) (18 marks)

(b)

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Question 2 Tirril plc Tirril plc is a listed company that operates in the electronics industry. It prepares financial statements in accordance with IFRS. You are a manager of an investment fund which has held an investment of 5% of the ordinary share capital of Tirril plc for a number of years. Tirril plc launched Millom, a computer design package, in 1998. It has been an industry leader ever since with a 70% current market share in Europe. Tirril plc has tried to develop other complementary products over the past 5 years but these failed to generate any significant revenue. Tirril plc is widely rumoured to be investigating merger and acquisition opportunities. The following is an extract from a recent article in a leading international business newspaper: Whigham Inc. in Technology Breakthrough Reports from the USA have indicated that Whigham Inc. is due to launch a new computer design package in 2007. Whighams current computer design package is the industry standard in North America and is now being aggressively marketed in Europe where it is a direct competitor for Tirril plcs Millom package. Whighams new package is expected to increase operating speeds and reduce operating costs. Tirril plc has yet to comment on the developments.

The following information has been provided for Tirril plc: Income Statement Year ended 31 March 2006 000 Revenue Cost of sales Gross profit Operating expenses Profit from operations Finance costs Profit before tax Tax Net profit for period 28,300 (13,660) 14,640 (5,890) 8,750 (340) 8,410 (3,170) 5,240 Year ended 31 March 2005 000 32,450 (12,770) 19,680 (6,780) 12,900 (600) 12,300 (4,190) 8,110

Extract from statement of changes in equity for the year ended 31 March 2006

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Retained Earnings 000 Balance at 1 April 2005 Net profit for the period Final 2005 dividend on ordinary shares (30p per ordinary share) Balance at 31 March 2006 9,810 5,240 (4,500) 10,550

A final dividend in respect of the year ended 31 March 2006 of 4.8 million (32p per share) was declared in May 2006. Cash Flow Statement Year ended 31 March 2006 000 000 Cash flow from operating activities Cash generated from operations (Note) Interest paid Tax paid Net cash from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of tangible non-current assets Proceeds on sale of non-current assets Net cash from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities Repurchase of own shares Dividends paid Borrowings Net cash from financing activities Change in cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents brought forward Cash and cash equivalents carried forward Note: Reconciliation of profit before tax to cash generated from operations Profit before tax Finance cost Amortisation Depreciation Loss on disposal of non-current assets Decrease / (Increase) in inventories Decrease in receivables (Decrease) / Increase in trade payables Cash generated from operations 12,970 (360) (4,510) 8,100 Year ended 31 March 2005 000 000 16,450 (640) (4,710) 11,100

(60) 810 750

(960) 340 (620)

(4,500) (1,000) (5,500) 3,350 2,300 5,650

(3,500) (4,125) (2,455) (10,080) 400 1,900 2,300

000 8,410 340 560 2,640 160 570 340 (50) 12,970

000 12,300 600 600 2,750 10 (70) 210 50 16,450

Extract from notes to financial statements

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Development Costs 000 Cost At 1 April 2005 and 31 March 2006 Amortisation and impairment At 1 April 2005 Charge for year At 31 March 2006 Carrying amounts At 1 April 2005 At 31 March 2006 Additional Information 2006 28.2% 26,400 30.9% 7.0 times 54 days 125,000 30.3% 44.9% 54p 240p 35p 2005 49.1% 29,100 39.8% 5.1 times 51 days 450,000 39.7% 50.6% 74p 450p 54p 3,550

2,800 560 3,360

750 190

Gearing (net debt/equity) Number of computer packages sold Operating profit margin Inventory turnover Trade receivable collection period Research expenditure (included in operating expenses) Return on capital employed (ROCE) Cash return on capital employed Cash flow per share Market share price (at 31 March) Earnings per share

Requirement Comment on the performance, cash flow and investor ratios of Tirril plc, calculating five additional relevant ratios to assist in your analysis. Your answer should identify matters that you consider require further investigation. (16 marks)

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Answers to practice questions

Note: when you review these answers, remember that these answers are mark plans and are more detailed than a candidate would be expected to prepare. They include a discussion of all (not just five) of the additional ratios that could have been calculated. The question requires candidates to calculate a maximum of five. Remember, that as a rule of thumb, each paragraph in the sample answer represents a good point and would be awarded 1 mark.

Question 1 Part (a) The disclosure of information on provisions allows a user of financial information to evaluate their nature, timing and financial effect on the financial statements. Provisions can be significant liabilities on the balance sheet. They often involve significant estimates and judgements made by management which can have a material effect on the financial performance and financial position of an entity. Users need to understand the significant estimates and uncertainties involved. The disclosure of a range of outcomes as part of estimation techniques assists in this. Previous accounting scandals have involved the inappropriate use of provisions either to smooth profits between periods or to use them for a purpose for which they were not created. By requiring the disclosure of the movements on provisions users can assess the appropriateness of their use and their effect on the quality of profits. Providing details of the provisions movements during the year helps users to confirm past estimates. The nature and timing of future outflows gives users predictory information with which to assess future cash flows. Examiners comment Poor answers would simply involve listing IAS37 disclosure requirements. This does not answer the requirement. Good answers would discuss the usefulness of the information and in particular its predictory and confirmatory value. Part (b) Relevant additional ratios (up to a maximum of 5) will gain mark each. Their calculation could be included in an appendix. Further ratios could be calculated. For example 2005 Profitability and efficiency Gross profit % Operating cost % Interest cover Interest cover (exc. provision reversal) Operating cost % (exc. provision reversal) Operating margin (exc. provision reversal) Revenue per employee Profit per employee Financial position Non-current asset turnover 23.4% 10.4% 4.5 times 3.2 times 14.2% 9.2% 157,000 20,286 2004 26.1% 15.3% 4.7 times 4.7 times 15.3% 10.8% 170,000 18,350

1.01 times 1.02 times 46

Net asset turnover Liquidity Trade receivable collection period Trade payable payment period

0.74 times 0.84 times 113 days 65 days 93 days 61 days

(Credit will be given for other ratios; the basis of the calculation should be given.) Introduction The financial statements and ratios provided by the directors show a 27.5% (1,160/910 x 100%) increase in net profit year on year. Initially this performance looks creditable in the light of stagnant revenues, poor market conditions and increases in raw material prices. Profitability The ROCE has increased by one half of a percentage point to 9.6%. This has principally arisen from a 19.7% increase in profit from operations. Capital employed has risen due to a 1.97m increase in net borrowings and a 660,000 increase in equity. Revenue has fallen by 0.4% year on year. Given the raw material price increases it would be interesting to understand whether these have been passed onto customers. If it is the case then sales volumes may have decreased. Revenue per employee has decreased markedly by 7.6%. Average employee numbers have increased by 8 people (8%). Given the restructuring was completed during the year it is surprising to see employee numbers increase so markedly. The restructuring may have been over aggressive and additional staff may have subsequently been hired to replace those who have left. The gross profit margin has decreased by 2.7 percentage points. This is consistent with the increase in raw material input prices. This would confirm that price increases have not been passed onto customers. Alternatively, the restructuring may have created inefficient manufacturing practices which have eroded margins. Operating expenses have reduced by 32.4% and now represent 10.4% of revenue (2004 15.3%). At first sight this looks a creditable achievement. However, 620,000 of the restructuring provision has been reversed against operating expenses. If this is adjusted for, the operating expenses become 14.2% which still represents a reduction of 1.1 percentage points. This may represent the benefits of the restructuring. However, research and development expenditure has fallen by 380,000 and this could explain the improved cost efficiency. Research and development is a discretionary expense and whilst a short-term reduction may boost performance it may have long-term adverse consequences on business development. The development expenditure may have been capitalised, as an intangible asset has been recognised during the year. Operating profits have increased by 19.7% and the operating profit margins have increased by over two percentage points. Whilst gross margins have eroded this has been more than compensated for by the reduction in operating expenses. Operating profit margins of 13.0% are significantly above the sector average of 10.5% whilst they were slightly below in 2004 (10.8% vs. 11.2%). The sector operating margin reduction is probably due to raw material price increases.

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However, if the provision is adjusted for, the operating margin is only 9.2%. This is significantly below the sector average. Year on year the operating margins have fallen further behind competitors. Interest cover has remained healthy at about 4.5 times. Again this is before adjusting for the provision release. When adjusted for, it falls to 3.2 times. Whilst the fall is concerning this level of cover is still reasonable. However, the increased borrowings and falling interest cover may give lenders cause for concern. The effective rate of tax has fallen from 35% to 30%. This has contributed to the increase in net profits. This may be due to the tax treatment of the restructuring costs. No dividend has been paid or declared in respect of 2005. Within group situations this is not unusual, as tax and treasury are often decided at a group level. However, sustainable profits have reduced and debt (see below) has increased which raises concerns about the ability to maintain high dividend payouts. Profit per employee has increased from 18,350 to 20,286. However, this is distorted by the provision release and should not be seen as an indicator of increased efficiency. Financial Position The net gearing has increased significantly to 61.4%. Borrowings have increased from 6.6million to 8.5million. Significant operating cash flows do not appear to being generated. This funding has been provided by the parent company. Non-current assets are comparable year on year which, in the absence of disposals, would indicate that capital expenditure is at the level of the depreciation expense. This indicates that expansion of facilities is unlikely to be occurring. The non-current asset turnover (1.01 compared to 1.02) has not changed significantly. Net asset turnover (0.74 to 0.84) figures show a year on year decline. Revenue has reduced slightly whilst operating assets have increased. It appears that efficiency has fallen. The balance sheet includes an intangible asset of 500,000. No further details are given. This is in a year when the research and development expense has reduced by 380,000 which may indicate that the IAS38 criteria for recognition as an asset have been met. The future benefits of this asset need reviewing carefully. Liquidity The current ratio (3.1 vs. 2.7) and acid test ratio (1.9 vs. 1.7) both show improvements year on year. It appears that a key factor is increased inventory levels which have changed significantly. However, receivables have increased by 0.87million whilst revenue is virtually unchanged. Inventory turn has reduced to 4.0 times (2004 4.4 times). This is low but may reflect a long production cycle in the sector. In addition raw material prices have increased and inventory holding volumes may not have increased significantly. The trade receivable collection period has increased from 93 days to 113 days. This period was already significant and now it is of concern. It may result from the seasonality of sales. It will raise concern over recoverability. With poor market conditions extended credit periods may have been offered. Credit control procedures should be reviewed.

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Trade payables payment period has increased marginally from 61 days to 65 days. This has not been sufficient to compensate for changes in inventory turn and the trade receivable collection period. The increase in intercompany borrowings together with the lack of a dividend in the current year may indicate that liquidity is of concern. Conclusion The reversal of the restructuring provision of 620,000 is a significant contributor to the year on year performance. It is a one-off, non-cash profit and analysts would regard it as a low quality profit. High quality profits arise from increased revenues or reduced costs. This does not appear to be the case here. Further matters for investigation An analysis of the turnover by segment. Including an analysis of price and volume changes within revenue. A cash flow statement for Radbourne Ltd. In particular an analysis of the quality of the profits by comparing the operating cash flows and operating profits. Details of the movements in other judgemental items in the financial statements such as inventory and trade receivable provisions. This will help determine the quality of the profits and whether management have used judgements to improve profits. Details of the intangible asset capitalised during the year. Was it separately acquired or internally generated? Does it meet the recognition criteria if it was internally generated? Does it explain the reduction in the R&D expense? Details of the restructuring undertaken. This should include an understanding of any future costs and the benefits of the restructuring including an analysis of if and when they will be realised. Details of the increase in the number of employees. This should include an analysis of the reasons for the increase. This appears to be contrary to normal restructurings where headcount reduces. Details of the basis of any intercompany pricing as this has a direct effect on profitability. An analysis of the terms and conditions of the intercompany finance as this has a direct effect on profitability. Analysis of the year on year movement in the effective tax rate which as fallen by 5%

Examiners comments this question reproduces the income statement and balance sheet of a subsidiary company. The key issues raised in the question are: 1. Raw material prices rising, so its reasonable to expect a decrease in gross margin unless the market is buoyant enough to pass them on to customers. 2. Management motivated by net profits, via bonuses. In such cases discretionary spending may be cut which will boost short term profitability at the expense of the long term benefit of the company. This is seen by the reduction in R&D costs. 3. The company might chase increased revenues without applying their normal credit control strategy. This manifests itself in higher receivables and longer credit periods. 4. One-off items of revenue, income or reduced expenses. A scrutiny of the question reveals a significant reversal of the previous years provision and capitalisation of intangibles, which could be quasi-revenue in nature. The examiners would be looking for candidates to link the narrative clues to the numerate disclosures in the financial statements. This is a common case of where a well prepared

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candidate can identify key issues, and add value to them by discussing their current and potential long term consequences. It is important that candidates take a look at the whole scenario of the question before putting pen to paper, as this will assist them in seeing the big picture. In this question the examiners would expect a strong pass standard candidate to originate 6 to 8 good points plus a number of average points. The primary focus should be on profitability and its decline when non-recurring items are excluded. A candidate who has failed to identify and use the appropriate additional disclosure note would find it difficult to identify sufficient good points.

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Question 2 Tirril plc Relevant additional ratios (up to a maximum of 5) will gain mark each. Their calculation could be included in an appendix. Further ratios could be calculated. For example 2006 Profitability Gross margin % Operating expenses % Operating expenses exc. R&D % Interest cover Revenue per computer package sold Profit per computer package sold Cash flow / liquidity ratios Cash from operations to profit from operations Cash interest cover Cash dividend cover Capital expenditure to depreciation expense Investor ratios Dividend cover Dividend yield Price earnings ratio 2005

51.7% 60.6% 20.8% 20.9% 20.4% 19.5% 25.7 times 21.5 times 1,072 1,115 331 443

148 % 128 % 36.0 times 25.7 times 1.8 times 2.7 times 0.02 times 0.35 times 1.1 times 13.3% 6.9 1.8 times 6.7% 8.3

(Credit will be given for other ratios; the basis of the calculation should be given.) Introduction The financial statements and ratios provided show a 12.8% ((1-28,300/32,450) x 100%) decrease and a 35.4% ((1-5,240/8,110) x 100%) decrease in turnover and net profit year on year respectively. However, the cash flows remain strong with significant increases in cash and repayments of borrowings. The operating environment remains very competitive. Profitability The ROCE has fallen significantly by over 9 percentage points to 30.3%. This shows that the overall efficiency of the group in employing available resources has decreased. Revenue has fallen by 12.8% year on year. This probably reflects the increasingly competitive operating environment and the aggressive marketing strategy by Whigham Inc. The revenue per computer package sold has fallen by 4% to 1,072 from 1,115. Hence, the primary factor in the revenue decrease is the fall in the number of units sold. Tirril plc may need to consider reducing pricing levels to remain competitive against Whigham Inc. The gross profit margin has decreased by 8.9 percentage points. If cost of sales were variable then this would appear to indicate that cost increases might be a significant factor. However, if some production overheads are fixed then this may have been expected with lower production levels. The operating gearing levels may be high. Costs of sales have increased in absolute terms suggesting cost increases per unit. This requires further investigation.

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Operating expenses have reduced by 13.1% and now represent 20.8% of revenue (2005 20.9%). This would appear to be quite an achievement. The expenses have been reduced in direct proportion to the reduction in revenue. However, research expenditure has fallen by 325,000. By excluding this operating expenditure has increased to 20.4% of turnover (2005 19.5%). R & D is discretionary expenditure and this may have been reduced due to the falling revenue levels. However, given the technological advances suggested for Whigham Inc., it is concerning to see that no significant research expenditure has been undertaken and no development expenditure has been capitalised. Tirril plc may not be in a position to respond to product advances made by its competitors. The capitalised development expenditure is almost fully written-off. This may indicate that the technology developed by Tirril plc is nearing the end of its useful life. It may be obsolete compared to the competitors. Operating profits have decreased by 32.2% and the operating profit margins have decreased by 8.9 percentage points. Whilst gross margins have eroded this has been compensated for by the reduction in operating expenses. Interest cover has remained healthy and increased to 25 times operating profit. The rising interest cover, falling debt levels and falling gearing will provide comfort for debt providers given the competitive and uncertain operational environment. The fall in interest costs is consistent with other information and the strong cash flows. The profit per package sold has fallen by 25%. With only a slight reduction in selling price per unit, the costs per unit must have increased. This has arisen from either an increase in variable costs per unit or the spreading of fixed costs over fewer units manufactured. Cash flow statement Tirril plcs cash flow in both years is very strong. There has been a net increase in cash in both years despite significant cash outflows from financing activities. The net gearing has decreased significantly by over 20 percentage points to 28.2%. This is a result of the strong operating cash flows and despite the reductions in equity that would arise from share repurchases and increasing dividend payments. The cash return on capital employed has fallen from 50.6% to 44.9%. This ratio is usually higher than ROCE as it excludes cash payments for capital expenditure (even though these are small) and ROCE is calculated after deducting depreciation. It does show that cash returns are falling in line with reductions in profitability and cash from operations. The quality of profits is good. The cash flow from operations to profit from operations has increased from an already healthy 128% to 148%. A key factor in this is the reduction in working capital in both years. In 2006 the reduction in working capital is almost 1million: This is reflected in the inventory turnover increasing to 7 times (2005 5.1 times). Trade receivables have fallen but not as quickly as revenue has fallen. Trade receivable days have increased by 3 days to 54 days. This is not significant but Tirril plc should be wary of increasing credit periods allowed as a competitive response to the operating environment.

Capital expenditure has reduced significantly in 2006 to only 60,000. This represents only 2.2% of the annual depreciation expense and this may result in future reductions of

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operating capacity. At this level it is questionable whether any replacement of worn out plant is occurring. Significant disposals of non-current assets have occurred in both years. This may reflect the reductions in operating levels and the sale of surplus assets. Cash interest cover is healthy at over 36 times (2005 25.7 times). It is normally higher than interest cover calculated from the income statement as it excludes capital expenditure whereas the income statement measure is after deducting depreciation. Debt providers may be concerned about the long-term prospects for the business but the current measures for interest cover and gearing will be reassuring. Those measures may also suggest that debt finance raising is a possibility for potential investment in acquisitions. Significant cash outflows from investing activities have occurred. During 2005 almost 8 million was returned to investors through share buybacks and dividend payments. Debt repayments have also been made. The cash balances have increased in 2006. This may suggest that cash resources are being accumulated for the suggested acquisitions. Investor ratios EPS has fallen by over a third to 35p. This reflects the fall in profitability. The PE ratio has also fallen from 8.3 times to 6.9 times. This probably reflects investors caution over the prospects for the company, the competitive operating environment and the new products developed by Whigham Inc. Dividends have grown by 6.7% year on year. However, even this increase has failed to underpin the share price. Dividend yield is now 13.3% (2005 6.7%). This high yield probably reflects the risks associated with the business. The cash flow per share has fallen from 74p to 54p. This ratio is calculated by excluding capital expenditure. However, this remains relatively small. It is declining as profitability declines. Cash dividend cover at 1.8 times has reduced from 2.7 times in the prior year. Income statement dividend cover has also fallen to 1.1 times from 1.8 times. The current dividend levels will be unsustainable if profits fall further. Even if profits remain stable then it will be questionable whether this level of payout can continue. Any investment in capital or acquisitions will reduce the possibility of future high dividend payments further unless borrowings are increased. Further matters for investigation An analysis of the current research expenditure activities undertaken by Tirril plc. Comments from Tirril plc on the suggested technological improvements by Whigham Inc. and the potential impact on the business including details of Tirril plcs strategic response. Details of Tirril plcs future acquisition targets and the strategic objectives of the acquisitions. Details of the changes in the number of employees. This should include details of changes in key personnel such as software designers. This is to determine if key intellectual property holders are being kept at the company. Details of the share buybacks and any future plan to repurchase equity. Other comments in trade and local press about technological changes in the market place including timescales and actions of other competitors to see if there is a common perception that Tirril plc has a viable future.

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Price lists for Whigham Inc. within Europe and distribution arrangements to assess whether Whigham Inc is undercutting Tirril plc in its core markets. The financial statements of Whigham Inc. An analysis of its financial performance and position can be undertaken to determine its strategic and financial competitiveness. Details of Tirril plcs debt structure, including an analysis of the terms and conditions attaching to the principal funding arrangements. This is to identify if Tirril plc has adequate resources to meet any debt repayments. A balance sheet to show the principal assets (inc. non-current) to determine the equity invested in the business and any recoverability risks associated with the assets.

Conclusion The market position of Tirril plcs products is under significant pressure from competitors. The volume of products sold has reduced significantly with consequential adverse effects on profitability. Cash flows have remained strong with share buybacks, increased dividend payments and debt repayments occurring. However, investment in R&D and capital has dried up and the long-term strategy of management must be questioned.

Examiners comments This question provided the income statement and cash flow statement of an entity. The focus of this question was on external market forces and their impact on current and future performance and cash flow. It is essential that a significant focus of the answer relates to cash flows. The key issues raised in the question are 1. This is another example of the key issues relating to the question being in the ancillary information supplied. The companys key product is under threat, so user groups will be expecting management to have a strategy to deal with them. 2. Alarmingly, the company seems to have no response. Without being an industry expert, the examiners would expect candidates to flag the fact that investment in new products appears negligible (as evidenced by the poor R&D spending). 3. Similarly there is no expenditure on new PPE, suggesting that management are allowing the Tirril plc to wither and die in the face of competition. 4. Tirrils existing successful product has generated significant cash in the past, but management seem unsure what to do with it (as seen by the share buyback). 5. The positive cash flows cannot be maintained in the long run. The market has identified this and it is reflected in the fall in the share price. These observations are made without the need to comment on each ratio in turn, but by linking together background information with relevant financial data from the scenario you can make a lot of good points. This is what the examiners want you to do in the exam. Anyone can calculate a ratio and give a generic explanation for its movement but to set yourself apart as a chartered accountant you must make specific comments relevant to the scenario. In this question the examiners would expect a strong pass standard candidate to originate 6 to 8 good points plus a number of average points. The primary focus should be on the decline in profitability compared to the strong cash flows. A candidate who has failed to identify and use the appropriate additional industry information would find it difficult to identify sufficient good points.

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