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German
Language Course
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First Edition
Published: May 01, 2006
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/German
Contents
!ntrod"ction #e$el one lessons %!ntrod"ctory lessons& #e$el two lessons %Gr"ndlegende lektionen& #e$el three lessons %'wischenlektionen& #e$el (o"r lessons %)rweitertelektionen& #e$el (i$e lessons %*e$iew lessons&
#essons
Introduction .orwort
How to /t"dy German 0sing 1his 1extbook
9( co"rse, e$en words whose spelling is no di((erent in )nglish and German may be prono"nced 2"ite di((erently. 4"t in reading German, yo" will see the connections between these lang"ages, e$en in many o( the 3small3 words %the abo$e examples are all no"ns&. For example: 1his week, my (ather is with my brother in the city Diese Woche ist mein Vater mit meinem Bruder in der Stadt.
:ote also the general similarity o( sentence str"ct"re with )nglish. 1he only real di((erence in the German is that the $erb is mo$ed (orward in the sentence. Howe$er, there are many German sentences in which a $erb (orm is the last word in the sentence. 0n(ort"nately, while German is perhaps the easiest 3(oreign3 lang"age (or an )nglish speaker to learn, meanings o( words that are spelled similarly are not always identical. 1hese 3(alse (riends3 can be con("sing (or the beginner. F"rther, German is a more str"ct"red lang"age than )nglish, with a more complex grammar, and it will become apparent as yo" learn German that yo" will also learn more abo"t )nglish lang"age str"ct"re than yo" might e$er recall (rom yo"r high school )nglish classes. For a 2"ick listing o( similarities and di((erences between )nglish and German, read the !ntrod"ction to #e$el !.
Pronunciation
+ g"ide to pron"nciation o( German is pro$ided as +ppendix ;. Eo" sho"ld become (amiliar with this page early on, and re(er to it o(ten. :othing can replace learning a lang"age (rom a nati$e speaker, b"t the text is liberally sprinkled with a"dio (iles pro$iding the st"dent with $al"able inp"t (rom hearing spoken German. +naly e the spoken words care("lly. 1he pron"nciation g"ide in +ppendix ; can only closely, not exactly, con$ey how German words sho"ld be prono"nced. +nd o( co"rse, German %like )nglish& has a n"mber o( dialects disting"ished by di((erences in pron"nciation. Help in the pron"nciation o( indi$id"al words can be (o"nd by accessing the so"nd (iles o( either o( the online dictionaries, links to which are gi$en in the German websites appendix.
Layout of Lessons
1his textbook is intended as a beginning co"rse in the German lang"age (or )nglish speakers. )arly lessons emphasi e con$ersational s"b5ects and grad"ally introd"ce German grammatical concepts and r"les. !n addition, so"nd (iles accompany appropriate parts o( each lesson. +ltho"gh the basic lessons %Grund$egende Le!tionen& are presented at abo"t the %0/& high school le$el. 4eginners %incl"ding those attempting to learn German o"tside o( a co"rse str"ct"re& are expected to work thro"gh se$eral basic lessons "p to an indicated point, when re$iew is s"ggested along with additional st"dy. 1he basic way lessons go to other lessons is $ery simple and direct:
#)//9:/
Lesson $%&$ ' Wie hei)t du* > Hellos/Goodbyes, alphabet, nominati$e case prono"ns and articles, names, 36ie gehtBsJ3 and 2"estions. Lesson $%&+ ' ,rei-eit > /ports and acti$ities, pre(erences, telling time, and times, dates and seasons. Lesson $%&. ' Essen > !ntrod"ction to (ood, (ood-related $erbs, intro to modals K mLchten, kein-words, polite/(ormal con$ersation lang"age, and 3/chmecktBsJ3. /evie $%&$ M *e$iew o( #essons ;-G
Lesson $%&0 ' 1leidung ( +rticles o( clothing, shopping, describing clothes, colors, introd"ction to separable $erbs. Lesson $%&2 ' Volk und ,amilie > Family members, possessi$es, describing people, and expressing (a$orites. Lesson $%&3 ' !chule > /chool s"b5ects, a description o( German schools, basic $ocab"lary in school classes %math, geography, etc.&, and school s"pplies. /evie $%&+ M *e$iew o( #essons @-H
Lesson $%&4 ' 5as ,est > Dati$e case articles and prono"ns, gi$ing gi(ts, in$itations to parties, snack (ood, and es gibt. Lesson $%&6 ' Privileg und Verant ortung > Iaking plans, places to go, tasks and 5obs, more modals, commands, and weil K denn. Lesson $%&7 ' Wetter > 6eather, methods o( transportation, how to get places, how to gi$e and get directions, and "sing wo like weil. /evie $%&. M *e$iew o( #essons N-O
Lesson $%$& 8 9u :ause Essen > Food one wo"ld (ind in a s"permarket, making meals, meals o( the day in Germany. Lesson $%$$ ' ,ilme > Io$ies, types o( mo$ies, 36as (8r...J3, "sing mLgen to express pre(erence. Lesson $%$+ ' 5as :aus > F"rnit"re, Describing st"(( !!, di((erent materials "sed in ("rnit"re, position %acc./dat.& prepositions. /evie $%&0 M *e$iew o( #essons ;=-;<
4oth lang"ages "se the #atin alphabet. :ormally, sentences (ollow /"b5ect-.erb order. P"estions ha$e .erb-/"b5ect order or +d$erb-.erb-/"b5ect order. 4oth lang"ages ha$e prepositions, con5"nctions, ad$erbs, no"ns, $erbs, inter5ections, prono"ns, and ad5ecti$es. 1he indirect ob5ect "s"ally comes be(ore the direct ob5ect. 1here are contractions in both German and )nglish. Iany words share the same roots, s"ch as "ord and Wort, or house and Haus. Iany words, s"ch as Foot%a$$ and Sand"ich are the same in )nglish and German. German has genders7 e$ery no"n is either masc"line, (eminine, or ne"ter. German has three di((erent words (or 3yo"3, while )nglish has only one. 1here are e$en (o"r i( yo" co"nt the impersonal 3man3. German has more $erb (orms than )nglish. German has more letters than and di((erent pron"nciations (rom )nglish %see #esson ;&. German is the only known written lang"age where a$$ no"ns are capitali ed, regardless o( whether or not it is a proper no"n. /ometimes in German the $erb will be the last word o( a sentence. 1here are no helping $erbs in German. +d5ecti$es will ha$e di((erent endings based on the no"n they are modi(ying in German. German is more Bg"tt"ralB. !n German, yo" talk in the back o( yo"r mo"th. 3!3 %ich& is only capitali ed i( it is the (irst word o( the sentence. !n German, there are (o"r cases7 in )nglish, there are three.
+s yo" can see, German is $ery m"ch like )nglish. 1here are, howe$er, di((erences:
Howe$er, next to D"tch, German is one o( the easiest lang"ages (or )nglish speakers to learn. 1he
5ialogue
German 5ialogue ' audio8 "ne ' T o =$.$ > $0+ kb ' help? What@s your name* Wie hei)t du* ,ranHallo, ich bin Fran . 6ie heiSt d"J Greta Hallo, Fran . !ch heiSe Greta. 6ie gehtBsJ ,ran)s geht mir g"t. Aennst d" den #ehrerJ Greta ?a, er heiSt Herr 6eiS. ,ran9h, danke, Greta. 4is dannT Greta 6iedersehenT 'e(t )ialogue ,ranG"ten Iorgen. /ind /ie Herr 6eiSJ :err !ch ar- :ein, ich bin Herr /chwar . 6ie heiSt d"J ,ran!ch heiSe Fran . Danke Herr /chwar . !ch bin sp,t dran. :err !ch ar- 4itte, Fran . !ch bin a"ch sp,t dran. 4is sp,terT ,ran+"( 6iedersehenT
not be re2"ired to know any o( those (or any problems or tests. Eo" will need to know all o( the expression with a 3R3 a(ter it tho"gh. 1he others, o( co"rse, wo"ld be "se("l to know i( yo" are tra$eling to the regions where they are "sed.
+$audia: G"ten Iorgen, Herr 6agnerT Herr Wagner: Hallo, -la"diaT Brigit: 1scha", /"siT Susi: 4is sp,ter, 4rigitT German Vocabulary Br% C Brs% :err und ,rau Herr Fra" Fra"lein
/ection ProblemsFF
1he <H letters in both German and )nglish are shown abo$e. 9ne other letter, S %the es ett Bess-tsetB& is "sed (or %$oiceless& BsB. !t is "sed in case two sBs %ss& or when a single s canBt be "sed: between $owels or in the end o( words when the preceding $owel is long. )xample: 3der Fl"ss3 %short ", )nglish ri$er&, b"t 3der F"S3 %long ", )nglish (oot&. :ote that the es ett is not "sed in /wit erland. Eo" always write do"ble s instead, e$en a(ter long $owels. 1here(ore yo" write 3Fl"ss3 and 3F"ss3. +nother di((erence between German and )nglish is the umlaut. 1he $owels a, o, and " can take an "mla"t %do"ble dots abo$e&, becoming ,, L, and 8. 1he "mla"t changes the so"nd o( the $owel. For pron"nciations o( all the letters, go to the Pron"nciation G"ide in +ppendix ;.
Dotes:
1he "mla"ts are e$en "sed when spelling. -ommon words "sed to clari(y a gi$en letter are Urger %anger&, Vkonom %economist& and Wberm"t %high spirits&. 1o say 3"mla"t3 a(ter the letter is an )nglish c"stom "sed when spelling German words in )nglish. !n writing, the "mla"ts are sometimes s"bstit"ted with the $owel pl"s e, i.e ae, oe and "e. Eo" (ind this in names as Goethe or in crosswords, b"t yo" donBt "se it in normal texts %Goethe is an exception to the r"les go$erning "mla"ts, always written with 3oe3&. Howe$er, i( yo" ha$e no way to type "mla"ts yo" must "se $owel-pl"s-e. !n most search engines and online dictionaries, a $owel with "mla"t can be entered as either the simple $owel or in $owel-pl"s-e (orm. For example, i( yo" wish to (ind 3Urger3 yo" may enter any o( the (ollowing three search strings: 3,rger3, 3aerger3, 3arger3 %the last is incorrect writing, and act"ally means something di((erentT %3arg3Y$ery bad/grim, 3arger3Y 3grimmer3&.
1o create the special "mla"t and ess et characters on an english keyboard, yo" can "se yo"r n"meric keypad with the +lt key. German Etc% Alt keys for German characters S alt Z =<<G 8 alt Z =<D< W alt Z =<<= L alt Z =<@H V alt Z =<;@ , alt Z =<<[ U alt Z =;OH !( yo" "se Iac 9/ X these will work only i( yo" choose 30nicode3 keyboard layo"t, b"t yo" can add "mla"ts with option-" and the S with option-/.
Ban A
Vocabulary and Phrases =from above? German Vocabulary Vocabulary WortschatEnglish German !n(ormation Desk die +"sk"n(t %no pl"ral& ! wo"ld like to ha$e !ch h,tte gern%e& Phone :"mber die 1ele(onn"mmer (rom 4erne a"s 4ern How do yo" spell thisJ 6ie schreibt man dasJ Please 4itte /pell 4"chstabieren 9( co"rse :at8rlich 3+3 as in +nton + wie +nton 1wice 'weimal 1he n"mber is die :"mmer la"tet
Dominative #ase
-ases describe what a no"n or prono"n does in a sentence. 6hen a no"n or prono"n is the s"b5ect o( a sentence, it is considered to be in the nominative case. For example, in the sentence 3! ate an apple3, I is the s"b5ect and the apple is the direct ob5ect. Eo" will learn more abo"t cases as the co"rse contin"es. German Grammar ' audio =info ' 64 kb ' help? !ubFect Pronouns Vorbehaltliche Pronomina sing"lar ich ! ;st person pl"ral ir we sing"lar duG H!ie yo" <nd person pl"ral ihrG H!ie yo" sing"lar erG sieG es he, she, it Grd person pl"ral sie they
H I !ie is the formal =polite? version of du and ihr% In all conFugationsG it acts e<actly like sie =plural?
/ection ProblemsFF
Dames
German Grammar Dames Damen English German Iy name is... !ch heiSe...
His/Her/!ts name is... 1heir names are... 9"r names are... Eo"r name is... Eo"r names are... 6hat is yo"r nameJ 6hat are yo"r namesJ
)r//ie/)s heiSt... /ie heiSen... 6ir heiSen... D" heiSt... !hr heiSt... 6ie heiSt d"J 6ie heiSt ihrJ
1o ask someone elseBs name, ask 36ie heiSt...3 For more than one person, 36ie heiSen...3
Dote8 1here are possessi$e prono"ns in German, they 5"st donBt apply here.
/ection ProblemsFF
Verbs
Eo" ha$e already learned one $erb: heiSen, to be called. German Verb hei)en to be called !ingular Plural first person ich hei(e ir hei(en second person du hei(t ihr hei(t er hei(t sie hei(en third person sie hei(t es hei(t 1wo more extremely common $erbs are the German translations (or Bto beB and Bto ha$eB: sein and ha%en. 1hey are con5"gated like this: German Verb sein to be !ingular Plural first person ich bin , am ir sind "e are second person du bist -ou are ihr sind -ou are er ist he is sie sind the- are third person sie ist she is es ist it is German Verb haben to have
ich du er sie es
!ingular Plural ha%e ir ha%en hast ihr ha%t hat sie ha%en hat hat
/ection ProblemsFF
\edit]
Wie geht@s*
German Vocabulary :o are you* Wie geht@s* English German How are yo"J 6ie gehtBsJ *esponses +or Good Great Prima Good G"t .ery good /ehr g"t *esponses +or Ead Iiserable Iiserabel 4ad /chlecht :ot good :icht g"t *esponses +or "kay 9kay Gan g"t +lright )s geht so
/ection ProblemsFF
Articles
German, like many other lang"ages, gi$es each no"n a gender: Basculine, ,eminine, and Deuter. Plural is easy7 the de(inite nominati$e +rticle is always die. +nd as in )nglish there is no inde(inite article in pl"ral. :o"ns in pl"ral (orm re2"ire di((erent $erb(orms than no"ns in sing"lar. !n )nglish, there are two di((erent types o( articles: de(inite %the& and inde(inite %a and an&. German is the same, except that there are (i$e di((erent articles o( each type. 1he nominiti$e case articles are as (ollows:
5efinite Articles
German Grammar
The 5efinite Article of the Dominative #ase 5er definitive Artikel des Dominativi mascu$ine der der ?"nge the boy singular *eminine die die Fra" the woman neuter das das I,dchen the girl plural die die ?"ngen the boys die Fra"en the women die I,dchen the girls
Indefinite Articles
German Grammar The Indefinite Article of the Dominative #ase 5er unbestimmte Artikel des Dominativ mascu$ine ein ein Iann a man singular *eminine eine eine Fra" a woman neuter ein ein I,dchen a girl
/ection ProblemsFF
,orming Juestions
1he common word order in a German sentence is the same as in )nglish: /"b5ect $erb 9b5ects. %/$9&
1his sentence is in the indicati/e mood, the mood that states a (act. 1he interrogati/e mood asks a 2"estion. 1o change the )nglish sentence 31he boy throws the ball3 to the interrogati$e mood, we insert the helper $erb 3does3 be(ore 3boy,3 ending with,3J3. 3Does the boy throw the ballJ3 1he process is $ery similar in German. Howe$er, since German $erbs express both the simple and progressi$e aspects, we s itch the hole verb ith the subFect, ending "p with,
Eo" ha$e learned two 2"estions so (ar: 36ie heiSt...J3 and 36ie gehtBsJ3. !n German, there are two basic ways to (orm a 2"estion. 1he (irst is the method described abo$e. !n addition to this, yo" can p"t an interrogati/e ad/er%... German Vocabulary Juestions ,ragen English German
1he 2"estion 36ie heiSt...J3, directly translated, means 3How is ... calledJ3. 1hat is why it does not contain Was. 1hese words come (irst in the sentence7 the word order is: !nterr. +d$erb .erb /"b5ect 9b5ect. For example:
Warum spie$t der Junge Fu(%a$$0 6hy does the boy play soccerJ
Eo" sho"ld note at this point that in German, the verb al ays comes second in the sentence, except in the case o( a 2"estion as described abo$e. The subFect is al ays ne<t to the verbG if not in front of it then follo ing it% For example:
Der Junge spie$te am Montag Fu(%a$$. 1he boy played soccer on Ionday.
Am Montag spie$te der Junge Fu(%a$$. 9n Ionday, the boy played soccer.
+t this point, yo" sho"ld know the words (or 3yes3, 1a and 3no3, nein respecti$ely.
/ection ProblemsFF
5ialogue
Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Hallo, Greta! Wie spt ist es? Es ist viertel vor drei. Wirklich? Ich spiele Fu all u! drei. "achst du #port, Greta? $ein, ich in %aul. Ich &ehe 'etzt nach Hause. Fu all !acht a er #pa! (is dann. Wiedersehen!
/ection ProblemsFF
er/sie/es -t sie -en For example, the $erbs spie$en and machen. spielen - to play ich d" spiele wir spielen sie spielen spielst ihr spielt
er/sie/es spielt
machen - to do/make ich d" mache wir machen sie machen machst ihr macht
er/sie/es macht
Applications
6hat are yo" doingJ - Was machst du0 ! play basketball. - ,ch spie$e Bas!et%a$$. Do yo" play soccerJ - Spie$st du Fu(%a$$0 ! do homework. - ,ch mache Hausau*ga%en. He does homework. - #r macht Hausau*ga%en. Do yo" play sportsJ - Machst du Sport0 :ote the last sentence. !n )nglish one p$a-s a sport, while in German one does a sport. Eo" can also "se the w-words (rom #esson ; to make some more combinations. 6hy do yo" play baseballJ - Warum spie$st du Base%a$$0 6ho has homeworkJ - Wer hat Hausau*ga%en0 1o say 3not3, "se 3nicht3. 3:icht3 goes a(ter the $erb b"t be(ore the sport. 6ho doesnBt play soccerJ - Wer spie$t nicht Fu(%a$$0 6e donBt play tennis. - Wir spie$en nicht )ennis.
#ompound !entences
4oth German and )nglish ha$e compo"nd sentences, "sing con5"nctions. Eo" may remember %maybe (rom -on5"nction ?"nction& that there are three common con5"nctions, and, but and or. 1he German translations (or these are und %the d so"nds a bit like a t&, aber %ah-bare& and oder %oh-dare&. Eo" already learned B"ndB in #esson ;. 1he applications o( these are enormo"s. 1hey can be "sed in lists, b"t also in compo"nd sentences. For
example, 3! play basketball, and he also plays basketball.3 %3,ch spie$e Bas!et%a$$2 und er spie$t auch Bas!et%a$$.3&
auch ) also, too *used ri&ht a%ter the ver +
/ection ProblemsFF
/ection ProblemsFF
Dumbers
1he (irst big "nit in this #e$el ; is time. German time is $ery m"ch like )nglish time. Howe$er, we m"st begin with German n"mbers. Deutsch )nglish Deutsch )nglish eins z"ei drei /ier *'n* sechs sie%en acht neun zehn e$* one two three (o"r (i$e six se$en eight nine ten ele$en sie%zehn se$enteen z"anzig twenty drei(ig /ierzig 6zig thirty (orty 6tdreizehn thirteen /ierzehn (o"rteen *'n*zehn (i(teen 6zehn 6teen
z"7$* twel$e sie%zig se$enty 1his table shows the basic n"mbers in German. 1o say, twenty-one, say 3)in"nd wan ig3 - all one word. B)insB drops its BsB whene$er it is in that position. 1here(ore, that means 39ne and twenty3, in German. 9ne more change happens at ;H and H=: !nstead o( creating a word with Bs B %sechs ig, sechs ehn&, the BsB is dropped, creating sechzig %H=& and sechzehn %;H&, prono"nced as in 3ich3. 6atch o"t (or BDreiSigB. !t is not (ormed with - ig at the end like all other decades %3 wan ig, $ier ig,
(8n( ig, ...3&T 1o say n"mbers higher than OO: h"ndred - Hundert tho"sand - )ausend For example, <O[@ is said, 3'weita"sendne"nh"ndert$ier"ndacht ig.3 %'wei ta"send ne"n h"ndert $ier "nd acht ig& %< _ ;===& Z %O _ ;==& Z @ K [=
/ection ProblemsFF
Time
Asking the Time
!n German, there are two common ways to ask the time. Eo" can say, 36ie $iel 0hr ist esJ3, which means literally, 36hat time is itJ3. Howe$er, it is seldom "sed anymore. 1he more common way is to say, 36ie sp,t ist esJ3, e$en tho"gh this only means, 3How late is itJ3. /peci(ic times can be expressed in two ways: exact (orm %3Fo"r thirty-se$en3&, or be(ore/a(ter (orm %31wenty-three to (i$e3&.
E<act form
1his (orm is the same as )nglish. 1o say, 3!t is ;=:;D a.m.3, say 3)s ist 'ehn 0hr F8n( ehn.3 :otice the 8hr. 1his means 3oBclock3, b"t is "sed in all exact times. Germans "se a <@-ho"r clock, like other co"ntries in )"rope and +merican military time. 1o con$ert to +merican time, i( it is abo$e ;<, s"btract ;<. /o +cht ehn 0hr is the e2"i$alent o( %;[ - ;< Y& H p.m. in +merican time. 1o con$ert to German time, add ;< i( it is p.m. %)xcept (or ;< p.m., see below.& @ p.m. is there(ore !ech-ehn Khr. !( gi$en an ho"r below ;<, it is a.m. 1he co"nting o( ho"rs starts (rom ero. /o, in German, the time between midnight and ; a.m. is =:^^. ;; p.m. wo"ld be <G:==. :ote that noon %;< p.m.& is 9 Llf Khr and midnight %;< a.m.& is Dull Khr. !n rare occasions, <@:== might be "sed, which implies that yo" mean Bthat partic"larB day %ignoring that in (act a new weekday has started at midnight& /o, i( someone says 3Iontag, <@:==3, ass"me its at the end o( the day o( monday %1"esday ;< a.m. midnight&. 3Iontag, =:==3 wo"ld be Ionday ;< a.m. midnight. Ho"rs greater than <@ are ne$er "sed. 3:oon3 is said as 3Mittag3, and 3Iidnight3 is 3Mitternacht3 !n Germany, it is also not "ncommon in e$eryday contexts to "se the ;<-ho"r clock. !n that case, 3$ormittags3 %literally Bbe(ore noonB& corresponds to a.m., while 3nachmittags3 %a(ter noon& means p.m. 3+bends3 %in the e$ening& is commonly "sed in place o( 3nachmittags3 (or times later than D p.m. %H 0hr abends Y H p.m.& +lso, as in )nglish, yo" can omit 3$ormittags3 and 3nachmittags3 i( itBs ob$io"s (rom the context. Howe$er, since this is nothing new %in comparison to )nglish&, yo" will not be tested on it.
/ection ProblemsFF
"ther Time
Times of 5ay
!n German and )nglish, many times one wo"ld want to approximate, s"ch as 3tomorrow a(ternoon3. Here are the German translations: )nglish the day today Deutsch der )ag heute
the day a(ter tomorrow '%ermorgen the day be(ore yesterday /orgestern
R!n German, except the capitali ation, the words (or 3morning3 and 3tomorrow3 are the same: morgen. !( yo" want to say tomorro" morning "se morgen *r'h %meaning: ear$- on the ne:t da-& instead o( Morgen morgen.
1he words abo$e can be combined into phrases like 3he"te :achmittag3 or 3gestern +bend3. :ote that the time o( day stays capitali ed %it is a no"n& and the day stays lowercase %it is an ad$erb&.
6ednesday Mitt"och
/eptember Septem%er
:ote the order o( the days o( the week. 1he German week begins on Ionday. 1o say 3on Ionday3, say 4am Montag4 or whate$er applies. 1o say 3in ?an"ary3, say 4im Januar4 or whate$er applies. 1his is the same (or all o( the days and months. Eo" can also combine the times o( day (rom earlier with the days o( the week. 4"t theyBre both no"ns. 1o do this, there(ore, we m"st combine the two words into one, as in 3Dienstagnacht3 %1"esday night&.
on %the& am ;see %e$o"&< !( yo" want to say, (or example 3on the <Dth o( December3, simply say 3am (8n("nd wan igsten De ember.3, in other cases yo" say 3(8n("nd wan igster De ember3 or 3der (8n("nd wan igste De ember3. !n Germany, dates are written o"t in the logical order Da- . Month . >ear, instead o( the +merican Month 3 Da- 3 >ear. For example, $ier ehnter +"g"st is written as ;@.[. Please note that German "ses a dot instead o( a slash. Do not "se the slash in dates, as it is "n"s"al and con("sing beca"se yo" cannot tell i( 3@/H3 means @th o( ?"ne %@.H.& or Hth o( +pril %H.@.&
/ection ProblemsFF
Eirthdays 4irthday - Ge%urtstag
1o say, 3Iy birthday is on ?"ly <=th3, say, 3!ch habe am wan igsten ?"li Geb"rtstag.3 :ote the order7 it translates back literally as 3! ha$e on the <=th o( ?"ly birthday.3 1his kind o( thing is common in German. 1o celebrate someoneBs birthday in German, there are two common phrases. /imply 3Happy 4irthday3 is 3+lles G"te "m Geb"rtstagT3 %lit. #/er-thing good to the %irthda-& and 34est wishes on yo"r birthdayT3 is 3Her lichen Gl8ckw"nsch "m Geb"rtstagT3 %heart- congratu$ation to the %irthda-.& !( yo" were sending a card, yo" wo"ld most likely "se the second one.
6eek - in der 6oche or die 6oche Ionth - im Ionat Eear - im ?ahr 6eekend - am 6ochenende Iorning - am Iorgen or morgens )$ening - am +bend or a%ends +(ternoon - am :achmittag or nachmittags :ight - in der :acht or nachts For example, 36e bowl twice a week.3 is 36ir kegeln weimal in der 6oche.3
/ection ProblemsFF
"ften Adverbs always - immer most o( the time - meistens o(ten - o*t sometimes - manchma$ seldom - se$ten ne$er - nie only - nur 1o apply these words, p"t them in the sentence, after the verb and subFectG but before the sportMactivity. Eo" can also "se Bn"rB to say things like, 3/ie spielt n"r manchmal 1ennis.3 :ote that i( this is translated word-(or-word, it becomes, 3/he plays only sometimes tennis.3, not 3/he only sometimes plays tennis.3 or 3/he only plays tennis sometimes.3 1hatBs 5"st the way German is.
/ection ProblemsFF
know articles - the genders o( them and the correct "sage o( them, and correct word order. 1he 1ranslating section is worth the most points, and it too has three sections. Eo" m"st know the translations (or sentences and phrases going (rom )nglish to German, and be able to take a German dialog"e and translate it back into )nglish. +lso yo" m"st know the translation (rom :"mbers to German. 1he third section, *eading -omprehension, is -omprehension P"estions yo" m"st know how to read the con$ersion and a(ter reading yo" will be asked 2"estion on the pre$io"s con$ersion. 1he (o"rth section is a $ocab"lary section. Eo" get <= )nglish words on the le(t and <= German words on the right, and be asked to match them. 1o st"dy (or that, check o"t the @=; (lashcards related to this lesson at Flashcard)xchange.com @art , and Flashcard)xchange.com @art ,,. 1he last section, Pre$io"s 1opics, is a 2"ick re$iew on #esson ; to get ready (or this section, 5"st look at some past notes or go to #esson ; and st"dy. 1hat is the whole test. 1ake itT
5ialogue
Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Hallo, Greta! Wie &eht,s? #ehr &ut. Ich ha e Hun&er. Ich auch. "-chtest du et.as essen? /a!
*In der Gaststtte+ Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Ich !-chte #alat, (rot und Wasser. Hast du 'etzt keinen Hun&er? $ein, ich ha e &roen Hun&er. Was eko!!st du? Ich eko!!e ein #t0ck 1p%elstrudel und einen Eis echer. Waru! das? 2u sollst eine (rat.urst neh!en. $ein, ich in zu%rieden. Ich ha e keinen &roen Hun&er. 1ch so, dann ist das &enu&.
*$ach z.anzi& "inuten.+ Greta: 2iese Gaststtte ist schrecklich! Ich !-chte et.as zu essen! Franz: Wir &ehen!
,ood;
Here are some things yo" might order at a resta"rant, (ast (ood or sit-down:
1ppetizers *die 3orspeise, 3orspeisen+ Salad - der Salat Bread - das Brot (readstick ) die #chei e (rot "ain 2ishes *das Haupt&ericht, Haupt&erichte+ Sausage - die Wurst #ausa&es ) die W0rste Bratwurst - die Bratwurst Hot Dog - das *or der+ Hot Dog Pizza - die Pizza 4izzas ) die 4izzen *or die 4izzas+ Hamburger - der Hamburger *pronounced either like the 5it6 o% Ha! ur&, or like in En&lish+ Hamburgers - die Hamburger with - mit *i&nore article+ without - ohne *i&nore article+
Tomatoes - Tomaten Lettuce - der Salat Cheese - der Kse 4ickles ) die Gurken 78 die Ge.0rz&urken *!ore precise+ 7nions ) die 9.ie eln Ketchu - der *or das+ Ketchu !ustard - der Sen" Chic#en - das Hhnchen 5hickens ) die Hhnchen #ea%ood ) die "eeres%r0chte *plural+ $ish - %der& $isch #ides *die (eila&e *sin&ular+, die (eila&en *plural++ Sou - die Su e Sou s - die Su en 'oodle Sou - die 'udelsu e $rench $ries - die Pommes "rites *plural+ :his .ord is pronounced French, so it sounds like ;po!! %ritt;. $ries - die Pommes or die $ritten * oth in%or!al and plural+ :his ti!e it,s not pronounced French< rather 6ou sa6 ,po!!is,. Pasta - die Pasta or die 'udeln Potato - die Karto""el Potato - %in (ustria& )rda "el %earth a le& Potatoes - die Karto""eln Potatoes - %(ustria& )rd "el !ashed Potatoes - der Karto""elbrei $ried Potatoes - die Brat#arto""eln *plural+ 5orn ) "ais Corn on the Cob - !ais#olben (ean ) die (ohne *not &reen eans+ Beans - die Bohnen 2esserts *die $achspeise, $achspeisen or der $achtisch+ G=teau ) 2ie *#ahne)+:orte Strudel - der Strudel 1pple strudel ) 1p%elstrudel 5herr6 strudel ) >irschstrudel 4opp6 seed strudel ) "ohnstrudel Ca#e - der Kuchen Piece o" Ca#e - das St*c# Kuchen Pie - die Pastete Piece o" Pie - das St*c# Pastete 1pple 4ie ) die 1p%elpastete +ce Cream - das )is (o.l o% Ice 5rea! ) der Eis echer Pudding - der Pudding Coo#ie - der Ke#s Coo#ies - die Ke#se $ruit - das ,bst The !eal - das )ssen Lunch - !ittagessen *noon !eal+ Dinner - (bendessen *evenin& !eal+
1his list o( (oods %die /peise, /peisen& is $ery "se("l. Print it o"t and keep it. 9( co"rse it is recommended that yo" memori e all o( the translations and genders o( these (oods, b"t the lesson problems and test will only re2"ire the bolded ones to be memori ed.
Accusative #ase
+s yo" know (rom the !ntro, in German, there are (o"r cases. 1hree are "sed o(ten. 1he (irst, Dominative #ase, yo" learned in #esson ;. !t co$ers the s"b5ect, and the predicate no"n %in 3He is %no"n&.3, %no"n& is the predicate no"n&. 1he second, the Accusative #ase, yo" will learn now. !t co$ers the direct ob5ect and the ob5ect o( se$eral prepositions. 1he third, the 5ative #ase will be ta"ght later on. !t co$ers the indirect ob5ect and the ob5ect o( many other prepositions. :ote: 1he Accusative #ase and 5ative #ase are identical in )nglish7 thatBs where the extra case comes (rom.
Articles
Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter Pl"ral De(inite +rticle !nde(inite +rticle den einen die eine das ein die -eineR
H The indefinite article for plurals is nonIe<istant% :o ever related ordsG such as possessives and the keinI ords that you ill learn later this lessonG ill end in eine for plurals%
!n the articles, the memory hook (or acc"sati$e case is 3Der goes to den %prono"nced 3dain3& and the rest stay the same.3. 1he masc"line inde(inite article goes to einen, and e$erything else stays the same there. 1here(ore abo$e, der Hamb"rger goes to den Hamb"rger and ein Hamb"rger goes to einen Hamb"rger when the hamb"rger is the direct ob5ect, s"ch as in 3)r hat einen Hamb"rger.3 %3He has a hamb"rger.3& !( yo" are getting con("sed, itBs (ine. 1his topic is one o( the hardest (or )nglish speakers to grasp. Here are some sol"tions: 1o (ind o"t the case o( something, (irst (ind the $erb. 1he $erb r"les the sentence. )$erything re$ol$es aro"nd it. :ext yo" (ind the s"b5ect o( the sentence. 1he s"b5ect is the thing/person that is doing the $erb. The subFect is al ays in the Dominative #aseG so it takes on the derG dieG dasG dieG or einG eineG ein% :ow yo" look back at the $erb. !( it is a being $erb %am, are, is, etc.&, the next no"n a(ter the $erb is the predicate noun. +n easy way to (ig"re this o"t is to write an e2"ation. !( the $erb can be replaced with an e2"als sign %Y&, then the (ollowing no"n is a predicate no"n. !( it canBt be replaced by an e2"als sign, re(er to the next paragraph. The predicate noun is also al ays in the Dominative #aseG so the same rules apply to it%
Ich in ein /un&e. #ie ist eine Frau.
!( the $erb o( the sentence is an action $erb %playing, throwing, making, eating&, (ind what the s"b5ect is doing the $erb to. For example, i( the $erb is 3makes3 %macht&, yo" look (or what is being made. 1hat is the direct ob5ect. The direct obFect is al ays in the Accusative #aseG so it takes on the denG dieG dasG dieG or einenG eineG ein%
#ie ha en den 5heese ur&er. Ha t ihr einen #alat?
1he inde(inite articles, when yo" 5"st look at their endings, go -, e, -, e (or nominati$e case, and en, e, -, e (or acc"sati$e. 1his can be memori ed as 34lankie, 4lankie, +ny 4lankie.3 *emember, between nominati$e and acc"sati$e, the only third-person change is in the masc"line (orm.
Pronouns
1he prono"ns experience a m"ch bigger change than the articles. 1his is also tr"e in )nglish, as the articles %a, an, the& do not change e$er, b"t ! goes to me, we goes to "s, etc. :ot e$erything is the same, tho"gh. 6hile me is mich and "s is uns, the second and third persons "ndergo di((erent changes. !n third person, as in the articles, the only change is in masc"line sing"lar. Following the 3der goes to den3 r"le, er goes to ihn when in the acc"sati$e case. 1he second person in )nglish ne$er changes. !n German, d" goes to dich and ihr goes to euch. /ie, the (ormal $ersion o( either, stays the same. *emember, /ie %<nd person (ormal& and sie %Grd person pl"ral& only di((er in their meanings and the (act that the (ormer is capitali ed and the latter is not. 1his stays tr"e thro"gho"t German grammar. Here is a tab"lar representation o( the abo$e. Person ;st <nd Grd !ingular )nglish me yo" German mich dich "s yo" %yBall& them Plural )nglish German uns euch sie
Antecedents :ote: )his is 1ust a Auic! $esson in #ng$ish grammar app$ied into German. ,* -ou a$read- !no" a$$ a%out antecedents in #ng$ish2 s!ip the *irst paragraph. 6hen "sing a prono"n, yo" ha$e to know what it is (or it to work. 1here are some rare exceptions, s"ch as in mysteries or drama, b"t otherwise this is always tr"e. /ometimes in dialog"e this is taken care o( by pointing or making some other gest"re, b"t most o( the time, the prono"n modi(ies something already mentioned. The obFectMperson mentioned earlier that turns into a pronoun later is called the antecedent% !n German this is $ery "se("l. Eo" canBt simply say BitB anymore. Iany (ood words are masc"line and (eminine, and when yo" t"rn them into prono"ns, they t"rn into BheB, BsheB, BhimB, and BherB, not always BitB. For example, the sentence 31he cheeseb"rger tastes good. !tBs $ery cr"nchy.3 t"rns into 31he cheeseb"rger tastes good. HeBs $ery cr"nchy.3 :ote: Eo" will learn how to say this in German later in this lesson.
6hy is it 3he3J 1his is where the antecedent comes in. 4eca"se there are (oods that are masc"line and (eminine in German, yo" canBt ass"me the BesB. Eo" ha$e to look back at the pre$io"s sentence, at the antecedent, der +heese%urger. 3Der -heeseb"rger3 is replaced by er %since it is the s"b5ect, and there(ore in :ominati$e -ase&. 1here(ore, all yo" need to know are these connections: der/den-er/ihn, die-sie, das-es, die-sie.
,oodI/elated Verbs
essen ;,< - to eat, to be eating, to do eat trin!en - to drink, to be drinking, to do drink %e!ommen - to get/recei$e, to be getting/recei$ing, to do get/recei$e m7chten ;M< - wo"ld like "o$$en ;M< - to want, to be wanting, to do want
9( these (i$e $erbs, only trinken and bekommen are reg"lar. )ssen is irregu$ar %thatBs what the 3!3 means&. Do yo" remember (rom the last lesson BlesenB and BsehenBJ !n both o( them, the (irst BeB changed to BieB in the d"- and er/sie/es-(orms. 6ell essen experiences the same change, except that it changes to BiB, not BieB. +lso, it acts the same as BlesenB in the d"-(orm: Eo" donBt ha$e three sBs in a row. 1here(ore, d"/er/sie/es isst and e$erything else is the same. ,sst so"nds and looks a lot like ist. 1he min"te di((erence happens to be in the way yo" prono"nce the s. 6hen yo" mean eats it is sometimes an o$erstressed hissing %i.e. extremely sharp& so"nd. !n normal li(e Germans, too, can only tell which $erb is meant (rom knowing the context. ?"st like in last lesson, where yo" co"ld say, 4,ch spie$e gerne Fu(%a$$.4, yo" can also extend it to (ood. 3! like to eat cheeseb"rgers.3 is translated as 4,ch esse gerne +heese%urger.4 1he last two $erbs %marked ;M<& are moda$s. 1hey will be disc"ssed in the next section. \edit]
Bodals
!n the introd"ction, yo" learned that German has no helping $erbs. !nstead, they ha$e modals, words that basically do the same thing. Iodals are con5"gated $ery di((erently (rom normal $erbs. 1he ich- and er/sie/es-(orms are always the same, while the d"-(orm adds an BstB. Iost modals experience a $owel change (rom sing"lar to pl"ral, and the rest is the same.
BLchten
ILchten isnBt technically a modal, b"t it acts exactly the same. 1here is no $owel change, and the ichand er/sie/es (orms are 3mLchte3. Here is the complete con5"gation: Person $st +nd /ing"lar ich d" m7chte m7chtest Pl"ral wir m7chten ihr m7chtet
.rd er/sie/es m7chte sie m7chten ILchten means 3wo"ld like3 and can be applied to (ood %i.e. !ch mLchte einen -heeseb"rger.&. ILchten can be translated e$en more literally as 3wo"ld like to3, and is traditionally "sed with an in(initi$e $erb at the end o( the sentence %i.e. 3!ch mLchte 5et gehen3/3! wo"ld like to go now3&. Howe$er, this in(initi$e is not neccesary i( itBs completely ob$io"s what yo"Bre talking abo"t %!( yo" say 3!ch mLchte einen -heeseb"rger3, e$eryone will ass"me that yo" wo"ld like a cheeseb"rger to eat.& %:ote: 1echnically, 3mLchten3 is not a word. 1he abo$e cited con5"gation is act"ally the 3Aon5"nkti$3 o( 3mLgen3, which has become so pop"lar as a phrase, that e$en many Germans today arenBt aware o( it anymore, so yo" donBt need to worry abo"t it. 3)twas mLgen3 means 3to like sth3, and 3! wo"ld like3 is the closest translation o( 3ich mLchte3&
Wollen
6ollen is a tr"e modal7 it e$en changes $owels. !ch/er/sie/es will and d" willst. Here is the complete con5"gation: Person $st +nd /ing"lar ich d" "i$$ "i$$st Pl"ral wir "o$$en ihr "o$$t
.rd er/sie/es "i$$ sie "o$$en 6ollen can also be applied to (ood, b"t may be considered impolite and demanding %3!ch will einen -heeseb"rgerT3 ro"ghly means 3! demand a cheeseb"rgerT3 M7chten sho"ld be "sed instead: 3!ch mLchte einen -hesseb"rgerT3 Y 3! want a chesseb"rgerT3&. 6ollen sho"ld not be con("sed with the ("t"re tense, despite the presence o( the )nglish word BwillB in the con5"gations. Howe$er, will can also mean an intent or a doc"ment showing what one "ants to happen. /o it is not so di((erent (rom Bto wantB as possibly originally pres"med.
#ike in )nglish, these two words do not ha$e a pl"ral (orm. 6hen "sing them, yo" donBt need to worry abo"t the BderB7 yo" can 5"st say, 3!ch habe H"nger.3 to say 3! am h"ngry3.
,ormal #onversations
!n #esson ;, yo" learned how to talk (ormally, "sing phrases like 3G"ten IorgenT3 and 36ie heiSen /ieJ3. 1here are, howe$er, a (ew words that are Bs"r$i$al wordsB in Germany, speci(ically 5anke - 1hank yo", 1hanks Eitte - Please and Eo"Bre welcome. 1o make this e$en more (ormal, yo" can tack on the word BschLnB to the end o( 31hank yo"3 and 3Eo"Bre welcome3 to make BdankeschLnB and BbitteschLnB %both one word& in response. /chLn literally means BprettyB %yo"Bll relearn this next lesson&, so it t"rns those e$eryday phrases into compliments %31hanks, pretty.3&. !ome other ays to say Othank youO8
DankeschLn - 1hank yo" $ery m"ch Danke sehr - 1hanks a lot Her lichen Dank %3her lichen3 means sincere or (rom the heart7 yo" may remember it (rom 3Her lichen Gl8ckw"nsch "m Geb"rtstagT3 last lesson& .ielen Dank - 1hanks a lot 1a"send DankR - 1hanks a million %literally means a tho"sand, b"t no one e$er says 31hanks a tho"sand.3& +"(richtigen DankR - wo"ld be 3thank yo" sincerely3 %/er- (ormal&
4itteschLnT 4itte sehrT Gern geschehenT %DonBt mention it& GerneT Aein ProblemT %:o problem& Da(8r nichtTR - %Do& not %thank me& (or this %only "sed in :orthern Germany&
1einI ords
1wice yo" ha$e been ta"ght that the ending o( the inde(inite article (or pl"rals "ou$d %e eine %(or :ominati$e and +cc"sati$e cases&, i( there was an inde(inite article (or pl"rals. :ow that lesson applies. 1he kein-words ha$e the same endings as the ein-words, and they mean the opposite: no, not any, none. For example, 3kein -heeseb"rger3 means 3no cheeseb"rger3. 3Aeine -heeseb"rger3 %in this case -heeseb"rger is pl"ral& means 3:o cheeseb"rgers3. :otice the BeB at the end o( BkeineB. 1hatBs the ending (or pl"rals and (eminine no"ns and can be likened to the 3der, die, das -F die3 relationship, where the (eminine article ser$es (or the pl"ral as well.
-hinese (ood: 3 "m -hinesen3 / 3chinesisch essen3 ?apanese (ood: 3 "m ?apaner3 / 35apanisch essen3 +merican (ood: 3 "m +merikaner3 / 3amerikanisch essen3 Iexican (ood: 3 "m Iexikaner3 / 3mexikanisch essen3 +rabic (ood: 3 "m +raber3 / 3arabisch essen3 !talian (ood: 3 "m !taliener3 / 3italienisch essen3 !ndian (ood: 3 "m !nder3 / 3indisch essen3 French (ood: 3 "m Fran osen3 / 3(ran Lsich essen3 Greek (ood: 3 "m Griechen3 / 3griechisch essen3 1"rkish (ood: 3 "m 18rken3 / 3t8rkisch essen3
delicio"s - $ec!er delicio"s - de$i!atR %a lot more (ormal than lecker& tasty - schmac!ha*t 5"icy - sa*tigR cr"nchy - !nac!ig crispy - !nusprigR spicy - "'rzig, pi!ant stale, tasteless - *adeR %+"stria: (ad& salty - sa$zig o$ersalted - /ersa$zenR sweet - s'( bitter - %itter so"r - sauer creamy - cremigR hot %in the sense o( 3$ery spicy3& - schar* hot %in the sense o( 3$ery warm3& - hei( b"rnt - ange%ranntR cold - !a$t disg"sting - schrec!$ich
!chmecken is a reg"lar $erb. Here is itBs con5"gation: Person $st +nd ich d" /ing"lar schmec!e schmec!st ihr Pl"ral wir schmec!en schmec!t
.rd er/sie/es schmec!t sie schmec!en 1he (irst and second persons really sho"ldnBt be "sed. :o one is going to say, 3Eo" g"ys taste salty3 or 3! taste creamy3 %at least hope("lly&. /o the only (orms yo" need to know are er/sie/es schmec!t and sie
%pl"ral& schmec!en. Eo" can "se BschmecktB and BschmeckenB or BistB and BsindB to state how the (ood tastes. ?"st "se whiche$er one yo" wo"ld "se in )nglish and itBll be correct. +ltho"gh the )nglish meaning o( schmec!en is simply to taste, 4Schmec!t der +heese%urger04 can be taken in a positi$e way to mean 3Do yo" like the cheeseb"rgerJ3. !n other words, schmec!en alone can mean to taste good.
5ieserIforms
3)he cheeseb"rger tastes good.3 does not so"nd that speci(ic as to which cheeseb"rger yo" are talking abo"t. Eo" co"ld be talking abo"t some other cheeseb"rger than the one in (ront o( yo". !t 5"st isnBt clear. :ow, i( yo" said, 3)his cheeseb"rger tastes good.3, it wo"ld be ob$io"s that yo"Bre talking abo"t the cheeseb"rger yo"Bre eating. BDieserB is the German translation (or BthisB: 3Dieser -heeseb"rger schmeckt g"t.3
5ieser
Dieser is a special ad5ecti$e. !t changes (orms in di((erent sit"ations: di((erent genders and di((erent cases. !t can also mean BtheseB when modi(ying a pl"ral. Here are its (orms: Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter Pl"ral :ominati$e -ase dieser diese dieses diese +cc"sati$e -ase diesen diese dieses diese +s yo" can see, dieser is only appropriate (or modi(ying masc"line no"ns in nominati$e case. 4"t B-heeseb"rgerB, which is masc"line, is the s"b5ect o( the sentence, 3Dieser -heeseb"rger schmeckt g"t.3 /o it is correct in that circ"mstance. Eo" may be wondering why BdieserB is how it is presented as a whole. +(ter all, it only applies to masc"line no"ns in the nominati$e case, while BdieseB applies (or both (eminine and pl"ral no"ns, nominati$e and acc"sati$e case. 4"t to be gender-less, yo" co"ld "se BdiesesB instead. !tBs the (act that yo" cou$d "se any o( those in the nominati$e case to s"mmari e the word. DieserBs location in the "pper le(t hand corner makes it stand o"t and get chosen.
Peder
Jeder means Be$eryB. !t acts exactly like BdieserB in its endings, so it sho"ld be easy to remember. Here are the di((erent (orms: Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter :ominati$e -ase 5eder 5ede 5edes +cc"sati$e -ase 5eden 5ede 5edes :otice the absence o( the pl"ral (orm. 6hen yo" think abo"t this, itBs the same in )nglish: no one says Be$ery booksB.
Welcher
B6elcherB is the third o( this threesome o( ad5ecti$es. B6elcherB means BwhichB, the se$enth w-word so (ar %wer, was, wann, wo, war"m, wie, and welcher&. !ts (orms ha$e the same endings as BdieserB. Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter :ominati$e -ase welcher +cc"sati$e -ase welchen Pl"ral welche welches welche welche welches welche
6hen extending to Bwhich 1"esday nightJB, remember that the night stays (eminine on 1"esday, so it stays 36elche DienstagnachtJ3. #ikewise, yo" can say Be$ery ?"neB the same as Be$ery monthB: B5eden ?"niB.
; )"ro -oin Germany, +"stria, #"xemb"rg, 4elgi"m and /8dtirol a in other words: all German speaking regions except /wit erland and #iechtensteina ha$e gi$en "p their (ormer c"rrencies and adopted the )"ro as o( ;OOO. 9ne #uro is worth ;== +ents. 4eca"se they are not members o( the )"ropean 0nion, /wit erland and #iechtenstein ha$e kept the /wiss Francs %Fran!en Y ;== Cappen&. B)"roB normally does not change in the pl"ral in German, so yo" wo"ld still say 3!ch habe D== )"ro.3 :e$ertheless, there is an exception: )"ro coins. !( yo" say 3!ch habe $ier )"ros.3, yo" act"ally are saying that yo" ha$e (o"r ;-)"ro coins. 4eca"se the backsides o( e"ro coins look di((erent in each co"ntry, many people in )"rope ha$e started collecting (oreign e"ro coins. !n this case yo" can say 3!ch habe irische )"ros.3 %! ha$e !rish e"ro coins.& (or example. 1here is not yet a r"le whether or not the word 4+ent4 has a di((erent pl"ral (orm. 1he ma5ority o( Germans are "sing the word 4+ent4 as a pl"ral (orm, b"t when they donBt it is simply 4+ents4. !n German 3e"ro3 is prono"nced \boi-ro], not \yo"-ro]. For 3-ent3 there are two pron"nciations: yo" can either prono"nce it as in )nglish or yo" say 3t ent3. 1he latter $ersion seams to be pre(erred by older people. 6hen at a resta"rant, yo" will want to pay at the end. Eo" can "se this $ocab"lary to help yo". to pay - zah$en the bill - die Cechnung the waiter - der =%er 3How m"ch is thatJ3 - 4Was macht das04 %36hat does that makeJ3& 1o ask (or the bill yo" can say, 34itte ahlenT3, or make it a complete sentence: 3!ch mLchte ahlenT3, or 36ir mLchten/wollen ahlenT3. Eo" can also say, 3%Herr 9ber&, die *echn"ng bitteT3
/evie $%&$
Vocabulary
I We ?ou ?ou 1ll He #he It :he6 Have Ich Wir 2u #ie *%or!al+ Ihr #ie *%or!al+ Er #ie Es #ie Ha e *@st 4erson, #in&ular+ Hast *And 4erson, #in&ular+ Ha en *@st B Crd 4erson, 4lural+ Ha t *And 4erson, 4lural+ Hat (in (ist *@st 4erson, #in&ular+ #ind *@st B Crd 4erson, 4lural+ #eid *And 4erson, 4lural+ Ist
Hallo! #ervus! *used in (avaria and 1ustria+ "oin! or "oin "oin! *used in northern Ger!an6+ Gr0ezi! *used in #.itzerland+ Good !ornin&! Guten "or&en! or "or&en! Good da6! Guten :a&! or :a&! Good evenin&! Guten 1 end! or $,1 end! Gr0 Gott! *used in southern Ger!an6, 1ustria and #outh :6rol+ Good 6e! 1u% Wiedersehen! or Wiedersehen (6e! :sch0ss! or :schau! #ervus! *used in (avaria, 1ustria+ Dater! (is spter! or (is dann! Good ni&ht! Gute $acht! Good #uper! Great! 3er6 &ood! (ad "isera le Gut #pitze! 4ri!a! #ehr &ut! #chlecht "isera el
Who What Where When Wh6 Ho. (o6 Girl "an Wo!an (o6s Girls "en Wo!en #port*s+ Interests #occer E#1 Foot all 3olle6 all (asket all :ennis (ase all F)pin (o.lin& 5hess (oard Ga!e Ga!e Ho!e.ork :elevision "ovie 1nd (ut 7r :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o Have (e (e 5alled 4la6 2oG"ake 8ead Watch #ee Work Write #.i!
Wer Was Wo Wann Waru! Wie 2er 2as 2er 2ie 2ie 2ie 2ie 2ie /un&e "dchen Herr Frau /un&en "dchen "nner Frauen
#port Ho 6s Fu all Foot all 3olle6 all (asket all :ennis (ase all >e&eln #chach 2as (rettspiel 2as #piel Hausau%&a en Fernsehen 2er Fil!, Fil!e End 1 er 7der Ha en #ein Heien #pielen "achen Desen #chauen #ehen 1r eiten #chrei en #ch.i!!en Eins 9.ei 2rei 3ier F0n% #echs #ie en 1cht $eun 9ehn El% 9.-l%
7ne :.o :hree Four Five #iH #even Ei&ht $ine :en Eleven :.elve
:hirteen Fourteen Fi%teen #iHteen #eventeen Ei&hteen $ineteen :.ent6 :hirt6 Fort6 Fi%t6 #iHt6 #event6 Ei&ht6 $inet6 Hundred :housand $oon "idni&ht 1%ter :ill Iuarter Hal% (e%ore Iuarter (e%ore 2a6 :oda6 :o!orro. ?esterda6 Earl6 "ornin& "ornin& 1%ternoon Evenin& $i&ht "onda6 :uesda6 Wednesda6 :hursda6 Frida6 #aturda6 #unda6 /anuar6 Fe ruar6 "arch 1pril "a6 /une /ul6 1u&ust #epte! er 7cto er $ove! er 2ece! er #prin&
2reizehn 3ierzehn F0n%zehn #echzehn #ie zehn 1chtzehn $eunzehn 9.anzi& 2reii& 3ierzi& F0n%zi& #echzi& #ie zi& 1chtzi& $eunzi& Hundert :ausend "itta& "itternacht $ach 3or 3iertel Hal 2reiviertel *used in eastern Ger!an6+ :a& Heute "or&en Gestern "or&en *use !or&en %r0h %or to!!orro. !ornin&+ 3or!itta& $ach!itta& 1 end $acht "onta& 2iensta& "itt.och 2onnersta& Freita& #a!sta& or #onna end #onnta& /anuar /nner *used in 1ustria+ Fe ruar "rz 1pril "ai /uni /uno *in spoken .ord onl6+ /uli /ulei *in spoken .ord onl6+ 1u&ust #epte! er 7kto er $ove! er 2eze! er Fr0hlin&
#u!!er 1utu!n Winter :i!e Free :i!e 1l.a6s 7%ten #o!eti!es #eldo! $ever 7nl6 "e Es ?ou ?ou 1ll Hi! Her It :he! 1ppetizers #alad (read (readstick "ain 2ishes #ausa&e #ausa&es (rat.urst Hot 2o& 4izza 4izzas Ha! ur&er Ha! ur&ers With Without :o!atoes Dettuce 5heese 4ickles 7nions >etchup "ustard 5hicken 5hickens #ea%ood Fish #ides #oup #oups $oodle #oup French Fries Fries 4asta 4otato 4otatoes 5orn (ean
#o!!er Her st Winter 2ie 9eit 2ie Freizeit I!!er 7%t "anch!al #elten $ie $ur "ich Ens 2ich Euch Ihn #ie Es #ie 3orspeisen 2er #alat 2as (rot 2ie #chei e (rot Haupt&erichte 2ie Wurst 2ie W0rste 2ie (rat.urst 2as Hot 2o& 2ie 4izza 2ie 4izzen 2er Ha! ur&er 2ie Ha! ur&er "it *i&nore article+ 7hne *i&nore article+ :o!aten 2er #alat 2er >se 2ie Ge.0rz&urken 2ie 9.ie eln 2er >etchup 2er #en% 2as Hhnchen 2ie Hhnchen 2ie "eeres%r0chte *plural+ 2er Fisch 2ie (eila&e *sin&ular+, die (eila&en *plural+ 2ie #uppe 2ie #uppen 2ie $udelsuppe 2ie 4o!!es %rites *plural+ 2ie Fritten *In%or!al and plural+ 2ie 4asta or 2ie $udeln 2ie >arto%%el 2ie >arto%%eln "ais 2ie (ohne
(eans 2esserts G=teau #trudel 1pple strudel 5ake 4iece o% 5ake 4ie 4iece o% 4ie 1pple 4ie Ice 5rea! 4uddin& 5ookie 5ookies Fruit :he "eal Dunch 2inner Hun&er :hirst :o Eat :o 2rink :o 8eceive :o Want Would Dike 2anke (itte 2ankesch-n 2anke sehr >ein 4ro le!! 5hinese Food /apanese Food 1!erican Food "eHican Food 1ra ic Food Italian Food Indian Food French Food Greek Food 2urch F0r Ge&en 7hne E! 2elicious :ast6 /uic6 5runch6 5risp6 #pic6 #tale #alt6 #.eet
2ie (ohnen $achspeisen 2ie *#ahne)+:orte 2er #trudel 1p%elstrudel 2er >uchen 2as #t0ck >uchen 2ie 4astete 2as #t0ck 4astete 2ie 1p%elpastete 2as Eis 2er 4uddin& 2er >eks 2ie >ekse 2as 7 st 2as Essen "itta&essen 1 endessen 2er Hun&er 2er 2urst Essen :rinken (eko!!en Wollen "-chten :hank 6ou 4lease B ?ou,re Welco!e :hank 6ou ver6 !uch :hanks a lot $o pro le! 5hinesisch Essen /apanisch Essen 1!erikanisch Essen "eHikanisch Essen 1ra isch Essen Italienisch Essen Indisch Essen Franz-sich Essen Griechisch Essen :hrou&h For 1&ainst Without 1t, 1round Decker #ch!ackha%t #a%ti& >nacki& >nuspri& W0rzi& Fade Fad *used in 1ustria+ #alzi& #0
(itter #our 5rea!6 Hot (urnt 5old 2is&ustin& :o 4a6 :he (ill Waiter
(itter #auer 5re!i& Hei 1n&e rannt >alt #chrecklich 9ahlen 2ie 8echnun& 2er 7 er
Dominative #ase
6ir haben a"ch den :ominati$. ALnnen /ie sich an ihn erinnernJ 4erichtT
Dames
6ir haben das .erb heiSen. )rinnern /ie sichJ 4erichtT
Verbs
6ir haben wei anderen .erben kon5"giert. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT
Articles
6ir haben die +rtikel (8r :ominati$ gehabt. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT
,rei-eit
/egulars Verbs
6ir haben die regelm,Sigen .erbenden. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT
Likes C 5islikes
6ir haben Ge(allen a"s "dr8cken gehabt. ALnnen /ie sich daran erinnernJ 4erichtT
Dumbers
6ir haben die 'ahlen gelernen. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT
Time
6ir haben schon 'eit-6Lrter gelernt. ALnnen /ie sich an diese erinnernJ 4erichtT
Essen
Accusative #ase
6ir hatten schon den +kk"sati$-Fall. ALnnen /ie sich an ihn erinnernJ 4erichtT
Bodal Verbs
6ir haben die modalen .erben. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT
1einIWords
6ir haben ,,Aein geha%t. K7nnen Sie sich daran erinnern0 4erichtT
,acts
It@s Time to #hange Time #ocal time is H ho"rs ahead o( )./.1. !( itBs <:==pm in :ew Eork -ity, itBs [:==pm locally. Please note that Germany changes to and (rom daylight-sa$ing time a (ew weeks be(ore the 0./., so time di((erences still $ary in Iarch and 9ctober. TipG TipG and Bore Tip 1ipping. + ser$ice charge is always incl"ded on resta"rant checks, b"t it is "s"al and polite to ro"nd "p the amo"nt. For a c"p o( co((ee costing abo"t <.== )0*, yo" wo"ld ro"nd "p to <.D= )0*. +t a resta"rant, yo" sho"ld gi$e a tip o( at least (i$e percent. Gi$ing no tip at all is considered extremely r"de. 1ip when paying, donBt lea$e money on the table. 1ip the hat check or coat check attendant. +dd abo"t < )"ros to taxi (ares. 1ipping is very important. !hopping Locations 1here are two ma5or shopping locations. 1he ,ur+-rstendamm in the old west is lined with bo"ti2"es and department stores. !t contin"es eastwards (or abo"t three h"ndred yards where yo" can $isit ,a)eWe, the biggest department store in )"rope. 9n the newly-de$eloped .riedrichstra/e in the old east, the (amo"s French store Galleries #a(ayette is to be (o"nd together with a ma e o( "ndergro"nd shopping malls. /hops are generally open Oam-[:G=pm Ionday thro"gh Friday and Oam-@pm on /at"rdays
5ialoge
German 5ialogue
:elga Baria :elga Baria :elga :elga Baria :elga Baria :elga Angestellter Thomas Baria und :egla Angestellter Thomas Baria Angestellter Thomas Angestellter Thomas Baria Angestellter Thomas
Going !hopping Gehendes Einkaufen G"ten Iorgen, Iaria. Iorgen. 6ie gehtBsJ Iir gehtBs g"t. !ch gehe "m A"r(8rstendamm, mLchten /ie mit mir kommenJ ?a, gerne. !ch hole $orher noch Geld. !ch sehe /ie dann am A"r(8rstendamm. am ,ur+-rstendamm Hallo IariaT HalloT 6ohin gehen wir als erstesJ #assen /ie "ns " dieser 4o"ti2"e gehen. 9.A. in der Bouti0ue Hallo meine DamenT Hallo, g"ten 1ag. 4enLtigt ihr Hil(eJ ?a, ALnnen /ie mir hel(en, diesen *ock in meiner GrLSe " (indenJ :at8rlich. Hier ist der *ock in !hrer GrLSe. Danke. 6o ist die 0mkleidekabineJ Dort.
!hopping
!hopping
1heir is a lot to shopping, places to shop, money, items to b"y. !n this lesson we will co$er most o( it. 1here are two big shopping locations in 4erlin they are A"r(8rstendamm and AaDe6e. German Vocabulary !hopping Einkaufen English German 4abywear Die 4abyartikel %pl"ral& -hildrenBs 6ear Die Ainderbekleid"ng -learance /ale Der *,"m"ngs$erka"( -losed Geschlossen
-lothing Die Aleid"ng -omp"ter /ection Der -omp"tershop -osmetics Die Aosmetik -"stomer Der A"nde -"stomer /er$ice Der A"ndendienst )lectrical +ppliance Das )lektroger,t )scalator Die *olltreppe Fashion Die Iode F"rnit"re Das ILbel %no pl"ral& Gi(t Der Geschenkartikel Good .al"e %+d5.& Preiswert Groceries Die #ebensmittel %pl"ral& ?ewelery Damensch"he %pl"ral& #eather Goods Die #ederwaren %pl"ral& 9pen GeL((net 9pening Ho"rs Die V((n"ngs eiten %pl"ral& Present Das Geschenk *ed"ced *ed" iert /ales *eceipt Der Aassenbon /o"$enir Das +ndenken /pecial 9((er Das /onderangebot /ports Goods /portartikel %pl"ral& /tationery /chreibwaren %pl"ral& /"mmer /ale Der /ommerschl"ss$erka"( %abbr. //.& .ideo /tore Die .ideothek 6inter /ale Der 6interschl"ss$erka"( %abbr. 6/.&
1urfArstendamm
1wo A"r(8rstendamm has many bo"ti2"es, department stores, ect. 6hich are in 1a"ent ienstraSe and FasanenstraSe, two streets in A"r(8rstendamm. 1a"ent ienstraSe has a lot o( the department stores, incl"ding AaDe6e, which we will get into greater detail later. and FasanenstraSe has a lot o( the bo"ti2"es. German Vocabulary
1u@damm 1urfArstendamm English German Department /tore 6arenha"s *etail /tore )in elhandelsgesch,(t 1he Iall )inka"(s entr"m 4o"ti2"e 4o"ti2"e /tore Gesch,(t +nd some o( the thing to might say or ask while in a -lothing store...
K7nnen Sie mir he$*en2 meine Gr7(e zu *inden ;*'r dieses 5555<0 -an yo" help me (ind my si e %(or this ^^^^&J
German Vocabulary 1u@damm 1urfArstendamm English German Ianager Ianager )mployee +ngestellter /ales -lerk .erk,"(er -ashier Aassierer Dressing *oom 0mkleidekabine IenBs /ection I,nnerabteil"ng 6omenBs /ection Fra"enabteil"ng
/ection ProblemsFF
1a5eWe
+nd another shopping location is AaDe6e, a "pscale department store in Germany. !t has six (loors, and !s also called 31he department store o( the west3 %Aa"(ha"s des 6estens& beca"se it is the largest and most magni(icent department store on continental )"rope. German Vocabulary 1a5eWe 1aufhaus des Westens English German ,irst ,loor Erstes !tock erk Ienswear I,nnerkleid"ng !econd ,loor 9 eiter !tock 6omenswear Fra"enkleid"ng
Third ,loor 5ritte !tock Aids /ection Ainderabteil"ng ,ourth ,loor Vierter !tock )lectronics )lektronik Aitchenware A8chenbedar( ,ifth ,loor ,Anfter !tock #ighting 4ele"cht"ng 4edding 4ettw,sche 1oys /pielwaren !i< ,loor !echster !tock Food #ebensmittel /ince are ha$e most o( the general shopping phases and $oca"lary down, we are going to get more detail.
/ection ProblemsFF
Electronics
First is electronics, it might seem a little bare, b"t electronics and many other st"(( will be (eat"red in #esson ;<. German Vocabulary 1a5eWe 1aufhaus des Westens English German )lectronics )lektronik 1ele$ision Fernsehen Digital -amera Digitalkamera 1elephone 1ele(on -ell phone Iobiltele(on, Handy -omp"ter -omp"ter, *echner /peakers #a"tsprecher D.Ds D.D -Ds -D D.D Player D.D-Player -D Player -D-Player :otice that comp"ter is a abbre$iation o( Personal -omp"ter. +nd some phrases yo" can ask the employee. Spie$t der DVD6@$a-er auch +D0 Does the D.D player also play -DsJ Hat das Mo%i$te$e*on eine Digita$!amera0 Does the cell phone ha$e a digital cameraJ
!( yo" look at the word order o( this sentence, yo" will see yo"B$e already learned e$erything it those to sentence, and yo", yo"rsel( can c"stomi e these sentences i( yo" want.
/ection ProblemsFF
Eedding
+nd yes bedding will also be 2"ite bare as well, b"t that is beca"se bedding isnBt that big, b"t beds we will disc"ss in #esson ;<. German Vocabulary 1a5eWe 1aufhaus des Westens English German 4edding 4ettw,sche 4lankets Decken Pillow Aop(kissen Pillow -ase Aop(kissenbe 8ge /heets 4l,tter 4ed /kirt 4ett-*ock +nd like always here are some o( the things yo" might say that are related to bedding.
@assen die Kop*!issen%ez'ge au* das Kop*!issen0 Does the pillow case (it the pillowJ
+nd with that 2"estion there are other $ariations o( it yo" can ask, like...
@asst die Dec!e au* das Bett0 Does the blanket (it the bedJ
Germany, +"stria, #"xemb"rg, 4elgi"m and /8dtirol a in other words: all German speaking regions except /wit erland and #iechtensteina ha$e gi$en "p their (ormer c"rrencies and adopted the )"ro as o( ;OOO. 4eca"se they are not members o( the )"ropean 0nion, /wit erland and #iechtenstein ha$e kept the /wiss Francs. -"rrently ; )0* is =.[< 0/D, so the )"ro is stronger. :ow i( yo" were at a shopping center in German like A"r(8rstendamm, and yo" were shopping at a bo"ti2"e here is some $ocab"lary yo" might want to know.
German Vocabulary Boney Geld English German Price Preis :ote Der /chein -oin Die I8n e ; )"ro -oin Das )"rost8ck < )"ro -oin Das 'weie"rost8ck D )"ro :ote Der F8n(e"roschein ;= )"ro -oin Der 'ehne"roschein ;== )"ro -oin Der H"nderte"roschein Dote8 1he word coin %I8n e& t"rns to /t8ck when a word or n"mber is p"t together with it. )$en tho"gh in the $ocab"lary we list the ;, <, D, ;=, ;== )"ro there are more )"ro :otes. 1he twenty, (i(ty, and two h"ndred )"ro :otes are the ones we didnBt list, also there are cent coins. German Vocabulary Boney Geld English German ; -ent -oin Das -entst8ck < -ent -oin Das 'weicentst8ck D -ent -oin Das F8n(centst8ck ;= -ent -oin Das 'ehncentst8ck <= -ent -oin Das 'wan igcentst8ck D= -ent -oin Das F8n(centst8ck
German Bath
!n written German, a comma is "sed in prices where we wo"ld p"t a decimal point in )nglish. 1h"s c D,@O %or D,@O c& means *i/e euros and *ourt-6nine cents. !n shops and s"permarkets howe$er, prices can either be displayed by a comma or a decimal point. 6hen a price ends in a ro"nd n"mber o( e"ros, it is most commonly written as c D,- etc. 1he re$erse is also tr"e. 6here as )nglish "ses a comma to split "p large n"mbers, German "ses a decimal point. /o 3c H.O@D3 means si( thousand nine hundred and +ort!1+i2e euros - not si: point nine *our *i/e euros.
#lothing
Dote: !( the shirt yo" bo"ght was si e medi"m it wo"ld be a Gr7sse 3ittelhemd.
/ection +nswersFF
5escribing #lothes Here are some o( the words yo" can "se when yo"r describing them...
5heap EHpensive 4rett6 E&l6 #o%t $e. (road Wide :i&ht 5o!%orta le Billig Teuer Schn Hsslich Weich Neu Breit Weit Eng Bequem
! like itT #r3Sie3#s ge* $$t mir& ! donBt like itT #r3Sie3#s ge* $$t mir nicht& :ow i( yo" try something on yo" or yo"r looking (or a so(t shirt with a tight (it, yo" (ind it, (eel, try it on, b"t itBs (airly expensi$e yo" might say this... In English8 )he shirt $oo!s great& )he shirt *ee$s so*t2 *its tight. )he shirt is /er- com*orta%$e. Ho" much does it cost0 =h no& )he shirt is e:pensi/e& Wo"2 II euros thatBs a $itt$e too much. In German8 Das Hemd sieht prima aus& Das Hemd *'h$t sich "eich an2 es sitzt eng. Das Hemd ist sehr %eAuem. Wie/ie$ !ostet es0 Mist& Das Hemd ist zu teuer& II #uro ist zu/ie$. 1he phases to describe the shirt were... 1he shirt looks great. Das Hemd sieht prima aus$ 1he shirt (eels so(t. Das Hemd +-hlt sich "eich. 1he shirt (its tight. Der Hemd sitzt eng. :ow, the bold words are $erbs that are one part in describing how the shirt is. 1he other hal( o( describing it is the ad5ecti$es like so(t, tight, great, ect. +nd as yo" can see the $erb looks is separable, b"t we will get into that later. #lothingI/elated Verbs +nd now getting into $erbs here are some o( the $erbs, an also some o( these are /eparable-Pre(ix .erbs, like a"ssehen, anprobieren, and anhaben. 4"t we will st"dy those in more detail later. +lso we will be learning abo"t tragen.
:o He :o He :o He :o :o :o He look looks tr6 on tries on put on puts on take u6 have onG.ear has onG.ears ;1ussehen; ;Er sieht aus; ;1npro ieren; ;Er pro iert an; ;1nziehen; ;Er zieht an; ;$eh!en; ;>au%en; ;1nha en; or ;tra&en; ;Er hat an;
pre(ix is separated (rom the $erb and p"t at the end o( the sentence or cla"se. 9r, better p"t, !n the present tense and imperati$e, the pre(ix is separated (rom the in(initi$e stem. )xamples: 4,ch ha%e einen Mante$ an.4 %3!Bm wearing a coat.3 9r, more literally translated, 3! ha$e a coat on.3& 4Was hast du an04 %36hat are yo" wearingJ3 or 36hat do yo" ha$e onJ3& Howe$er, when the separable-pre(ix $erb is p"t at the end o( the sentence, s"ch as when "sed with a modal $erb, the $erb in 2"estion and its pre(ix are not separated. )xamples: 4Du "i$$st einen Mante$ anha%en.4 %3Eo" want to wear a coat.3& 4Wi$$st du eine B$use anha%en04 %3Do yo" want to wear a blo"seJ3&
/ection ProblemsFF
Tragen
!nstead o( 4anha%en4 the $erb 4tragen4 is o(ten "sed. 1he sentences (rom abo$e wo"ld then be: 4,ch trage einen Mante$.4 %3!Bm wearing a coat.3 & 4Was tr gst du04 %36hat are yo" wearingJ3& 4Du "i$$st einen Mante$ tragen.4 %3Eo" want to wear a coat.3& 4Wi$$st du eine B$use tragen04 %3Do yo" want to wear a blo"seJ3& 1he $erb 4tragen4 has two meanings: 3to wear3 and 3to carry3. /o i( someone says 4,ch trage Schuhe4 only the context will tell yo" whether the person is carrying the shoes in his hands or act"ally wearing them. 1ragen is a di((erent kind o( $erb, an irreg"lar $erb, not only does it change in the ending, b"t it changes in the beginning this also happens in the same way to fahrenG grabenG schaffenG and aschen% 4"t, heres the thing at the beginning only the a change into Q, and like this only happens to some $erbs. Here is the table (or tragen:
er/sie/es tr gt
#olors
-olor are also another great way to describe clothes like Das rote Hemd passt gut.which means 1he red shirt (its well. *ead the (ollowing paragraph, try to (ind the words described to ha$e a color. Wir *ahren in den Sch"arz"a$d. ,ch ha%e ein gr'nes Hemd getragen. Die Ceise "ar $ang. #s %egann ! $ter zu "erden und a%zu!'h$en. ,ch h7rte Musi! au* meinem %raunen i@od. ,ch %in sch$ie($ich
eingesch$a*en. A$s ich au*"achte2 sah ich den %$auen Himme$ und den "ei(en Schnee. !( yo" (o"nd D words yo" are right. !ch ar- hich means black =the !ch ar- ald =Elack ,orest? is a ooded mountain range? GrAnes :emd hich is a green shirt% Erauner iPod hich is a bro n iPod% Elauer :immel hich is blue sky% And ei)er !chnee hich is hite sno % +nd now (or the act"al colors...
8ed (lue Green 7ran&e 3iolet ?ello. (ro.n Indi&o Gra6 (lack White ;8ot; ;(lau; ;Gr0n; ;7ran&e; ;3eilchen; ;Gel ; ;(raun; ;Indi&o; ;Grau; ;#ch.arz; ;Wei;
/ection ProblemsFF
,acts
Eanks and Boney GermanyBs main banks are De"tsche 4ank, Dresdner 4ank and -ommer bank. 1he De"tsche 4ank is the bank o( iss"e and has its head2"arters in Frank("rt. 1here are many banks o( all kinds thro"gho"t the co"ntry. 4anks are open Ion-Fri Oam-;<pm or <:G=-@pm. 9n 1h"rsdays, they are open "ntil D:G= or Hpm. -hanging money is best done at a bank beca"se their rates will be better than exchange ser$ices located at 4"rea" de -hange. Ia5or post o((ice branches and tra$el agents also o((er c"rrency exchange. Germany is one o( ;< )"ropean co"ntries that ha$e replaced their national c"rrencies with the )"ro, which is m"ch stronger to the 0./. Dollar, b"t weaker than the 4ritish Po"nd.
5ialog
Vater2 Mutter und die Gesch"ister %e!ommen Besuch /on =ma und =pa.
-ater Karl: Hallo "utter und 3ater! Wie &eht es euch? , a .udol": 2anke, !ein #ohn. Es &eht uns &ut. ,ma Lieschen: $a !ein Enkel, du ist 'a richti& &ro &e.orden! Sohn Thomas: /a, 7!a Dieschen, ich .ei. Tochter !arie: 7!a! Hast du uns et.as !it&e racht? !utter Bettina: $un sei nicht so au%&ere&t "arie, lass 7!a und 7pa erst ein!al hereinko!!en. *kurze Zeit spter, die Geschenke wurden sch n !usgep!ckt"""+ Tochter !arie: "utti! :ho!as ni!!t !ir i!!er !eine 4uppe .e&. !utter Bettina: :ho!as! 2u sollst deiner #ch.ester ihre 4uppe nicht .e&neh!en. Sohn Thomas: $ein, das ist !eine 4uppe. !utter Bettina: $ein. 2ie 4uppe &eh-rt deiner #ch.ester. Sohn Thomas: /a 7>, hier hast du die 4uppe... !utter Bettina: End edanke dich ei deinen Groeltern, "arie.
People
The ,amily
Home is where the heart is, they say. +nd what is in the homeJ FamilyT o( co"rse, so this is a $ery important section o( the lesson. !tBll gi$e all $ocab"lary (or the (amily, and later in a di((erent section, yo"Bll learn how to describe yo"r brothers and sisters or any personT +nd now to get started lets do some $ocab"lary...
#ohn :ochter 3ater "utter Grovater Gro!utter 7pa 7!a #ch.ester (ruder Gesch.ister Enkel Enkelin Frau "ann #ch.ie&ervater #ch.ie&ertochter #ch.a&er #ch.&erin #ch.ie&er!utter #ch.ie&ersohn 7nkel :ante "utti "a!a 4apa R Y !n(ormal $erison o( the word #on 2au&hter Father "other Grand%ather Grand!other Grandpa Grand!a #ister (rother (rothers B #isters Grandson Granddau&hter Wi%e Hus and Father)in)Da. 2au&ther)in)Da. (rother)in)la. #ister)in)la. "other)in)la. #on)in)la. Encle 1unt J"utter J"utter J3ater
:ow e$en tho"gh many o( these are common phrases yo" and me wo"ld say in e$eryday li$e, some o( these are rather "sed when yo" are on a $isit to grandmotherBs, or things yo"r mother wo"ld say. Iaybe yo" notice some o( these in the dialog"e. :ow yo" might be asking 3How am ! going to speak (l"ent German, i( ! 5"st learn phrasesJ3 #ike ! said, these are basically (rom the dialog"e, and yo" can st"dy these to look at the word order. +lso certain things are 5"st di((ernt in German, like 36ie heiSt d"J3 which translates literally to 3How are yo" calledJ3 when we "se 36hat is yo"r nameJ3. 9kay let get started on these common phrases... 5u bist Fa richtig gro) ge orden >ou ha/e gro"n up so much ;usua$ sentence used %- =pa und =ma<
:ast du uns et as mitgebracht* Ha/e -ou %rought something *or us0 Dun sei nicht so aufgeregt% No" donBt %e so e:cited. Pemanden hereinkommen lassen% Let some%od- come in. =!ie? Wurden schon ausgepackt% ;)he-< Ha/e a$read- %een opened. =!ich? Eedanken fAr et as% )o than! *or something. Ksing ,ormal and Informal Pronouns in the ,amily
/ome $ery conser$ati$e (amilies might still "se !ie with grandparents or e$en parentsT 1his is sometimes practiced in (amilies o( nobility or exterritorial c"lt"ral islands in which older German c"stoms ha$e s"r$i$ed. Howe$er, "sing 3/ie3 (eels $ery o"tdated to the $ast ma5ority o( people. !n practically e$ery (amily all members "se du with each other.
5escribing People
! canBt describe in words how important this section o( the lesson is. )$en tho"gh yo" ha$e already learned to describe to some degree, here we will introd"ce a new aspect o( describing, and we will re$iew. 4"t how co"ld we describe i( we didnBt ha$e $ocab"laryJ Here it is...
$ice "ean 4rett6 E&l6 Intelli&ent Enintelli&ent Interestin& (orin& 1ctive Daz6 Funn6 #erious #tron& Weak 7dd :alented Entalented (oss6 $ett En%reundlich #ch-n Hlich Intelli&ent, 2enk%hi& Enintelli&ent, 2u!! Interessant Dan&.eili& 80hri& Faul >o!isch Ernstha%t >r%ti& #ch.ach Ei&enarti& (e&a t En e&a t 8echtha erisch
1he $erb "sed most o(ten (or describing is 3to %e3 which we learned in the (irst lesson. /ome examples are: He is "et2 She is stupid2 , am $az-. 4"t yo" do "se other $erbs like (eel, looks, ect. 1his lesson we will be sticking mostly with the $erbs weB$e learned in the past. 6e will, howe$er, learn one new $erb. +ll sentences we will create will be in the nomiti$e case. 9kay, letBs get startedT !n term o( bea"ty, yo" can say (o"r basic things. 1hese arenBt all, b"t these are the easiest and simplest ones. !he is beautiful% Sie ist sch7n. :e is ugly% #r ist h ($ich. 1hese two "se the $erb to %e, and the next one will "se the $erb to $oo! which wo"ld need something else in order to make sense. !he looks beautifulG but that shirt is ugly% Sie sieht sch7n aus2 a%er dieses Hemd ist h ($ich. :e looks uglyG but he looked handsome yesterday% #r sieht h ($ich aus2 a%er gestern hat er sch7n ausgesehen. +nd in the last sentence it says 3a"sgesehen.3 DonBt worry abo"t that--it wo"ldnBt be ta"ght "ntil #e$el G. /o since yo" get the idea o( describing, letBs learn a new $erbT +nd the new $erb is klingen which is to sound. +s in 3He so"nds weird.3, 3/he so"nds boring.3 /ince we know how to describe, we really donBt ha$e to co$er it. !tBs works 5"st like other $erbs. :e sounds nice% #r !$ingt nett. They sound funny% Sie !$ingen !omisch. *emember that when describing itBs /Z.Z+, or s"b5ect, $erb, then ad5ecti$e. )xactly like in )nglish. For right now, thatBs all (or describing things. 6e are going to ha$e some small describing lessons with some parts o( this lesson.
/elated Verbs
9kay we 5"st went o$er the $erb in the pre$io"s section. 1his will basically be a list that will help yo" memori e them better, and there is not a lot. 9ther then 3klingen3 and 3fAhlen3 yo" sho"ld know all o( these. 1he the 3)r sieht a"s3 is to show yo" it is a separable-pre(ix $erb.
#ein 1ussehen Er sieht aus F0hlen >lin&en :o :o He :o :o (e Dook Dooks Feel #ound
Dationality
1his also a large section o( this lesson, nationality, it is $ery important. Eo" can "se it as a stereotype, or (or yo"r heritage. 1here are many nationalities, too many to go o$er in this lesson, yo" will more nationality as this le$el, and book goes on. *ight now we are 5"st going to ha$e a $ag"e little list, and as this section goes there will be more, like ! ede and ! edish or ,renchman, ,rench oman, and ,rench. +nd so (or the list... BaFor Dationalities 1his is the small list, make s"re yo" memori e this list and the next one. 5eutscher Amerikaner !panier Italiener ,ran-ose Frenchman 5escribing People ith Dationality !t is no s"rprise yo" can describe people with nationality, most times, itBs stereotypical, like norwegians are blonde, tall, ect. or germans wear lederhosen, drink beer, and play polka all day long, b"t that is 5"st not tr"e. Howe$er yo" can 5"st "se it (or what it is, a nationality. !( yo" do describe people by nationality this will help. 9kay, yo" sho"ld already know how to describe, rightJ 1his part we will get more in to detail later, b"t right is is an important part o( describing people with nationality, e$en tho"gh in )nglish we most times donBt do this, in German they do. 1he di((erence between nationality and lang"age, like in )nglish, ,rench and french. 4"t in german it is fran-Lsisch and ,ran-oseG ,ran-Lsin. 1his also is how it works (or nationality describion by no"n or ad5ecti$e,
1here are two ways to describe someone. 6ith a no"n-based nationality word or an ad5ecti$e-based nationality word. Iost times in )nglish, the ad5ecti$e-based nationality and the lang"age o( that co"ntry as the same word, b"t, most o( the time, not in German. Eo" can see the di((erence with this exmaple. #:amp$eJ ,ch %in sch"edisch %! am /wedish& and ,ch spreche S"edish %! speak /wedish& +ltho"gh, sometimes they are the same, see the example below (or that, b"t most times it like the example abo$e. #:amp$eJ ,ch %in +ranzsisch %! am French& and ,ch spreche +ranzsisch %! speak French& \edit] Bore Dationalities \edit]
Age
:ow we are all (amiliar with the word 3alt43, which means o$d. +nd in )nglish, to (ind o"t somebodyBs age we ask 3Ho" o$d are -ou03. !n German it is exactly the same. +nd yo" were ta"ght, in latter lessons abo"t $erbs and 2"estions. Eo" might think it wo"ld be something like 3Wie a$t du03 or 3Wie %ist du a$t03. 1hat wo"ld be incorrect beca"se the (irst 2"estion doesnBt ha$e a $erb, and the second one is incorrect beca"se when asking a 2"estion it is okay to ha$e a ad5ecti$e a(ter the $erb or interrogati$e ad$erb. 1his all might so"nd con("sing, b"t itBs really not. :ow to ask the 2"estion with ;st person it is... Wie alt bin ich* Ho" o$d am ,0 +nd response yo" might get is... Ich bin RR Pahre alt% , am 55 -ears o$d. 5u bist RR Pahre alt. >ou are 55 -ears o$d. +nd now the pl"ral $ersion o( the ;st person...
Wie alt sind ir* Ho" o$d are "e0 1he responses yo" will get is... Wir sind RR Pahre alt% We are 55 -ears o$d. Ihr seid RR Pahre alt% >ou a$$ are 55 -ears o$d. 1o ask this important 2"estion in the <nd person. First, we will learn the biggest 2"estion here, 3Ho" o$d are -ou03 which is... Wie alt bist du* Ho" o$d are -ou0 +nd there is only one response to this it is... Ich bin RR Pahre alt% , am 55 -ears o$d. For the e2"ally important pl"ral <nd person... Wie alt seid ihr* Ho" o$d are -ou a$$0 6hich the response is... Wir sind RR Pahre alt% We are 55 -ears o$d. +nd (ormal 2"estion, (or both sing"lar and pl"ral is... Wie alt sind !ie* Ho" o$d are -ou0 Ho" o$d are -ou a$$0 Eo" sho"ld all ready get the pattern (or this, b"t we are going to keep on doing this doing this list, i( yo" arenBt s"re o( something or yo" are con("sed. /o (or the Grd person... Wie alt ist erMsie* Ho" o$d is he3she0
1he responses to this are... Er ist RR Pahre alt% He is 55 -ears o$d. !ie ist RR Pahre alt% She is 55 -ears o$d. +nd now the pl"ral Grd person o( 2"estion and response... Wie alt sind sie* Ho" o$d are the-0 +nd o( co"rse the response... !ie sind RR Pahre alt% )he- 55 -ears o$d. :ow with some people yo" might be able to g"ess their age, and yo" co"ld ask them directly abo"t it. 1his is "s"ally pretty o( r"de, b"t it ill"strates nicely how the phrase has to be changed i( yo" ask a yesno-2"estion, so letBs get started, anywayT Eist du RR Pahre alt* Are -ou 55 -ears o$d0 Ist erMsie RR Pahre alt* ,s he3she 55 -ears o$d0 !ind sie RR Pahre alt* Are the- 55 -ears o$d0 :ote the in$ersed order between 36ie alt bist d"J3 "nd 34ist d" ^^ ?ahre altJ3 1his is exactly the same as in )nglishT
Possessives
Person ;st <nd my yo"r !ingular )nglish German mein dein2 ,hr o"r yo"r Plural )nglish German unser euer2 ,hr
Grd his, she, its sein2 ihr2 sein their ihr Dote: B)"erB is irreg"lar. 6hen Be"erB has to ha$e a di((erent ending the e be(ore r is dropped, so it t"rns into Be"r-B.
E<pressing ,avorites
!chool in Germany
/chool is not reg"lated nationwide, b"t by each #and German 3Aindergarten3 is optional - it translates rather to 3play school3, 3.orsch"le3 being ro"ghly the e2"i$alent to 3Aindergarten3 From the age o( six on, all Germans attend a 3Gr"ndsch"le3 %elementary school& (or (o"r or six years, depending on the #and. +(ter that, they go to either the 3Ha"ptsch"le3 which is ind"strially oriented, the 3*ealsch"le3, which is ... oriented, the 3Gymnasi"m3, which is academically oriented, or the 3Gesamtsch"le3, or comprehensi$e school. /chooling is obligatory "ntil the age o( ;H, b"t the Gymnasi"m diploma 3+bit"r3 can only be obtained a(ter ;< or ;G years, i.e. at age ;[ or ;O. #atin and sometimes e$en ancient Greek are reg"larly ta"ght at the Gymnasi"m. For the 3+bit"r3, at least two (oreign lang"ages as well as some calc"l"s and analysis classes ha$e to be taken. /chool days o(ten are (rom [-;Gh. !n most B#,nderB, only the older st"dents ha$e additional classes between abo"t ;@-;D.G=h %thats [ a.m. - ; p.m. and < p.m. - G.G= p.m. 7-& !n most schools, )xtrac"rric"lar +cti$ities are o((ered, s"ch as Drama -l"b or /chool -hoir, b"t they are less common than in the 0./. 1ho"gh many st"dents (eel some sort o( identi(ication with their school, most are 5"st happy when they can go home 7-& Generally speaking, many schools still are more (ormal than 0/ or -anadian schools. 1he marking system "ses ; %$ery good, [N,Dd&, < %good NDd&, RR G %satis(actory, H<,Dd&, @ %s"((icient D=d&. D %(a"lty& is (ailed. H %not s"((icient& is only "sed when the st"dent literally hands in a blank sheet. 1hese marks can be modi(ied with a 3Z3 or a 3-3 to indicate a tendency, so e.g. <Z is a (airly good mark that corresponds to abo"t [=d.
5ialoge
#ilke: /etzt ha en .ir "athe. :orsten: 7'e, ich ha e 0 erhaupt keine Dust... #ilke: Hast du die 1u%&a en &e!acht?
:orsten: /a, vorhin i! (us. #ilke: #uper! >ann ich noch schnell von dir a schrei en? Dehrer *(etritt den 8au!+: Guten "or&en! >lasse: Guten "or&en! Dehrer: #etzt euch. Dehrer: Wer !-chte die 1u%&a en an der :a%el rechnen? Florian? Florian &eht zur :a%el, schrei t an und liest vor: ;K plus L ist &leich @C; ;L !inus K ist &leich C; ;C !al L ist &leich AM; ;AM &eteilt durch @A ist &leich A; Dehrer: #ehr &ut, Florian! 2ie Glocke lutet. Es ist F0n%!inutenpause. #ilke: #chnell, .ir !0ssen in den "usikrau!! :orsten: 1u 'a, darau% %reue ich !ich schon! #ilke: Weit du denn, .as .ir heute !achen? :orsten: Wir .ollten doch heute ein Died von Gr-ne!e6er sin&en! #ilke: 1ch 'a? Welches denn? :orsten: ;1lkohol;, &lau e ich... $ach de! "usikunterricht: :orsten: #chau noch !al au% den #tundenplan! #ilke: /etzt ha en .ir nur noch Geschichte... :orsten: >o!!, .ir sch.nzen und &ehen ins (istro. #ilke: #chon .ieder!
:ote that the reason (or the in$erted 3ha$e we3 is that in German, it is o(ten possible to change the order o( a phrase to emphasi e. 4"t beca"se 3?et t3 is in the beginning, 3wir haben3 has to be in$erted.
7'e, ich ha e 0 erhaupt keine Dust *dazu+...
395e3 is a common exclamation, and corresponds to 3oh no3. 3#"st % " etwas& haben3 means 3(eeling like %it&3. 3!ch habe keine #"st %da "&3 is 3! donBt (eel like %it&3. 3!ch habe '%erhaupt keine #"st3 emphasi es it, meaning 3! donBt (eel like it at all.3
Hast du die 1u%&a en &e!acht? Have 6ou the tasks done?
1his is a common practice o( st"dents e$erywhere in the world, ! g"ess... 3.orhin3 is a common word to designate something that lies not (ar in the past - a co"ple o( min"tes ago (or example. :otice the contraction o( 3im3, which is deri$ed (rom 3in dem3, 3in the3.
#uper! >ann ich noch schnell von dir a schrei en? #uper! 5an I 'ust Nuickl6 %ro! 6ou cop6?
3/"per3, 3-ool3, 31oll3, are common exclamations ... 3:och schnell3 is here meant as 3while there is still time3
Dehrer *(etritt den 8au!+: Guten "or&en! :eacher *enters the roo!+: Good "ornin&! >lasse: Guten "or&en! 5lass: Good "ornin&! Dehrer: #etzt euch. :eacher: #it do.n.
Ees, there are still schools, where it is common (or the st"dents to stand "p when the teacher enters the room. 1his is not a military tradition, b"t is s"pposed to (oc"s the st"dents and ha$e them interr"pt whate$er they were doing, so the new class can begin. 1his c"stom is becoming less pop"lar, tho"gh...
Wer !-chte die 1u%&a en an der :a%el rechnen? Florian? Who .ould like the tasks on the lack oard *to+ calculate?
36ho wo"ld like to do these 2"estions on the blackboardJ3 :ote that 31a(el3 is related to 3table3, meaning a (lat s"r(ace, and indeed German 31a(el3 can also designate a table prepared (or a (east. DonBt let the weird order o( the words dist"rb yo", e$en i( the phrase seems totally incomprehensible at (irst. !Bll try to constr"ct this bit by bit: 1his is the basic 2"estion and answer pair:
;Wer rechnet?; ) ;Ich rechne.; ;Who calculates?; ) ;I calculate.;
:ote that the 3to3 is already incl"ded in the German word 3rechnen3. 3*echnen3 is clearly already an in(initi$e, and doesnBt need a 3 "3 to pro$e it. 1his is one o( the main reasons why complicated con5"gations can s"r$i$e, they contain in(ormation that doesnBt ha$e to be expressed otherwise then... 1o be a little more polite %or at least seem like it, since o"r teacher probably wo"ldnBt take a no (or an answer 7-&
;Wer !-chte rechnen?; ) ;Ich !-chte rechnen!; ;Who .ould like to calculate?; ) ;I .ould like to calculate;
1his is another example (or bre$ity by con5"gation. 1he word 3mLchte3 contains the 3wo"ld3, as it is a 3Aon5"nkti$3-(orm o( the word 3mLgen3 which translates to 3like3. DonBt be disco"raged, many Germans donBt reali e this, and many donBt "se the Aon5"nkti$ correctly, i( e$er. Howe$er, 3ich mLchte3-phrases are extremely pop"lar, so 5"st "se them, e$en i( yo" didnBt "nderstand yet a word o( the explanation abo$e 7-& #etBs introd"ce ob5ects in o"r phrase:
;Wer rechnet die 1u%&a e?; ) ;Ich rechne die 1u%&a e; ;Who calculates the task?; ) ;I calculate the task;, !eanin& ;Who ans.ers the Nuestion;
1his is a direct ob5ect, 3+"(gabe3 is in the acc"sati$e case. 4eca"se this is a (eminine no"n, this is not so ob$io"s, b"t the str"ct"re is the same as in:
;Wer sieht den "ann?; ) ;Ich sehe den "ann.; ;Who sees the !an?; ) ;I see the !an.;
:ow, we also ha$e an ad$erbial expression o( the place. 1his is an expression that de(ines the $erb, th"s ad-$erbial.
;Wer rechnet an der :a%el?; ) ;Ich rechne an der :a%el; ;Who calculates on the lack oard?; ) ;I calculate on the lack oard;
:ote that the order o( the ob5ect an the ad$erbial expression is interchangeable. Eo" can emphasi e something by p"tting it closer to the end o( the phrase. +nd now (or the whole phrase in all its glory:
;Wer O !-chte O die 1u%&a e O an der :a%el O rechnen?; ) ;Ich O !-chte O die 1u%&a e O an der :a%el O rechnen.; ;Who O .ould like O the task O on the lack oard O *to+ calculate?; ) ;I O .ould like O the task O on the lack oard O *to+ calculate.;
e%ore:
3Florian goes to the blackboard, writes down and reads o"t alo"d3 3 "r3 is another contraction, this time o( 3 "3 and 3der3. :ote that a(ter 3 "3 (ollows the dati$e case, so 3der3 is not the masc"line b"t the (eminine article 7-& 3anschreiben3 splits to 3schreibt an3, and means litterally 3writing on3. !t is o(ten "sed when writing legibly on a large, $isible s"r(ace s"ch as blackboard or a (lipchart. 3$orlesen3 splits to 3liest $or3, and originates in 3read be(ore %an a"dience&3. !t translates to 3read alo"d3.
;K plus L ist &leich @C; ;L !inus K ist &leich C; ;C !al L ist &leich AM; ;AM &eteilt durch @A ist &leich A;
/o, as yo" might ha$e g"essed, pl"s and min"s are the same as in )nglish - they are 5"st prono"nced German. 1he $erbs 3addieren3 and 3s"btrahieren3 are probably not di((ic"lt either... 3!st gleich3 or short 3gleich3 corresponds ob$io"sly to 3is e2"al to3 or 3e2"als3.
3mal3 means 3times3. 1his is also "sed in e$ery day phrases, s"ch as 3;==mal habe ich dir gesagt ...3 3! told yo" a ;== times ...3 1he corresponding $erb is 3malnehmen3 or 3m"ltipli ieren3 3geteilt d"rch3 is literally 3di$ided by3, and the $erb is 3teilen3 or 3di$idieren3. #ehrer: /ehr g"t, FlorianT .ery good, FlorianT :ow, that was easyT
2ie Glocke lutet. Es ist F0n%!inutenpause. :he ell rin&s. It is %ive)!inute) reak
4etween classes, there is "s"ally a break o( (i$e min"tes to allow teachers and st"dents to go (rom one classroom to another. !n most schools, classes s"ch as German, )nglish, History, Philosophy are ta"ght in the classroom. -lasses that "se special e2"ipment, s"ch as all sciences, m"sic and arts and o( co"rse comp"ters and sport are being ta"ght in a speciali ed lab classes.
#chnell, .ir !0ssen zu "usik! Iuick, .e !ust to !usic!
1his sentence so"nds strange. 1his is, beca"se in e$eryday German, sometimes the $erb gehen can be le(t o"t, i( it is clear what is meant. !n this case, the complete phrase wo"ld ha$e to be 36ir m8ssen " I"sik gehen3. 4"t since 1orsten will not think /ilke is going to (ly there, there will be no mis"nderstanding. +dditionnally, the word 3class3, or 3co"rse3 is missing, which is the "s"al way o( st"dents to talk abo"t their s"b5ects. :ote: !n )nglish, the phrase wo"ld might be 36e ha/e to go to the m"sic room3 instead o( must. 1he German translation 36ir haben in den I"sikra"m " gehen3 wo"ld be "nderstood, b"t is 2"ite (ormal. +dditionally, there is a connotation that the speaker distances himsel( (rom the order he is being gi$en.
1u 'a, darau% %reue ich !ich schon! 7h 6es, on this look %or.ard I !6sel% alread6!
6hew, what was thatJ #etBs start at the beginning. 3+" 5a3 ist an exclamation meaning 3cool3, 3thatBs great3. !t has nothing to do with the German e2"i$alent o( 3o"chT3, which is 3a"%a&T3 7-& 3/ich (re"en3 means 3being happy3. !t is re*$e:i/e s"ch as in 3! help mysel(3, beca"se the s"b5ect and the ob5ect are the same. /ome phrases simply are constr"cted like this, e$en i( there seems to be no real reason to this, and many lang"ages know this phenomenon. 1he 3sich3 here is technically the acc"sati$e o( 3he, she, it3 and is being changed depending on the person:
ich %reue !ich du %reust dich er, sie, es %reut sich .ir %reuen uns ihr %reut euch #ieGsie %reuen sich I a! happ6 *thou art happ6+ he, she, it is happ6 .e are happ6 6ou are happ6 the6 are happ6
:ote that 3to be happy3 act"ally wo"ld be rather translated by 3gl8cklich sein3, b"t it is the closest )nglish e2"i$alent to 3sich (re"en3. 3/ich '%er et"as (re"en3 means 3to be happy a%out something3. 1his is kind o( sel(-explanatory. 4"t
3sich au* et"as (re"en3, literally 3to be happy on something3 means 3to look (orward to3. 1his is a common phrase that "ses the on in the same wide sense as in 3on dr"gs3, or 3li$ing on something3 there is no spatial relation here... !n 3dara"(3 yo" recogni e the 3a"(3. 1he 3da3 is a demonstrati$e pro"no"n s"ch as in 3that place3. 3Dara"(3 act"ally is another contraction which de$elopped a long time ago (rom 3da-hera"(3. 1he 3dara"(3 is re(erencing the word 3I"sik3 (rom /ilkeBs sentence. /o 3+" 5a, dara"( (re"e ich mich schon3 or 3on-this look-(orward ! mysel( already3 5"st means 3Great, !Bm already looking (orward to that3 Iaybe it com(orts yo" a little that the )nglish phrase in a word-by-word translation to German wo"ld be 5"st as inintelligeable...
Weit du denn, .as .ir heute !achen? >no. 6ou then .hat .e toda6 !ake?
31hen do yo" know what we %are going to& do todayJ3 :ote again, that 3machen3 o(ten does not translate to 3make3, b"t to 3do3T
Wir .ollten doch heute ein Died von Gr-ne!e6er sin&en! We .anted * ut+ toda6 a son& o% Gr-ne!e6er sin&!
34"t we wanted to sing a song by GrLnemeyer todayT3 1he 3doch3 doesnBt literally mean 3b"t3, b"t is a $ery common phrase to rein(orce and emphasi e. !ts most common "se is probably in 3?aT - :einT - D9-HT3 - 3EesT - :o3 - /9T3 !t is a stronger yes, in spite o( the 3no3, and especially little kids like the word 7-&
1ch 'a? Welches denn? 7h 6es? Which then? ;1lkohol;, &lau e ich... ;1lcohol;, elieve I...
:ote that adding a 3gla"be ich3 is another common phrase, exacly as 3! think3 or 3! belie$e3 can be added to an )nglish phrase. :e$er mind the word order, this is beca"se technically the s"bordinate cla"se o( the sentence is p"t to the beginning... 3!ch gla"be, dass 3+lkohol3 das #ied ist3 `-F 3Dass 3+lkohol3 das #ied ist, gla"be ich3 3! belie$e that 3+lcohol3 is the song3 `-F 31hat 3+lcohol3 is the song, ! belie$e3 Herbert GrLnemeyer is a $ery pop"lar German rock singer (rom the *"hr region. His most (amo"s songs incl"de 3I,nner3, 34och"m3 %a city in the *"hr region&, 3Iensch3 and also 3+lkohol3. 4Lache2 "enn es nicht zum Weinen reicht&4 6 song tit$e on the a$%um 4Mensch42 EFFE
$ach de! "usikunterricht: 1%ter the !usic class:
30nterricht3 comes (rom 3"nterrichten3 3to teach3, and means simply 3class3. 4etter not think abo"t 3"nder3 and 3right3 here, which yo" might ha$e correctly recogni ed as the wordBs components 7-& 3richten3 literally means 3to correct3.
#chau noch !al au% den #tundenplan! Dook still once on the hour)plan!
3Ha$e a look at the sched"le once againT3 3noch einmal3 or short 3noch mal3 - 3%once& again3 - both words yo" ha$e met be(ore. 3mal3 is the same as in 3drei mal3 - 3three times3, and since 3one time3 in )nglish is replaced by 3once3 this is only logical 7-& 3noch3 is more di((ic"lt, b"t with the literal translation o( 3noch einmal3 - 3still once3 yo" can maybe get the idea ...
/etzt ha en .ir nur noch Geschichte... $o. have .e onl6 still histor6...
3-ome on, letBs skip class and go to the bistro instead3. +s in )nglish, 3Aomm3 can be "sed to moti$ate others. 1here is yet another contraction here 3ins3 is deri$ed (rom 3in das3, meaning 3in the3. 3das3 is the ne"tral article in acc"sati$e case here.
#chon .ieder! 1lread6 a&ain!
Aufgabe
/ome o( the words in the dialog"es abo$e are 3(illers3, that are commonly "sed to make spoken lang"age (low. 1hey are not carrying any necessary in(ormation, strictly speaking, b"t they help make the phrases so"nd 3real3. Eo" certainly know s"ch words in )nglish, s"ch as 3well3, 3like3, 3kinda3, 3yBknow3... 1ry to spot those words and red"ce the phrases. 1hen try to spot all the words that gi$e additional in(ormation. Eo" sho"ld end "p with phrases that contain only /"b5ect and .erb and maybe an 9b5ect. Iake a list o( all the contractions "sed in this chapter. -an yo" determine the ("ll tablesJ
!chool
Vocabulary
!choolI/elated Verbs
:o :o :o :o :o
!chool #lasses
2eutsch En&lisch 8ussisch Franz-sisch Datein "athe!atik #port >unst or 9eichnen "usik Geschichte (iolo&ie Geo&ra%ie 8eli&ion 5he!ie 4h6sik In%or!atik Elektronische 2atenverar eitun&
Ger!an En&lish 8ussian French Datin "athe!atics 4E or G6! 1rts "usic Histor6 (iolo&6 Geo&raph6 8E or 8eli&ion 5he!istr6 4h6sics 5o!puter #cience 5o!puter #cience
der 8adier&u!!i der (leisti%t der >uliG>u&elschrei er das Fach die >lasse der Dehrer die Dehrerin die #chule der #ch0ler #chool and Do.er+ der #tudent die #tundeG#chulstunde die 4ause die #chultasche
EraserG8u er 4encil 4en #u 'ect 5lass :eacher *!ale+ :eacher *%e!ale+ #chool #tudent *Hi&hG#econdar6 #tudent *5olle&eGEniversit6+ Desson (reak (ackpack
/evie $%&+
Vocabulary
(a 6.ear 5hildren,s Wear 5learance #ale 5losed 5lothin& 5o!puter #ection 5os!etics 5usto!er 5usto!er #ervice Electrical 1ppliance Escalator Fashion Furniture Gi%t Good 3alue *1d'.+ Groceries /e.eler6 Deather Goods 7pen 7penin& Hours 4resent 8educed #ales 8eceipt #ouvenir #pecial 7%%er #ports Goods #tationer6 #u!!er #ale 3ideo #tore Winter #ale 2epart!ent #tore 8etail #tore :he "all (outiNue #tore "ana&er E!plo6ee #ales 5lerk 5ashier 2ressin& 8oo! "en,s #ection Wo!en,s #ection First Floor 2ie (a 6artikel *plural+ 2ie >inder ekleidun& 2er 8u!un&sverkau% Geschlossen 2ie >leidun& 2er 5o!putershop 2ie >os!etik 2er >unde 2er >undendienst 2as Elektro&ert 2ie 8olltreppe 2ie "ode 2as "- el *no plural+ 2er Geschenkartikel 4reis.ert 2ie De ens!ittel *plural+ 2a!enschuhe *plural+ 2ie Deder.aren *plural+ Ge-%%net 2ie P%%nun&szeiten *plural+ 2as Geschenk 8eduziert 2er >assen on 2as 1ndenken 2as #onderan&e ot #portartikel *plural+ #chrei .aren *plural+ 2er #o!!erschlussverkau% *a 2ie 3ideothek 2er Winterschlussverkau% *a Warenhaus Einzelhandels&esch%t Einkau%szentru! (outiNue Gesch%t "ana&er 1n&estellter 3erku%er >assierer E!kleideka ine "nnera teilun& Frauena teilun& Erstes #tock.erk
r. ##3+ r. W#3+
"ens.ear #econd Floor Wo!ens.ear :hird Floor >ids #ection Fourth Floor Electronics >itchen.are Fi%th Floor Di&htin& (eddin& :o6s #iH Floor Food Electronics :elevision 2i&ital 5a!era :elephone 5ell phone 5o!puter #peakers 232s 52s 232 4la6er 52 4la6er (eddin& (lankets 4illo. 4illo. 5ase #heets (ed #kirt 4rice $ote 5oin @ Euro 5oin A Euro 5oin K Euro $ote @Q Euro $ote @QQ Euro $ote @ 5ent 5oin A 5ent 5oin K 5ent 5oin @Q 5ent 5oin AQ 5ent 5oin KQ 5ent 5oin #kirt 4ullover #car% 5oat #hirt #.eater $ecktie /acket 4ants Hat #hoe
"nnerkleidun& 9.eiter #tock Frauenkleidun& 2ritte #tock >indera teilun& 3ierter #tock Elektronik >0chen edar% F0n%ter #tock (eleuchtun& (ett.sche #piel.aren #echster #tock De ens!ittel Elektronik Fernsehen 2i&italka!era :ele%on "o iltele%on, Hand6 5o!puter, 8echner Dautsprecher 232 52 232)4la6er 52)4la6er (ett.sche 2ecken >op%kissen >op%kissen ezu& (ltter (ett)8ock 4reis 2er #chein 2ie "0nze 2as Eurost0ck 2as 9.eieurost0ck 2er F0n%euroschein 2er 9ehneuroschein 2er Hunderteuroschein 2as 5entst0ck 2as 9.eicentst0ck 2as F0n%centst0ck 2as 9ehncentst0ck 2as 9.anzi¢st0ck 2as F0n%zi¢st0ck 2er 2er 2as 2er 2as 2er 2er 2ie 2ie 2er 2er 8ock 4ullover :uch "antel He!d 4ullover #chlips /acke Hose Hut #chuh
#ock Glove (louse #ize 5olor 5otton Deather 8a6on #!all "ediu! Dar&e EHtra)Dar&e 5heap EHpensive 4rett6 E&l6 #o%t $e. (road Wide :i&ht 5o!%orta le 8ed (lue Green 7ran&e 3iolet ?ello. (ro.n Indi&o Gra6 (lack White :o :o :o :o :o :o Dook :r6 7n 4ut 7n :ake (u6 Have 7nGWear
2ie #ocke 2er Handschuh 2ie (luse 2ie Gr-e 2ie Far e 2ie (au!.olle 2as Deder 2ie >untseide >lein "ittel Gro EHtra&ro (illi& :euer #ch-n Hsslich Weich $eu (reit Weit En& (eNue! 8ot (lau Gr0n 7ran&e 3eilchen Gel (raun Indi&o Grau #ch.arz Wei 1ussehen 1npro ieren 1nziehen $eh!en >au%en 1nha en :ra&en #on 2au&hter Father "other Grand%ather Grand!other Grandpa Grand!a #ister (rother (rothers B #isters Grandson Granddau&hter Wi%e
#ohn :ochter 3ater "utter Grovater Gro!utter 7pa 7!a #ch.ester (ruder Gesch.ister Enkel Enkelin Frau
"ann #ch.ie&ervater #ch.ie&ertochter #ch.a&er #ch.&erin #ch.ie&er!utter #ch.ie&ersohn 7nkel :ante Geschenk $i!!t Desen #chrei en #tudieren Dernen 9eichnen 2eutsch En&lisch 8ussisch Franz-sisch Datein "athe!atik #port >unst or 9eichnen "usik Geschichte (iolo&ie Geo&ra%ie 8eli&ion 5he!ie 4h6sik In%or!atik der der der das die der die die der der die die die 8adier&u!!i (leisti%t >uliG>u&elschrei er Fach >lasse Dehrer Dehrerin #chule #ch0ler #tudent #tundeG#chulstunde 4ause #chultasche
Hus and Father)in)Da. 2au&ther)in)Da. (rother)in)Da. #ister)in)Da. "other)in)Da. #on)in)Da. Encle 1unt 4resent :o :o :o :o :o :o :ake 1.a6 8ead Write #tud6 #tud6 4aint
Ger!an En&lish 8ussian French Datin "athe!atics 4E or G6! 1rts "usic Histor6 (iolo&6 Geo&raph6 8E or 8eli&ion 5he!istr6 4h6sics 5o!puter #cience EraserG8u er 4encil 4en #u 'ect 5lass :eacher *!ale+ :eacher *%e!ale+ #chool #tudent *Hi&hG#econdar6 #chool and Do.er+ #tudent *5olle&eGEniversit6+ Desson (reak (ackpack
Gifts
Vocabulary
das #piel das 3ideospiel Ga!e 3ideo Ga!e
Parties
Vocabulary
der /paS die Feier die Party die I"sik die 1orte das Fass das 4ier der /chnaps der 6ein listen der 6eiSwein der *otwein Feiern 1rinken /a"(en )rbrechen / sich Wbergeben Aot en 1an en
R Y + Formal Dinner Party
F"n PartyR Party I"sic -ake Aeg 4eer Hard #i2"or 6ine 6hite 6ine *ed 6ine 1o Party Drinking 1o Get Dr"nk 1o 1hrow 0p 1o P"ke ;s$ang< 1o Dance
5ifferent #elebrations
!nack ,oods
Vocabulary
das Wasser Water
Tasks
5leanin& 8eini&un&
Plans
#ommon Phases
,ch ha%e @$ ne... ! ha$e plans... ,ch ha%e @$ ne mit... ! ha$e plans with...
Places To Go
Vocabulary /erman0
Hu! ur& (erlin Frank%urt 5olon&e "unich Ha! ur& (erlin Frank%urt >-ln "0nchen
Deutschland
#ommon Phases
,ch muss gehen... ! ha$e to go to...
5ialoge
Wo$*gang ca$$s his *riend Monica a*ter he sees the "eather *orecast.
Wol"gang: "ist! !onica: Was? Wol"gang: Es .ird re&nen. !onica: 2u hattest 4lne, richti&? Wol"gang: /a, Ich .ollte eini&e Weihnachten&eschenke kau%en. !onica: Ich ha e !ehr schlechte $achrichten. Wol"gang: $ein! Was ist es? !onica: Es .ird re&nen und dann spter in einen starken #chneestur! 0 er.echseln. Wol"gang: $ein! 2ie #trae .ird !it Eis edeckt sein. !onica: Ich .ei. Ich !uss zur >lasse &ehen. 1u% Wiedersehen !ein Freund. Wol"gang: (is 2ann!
Weather
Vocabulary
Weather 8ain #no. #no. #ho.ers #ho.ers :hunder #tor! :hunderstor! 5loud6 7vercast Hail 2rizzle :ha. Frost
Wetter 8e&en #chnee #chneeschauer, #chnee%all #chauer 2onner #tur! Ge.itter (e.-lkt (edeckt Ha&el $ieseln :auen Frost
#ommon Phases
Wie ist das Wetter0 HowBs the weatherJ Wie ist das "etter ...0 6hat is the weather (or ...J K7nnen Sie mir sagen "ie das Wetter heute ist0 -an yo" tell me todayBs weatherJ ,st es...0 !s it...J
Transportation
Vocabulary
/evie $%&.
Vocabulary
das das der die die die die das das der der der der #piel 3ideospiel #pa Feier 4art6 "usik :orte Fass (ier #chnaps Wein Wei.ein 8ot.ein Ga!e 3ideo Ga!e Fun 4art6J 4art6 "usic 5ake >e& (eer Hard DiNuor Wine White Wine 8ed Wine :o 4art6 2rinkin& :o Get 2runk :o :hro. Ep :o 4uke #sl!ng$ :o 2ance (irthda6 5hrist!as Easter 1nniversar6 Water 1r eit 1rzt Gesch%ts!ann Gesch%ts%rau Dehrer 4olizei ea!te Feuer.ehr!ann #chauspieler >0nstler #chri%tsteller (ankan&estellter 1uto!echaniker 5he!iker (ea!ter In&enieur Dand.irt Friseur /ournalist
Feiern :rinken #au%en Er rechen G sich R er&e en >otzen :anzen der Ge urtsta& Weihnachten 7stern das /u ilu! das Wasser Work 2octor (uniness "an (uniness Wo!an :eacher 4olice 7%%icer Fire!an 1ctor 1rtist 1uthor (ank 5lerk 5ar "echanic 5he!ist 5ivil #ervant En&ineer Far!er Hairdresser /ournalist
Da.6er Decturer $urse 4ensioner 4hoto&rapher 4olitician 4ost!an 4ro%essor #alesperson #ecretar6 #tudent :aHi 2river Waiter Ger!an6 Hu! ur& (erlin Frank%urt 5olon&e "unich Weather 8ain #no. #no. #ho.ers #ho.ers :hunder #tor! :hunderstor! 5loud6 7vercast Hail 2rizzle :ha. Frost 5ar :rain :rainstation 1irplane (oat Hi&h.a6 8oad
8echtsan.alt 2ozent >rankenp%le&er 8entner Foto&ra% 4olitiker (rie%tr&er 4ro%essor 3erku%er #ekretr #tudent :aHi%ahrer >ellner 2eutschland Ha! ur& (erlin Frank%urt >-ln "0nchen Wetter 8e&en #chnee #chneesch #chauer 2onner #tur! Ge.itter (e.-lkt (edeckt Ha&el $ieseln :auen Frost 1uto 9u& (ahnho% Flu&zeu& (oot Dandstrae #trae
unde2eloped
unde2eloped
unde2eloped
/evie $%&.
unde2eloped
Level T o #ontents
!ection +%&$ ( Salzburg Austria
Lesson +%&$ ' Einfache GesprQche unter ,reunden ( German grammar %introd"ction&, (amiliar con$ersations, word order in 2"estions, prono"ns %introd"ction&. Lesson +%&+ ' ,remde und ,reunde ( .erbs %introd"ction&, prono"ns in nominati$e case, (ormal con$ersations, prono"n gender. Lesson +%&. ' 5ie 9ahlen ( -o"nting %theme&, n"mbers ; to ;<, telling time, no"ns %introd"ction&, de(inite articles K no"n gender, inde(inite articles. Lesson +%&0 ' Eine Geschichte Aber 9Arich ( +d5ecti$es %introd"ction&, no"ns and prono"ns in the acc"sati$e and dati$e, interrogati$es. /evie +%&$ ' *e$iew o( #essons ;-@
Lesson +%&2 ' 5ie Wohnung ( -on5"gating $erbs %present tense&, commands. Lesson +%&3 ' Bathematik ( /imple math, n"mbers ;G-;==, telling time: min"tes K seconds, days o( the week, months, and seasons Lesson +%&4 ' BeinG 5einG und !ein ( /chool s"b5ects, a description o( German schools, basic $ocab"lary in school classes %math, geography, etc.&, and school s"pplies. Lesson +%&6 ' Einkaufen gehen ( +rticles o( clothing, separable $erbs, colors. /evie +%&+ ' *e$iew o( #essons D-[
Lesson +%&7 ' Verbtempus und Wortstellung ( !n$erted word order, past and ("t"re tense $erbs. Lesson +%$& ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson +%$$ ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson +%$+ ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped /evie +%&. M *e$iew o( #essons O-;<
!n this con$ersation we learn se$eral simple greetings exchanged between (riends meeting $ery brie(ly on the street.
Vokabeln $I$
1his (irst $ocab"lary %Vo!a%e$n& may seem a bit long considering yo" ha$e been presented with only the brie( con$ersation piece abo$e, b"t it also contains all o( the German words yo" ha$e enco"ntered "p to this point in the #e$el !! textbook, incl"ding words in photo captions and lesson section headers.
1he layo"t o( the Vo!a%e$n is explained in the #esson #ayo"t G"ide in the German>)nglish textbook introd"ction, b"t the (o"r parts o( the Vo!a%e$n are labeled in this (irst lesson to reen(orce the concept. :ote that col"mn G may contain %in parentheses& additional notes abo"t a word in col"mn ;. +lso, yo" can (ind the greeting phrases that appear in the simple con$ersations abo$e %and many others& in +nhang <, a German-)nglish phrase book.
$7E$# der die der das die die die das die das 1nhan&, die 1nhn&e (r0cke Freund, die Freunde Ges rch, die Ges rche Gra!matik Dektion #trae :or 3o#a eln 3or.ort #H78: 4H81#E# au% der #trae 1u% Wiedersehen Es &eht !ir &ut &ood,+ Guten :a&! End dir? 6ou?,+ unter Freunden Wie &eht es dir? 6ou?,+ Wie &eht,s? used+ 3E8(# &ehen tre%%en &o !eet, co!e upon *geht is ;&oes;+ *tri%%t is ;!eets;+ on the street Good 6e I a! %ine Good da6 1nd 6ou? et.een %riends Ho. are 6ou Ho. are 6ou? appendiH, appendices *sin&ular and plural+ rid&e %riend, %riends *sin&ular and plural+ conversation, conversations &ra!!ar *note irre&ular stress+ lesson *note irre&ular stress+ street &ate.a6 .ord list, voca ular6 %ore.ord, pre%ace *introduction to a ook+
*lit: ,It &oes .ith !e *&reetin&+ *i!plied: ,1nd ho. are *lit: ,Ho. &oes it .ith *casual, ut !ore co!!onl6
7:HE8 ;#"1DD; W782# *ad'ectives, adver s, prepositions, etc.+ danke dir ein%ach es &ut !ir und .ie? `` #esson #ayo"t G"ide thank 6ou< thanks *.ith or %or+ 6ou si!ple it &ood *.ith or to+ !e and ho.?
Pron"nciation G"ide FF
Prono"n person describes the relationship o( the word to the speaker %that is, Dst person is the speaker7 End person is spoken to7 and Krd person is spoken abo"t&. Prono"n number re(ers to whether the word represents one %singu$ar& or more than one %p$ura$& person or ob5ect. Finally, case indicates how the prono"n is "sed in a sentence, as will be explained o$er the next se$eral lessons. For now, note in the examples yo" ha$e already enco"ntered, the three cases o( ;st person sing"lar prono"ns in German: ich, mich, and mir. !n )nglish these are: B!B, BmeB, and %to or "ith& BmeB C in essence, there are really 5"st two cases in )nglish: s"b5ecti$e %B!B& and ob5ecti$e %BmeB&. Eo" will shortly see that there are similarities, yet distinct di((erences, in the cases as "sed by the )nglish and German lang"ages.
Vokabeln $I+
$7E$# die 1nt.ort, die 1nt.orten die (iologie die Freundin, die Freunde der >se der >0hlschrank die "athe!ati# das 4rono!en der #tudent, die #tudentin die Eni 'ni(ersitt+ die R ersetzun& die Eniversitt die Wurst #H78: 4H81#E# 2ann is zu tun ald! then until *.e+ soon *!eet a&ain+ *;until then;+ to do ans.er*s+ iolo&6 *%e!ale+ %riend, %riends cheese re%ri&erator !athe!atics pronoun student, *%e!ale+ student universit6 translation universit6 sausa&e, an&er *sin&ular and plural+ *note irre&ular stress+ *co!pare der &reund+ *note irre&ular stress+ *note irre&ular stress+ *a short %or! o% die *lit. ;over)settin&;+ *note irre&ular stress+
3E8(# e&e&nen rauchen einkau%en &ehen ha en studieren verstehen !eet need, .ant, reNuire &o shoppin& have stud6 understand
7:HE8 ;#"1DD; W782# an ald is dann du er %ast hallo ich leer !ich sch-n ,%ine,+ sehr sie tsch0ss viel .as? .ohin? `` #esson #ayo"t G"ide to *to.ards+ soon until then 6ou he al!ost hello I e!pt6, vacant !e eauti%ul ver6 she so lon& !uch .hat? .here?
*&ood
6e+
Pron"nciation G"ide FF
Sberset-ung $I$
4y re(erring back to lesson examples, yo" sho"ld be able to write o"t the (ollowing sentences in German. 9n a piece o( paper, (irst n"mber and write each )nglish sentence. 1hen re$iew the lesson abo$e and prod"ce a German sentence that says the same thing as each )nglish sentence. +(ter all se$en lines are translated, (ollow the Ant"orten %answers& link to compare yo"r work with the correct ones. Do not be too concerned at this point i( yo"r spelling o( the German $erbs do not match the answers. Eo" will learn all abo"t German $erb (orms in later lessons. ;. <. G. @. D. H. N. Good day, IarkT How are yo"J 1hanks, ! am well. +nd yo"J Good bye, HenryT -atherine needs cheese. /he "nderstands the lesson well. /o long, IarkT 0ntil we meet again. 6here is he goingJ
+ntworten F
%:otice s"b5ect $erb re$ersal in 2"estion sentence& /e$eral things are ill"strated by these sentence pairs. First, all $erbs in German (ollow the r"le 5"st stated that a $erb (orm m"st agree with its s"b5ect. /tarting in Le!tion G we will learn the $erb (orms associated with each person in German. /econd, this r"le in )nglish applies mostly to the $erb Bto beB %e.g., ! am, yo" are, he is, etc.&. !n some )nglish $erbs, the Grd person sing"lar (orm is "ni2"e, o(ten taking an BsB or BesB ending: 3! gi$e at the o((ice3, b"t 3He gi$es at the o((ice3 %and 3/he st"dies...3 abo$e&. Finally, some German $erbs are best translated with an )nglish Bto beB $erb (orm added. 1his is called the progressi/e (orm in )nglish %B6hat are yo" st"dyingJB&, b"t it does not exist in German. 1h"s, a $erb like nennen can best be translated as 3to name3 or 3to call3. 1he (ollowing example may make this clearer. !n the present tense, the (ollowing statements in )nglish: B1hey are calling the corporation, 31rans-Global3B B1hey name the corporation, 31rans-Global3B B1hey call the corporation, 31rans-Global3B B1hey do call the corporation, 31rans-Global3B are all expressed in German in only one way: Sie nennen die Firma2 4)rans6G$o%a$4. +nd the 2"estion statement: BDo they call the corporation, 31rans-Global3JB becomes, in German: Nennen sie die Firma2 4)rans6G$o%a$40
Herr Schmidt: 6ie geht es !hnenJ Frau Baumann: /ehr g"t, danke. 0nd !hnenJ Herr Schmidt: +"ch g"t. Frau Baumann: /chLn. Haben /ie Herrn /tandish schon getro((enJ Herr Schmidt: +"s )nglandJ :ein. !st er " 4es"chJ Frau Baumann: ?a. Das ist richtigT +"( 6iedersehen, Herr /chmidtT Herr Schmidt: +"( 6iedersehen, Fra" 4a"mannT
!n this con$ersation, altho"gh the s"b5ect matter is basically cas"al, a more (ormal (orm o( German is being "sed intoning respect between coworkers in an o((ice setting. 1he polite (orm is expressed by the prono"ns as explained below %Grammatik <-G&.
Vokabeln +I$
die 1nleitun&en das 2eutsch Spr!che+ der Fre!de die Fir!a die Fra&e die Gesch%tsleute der Hauptsitz der :a& aus En&land 2as ist richti&! Frau (au!ann Herr #ch!idt zu (esuch ar eiten &etro%%en nennen alle an Ihnen heute ihr 'a nein richti& sie #ie .ir Pron"nciation G"ide FF instructions Ger!an *lan&ua&e+ *!ore co!!on is die deutsche
%orei&ner, stran&er co!pan6, %ir!, usiness concern Nuestion usiness people *die )eute T people+ head o%%ice *d!s H!upt T head or chie%+ da6, da6ti!e %ro! En&land :hat is ri&ht! "s. (au!ann "r. #ch!idt visitin& .ork *have+ !et na!e, call all at *.ith r to+ 6ou toda6 6ou *plural+, 6ou all 6es no correct the6 6ou .e *past participle o% tre%%en+
*polite %or!+
!n the con$ersations between (riends presented in Gespr che D6D and D6E %#ektion ;& the familiar (orm o( the personal prono"ns %e.g., du, dir& was "sed. Howe$er, German also has a polite or formal (orm o( some o( these personal prono"ns. 1he polite (orm is "sed in con$ersations between strangers and more (ormal sit"ations, as ill"strated in the Gespr ch E6D: greetings between b"siness associates. 1he polite (orm is always (irst-letter capitali ed in German, which can be help("l in di((erentiating Sie %yo"& (rom sie %she and they&7 ,hnen %yo"& (rom ihnen %them&. Howe$er, yo" will soon learn that the (orm o( the verb %see Grammati! E6K below& is most telling, as shown by these example pairs "sing the $erb, ha%en %ha$e&: Do yo" ha$e a cigaretteJ %polite (orm o( yo"& /he has no sa"sage and no Sie hat !eine Wurst und !einen K se. cheese. Sie ha%en /ie$ Ar%eit. 1hey ha$e m"ch work %to do&. Ha%en sie zu /ie$ Ar%eit0 Do they ha$e too m"ch workJ 4eca"se the (irst letter in a sentence is always capitali ed, we cannot determine %witho"t the $erb (orm& whether the second and third examples begin with sie %BsheB or BtheyB& or with Sie %polite Byo"B&7 a problem that wo"ld also exist in con$ersation. 1he (o"rth example, where s"b5ect and $erb are re$ersed in a 2"estion, demonstrates the prono"n BtheyB7 compare it with the polite Byo"B in the (irst example. !t is relati$ely easy (or an )nglish speaker to appreciate how context, especially in con$ersation, o$ercomes con("sion considering that )nglish has (ewer (orms (or these prono"ns than German. Howe$er, this (act does present some di((ic"lty when learning German, since improper "se o( a prono"n may 5"st create con("sion in speaking or writing German. Ha%en Sie eine ?igarette0
Bundesrepu%$i! Deutsch$and
Herr Schmidt: G"ten Iorgen, Herr /tandishT 6ie geht es !hnenJ Herr Standish: Danke sehr, es geht mir g"t. 0nd !hnenJ Herr Schmidt: :icht so g"t. !ch bin m8de. Herr Standish: 6ie bitteJ I8deJ 6ar"mJ Herr Schmidt: !ch habe so $iel +rbeit. Herr Standish: Das kann ich $erstehen. '" $iel ist " $iel. Herr Schmidt: Das ist richtig. +"( 6iedersehen, Herr /tandishT Herr Standish: +"( 6iedersehen, bis morgen.
Vokabeln +I+
die (undesrepu lik 2eutschland Federal 8epu lic o% Ger!an6 die Gesch%ts!nner usiness!en *die Gesch%tsleute is pre%erred+ Gro ritannien Great (ritain *technicall6 +ereinigtes ,nigreich ( n Gr -.rit!nnien und N rdirl!nd+ der "or&en !ornin& die R ersetzun& translation is !or&en Guten "or&en! nicht so &ut so viel Wie itte? zu viel is kein !0de nicht sich .arum ? Pron"nciation G"ide FF until to!orro. Good !ornin& not so .ell so !uch Ho. is that? too !uch until no tired not each other .h6 ?
*&reetin&+
exceptions: a ship might be re(erred to as 3she3. Howe$er, in German, the Grd person personal prono"n re(lects the gender o( the no"n %antecedent& re(ered to by the prono"n. For examples: Der K'h$schran! ist *ast $eer. #r ist *ast $eer. !t %masculine& is almost empty. ,ch %rauche die Wurst. ,ch %rauche sie. ! need it %feminine&. Das Gespr ch ist sch"er. #s ist sch"er. !t %neuter& is di((ic"lt. 1he (ollowing table s"mmari es these gender relationships: Grd person prono"ns masc"line er he (eminine ne"ter sie she es it
Sberset-ung +I$
Eo" may, at this point, try the (lash cards de$eloped (or #e$el ! German. 1his set has a (ew words and concepts not yet presented in #e$el !!, b"t (or the most part can be $ery help("l in enhancing yo"r $ocab"lary. Go to Flashcard)xchange.com. 1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German. Pay attention to whether (amiliar or polite (orm o( the prono"n is re2"ested: ;. <. G. @. D. H. N. [. O. Good day, Is. :e"mann. How are yo"J \in polite con$ersational (orm] ! am well, thank yo". +nd yo"J \in polite (orm] ! am well, thank yo". +nd yo"J \in (amiliar (orm] Aatrin is st"dying math. 1hey meet each other at the head o((ice. ! do "nderstand the instr"ctions. !s she $isiting (rom )nglandJ How is thatJ Eo" ha$e too m"ch workJ \in polite (orm] Good bye, Ir. /mith. 0ntil tomorrow morningJ
+ntworten F
Aussprache
#earning the German words (or the n"mbers pro$ides an excellent opport"nity to practice German pron"nciations. Following are some help("l hints (or )nglish speakers attempting to co"nt in German. + 3dental so"nd3 is made by mo$ing the tong"e into the back o( the "pper teethCalmost as i( the word started with a BtB. + 3g"tteral so"nd3 comes (rom deep in the throat. +lso, remember, in words o( more than one syllable, the emphasis is on the (irst syllable. (inal consonants are c"t o(( 2"ickly in German, not drawn o"t as in many )nglish words. )nglish speakers might call this being c"rt or br"s2"e with each word.
eins zwei drei (ier %/n% sechs sie.en !cht neun zehn el% zwl% sa6 ,e0en)zah, ut drop the ,ah,< ,z, is et.een an ,s, and ,z, sounds like ,zve6e,< the ,., is et.een a ,v, and a ,., sounds like ;dr6;, ut .ith dental ,d, and roll the ,r, sound is et.een ;%ear; and ,%ee)6ahr, sa6 ,%oon)%ah, .ithout the ,ah,< ver6 sli&ht ,r, a%ter the ,0, sounds like ;seH;, ut .ith a !ore dental leadin& ,s, sounds like ;see (en; *use dental ,s,+ sounds like ,ahkt,< the ,ch, is &utteral sounds like ;loin; .ith an ,n, sounds like the na!e, ;9ane;, ut the ,z, is !ore dental sounds prett6 !uch like ;el%; *the Ger!an ,e, is a little hi&her+ sounds like ,z.ol%,, ut the ,o, is closer to
GesprQch .I$ 'wei ?"ngen, Heinrich "nd Aarl, sind Fre"nde. /ie begegnen sich eines :achmittags. Heinrich: Aarl. 6ie gehtBsJ Kar$: HalloT Heinrich: 6illst d" spielenJ !ch habe einen 4all. Kar$: 6ie sp,t ist esJ Heinrich: )s ist ein 0hr. Kar$: Dann kann ich bis wei 0hr spielen. Heinrich: Das ist g"t. 6ir spielen eine /t"nde langT
+sking (or the time is accomplished by the sentence: Wie sp t ist es0 %3How late is itJ3&. 1he answer places the ho"r in the line #s ist 5555 8hr %3!t is ^^ oBclock3&, s"bstit"ting the correct cardinal $al"e %except ein is "sed instead o( eins&. 9ne co"ld also ask: Wie/ie$ 8hr ist es0 %not "sed $ery o(ten anymore& or respond #s ist eins or #s ist drei, etc.Cwhich may be imprecise, "nless the time is close to the ho"r. 1he (ollowing sentences also relate to telling time: #r *ragt nach der 8hrzeit. Sie %egegnen sich eines Nachmittags. #s ist ha$% /ier. #s ist Vierte$ nach z"7$*. #s ist Vierte$ /or e$*. #s ist drei Vierte$ e$*.R #s ist *'n* /or neun. #s ist *'n* Minuten /or neun. #s ist zehn nach e$*. #s ist zehn Minuten nach e$*. #s ist acht nach. #s ist zehn /or. He asks the time. 1hey meet each other one a(ternoon. !t is hal( past three %G:G=&. !t is a 2"arter a(ter twel$e %;<:;D&. !t is a 2"arter to ele$en %;=:@D&. !t is a 2"arter to ele$en %;=:@D&. !t is (i$e min"tes to %"ntil& nine %=[:DD&. !t is (i$e min"tes to %"ntil& nine %=[:DD&. !t is ten min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:;=&. !t is ten min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:;=&. !t is eight min"tes a(ter the last ("ll ho"r %JJ:=[&. !t is ten min"tes to %"ntil& the next ("ll ho"r %JJ:D=&. !t is between three and (o"r %=G:JJ&. !t is three min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:=G&. !t is three min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:=G&.
#s ist drei durch.R #s ist e$* 8hr drei #s ist e$* 8hr und drei minuten R this is only regional - many Germans may not "nderstand
Anowing how to express the 2"arter, hal(, and three 2"arter ho"rs will allow yo" to gi$e the time more precisely. 6e will, o( co"rse, re$isit this s"b5ect. 9nce yo" know how to co"nt beyond twel$e, the ho"rBs di$ision into H= min"tes can be expressed. +lso, Germans %like most )"ropeans& "tili e what is known in +merica as 3military time3 or a <@-ho"r clock.
Vokabeln .I$
+lso incl"ded in the $ocab"lary (or #esson G are the ordinal and cardinal n"mbers ; thro"gh ;< (rom
Le!tion K abo$e.
der der das der die die der die das die (all /un&e, die /un&en Dernen $ach!itta& #tunde Ehr Ehrtur! Ehrzeit 3iertel 9ahl, die 9ahlen all o6, o6s learnin&, stud6 a%ternoon hour .atch *ti!epiece+< also ;o,clock; clock to.er ti!e, ti!e o% da6 Nuarter nu! er, nu! ers until t.o o,clock ver6 .ell *lit.: ;that is &ood;+ one *unspeci%ied+ a%ternoon I can pla6 it is do 6ou .ant ...? *%a!iliar %or!+ ask *a Nuestion+ pla6 count then hal%, hal%.a6 to a out, a%ter late e%ore, until to
is z.ei Ehr das ist &ut eines $ach!itta&s ich kann... spielen es ist .illst du ...? %ra&en spielen zhlen dann hal nach spt vor zu Pron"nciation G"ide FF
5efinite Articles
1he de(inite article %%estimmter Arti!e$& is e2"i$alent to an )nglish BtheB, and the three basic gender (orms o( de(inite articles in German are as (ollows: der masc"line
die (eminine das ne"ter 1o say Bthe bookB in German, yo" wo"ld say das Buch, beca"se Buch is a neuter no"n. 1o say Bthe manB in German, yo" wo"ld say der Mann, beca"se Mann is a masculine no"n. 1o say Bthe womanB in German, yo" wo"ld say die Frau, beca"se Frau is a feminine no"n. :o"n gender does not always deri$e (rom act"al gender where gender might be applicable. For example, Bthe boyB is der Junge %mascu$ine&7 b"t Bthe girlB is das M dchen %neuter&. +lso, no"ns that ha$e no inherent gender are not necessarily ne"ter. From this lesson: Bthe watch or time pieceB is die 8hr %B(eminineB&. 4eca"se German is generally more str"ct"red than )nglish, it is important when learning German no"ns to always learn them with their gender correct de(inite article7 and in the Vo!a%e$n no"ns are always gi$en with their associated de(inite article. 1hat is, yo" m"st memori e the word (or BbookB in German as das Buch, not simply Buch. :ot 5"st de(inite articles, b"t inde(inite articles and ad5ecti$es ha$e endings that m"st match the gender o( the no"n they preceed. 0sing the wrong gender can alter the meaning o( a German sentence, so in (orming a proper sentence with Buch, yo" will need to known that it is a ne"ter no"n.
Indefinite Articles
in addition to the de(inite articlesC3the3 in )nglish and der-words in GermanCdisc"ssed abo$e, both lang"ages ha$e indefinite articles %un%estimmter Arti!e$&. !nde(inite articles preceed no"ns in the same way that de(inite articles do, b"t con$ey a general or inde(inite sense. 1hese are 3a3 or 3an3 in )nglish. 1h"s, Bthe bookB or das Buch re(ers to a de(inite or speci(ic book, whereas Ba bookB or ein Buch is inde(inite abo"t which book is re(erred to. !nde(inite articles also ha$e gender as shown here: ein der masc"line
ein
das ne"ter
Here are some examples o( inde(inite articles %"nderlined& "sed in German sentences: ,ch ha%e einen Ba$$. ! ha$e a ball. Heute $esen "ir ein Buch. 1oday we read a book. Mar!us tri**t einen Studenten au* der Stra(e. Iark meets a st"dent on the street. Die Gesch *ts$eute ha%en eine Ant"ort. 1he b"siness people ha$e an answer. #in Freund spie$t Ba$$ mit ihm. + (riend plays ball with him. 6hy, yo" ask, are there words like einen in some sentences abo$eCa spelling that does not appear in the gender tableJ 1he tables (or both the de(inite and inde(inite articles abo$e are simpli(ied at this stage, gi$ing only articles in the nominati$e case %applied to words that are s"b5ects o( $erbs&. !n the $ery next lesson yo" will start to address all the other cases in German. Howe$er, the nominative case is the one "sed to signi(y the gender o( a no"n, as in o"r Vo!a%e$n.
Vokabeln .I+
das die der das der (uch Frau >n-del "dchen "ann ook .o!an du!plin& *6oun&+ &irl !an read
Sberset-ung .I$
1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German: ;. <. G. @. D. H. N. [. ! am reading "ntil ten oBclock. !t is nine thirty. !t is a 2"arter to ten. -athy is a st"dent at the "ni$ersity. /he meets Iark on the street. Henry has a ball. 1he girl is a (riend. Ir. /mith has a 2"estion.
+ntworten F
Vokabeln 0I$
die 1lpen der 1us%luss die (ankinstitute die (anken.irtscha%t das Ende die Gross anken die Hauptstadt das Haus der >anton das Desest0ck die #ch.eiz die #icht der #itz das Wetter das 9entru! das 90rich #.itzerland+ der 90richsee d.h. *das heit+ Glarner 1lpen 1lps outlet, e%%luence ankin& institutes ankin& usiness end !a'or anks capital cit6 house canton readin& passa&e #.itzerland vie. o%%ice .eather center *centre+ 9urich Dake 9urich i.e. *;that is; in Datin+ Glarner 1lps *o% a lake+
*#.iss state+
!an hat... nach Hause ho!e;+ anru%en &e en *&a , &e&e en+ ko!!en *ka!, &eko!!en+ lie&en *la&, &ele&en+ a! *an de!+ aus&esprochen ei eiden etliche &leichna!i& &r-te klar klein ne en n-rdlich sch.eizer
call, telephone &ive co!e lie *la6, lain+ at the !arkedl6 in t.o a nu! er o%, Nuite a %e., several sa!e na!ed lar&est clear s!all esides northern o% or pertainin& to #.iss
Pron"nciation G"ide FF
Vokabeln 0I+
die die das das (r0nette Haare "dchen Ferkel runette hair*s+ &irl pi&let appeal to elieve na!e, call like, desire, .ish there over there dark her cute short lon& ne. i% .ho?
&e"allen &lau en heien !a& dort *dort+ dr0 en dunkel ihr h0 sch klein lan& neue .enn .er? Pron"nciation G"ide FF
the accusative case in German. !( indirect obFects, then these no"ns are in the dative case in German. )ssentially, the )nglish o%1ecti/e case is di$ided, in German, into an acc"sati$e case "sed (or direct ob5ects and a dati$e case "sed (or indirect ob5ects.
Pronouns
For comparison with )nglish, recall that the sing"lar personal prono"ns %nominati/e case& are 3!3, 3yo"3, and 3he/she/it3 %;st, <nd, and Grd persons&. 1he o%1ecti/e case, personal prono"ns in )nglish are 3me3, 3yo"3, and 3him/her/it3Cand are "sed (or both direct and indirect ob5ects o( $erbs. For example: He gi$es it \the Direct 9b5ect] to me \the !ndirect 9b5ect]. 1he German accusative case, personal prono"ns %sing"lar& are: mich2 dich2 ihn3sie3es. 1he German dative case, personal prono"ns %sing"lar& are: mir, dir, ihm3ihr3ihm. 1h"s, the abo$e )nglish example sentence becomes, in German: #r gi%t es \the Direct 9b5ect] mir \the !ndirect 9b5ect]. 4eca"se mir is a dati$e prono"n, there is no need in German to "se a modi(ier as in )nglish, where 3to3 is "sed as a signal o( an indirect ob5ect. 1he (ollowing table s"mmari es the German prono"ns in three cases (or both sing"lar and pl"ral n"mber: /ing"lar :9I. ;st person ich +--. mich D+1. mir ihm, ihr, ihm Pl"ral :9I. ir +--. uns D+1. uns
<nd person du %!ieR& dich %!ieR& dir %IhnenR& Grd person er, sie, es ihn, sie, es R Polite (orm
*ecall (rom Gespr,ch <-; the 3incomplete3 sentence 8nd ,hnen0 %B+nd yo"JB&. :ote that the prono"n agrees in case %here, dati$e& with the implied sentence C 8nd "ie geht es ,hnen0 1he same r"le is e$ident in Gespr,ch ;-; %8nd dir0&. /"ch agreement is important to con$ey the correct meaning. 1ables gi$ing the German personal prono"ns in all cases can be (o"nd in an appendix: Prono"n 1ables.
Douns
:o"ns do not change their (orm %spelling& relati$e to case in German7 instead, a preceding article indicates case. Eo" ha$e learned the nominati$e case de(inite and inde(inite articles %Grammatik G-G: der, die, das and ein, eine. ein& (or each o( the three no"n genders. :ow we will learn the accusati/e %"sed to signal a direct ob5ect& and dati/e %"sed to signal an indirect ob5ect& articles. First, the de(inite articles: /ing"lar Pl"ral
:9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line der Feminine die :e"ter das den die das dem der dem
:9I. +--. D+1. die die die die die die den den den
1his table might seem a bit o$erwhelming %and there is yet one more case in German: the geniti$eT&, b"t some points to note can make memori ing m"ch easier. First, as yo" can see (rom the table, gender does not really exist (or pl"ral no"ns. :o matter what the no"n gender in its sing"lar n"mber, its pl"ral always has the same set o( de(inite articles: die, die, den (or nominati$e, acc"sati$e, and dati$e cases. 1he pl"ral der-words are similar to the (eminine sing"lar der-words, di((ering only in the dati$e case. +nother point: the dati$e (or both masc"line and ne"ter no"ns is the same: dem. Finally, (or (eminine, ne"ter, and pl"ral no"ns, there is no change between nominati$e and acc"sati$e cases. 1h"s, only (or masc"line no"ns is there a de(inite article change in the acc"sati$e compared with the nominati$e. 1he (ollowing examples demonstrate the "se o( the de(inite article in $ario"s parts o( speech: Du hast die Wurst und den K se. Eo" ha$e the sa"sage and the cheese. %acc"sati$e case& Die Gesch *ts$eute /erstehen die 1he b"siness associates "nderstand %nominati$e and acc"sati$e Ar%eit the work. cases& ?'rich ist die gr7(te Stadt. '"rich is the largest city. %nominati$e case& !n the last example, yo" need to know that in both )nglish and German, the no"n %or prono"n& that (ollows the $erb Bto beB is a predicate noun, (or which the correct case is the nominative. 1hat is why, in )nglish, B!t is !B is grammatically correct and B!t is meB is simply incorrect. 1he inde(inite articles are as (ollows: /ing"lar :9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line ein Feminine eine :e"ter ein einen einem eine ein einer einem
9( co"rse, there are no pl"ral inde(inite articles in German or )nglish %ein means 3a3. 3an3, or 3one3&. !t is important to see that there is a pattern in the case endings added to ein related to the der-words in the de(inite articles table abo$e. For example, the dati$e de(inite article (or masc"line no"ns is demCthe inde(inite article is (ormed by adding 6em onto ein to get einem. 1he dati$e de(inite article (or (eminine no"ns is derCthe inde(inite is ein pl"s 6er or einer. 1hese ending changes will be co$ered in greater detail in a ("t"re lesson. Eo" will see that there are a n"mber o( words %ad5ecti$es, (or example& whose (orm relati$e changes by addition o( these endings to signal the case o( the no"n they modi(y. Finally, we can see a pattern relationship between these 3endings3 and the Grd person prono"ns as well: :9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line inde(. article ein eine einen einem ihn eine ihm einer Grd pers. prono"n er
Grd pers. prono"n sie :e"ter inde(. article ein Grd pers. prono"n es
sie ein es
6e co"ld constr"ct a similar table to compare the de(inite articles to the Grd person prono"ns. +nd in that case, we wo"ld also see how the pl"ral de(inite articles %die, die, den& compare with the third person pl"ral prono"ns %sie, sie, ihnen&.
!n a 2"estion, interrogati$es replace the "nknown ob5ect and establish the class o( answer expected. 6hat do yo" ha$eJ %)xpected is a BthingB& How m"ch work is too Wie/ie$ Ar%eit ist zu /ie$0 %)xpected is a B2"antityB& m"chJ Wann gehst du nach Hause0 6hen do yo" go homeJ %)xpected is a sense o( BtimeB& Wo ist der ?'richsee0 6here is #ake '"richJ %)xpected is a BplaceB& :ote that the )nglish constr"ction (or some o( the 2"estions di((ers (rom the German in that the (ormer "ses the progressi$e (orm o( 3do3. Was ha%en Sie0
Sberset-ung 0I$
1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German: ;. 1hey ha$e a good $iew o( the +lps. <. #ake '"rich is $ery bea"ti("l. +ntworten F
/evie +%&$
Wiederholung
#esson D is a re$iew %Wiederho$ung& lesson to s"mmari e the German lang"age lessons presented in #essons ; thro"gh @. Eo" sho"ld, then, ret"rn to #ektion ; and re$iew %that is, reread& each o( the (o"r lessons back "p to this point. For a more ad$anced co"rse, yo" might now incorporate each o( the ad$anced lessons into this 3re$iew3 process. 1hat is: re$iew #esson ;, then do #esson ;+, re$iew #esson <, then do #esson <+, etc.
Douns
:o"ns are words that typically occ"r in sentences as either s"b5ects %per(ormers o( some action& or ob5ects %recipients o( some action&. Iost no"ns are the name o( either a 3person, place, or thing3 and, in German, are always capitali ed. )$ery no"n in German has an 3assigned3 gender %masc"line, (eminine, ne"ter&, and we learn each no"n with its nominati$e case, de(inite article %der, die, das, respecti$ely& in order to also learn that gender. 1h"s, a Vo!a%e$n section (or no"ns is presented th"sly:
der die der das 1nhan&, die 1nhn&e (r0cke Freund, die Freunde Gesprch, die Gesprche appendiH, appendices *sin&ular and plural+ rid&e %riend, %riends *sin&ular and plural+ conversation, conversations
Mar!us:
1his incomplete story and con$ersation introd"ces terms (or items aro"nd the ho"se %or apartment&.
Vokabeln 3I$
der die die das die die das das (ruder Eltern >0che #chla%zi!!er 3orlesun& Wohnun& Wohnzi!!er 9i!!er, die 9i!!er rother parents kitchen edroo! class, instruction apart!ent, %lat livin& roo! roo!*s+ there is to.ards evenin& like 5o!e in! look around sho. visit, attend &reet rent his
*at a universit6+
es &i t &e&en 1 end &ern ha en Herein! sich u!sehen zei&en esuchen &r0en !ieten sein
*i.e., ;to
&ladl6 have;+
*classes+
*a possesive ad'ective+
gehen we
sie gehen they go +s yo" see in this example "sing the $erb gehen, the sing"lar ;st person ends with 1e, the <nd person with 1st and Grd person %no matter what gender& ends with 1t. +s (or the pl"ral (orms, note that ;st and Grd person in pl"ral number %see Grammatik ;-G& are b"ilt the same way as the in(initi$e. +gain note that, in )nglish, only the $erb (orm (or the Grd person sing"lar is 3"ni2"e3. +n easy way to remeber the reg"lar $erb endings is the (ollowing mnemonic 3Elephants standing together en5oy tr"mpeting endlessly3. /eems simple eno"gh. Howe$er, reali e we are disc"ssing here only the reg"lar $erb (orms in the present tense %@r sens&. Eo" will learn 2"ite soon that, "n(ort"naly, there are many exceptions (rom these simple r"les. +n important one is the irregular verb sein %Bto beB& which is irreg"lar in )nglish as well %! am, yo" are, he is....&. pronoun verb in )nglish: ich d" wir ihr bin bist sind seid ! yo" he/she/it we am are is are
er/sie/es ist
sie sind they are +t least ;st and Grd person pl"ral are the same. +nother important $erb is ha%en %Bto ha$eB&:
pronoun verb ich d" wir ihr habe hast haben habt
er/sie/es hat
sie haben they ha$e Eo" see, itBs not too irreg"larConly the <nd and Grd person sing"lar constit"te a small exception since the BbB has $anished. )nglish is somewhat c"rio"s in this respect as well: B! ha$eB, b"t Bhe hasB. F"t"re lessons will introd"ce yo" to the many irregular $erbs in German. 4"t yo" sho"ld now recogni e what is happening to the $erbs in German sentences. 1hey are re(lecting the person and n"mber o( their nominati$e case s"b5ects. *ecall these sentences (rom past lessons %$erbs "nderlined here&:
2!nke, es geht mir gut gehen+ *ch h!.e (iel 3r.eit *st er zu Besuch0 2u .ist ein Schwein4 Wie hei-en Sie0 pronoun is %or!al+ Wir spielen eine Stunde l!ng4 Sie liegt !m 3us%luss des Z/richsees" is liegen+ :hanks, it &oes .ell .ith !e *ver is I have !uch .ork *ver is h!.en+ Is he visitin&? *ver is sein+ ?ou are a pi&! *ver is sein+ What are 6ou called? *ver is hei-en, and We pla6 %or one hour! *ver is spielen+ It lies at the outlet o% Dake 9urich *ver
die (eminine das ne"ter 1hese der-words re(lect no"n gender in the nominati$e caseCappropriate whene$er a no"n is "sed as the s"b5ect o( a sentence. For other cases, the der words change. )xpanding the table to present nominati$e %:9I.&, acc"sati$e %+--.&, dati$e %D+1.&, and geniti$e %G):.& cases: D"B% A##% 5AT% GED% der die den die dem der des der masc"line (eminine
das die
das die
dem den
des der
ne"ter plural
:ote, there are also der-word (orms to be "sed (or pl"ral no"ns. Fort"nately, these are the same, no matter what the gender o( the sing"lar no"n. For ("t"re re(erence, yo" can (ind the der-words s"mmari ed in +nh,nge Drei. 1he (ollowing examples demonstrate the "se o( the de(initi$e article in $ario"s parts o( speech:
2u h!st die Wurst und den ,se" 2ie Gesch%tsleute (erstehen die 3r.eit .ork. Sie liegt !m 3us%luss des Z/richsees" 9urich. ?ou have the sausa&e and the cheese. *accusative case+ :he usiness associates understand the *no!inative and accusative cases+ It lies at the outlet o% *the+ Dake
*&enitive case+ Z/rich ist die gr-te St!dt der Schweiz" 9urich is the lar&est cit6 in *o% the+ #.itzerland. *no!inative and &enitive cases+
!n the last example, remember that in both )nglish and German, the no"n %or prono"n& that (ollows the $erb Bto beB is a predicate no"n, (or which the correct case is the nominative. 1hat is why, in )nglish, B!t is !B is grammatically correct and B!t is meB is incorrect. /o consider the (ollowing %and note that case o( each de(inite article is the same as in the last example abo$e&:
Z/rich ist der ,!nt n der gleichn!migen St!dt" na!ed cit6. 9urich is the canton o% the sa!e
:otice that in these sentences there are no s"b5ects %except (or Q<&. !n German, as in )nglish, there is a commandati/e *orm, a way to demand something "sing an "nderstood yo". !n )nglish, there is only one yo"-(orm and one command (orm. !n German, since there are three yo"Bs, there are three ways to command. !( the s"b5ect is sing"lar %du&, then the $erb has no ending. !( it is irreg"lar, it takes the d"-(orm, s"ch as in essen %!ssT& or lesen %#iesT&. !( there is a pl"ral s"b5ect %ihr&, then the $erb takes the ihr-(orm. :othing else is changed. Iost o( the time, ihr-commands are "sed with children, b"t that is not always the case. !n both o( these sentences, the d" or ihr is omitted. Formal is normal. 1he Sie stays %a(ter the $erb& and the $erb is in its (ormal (orm. +ltho"gh it is worded like a 2"estion, in written or spoken (orm, it is easy to tell the di((erence.
> p$us I
minus
T ma$ U getei$t3di/idiert durch V ist g$eich W ist gr7(er a$s X ist !$einer a$s .Y drei hoch z"ei
6e can "se these symbols to ask and answer simple problems in mathematics. /ome o( the examples that (ollow incl"de (irst a 2"estion %Frage& and then the answer %Ant"ort&:
Wie(iel ist sechs und sie.en0 Ho. !uch is U and V? Sechs und sie.en ist dreizehn U and V is @C Wie(iel ist %/n%zig plus !chtzehn0 Ho. !uch is KQ W @L? &/n%zig plus !chtzehn ist gleich !chtundsechzig KQ W @L T UL Wie(iel ist sie.zig minus zehn0 Ho. !uch is VQ ) @Q? Sie.zig minus zehn ist gleich sechzig VQ ) @Q T UQ Wie(iel ist neun durch drei0 Ho. !uch is F divided 6 C? Neun durch drei ist gleich drei F X C T C &un% ist gr-er !ls zwei K Y A 3cht ist kleiner !ls sie.zehn L Z @V
Vokabeln 4I$
-o"nting to ;OO is also incl"ded in the $ocab"lary (or Le!tion M.
die 1nt.ort die Fra&e ans.er Nuestion
&eteiltGdividiert durch over [!ath\ &r-er als &reater than kleiner als s!aller than &eteiltGdividiert &leich hoch !al !inus plus .ieviel? divided, %orked, split eNual, sa!e, even tall, to the po.er o% [!ath\ ti!es [!ath\ !inus plus ho. !uch?
!, me yo" he, him she, her it we, "s yo" %all& they, them
1he pattern in the case endings o( the possessi$e ad5ecti$es is that seen in #ektion @ (or the word ein. 6e can generali e these endings as in the (ollowing table, where we can express pl"ral endings beca"se other so-called ein-words do ha$e pl"rals: ;in-gro"p )ndings :9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line II Feminine IIe :e"ter Pl"ral II IIe IIen IIe II IIe IIem IIer IIem IIen
1he small gro"p o( words that take these endings %in addition to ein& incl"des the possessi$e ad5ecti$es and !ein %3not any3 or 3no3 in the sense o( none&.
Katrin: )ntsch"ldigen /ie. !ch bra"che /ch"he. 6o sind sieJ Ver! u*er: 6ir haben $iele /ch"he. 6elche Farbe mLchten /ieJ Katrin: )in Paar /ch"he in 6eiS, bitte. Ver! u*er: Da dr8ben. Ver! u*er: Passen sieJ Katrin: :ein, sie sind " klein. Ver! u*er: ILchten /ie diese /ch"heJ /ie sind grLSer. Katrin: ?a, danke. Aatrin probiert die /ch"he an. /ie passen prima. Ver! u*er: /ie kosten ne"n"nddreiSig )"ro ne"n ehn. Katrin: Die /ch"he sind billig. Dann ka"(e ich sie.
Vokabeln 7I$
!ncl"ded in this $ocab"lary lesson are the German no"ns (or $ario"s articles o( clothing %Lernen H abo$e&.
die das der die die das der der (esor&un&en Einkau%szentru! Euro Far e >la!otten 4aar 4reis 3erku%er errands shoppin& !all ]uro color &ear, stu%% *thin&s+ pair, couple price sales clerk, sales assistant ] CF.@F tr6 on need u6 cost .ould like %it [clothin&\ seek, look %or especiall6 cheap topnotch, super .hich
neununddreii& Euro neunzehn anpro ieren rauchen kau%en kosten !-&en passen suchen esonders illi& pri!a .elche
/eparable .erbs
+nprobieren, a"ssehen and an iehen are separa%$e /er%s. !t is easy to see this, as they each ha$e a pre(ix o( Ba"sB or BanB. 6hen "sing the $erb as the main $erb o( a sentence, separate the pre(ix and p"t it at the end o( the sentence. 6hen the $erb is in in(initi$e (orm, lea$e it 5"st as yo" see it.
!rreg"lar .erbs
+"sehen and nehmen are the two irreg"lar $erbs on this list. 4oth experience a change in the (irst BeB in the d"-(orm and er/sie/es-(orm. D" siehst ... a"s "nd er/sie/es sieht ... a"s. D" nimmst "nd er/sie/es nimmt.
Iodals
ILchten and wollen are the two modals introd"ced here. Iodals are similar to the helping $erbs in )nglish and ca"se the other $erb to go to the end in the in(initi$e (orm. 1hey also ha$e a strange con5"gation. ILchten changes in er/sie/es (orm to mLchte %the same as the ich-(orm&. !n (act all modals ha$e the same er/sie/es-(orm and ich-(orm. 6ollen is like most other modals: it has a di((erent $owel in sing"lar and pl"ral, except when "sing (ormal yo". !ch will %not to be con("sed with ("t"re tense&, d" willst, er/sie/es will, wir wollen, ihr wollt, "nd sie//ie wollen. +ll o( this $erb con5"gation and more can be (o"nd in *e(erence 1able !!.
. Accusative #ase
Eo" ha$e already learned the prono"ns and articles in the nominati/e case. :ow it is time (or the accusati/e case.
eine ein
eine ein
.I. Prices
1wo easy words describe prices. billig I cheap teuer I e<pensive 1hese ad5ecti$es are applied to the prod"cts yo" b"y, ne$er to the word 3Preis3. +nyway, yo" rather say 3Das ist billig/te"er.3 %meaning the prod"ct yo" b"y& than 3Der Preis ist niedrig/hoch.3
/evie +%&+
Wiederholung
#esson ;= is a re$iew %Wiederho$ung& lesson to s"mmari e the German lang"age lessons presented in #essons H thro"gh O. Eo" sho"ld, as well, ret"rn to #ektion H and re$iew %that is, completely reread& each o( the (o"r lessons back "p to this point. For a more ad$anced co"rse, yo" sho"ld now incorporate each o( the ad$anced lessons into this 3re$iew3 process. 1hat is: re$iew #esson H, then do #esson H+, re$iew #esson N, then do #esson N+, etc. !( the ad$anced lessons ha$e already been completed, then now re$iew lessons in the order H -F H+ -F N -F N+ -F [, etc.
Verb #onFugation
Eo" ha$e learned that there is a relationship between the s"b5ect o( a $erb and the (orm that $erb takes in German. /ome $erbs (ollow a predictable reg"lar pattern, while others are less predictable %irreg"lar $erbs&.
ver : pronoun (asic%or! ich du erGsieGes .ir ihr sie #ie *%or!al+ knnen *can+ gehen *&o+ ver I *irre&.+ ver II k-nnen &ehen kann &ehe kannst &ehst kann &eht k-nnen &ehen k-nnt &eht k-nnen &ehen k-nnen &ehen sein *to e+ ver III *irre&ular+ sein in ist ist sind seid sind sind
+s yo" can see, any $erb "ses the same declination (or wir, sie and /ie. +lso, er/sie/es "ses the same declination (or all three genders.
Vokabeln
>at'a "arkus sich vera reden 5hat kennenlernen kennen&elernt das Foto sehen &esehen vielleicht &e%allen er &e%llt ihr >r-pcke E)(ahn die &r-te die #tation ausstei&en t&lich etreten Hunderte diese Fe!ale %irst na!e "ale %irst na!e to !ake a date Internet 5hat to &et to kno. so!eone 4artizip 4er%ekt von kennenlernen 4hoto&raphic 4icture to see 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;sehen; perhaps to please so!eone *.ith dative+ #he likes hi! *he pleases her, literall6+ :he na!e o% Hanover,s i&&est su .a6 station su .a6 &reatest *%e!inine here+ the station &ettin& o%% *a train, invest!ent etc+ dail6 to enter hundreds %e!ale %or! o% ;this;
der #ch0ler, die #ch0ler*pl+ der #tudent der 1n&estellte der 8entner, die 8entner*pl+ studieren i! "o!ent ledi& &ehen 8olltreppe die #tu%e %ahren to.ards+ .hrenddessen schauen ihre verlassen verlassen eine andere ereits der Fahr&ast die Fahr&ste au%stehen au%&estanden aus&estie&en die E ene .eiter&ehen sie &eht .eiter das #onnenlicht die 8ichtun& 8ichtun& #onnenlicht die 4assarelle %0hren Haupt ahnho% cit6 centre+ 8ichtun& Haupt ahnho% links rechts locken curls!!+ das #chau%enster die #chau%enster das Gesch%t die Gesch%te der Gesch%te nach einer Weile erreichen erreicht die zu! Haupt ahnho% %0hrt
;pupil; * ritish en&l.+ student 5lerk pensioner to stud6 currentl6 a person not havin& a partner to &o escalator stair to drive *o%ten specializin& %ro! en&l. to travel ;durin& this; look her *%or! %or %e!ale posessions o% a %e!ale person+ to leave 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;verlassen; another *%e!inine o 'ect+ alread6 passen&er passen&ers *pl+ to stand up 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;au%stehen; 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;ausstei&en; levelGplateau to &o on she &oes on sunli&ht direction to.ards sunli&ht passa&e .a6 lead central station *in !ost Ger!an cities this is in the in direction o% the central station le%t ri&ht te!pt *not to con%use .ith ;die Docken; T locks, displa6 .indo. plural o% ;das #chau%enster; the shop the shops o% the shops 1%ter a .hile reach 4artizip 4er%ekt von erreichen that leads to the central station
Word "rder
!n$erted word order occ"rs "nder se$eral circ"mstances, among which are:
For interrogati$es, a simple statement, 3D" hast das 4"ch.3 becomes 3Hast d" das 4"chJ3 when con$erting it to a 2"estion. 1he method is simply switching the $erb and s"b5ect o( the sentence. 1ime expressions, s"ch as 3:ach der /ch"le3 pre(acing a sentence ca"se in$erted word order. 1he (orm"la is 31ime )xpression3, 3.erb3, 3/"b5ect3 and 3*est o( sentence.3 Practically applied, 3)$ery day, ! go to school3 becomes 3?eden 1ag gehe ich "r /ch"le.3 /"bordinating con5"ctions connect a dependent cla"se to an independent cla"se. /ome s"bordinating con5"ctions are: dass %that&, o%"oh$ %altho"gh&, seit %since&, "ei$ %beca"se&, and "enn %i(, when&. 1he (orm"la (or a dependent cla"se is 3s"bordinating con5"nction3 3s"b5ect3 3rest o( cla"se3 3$erb3 and is o((set (rom the independent cla"se by a comma. Here are some examples %the dependent cla"se is "nderlined&:
Ich kann das (uch nicht kau%en, .eil ich kein Geld ha e. Ich kau%e das (uch %0r dich, da du kein Geld hast. Wenn unsere Eltern uns esuchen, schenken sie uns Geschenke. * c!n6t .u7 the . k .ec!use * h!(e n m ne7" * !m .u7ing the . k % r 7 u, !s 7 u h!(e n m ne7" When ur p!rents (isit us, the7 gi(e us presents"
<nde2eloped
<nde2eloped
<nde2eloped
/evie +%&.
<nde2eloped
Lesson .%&$ ' Barkus studiert ( + short story, personal prono"ns, incomplete sentences. Lesson .%&+ ' GesprQche unter GeschQftsmQnnern ( Polite con$ersation, word roots, personal prono"ns in the nominati$e case, some German/)nglish $erb (orms. Lesson .%&. ' Bach dir keine !orgen; ( Gender o( ordinals, details o( telling time.
Lesson .%&0 ' 5ie GeschQftsleute ( Personal prono"ns in the acc"sati$e case, personal prono"ns in the dati$e case. Lesson .%&2 ' 5er EnglQnder in Zsterreich ( Personal prono"ns in the geniti$e case. Lesson .%&3 ' Kndeveloped Title ( 0nde$eloped
Lesson .%&4 ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson .%&6 ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson .%&7 ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped
Geschichte D6K N Mar!us studiert Iark"s ist in der 0ni$ersit,t. )r trinkt dort einen Aa((ee "nd isst ein 4rLtchen. Danach geht er in die 4ibliothek. )r s"cht ein 4"ch 8ber 4iochemie. )r holt das 4"ch a"s dem *egal "nd set t sich an einen 1isch. :ach einer /t"nde geht er in den Ho( "nd ra"cht eine 'igarette. Danach geht er an den 1isch "r8ck. )r denkt: 36enigstens eine /t"nde...3 "nd stellt das 4"ch wieder in das *egal.
1his short story %Geschichte& is told in the Grd person %see Grammatik ;-G&. :ote how this is apparent (rom both the prono"n %#r or 3he3& and $erb (orms.
Vokabeln $I.
die (i liothe# die (ioche!ie das (r-tchen das (uch der Fort&eschrittene die Fort&eschrittenen die Geschichte der Ho% der >a%%ee die #tunde der :isch das 8e&al die 9i&arette denken essen holen rauchen sich setzen stellen suchen trinken aus danach dort in nach 0 er li rar6 ioche!istr6 roll, iscuit ook advancer advancers *pl.+ stor6 court6ard< also court co%%ee hour ta le shel% ci&arette think eat %etch, &et s!oke *a ci&arette+ sit *onesel%+ do.n place seek, search %or drink out a%ter.ards there in a%ter a out *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er denkt T He thinks+ isst T He eats+ holt T He &etsG%etches+ raucht T He s!okes+ setzt sich T He sits+ stellt T He places+ sucht T He looks %or+ trinkt T He drinks+
Sberset-ung $I+
+ltho"gh these sentences in$ol$e many grammatical concepts that ha$e not been co$ered, each can be written in German by re(erring to the example sentences and $ocab"laries in #essons ; and ;+. 0sing a piece o( paper and pencil, translate each o( these sentences into German: ;. <. G. @. Hello IarkT Do yo" ha$e a cigaretteJ +re yo" st"dying GermanJ -atherine drinks co((ee at a table. 1he st"dents st"dy at the library.
D. H. N. [.
He eats cheese and sa"sage in the co"rtyard. /he looks (or a book abo"t biology. Iark goes back to the 0ni$ersity. Iark remo$es the book (rom the shel( and places it on the table.
+ntworten F
Gespr ch E6K N Katrin geht ein!au*en Aatrin geht einka"(en. /ie bra"cht 6"rst "nd A,se, aber sie (indet $iele leckere #ebensmittel in dem Delikatessengesch,(t. Katrin: Hallo. !ch bra"che A,se. Ver! u*er: !ch habe einen leckeren /chmel k,se. )r heiSt B4rimsenB. Katrin: :ein. !ch s"che Hartk,se. Haben /ie einen B?arlsbergBJ Ver! u*er: :ein. +ber ich habe einen g"ten /chwei erk,se. /ie schmecken ,hnlich. Katrin: 9A. .erka"(en /ie die st8ckweiseJ Ver! u*er: ?a. )in /t8ckJ Katrin: 4itte. 0nd haben /ie 6"rstJ Ver! u*er: ?a gewiss. 6ir haben $iele 6"rstsorten. Katrin: !ch s"che 68rstchen. Ver! u*er: !ch habe B:8rnberger /chweinsw8rsteB. Katrin: Das ist g"t.
Vokabeln +I.
das 2elikatessen&esch%t usiness+ der Hartkse das De ens!ittel, die De ens!ittel der #ch!elzkse die #ch.eins.urst der #ch.eizerkse das #t0ck der 3erku%er das W0rstchen die Wurstsorten (itte $0rn er&er #ch.eins.0rste %inden 2eli, 2elicatessen *d!s Gesch%t T hard cheese %ood, %oods so%t cheese pork sausa&e E!!enthaler cheese, #.iss cheese piece sales clerk s!all sausa&e t6pes o% sausa&e I% 6ou please a t6pe o% s!all, pork sausa&e *pl.+ %ind
heien sch!ecken suchen verkau%en eink!u%en B der +erku%er+ hnlich ein lecker nicht st0ck.eise St/ck+ Pron"nciation G"ide FF
*co!pare .ith
si!ilar a, an, an6, one tast6, delicious not piece!eal, 6 the piece
Grd person erG sieG es he, she, it sie %all genders& they
Polite (orm.
1he nominati$e case is that o( the s"b5ect o( a $erb. 1he prono"n subFect o( these sentences is "nderlined in the German and the )nglish: #s geht mir gut. !t goes well %(or& me.
1hat ! can "nderstand. Eo" are a pigT +nd can yo" tell %to& 8nd !7nnen Sie mir sagen...0 me...J 1his last sentence is an example (rom Gespr,ch <-G "sing the polite form o( Byo"B. 6hether sing"lar or pl"ral m"st be established by context. 1his next sentence translates with sie as BtheyB: 8nd !7nnen sie mir sagen...0 +nd can they tell me...J
+nd this one, with sie as BsheB: 8nd !ann sie mir sagen...0 +nd can she tell me...J as e$idenced by the (orm taken by the $erb BcanB %!7nnen&. 9ther "ses o( the nominati$e case in German will be explored in ("t"re lessons. 1ables o( the prono"ns in all cases are s"mmari ed in the grammar appendix: Prono"n 1ables. D"TE: +n intransiti$e $erb cannot be (ollowed by an ob5ect in )nglish or German. + prono"n (ollowing an intransiti$e $erb s"ch as Bto beB is called a predicate prono"n and sho"ld be in the nominati$e case. !n )nglish B!t is !B is correct7 B!t is meB is incorrect.
Vokabeln +I0
der (rie% das Einkau%en der Fin&er, die Fin&er das >au%en pre%erred+ das #ch.ein das 3erkau%en letter shoppin& %in&er, %in&ers u6in& pi& sellin&
%or! is
Andere WLrter +A
0sing these additional $ocab"lary words, yo" sho"ld be able to restate GesprQch +I+ abo$e, altering the meaning %or time o( day& o( the con$ersation.
der 1 end Guten 1 end! !or&en %r0h zu .eni& a end a ends %alsch !or&en !or&ens schlecht Pron"nciation G"ide FF evenin& Good Evenin& *&reetin&+ to!orro. !ornin& too little evenin& evenin&s %alse, .ron& to!orro. in the !ornin& ad
Sberset-ung +I+
6rite these sentences in German. Pay attention to the additional words presented in Andere W7rter EA: ;. Good e$ening -atherine.6here are yo" goingJ <. !Bm looking (or a good /wiss cheese. G. 1hat is wrongT 1oo little is too little. +ntworten F
Gespr ch K6K N Mach dir !eine Sorgen& 4eim 4allspielen macht Aarl sich /orgen "m die 0hr eit.
Kar$: 6ie sp,t ist es 5et tJ Heinrich: )s ist erst halb eins. Kar$: Aannst d" mir bitte sagen, wenn es .iertel $or wei istJ Heinrich: 6ar"mJ Kar$: Dann m"ss ich nach Ha"se gehen. Heinrich: 0nd 5et t ist es schon ein 0hr ein"ndreiSig. Kar$: D" bist komischT Hier, ich kicke dir den 4all ". Heinrich: ?a. Dann kann ich ihn dir "r8ckkicken. Kar$: ?a. 0nd danach bringst d" mich a"( deinem Iotorrad " meiner
6ohn"ng.
Vokabeln .I.
das die das die das die die (allspiel "inute "otorrad #or&e, die #or&en 3iertel Woche Wohnun& all &a!e !inute !otorc6cle pro le!*s+, .orr6*)ies+ Nuarter, one)%ourth .eek apart!ent do not .orr6! &o ho!e kick kick
!ach dir keine #or&en! nach Hause &ehen kicken zur0ckkicken ei! danach dein erst hal 'etzt ko!isch !ein schon
.hen, .hile a%ter that 6our onl6 hal% no. co!ical, %unn6 !6 alread6
zur0ck .arum
ack .h6
*interro&ative+
idiom %#s ist /ierte$ zehn& is "sed especially in the eastern parts o( Germany, b"t is becoming pop"lar among yo"ng Germans thro"gho"t the -o"ntry.
am A%end in the e$ening7 also as a%ends or des A%ends< am )age in the daytime in der Nacht at night gegen A%end towards e$ening gegen Morgen towards morning < Forms like morgens and des Nachmittags wo"ld tend to be "sed to indicate c"stomary or habit"al actions, as in this sense: Morgens spie$e ich. Y !n the morning ! %"s"ally& play. Howe$er, these (orms are not m"ch "sed anymore.
Additional Dotes
1he (irst sentence in Gespr,ch G-G "ses Beim Ba$$spie$en in the sense o( 3d"ring the ball game3 or 3while playing ball3. Beim is a contraction o( %ei dem or 3at the3. Howe$er, das Ba$$spie$ is a no"n that represents an action %3playing with a ball3&, so it is correct to "se %eim in the sense intended here. !t is not the most bea"ti("l way o( saying thisCb"t is correct. 6ith the in(initi$e o( a $erb yo" can "se %eim too: Beim spie$en means 3while playing3. 1his (orm is more common in modern German lang"age.
Vokabeln .I0
der der der der der die der 1 end Hi!!el "itta& "or&en, die "or&en $ach!itta& $acht :a&, die :a&e evenin& heaven noon, noonti!e !ornin&*s+ a%ternoon ni&ht da6*s+ depart *%ro! a trip+ %or *duration+, a%ter to.ards, a out, approHi!atel6 last *at+ a out, approHi!atel6
:ote that morgen does not change in pl"ral7 th"s, Die Morgen Y 3the mornings3. !t is "ncommon to "se it in pl"ral, "nless as a meas"re o( land Vier Morgen Land Y 3(o"r Bmorgens o( land3. For a pl"ral "se o( 3mornings3, it is better to s"bstit"te die Vormittage.
Andere WLrter .A
0sing these additional $ocab"lary words, yo" may be able to restate GesprQch .I. abo$e, altering the meaning %or time o( day& o( the con$ersation.
die Hl%te die 3iertelstunde Pron"nciation G"ide FF hal% Nuarter o% an hour
Sberset-ung .I+
1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German: ;. ! am always at home in the morning. +ntworten F
Gespr ch L6E N Die Gesch *tsm nner Herr /chmidt "nd Herr /tandish, als sie sich am Ha"ptsit endlich begegnen. Fra" 4a"mann ist a"ch da.
Herr Schmidt: G"ten Iorgen, Herr /tandishT Dar( ich mich $orstellen: mein :ame ist /chmidt, ?ohann /chmidt. Herr Standish: )s (re"t mich sehr, /ie kennen " lernen. !ch heiSe Iiles /tandish. Herr Schmidt: !ch gla"be, dass /ie Fra" 4a"mann schon kennen. Herr Standish: ?a, gewiS. 6ie geht es !hnen, Fra" 4a"mannJ Frau Baumann: Danke, es geht mir g"t. Herr Schmidt: .erstehe ich richtig, dass /ie gestern ankamen "nd morgen ins :6iener 48ro reisen m8ssenJ Herr Standish: ?a, am Iontag ("hr ich mit dem /chnell "g d"rch den Urmelkanalt"nnel. 6enn ich meine +rbeit abgeschlossen habe, werde ich am Donnerstag nach '8rich "nd 6ien reisen. Herr Schmidt: /ehr g"t. 4itte sprechen /ie $or )nde der 6oche noch mit Fra" Aa"(mann. Frau Baumann: /ie arbeitet in der Gesch,(tsbibliothek. Herr Schmidt: Das ist richtig. Die 4ibliothek. Herr Standish: !ch werde es so(ort t"n. Herr Schmidt: +lles klar. Frau Baumann: /p,ter werden wir eine .ersamml"ng in der 4"chhalt"ng abhalten. Herr Standish: /ehr g"t. +"( 6iedersehen Fra" 4a"mann. +"( 6iedersehen Herr /chmidt. Herr Schmidt: +"( 6iedersehen.
Vokabeln 0I.
der die die die das der die der der der ^r!elkanaltunnel 1r eit (i liothek (uchhaltun& (0ro 2onnersta& Gesch%ts i liothek "onta& $a!e #chnellzu& 5hunnel *En&land)France channel tunnel+ .ork li rar6 accountin& o%%ice o%%ice :hursda6 co!pan6 * usiness+ li rar6 "onda6 na!e eHpress train
vision !eetin& 3ienna *1ustria+ reunion .eek 9urich lookin& &ood on "onda6 at such ti!e .hen "a6 I... ? It &ives !e pleasure Good !ornin&! certainl6, o% course e%ore the end o% the .eek 3ienna ranch o%%ice hold co!plete arrive ride &ive !eet, !ake acNuaintance !ust travel see, look do, acco!plish introduce .ill .ould please there throu&h, 6 !eans o% %inall6 6esterda6 to, to.ards o% course !6sel% *re%le8i(e+ .ith %ast, Nuick, rapid directl6, %orth.ith a&ain, once a&ain
alles klar a! "onta& dann .enn 2ar% ich... ? Es %reut !ich sehr Guten "or&en! /a, &e.i vor Ende der Woche Wiener (0ro a halten a schlieen anko!!en *ka! an, an&eko!!en+ %ahren &e en kennen lernen !0ssen reisen sehen tun sich vorstellen .erden .0rde itte da durch endlich &estern nach nat0rlich !ich !it schnell so%ort .ieder Pron"nciation G"ide FF
*greeting+
*!u8"+
Grd person ihnG sieG es him, her, it sie %all genders& them RPolite (orm. 1he acc"sati$e case is that o( the ob5ect o( a $erb. 9nly transiti$e $erbs take direct ob5ects. 1he prono"n %and no"n in two cases& obFect in each o( these sentences is "nderlined in the German and the )nglish:
,nnen Sie mich (erstehen0 *ch k!nn Sie (erstehen" *ch k!nn sie (erstehen *ch k!nn ihn dir zur/ck kicken4 5an 6ou understand !e? I can understand 6ou. I can understand *her or the!+. I can kick it ack to 6ou!
:ote the order o( the prono"ns in this last sentence. !( the direct ob5ect %here: ihn& is a personal prono"n, it precedes the dati$e %dir&7 i( it were a no"n, the dati$e wo"ld precede it, as in these sentences:
Hier, ich kicke dir den B!ll zu" Here, I kick the all to 6ou. 2!r% ich *hnen meine &reundin ( rstellen0 "a6 I introduce !6 %riend to 6ou?
9ther "ses o( the acc"sati$e case in German will be explored in ("t"re lessons. 1ables o( the personal prono"ns in all cases are s"mmari ed in Prono"n 1ables.
1his last sentence is an example (rom Gespr,ch ;-< "sing the polite (orm o( Byo"B. 6hether sing"lar or pl"ral m"st be established by context. 1his next sentence translates with ihnen as BthemB:
Wie geht es ihnen0 Ho. &oes it .ith the!? *Ho. are the6?+
1he meaning o( ihnen %or ,hnen& wo"ld ha$e to come (rom context in a con$ersation. +nother "se o( the dati$e case in German is a(ter these prepositions: aus bei mit nach seit 2on zu. Eo" will be introd"ced to the meanings o( these prepositions o$er many ("t"re lessons rather than all at once, beca"se some ha$e many meanings in )nglish. !ndeed, beca"se each lang"age associates speci(ic
prepositions with many common sayings %and these o(ten do not correspond in German and )nglish&, these 3little3 words can be tro"blesome (or st"dents. :onetheless, yo" sho"ld memori e now the list o( prepositions abo$e to always remember their association with the dati$e case. 1ables o( the prono"ns in all cases are s"mmari ed in +ppendix <. 6ord order in a German sentence with an indirect ob5ect depends "pon whether that direct ob5ect is a prono"n or a no"n. !( the direct ob5ect is a no"n, the dati$e precedes the acc"sati$e7 i( the direct ob5ect is a personal prono"n, the acc"sati$e precedes the dati$e: ,ch ge%e dem Jungen den Ba$$. ! gi$e the boy the ball. ,ch ge%e ihm den Ba$$. ! gi$e him the ball. ,ch ge%e ihn ihm. ! gi$e it to him. ,ch ge%e ihn dem Jungen. ! gi$e it to the boy. )nglish sentence str"ct"re is similar.
Herr Standish: )ntsch"ldigen /ie bitte. 6o ist hier ein HotelJ Die Frau: Gleich dort dr8ben. Das ist das Hotel 3'"r Post3. Herr Standish: Gibt es ein *esta"rant darinJ Die Frau: ?a gewissT )in *esta"rant mit g"tb8rgerlicher A8che, besonders "m +bendessen. +ber ich kLnnte !hnen ein anderes *esta"rant emp(ehlen. )s heiSt B+lt-6ienB, "nd es gibt dort das beste Fr8hst8ck. Das *esta"rant ist links neben dem Hotel, "m die )cke. Herr Standish: Danke sehr. 0nd kLnnen /ie mir sagen, wo das *atha"s $on /t. PLlten istJ Die Frau: 6ie bitteJ Herr Standish: 6ie komme ich "m *atha"sJ Die Frau: *echts "m die )cke "nd dann immer geradea"s a "nge(,hr ein Ailometer. Herr Standish: Danke sehr. Die Frau: 4itte sehr. 6iedersehen. Herr Standish: +"( 6iedersehen.
Vokabeln 2A
das 1 endessen [das\ Psterreich die Ecke das Fr0hst0ck das Hotel der >ilo!eter die >0che der >ontinent [das\ $ieder-sterreich das 8athaus das 8estaurant die #tadt (itte sehr Entschuldi&en #ie Es &i t dort... Gi t es...? &ut 0r&erliche >0che Guten :a& i!!er &eradeaus k-nnen #ie supper *evenin& !eal+ 1ustria corner reak%ast hotel kilo!etre cookin&, cuisine continent *Europe+ *%ederal state o%+ Do.er 1ustria cit6 hall restaurant cit6 ?ou,re .elco!e 4ardon !e, eHcuse !e :here is there... Is there..? &ood, traditional %ood &ood da6 *partin&+ strai&ht on ahead could 6ou *polite %or!+
Wie
itte?
4ardon !e? *polite ;co!e a&ain?;+ reco!!end travel co!e, &o, &et .ander sa6, tell speak other especiall6 please that then therein a *inde%inite article+ one *cardinal nu! er+ unkno.n &ladl6 'ust, ri&ht *correct+, ri&ht here, sa!e this !ornin& here *in this place+ I *personal pronoun+ le%t *direction+ neHt to ri&ht *direction+ approHi!atel6 o% *5!th!us ( n St" 9lten T #t. 4olten 5it6 Hall+ ho. *interro&ative+ .here *interro&ative+ to *zum T contraction o% zu dem+
e!p%ehlen %ahren ko!!en .andern sa&en sprechen anderer, andere, anderes esonders itte das dann darin ein eins %re!d &ern &leich heute %r0h hier ich links ne en rechts un&e%hr von .ie .o zu
Andere WLrter 0A
der der die die (ahnho% Flu&ha%en 4olizei.ache 4ost train station airport police station post o%%ice eHact*l6+ toda6
&enau heute
:iederLsterreich ist sowohl (l,chenm,Sig als a"ch nach )inwohnern das grLSte der ne"n Lsterreichischen 4"ndesl,nder. /ankt PLlten ist die #andesha"ptstadt $on :iederLsterreich. Der :ame /t. PLlten geht a"( den heiligen Hippolytos "r8ck, nach dem die /tadt benannt w"rde. Die +ltstadt be(indet sich dort, wo $om <. bis "m @. ?ahrh"ndert die *Lmerstadt Ae$ium +etium stand. NOO w"rde der 9rt als 31reisma3 erw,hnt. Das Iarktrecht erhielt /t. PLlten "m ;=D=, "r /tadt erhoben w"rde es ;;DO. 4is ;@O@ stand /t. PLlten im 4esit des 4ist"ms Passa", dann w"rde es landes(8rstliches )igent"m. 4ereits NN; (indet sich ein 4enediktinerkloster, ab ;=[; gab es +"g"stiner-horherren, ;N[@ w"rde deren Aollegiatssti(t a"(gehoben, das Geb,"de dient seit ;N[D als 4ischo(ssit . '"r #andesha"ptstadt $on :iederLsterreich w"rde /t. PLlten mit #andtagsbeschl"ss $om ;=. ?"li ;O[H, seit ;OON ist es /it der :iederLsterreichischen #andesregier"ng.
Vokabeln 2E
2ie 2er 2er 2as 2er 2ie 2ie 2as 2ie 2as 2ie 2as 2as 2as 2ie 1ltstadt 1u&ustiner (esitz (istu! (ischo%ssitz (undeslnder 5horherren Ei&entu! Ein.ohner Ge ude Geschichte /ahrhundert >loster >olle&iatssti%t Dandeshauptstadt old to.n 1u&ustinian possession, holdin& diocese ishop,s see *a seat o% a ishop,s authorit6+ %ederal states !en,s choir proprietorship inha itants pre!ises histor6 centur6 !onaster6, %riar6 !onaster6 colle&e re&ional or state capital cit6
provincial *state+ &overn!ent da6 o% 'urisdictional reor&anization ri&ht to hold !arkets na!e place, spot, cit6 8o!an to.n o%%icial place a dioecian re&ion in (avaria oth... and &oes ack to
au%he en *ho au%, au%&eho en+ !er&ed in *or turned into?+ e%inden sich situated, located * e%and sich, ha en sich e%unden+ %inden sichJ %ound *located+ enennen * enannte, enannt+ call *as to la el+ erhalten *erhielt, erhalten+ receive erhe en *erho , erho en+ arise, raise er.hnen *er.hnte, er.hnt+ !ention stehen *stand, &estanden+ stand *stood, stood+ .erden *.urde, [ist\&e.orden+ eco!e a au% ereits is %lchen!i& heili& landes%0rstlich nach u! %ro! up alread6 until, 6, up to *no direct translation+ _ .hen !easured in sur%ace hol6 aronial or princel6 *holdin&s+ in ter!s o% around
%R one short (orm o( an(inden: (indet sich %an&7 in collo2"ial lang"age yo" can c"t the 3an37 b"t in 1H!/ special case it is the short (orm o( 3%be&(indet sich %dort&3&
Pron"nciation G"ide FF
*ead more abo"t /t. PLlten at the German 6ikipedia %so"rce o( article abo$e&.
Vokabeln 4A
die die der das der das die die die der 1usnah!e Enz6klopdie Erste Weltkrie& Groerei&nis /uli 8adrennen Welt Woche, die Wochen 9eit 9.eite Weltkrie& er0h!teste eHception enc6clopedia WW I !a'or event /ul6 ic6cle race .orld .eek, .eeks ti!e, period WW II a!on& the !ost .idel6 reno.ned, the !ost popular ever6 6ear a!on& *one o%+ !ost cele rated, !ost reno.ned %ree since athletic altoðer, &enerall6 durin& three .eeks lastin& road, .ide i!portant
* ei .eite!+
all'hrlich ei er0h!teste %rei, %reien *1kkusativ+ seit sportlich 0 erhaupt .hrend drei Wochen lan& .eit .ichti& Pron"nciation G"ide FF
<nde2eloped
<nde2eloped
<nde2eloped
G*+ I I +*
1his 6ikibook mod"le collection is designed (or those who ha$e, at the $ery least, a basic knowledge o( the German lang"age and wish to expand their knowledge o( the Grammar or those who simply re2"ire re(erence. Please follo the lessons first if you ish to begin learning German.
Douns
Articles
+d5ecti$al )ndings
#ases
German has (o"r cases. + case may determine the partic"lar ad5ecti$e, ad5ecti$e ending, prono"n, and no"n ending to "se. /tart by Determining -ase in German. 1he nominative case is "sed in re(erence to the s"b5ect o( a sentence. 1he accusative case is "sed in re(erence to the direct ob5ect o( a sentence. 1he dative case is "sed in re(erence to the indirect ob5ect o( a sentence. 1he genitive case is "sed in re(erence to a possessed ob5ect o( a sentence.
Pronouns
German prono"ns in cases Dominative Accusative 5ative Genitive :e !he It They er sie es sie ihn sie es sie ihm ihr ihm ihnen seiner / seines ihrer / ihres seiner / seines ihrer / ihres =Possessive? %sein& %ihr& %sein& %ihr&
We =us? wir "ns "ns "nser / "nseres %"nser& :ote: 1he possessi$e is not a case o( the personal prono"n, rather itBs a prono"n itsel(. 1his means the table shows the nominati$e case only. 1he geniti$e case is "sed to show possession or relationships. !n )nglish, the prono"n re(erring to the geniti$e ob5ect is the e2"i$alent o( 3o( the3 or 3his3 or 3my3 etc. For simple sentence str"ct"re, the article o( the direct ob5ect is changed appropriately, while the article o( the geniti$e part is changed to end with -er i( itBs a die word %(eminine and pl"ral& and to -es with der and das words. 6ith der/das words, the geniti$e no"n m"st take the s"((ix -s, or -es i( there is b"t one syllable in the word. 1here are exceptions. )xamples: ! want the teacherBs book. --*ewrite as: ! want the book 3o( the3 teacher. -!ch will das 4"ch des #ehrers %der #ehererin&. 6itho"t his (riendBs car, we cannot go home. -9hne den 6agen seines Fre"ndes kLnnen wir nicht nach Ha"se gehen. 1he wall o( the b"ilding is old and brown. -Die 6and des Geb,"des ist alt "nd bra"n. :ote: all ad5ecti$es in the geniti$e case will end in -en.
Gegen8ber is one o( the rare postpositions, which typically (ollows the ob5ect it modi(ies.
Er stand !ir &e&en0 er. "ir &e&en0 er steht 1uen!inister Fischer.
+ber a"ch:
Ge&en0 er von Ihnen e%indet sich das #tadt!useu!.
:ach is also sometimes "sed as a postposition, when its meaning is 3according to3. 1he two prases are e2"i$alent:
$ach de! 4%arrer sei Gott &ut. 2e! 4%arrer nach sei Gott &ut.
!n spoken lang"age, the geniti$e with w,hrend is nowadays normally replaced by the dati$e:
Written: Whrend des Essens .ollen .ir nicht &est-rt .erden. #poken: Whrend de! Essen .ollen .ir nicht &est-rt .erden.
Verbs
German $erbs can be classi(ied as "ea! or as strong. 6eak $erbs are $ery reg"lar in their (orms, whereas strong $erbs change the stem $owel. 6eak:
kau%en, kau%te, &ekau%t
/trong:
sin&en, san&, &esun&en
/ome German $erbs ha$e weak and strong (orms. 1his may depend on meaning:
2er (otscha%ter .urde nach (erlin &esandt. 2er #0ddeutsche 8und%unk sendete ein >onzert aus de! Gastei&.
#lasses of Verbs
Tenses
Present Tense
Present 1ense
Past Tenses
,uture Tenses
F"t"re 1ense
!entence !tructure
Types of #lauses
#onnecting #lauses
+ppendices
#ontents
A%&$ ' 5as Alphabet ( German alphabet and Pron"nciation G"ide A%&+ ' Phrase Eook ( -ommon phrases in German A%&. ' /esources ( 9nline *eso"rces (or German #ang"age /t"dents A%&0 ' Dames ( :amen - a list o( common, modern German names A%&2 ' :istory [ German history A%&3 ' ,alse ,riends ( +ll the German words that look like )nglish words, b"t ha$e di((erent meanings
1he German alphabet, like )nglish, consists o( <H basic letters. Howe$er, there are also combined letters and (o"r "mla"ted (orms %an um$aut is the pair o( dots placed o$er certain $owels&. 1he (ollowing table incl"des a listing o( all these letters and a g"ide to their pron"nciation. +s in )nglish, letter so"nds can di((er depending "pon where within a word the letter occ"rs. 1he (irst pron"nciation gi$en below %second col"mn& is that in )nglish o( the letter %or combination& itsel(. *eading down this col"mn and prono"ncing the 3)nglish3 words will recite the alphabet au* Deutsch %3in German3&. :ote that letter order is exactly the same as in )nglish, b"t pron"nciation is not (or many o( the letters. !n the list o( pron"nciation notes, no entry means essentially 3prono"nced as in )nglish3. + %ah& 4 %bay& - %tsay& D %day& ) %ay& F %e(& Prono"nced like BgB in BgetB7 prono"nced like BkB when at the end o( a word7 G %gay& prono"nced like BichB-so"nd %see below& in the s"((ix B-igB at the end o( words like BhB in Bho"seB only at the beginning o( words or a syllable H %hah& be(ore BaB, BiB, BoB, B"B, ByB, B,B, BLB, B8B %only i( these $owels donBt belong to a s"((ix&, else silent #ong BiB as BeB in BseenB %ee&7 short BiB as BiB in BpitB Prono"nced like ByB in ByardB /lightly more 3dental3 #ong BaB as BaB in B(atherB %ah&7 short BaB as BoB in BcomeB Prono"nced like BpB when at the end o( a word /ee combination letter (orms7 witho"t a (ollowing BhB: be(ore BeB, BiB, ByB, B,B, BLB like the german letter B B else like BkB Prono"nced like BtB when at the end o( a word7 slightly more 3dental3 #ong BeB as BaB in BlateB %ay&7 there is no mo$ement in the so"nd as in the english e2"i$alent. /hort BeB as BeB in BpetB. !n "nstressed syllables like BaB in Babo"tB or BeB in BgardenB
! ? A #
I %em& /lightly more 3dental37 in BngB like in BsingingB7 like in B(ingerB : %en& be(ore BaB, BiB, BoB, B"B, ByB, B,B, BLB, B8B %only i( these $owels donBt belong to a s"((ix& #ong BoB as BoB in BopenB %oh&, there is no mo$ement in the so"nd as in the english 9 %oh& P %pay& Prono"nced like BkB7 only occ"rs in the combination B2"B, which is prono"nced like P %koo& * %air& Bk$B not like BkwB trilled %see below& !n Germany, prono"nced like B B7 prono"nced like BsB in Bso"ndB when at the end o( a word, a(ter consonants %except BlB, BmB, BnB, ngB& and be(ore consonants7 in +"stria, prono"nced like B B only when it appears between two $owels, prono"nced like BsB otherwise. Prono"nced like BshB in the beginning o( a word be(ore BpB or BtB /lightly more 3dental3 #ong B"B as BooB in BmoonB %oo&7 short B"B as B"B in Bp"tB Prono"nced like B(B when at the end o( a word and in a (ew b"t o(ten "sed words %in most cases o( germanic origin&, in general at the beginning o( German geographical and (amily names. !n all other cases like B$B Prono"nced like B$B Prono"nced like BksB Prono"nced like B8B %see below&, except in words o( )nglish origin, where it is e2"i$alent. /hort BoB as BoB in BpotB
/ %ess&
1 %tay& 0 %oo&
. %(ow&
6 %$ay& X %iks& E
' %tset& Prono"nced like BtsB Kni\ue German letters um$aut $etters :ote that "mla"ts were originally written as BaeB, BoeB, and B"eB. #ong , prono"nced similar to long e %ay& U" %ah-"mla"t-oo& Prono"nced like BoiB in BoilB :o )nglish e2"i$alent so"nd %see V %oh-"mla"t& below& U %ah-"mla"t&
:o )nglish e2"i$alent so"nd %see below& the *ormer $igature ( W %oo-"mla"t& S %ess-tset or shar(es ess& combined letters ch ck t ie ei e" a" dt st sp sch tsch dsch sch, t sch ph p( 2" ...
Prono"nced like BsB in BsetB or BcB in BniceB7 see below (or "ses. Prono"nced $ario"s ways %see Konsonanten so"nds below&
%ess-tsay-hah&
Audio: Audio:
9GG %G=DA4& > Das A$pha%et oder Das AB+ 9GG %;;@A4& > Die 8m$aute
do"ble consonant r"le: %in, %is, das, es, hat, and "as all ha$e short $owel so"nds. !t is also the case that the silent BhB does not co"nt as a consonant and the preceeding $owel is always long. ,hnen is an example. 1his 3r"le3 is applied to the "se o( BssB $s. BSB %see below&, in that BSB is treated as a single consonant. 1h"s, the $owel be(ore BSB in der Fu( %(oot& is long, while that be(ore BssB in das Fass %cask& is short.
au a B+h-ooB is prononced like BowB in )nglish Bco B. German examples are %$au %bl"e& and auch %also see below "nder ach > "ni2"e German so"nds&. Qu a B+h-"mla"t-ooB is prono"nced like the German eu %ay-oo7 see next&. !n written and printed German, BaeB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or B,B i( the latter is "na$ailable. eu a B+y-ooB is prono"nced like BoiB in )nglish word BoilB. German examples are neun %nine& and heute %today&. ie and ei a B)e-ayB has exactly the same so"nd as a German long BiB7 that is, like the BeeB in BseenB. B+y-eeB is prono"nced like the BeiB in BheightB. :ote that this appears to be the opposite (or these two $owel combinations in )nglish, where the r"le is that the (irst $owel is long and the second is silent. -onsider this word: BdieB C in German it is prono"nced BdeeB, in )nglish like BdyeB. 1he word mein in German is the )nglish BmineB. !n e((ect, BieB (ollows the same r"le as in )nglish, with the (irst $owel long %ee in German& and the second $owel silent7 BeiB is the e2"i$alent so"nd in German to the )nglish long BiB as in BmineB.
1onsonanten ( #onsonants
Iost German consonants are prono"nced similar to the way they are in )nglish, with exceptions noted in col"mn G abo$e. Details o( certain consonant so"nds and "ses are disc"ssed ("rther here:
ch a Prono"nced like BkB in many words o( Greek origin like +hrist or +hara!ter, b"t like BshB in words o( French origin, and BtchB in words o( )nglish origin. 1he German sechs %six& is prono"nced $ery m"ch similar to the )nglish BsexB. /ee also the disc"ssion o( 3ich-so"nd3 below. 1he pron"nciation o( words with an initial BchB (ollowed by a $owel, as in +hina or +hemie $aries: in High German the 3ich-so"nd3 is the standard pron"nciation, b"t in /o"th German dialect and +"strian German BkB is pre(erred. d, t, l, and n a 1hese letters are prono"nced similarly in )nglish and German. Howe$er, in prono"ncing these letters, the German extends his tong"e "p to the back o( the base o( the teeth, creating a more dental sound. +s noted abo$e, BdB is a Bdental dB except at the end o( a word, where it becomes a Bdental tB. sch a in German B)ss-tsay-hahB is prono"nced like BshB, not BskB as in )nglish. German word example: Sch'$er %st"dent&. sp and st a 6here the combinations Bess-payB or Bess-tayB appear at the beginning o( a word, the BessB so"nd becomes an BshB so"nd. German examples are spie$en %play& and sp t %late&. +n interesting 3exception3 is a word like B$eisti*t %pencil&, where the inside BstiB is prono"nced BshtiB C howe$er, this is a compo"nd word (rom B$ei %lead& and Sti*t %pen&. /ome local dialects howe$er prono"nce all occ"rances 3sharp3 %with an BessB so"nd -- typical (or :orth German dialects, especially near Hamb"rg& or 3so(t3 %with an BshB so"nd -- typical (or the /wabian dialect&. ) a 1he (ormer ligat"re %o( BssB or Bs B&, Bess-tsetB is widely "sed in German, b"t its "se is somewhat more restricted in $ery modern German %always prono"nced like BsB in Bso"ndB&. BSB is
"sed (or the so"nd BsB in cases where BssB or BsB canBt be "sed: this is especially a(ter long $owels and diphthongs %c(. the )nglish "sage o( BcB like in B$iceB or BgroceryB&. 1h"s, the $owel be(ore BSB in der Fu( %(oot& is long, while that be(ore BssB in das Fass %cask& is short. BSB appears a(ter diphthongs %Ba"B, BeiB, Be"B& beca"se they are long. !n written and printed German, BssB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or BSB i( the letter is "na$ailable. 1he greek letter, f, is not to be "sed as a s"bstit"te (or BSB. :ote that in /wit erland, BSB is always written as BssB.
r a German lang"age has two pron"nciations (or r: 1he more common is similiar to the French r, a g"tt"ral so"nd resembling a (ractionated g, as (o"nd in +rabic or some pron"nciations o( modern Greek Q. 1he second prono"nciation is a 3rolled3 r as in /panish or /cots. !ts "se is limited to /wit erland and parts o( /o"thern Germany. L %oh-"mla"t& a 1he word 3"mla"t3 means 3change in so"nd3 and an "mla"ted BoB changes to a so"nd with no e2"i$alent in )nglish. 1he Blong LB is made by (irst so"nding BooB as in moon, then p"rsing the lips as i( to whistle, and changing the so"nd to BaB as in BlateB. +n example word is sch7n %bea"ti("l&. 1he Bshort LB so"nd is made by (irst so"nding BooB, p"rsing the lips, and changing the so"nd to BeB as in Bpet. + Bshort LB so"nds act"ally $ery similar to the BiB in BsirB. +n example word is z"7$* %twel$e&. !( yo" ha$e problems prono"ncing 7, do not replace it by 3o3 b"t by 3e3 %as in el(& like in many German dialects. !n written and printed German, BoeB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or BLB i( the latter is "na$ailable. A %oo-"mla"t& a +s with BLB, Boo-"mla"tB is a ro"nded $owel so"nd with no )nglish e2"i$alent. 1he Blong 8B is made by (irst so"nding BooB as in moon, then p"rsing the lips as i( to whistle, and changing the so"nd to BeeB as in BseenB. +n example word is *r'h. 1he Bshort 8B so"nd is made by (irst so"nding BooB, p"rsing the lips, and changing the so"nd to BiB as in Bpit. +n example word is *'n* %(i$e&. !( yo" ha$e problems prono"ncing ', do not replace it by 3"3 b"t by 3i3 %as in (ish& like in many German dialects. !n written and printed German, B"eB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or B8B i( the latter is "na$ailable. ach a 1he letter combination BchB as in auch %also& is called the 3ach-so"nd3 and resembles a throat-clearing %g"tt"ral& so"nd. !t is "sed a(ter BaB, BoB, B"B, and Ba"B. !t is prono"nced somewhat like 3och3 in #och :ess %lock, not loke& in its original (orm. 1he Hebrew letter and the +rabic letter as well as continental /panish 1 are prono"nced the same as the 3ach-so"nd3. ich a 1he 3ich-so"nd3 in German is also somewhat g"tt"ral, like a more (orce("l BhB in )nglish 3h"e3, 3h"ge3. +nother approach is to say 3sh3 while %almost& to"ching the palpatine not with the tip b"t with the middle o( yo"r tong"e. !n the word richtig %3correct3& both the BichB and the (inal BigB ha$e this so"nd. !t is "sed a(ter BeB, BiB, ByB, B,B, BLB, B8B, BeiB, Be"B, B,"B, a(ter consonant-letters and sometimes at the beginning o( words %especially be(ore BeB, BiB, ByB, B,B, BLB&. !( yo" ha$e problems prono"ncing ich, replace with the so"nd o( Bh"eB or by BshB b"t ne$er by a hard BkB %ne$er 3ick3&T !n some parts o( Germany 3ich3, as well as the (inal BigB, is prono"nced 3ish3. !n +"stria and some local dialects o( Germany the (inal BigB %as in 3richtig3& is simply prono"nced as in )nglish 3dig3.
!yllable !tress
1he general r"le in German is that words are stressed on the (irst syllable. Howe$er, there are exceptions. +lmost all exceptions are o( latin, (rench, or greek origin. Iostly these are words stressed on the last syllable, as shown by the (ollowing:
3oT`kal >onTsoT`nant DekTtiT`on
1hese words %not stressed on the (irst syllable& appear in the %#e$el !! and !!!& lesson $ocab"laries as Vokal, Konsonant, Le!tion %in some regions: Le!tion&, etc.
Hello! Good da6! Good da6! Good !ornin&! Good evenin&! Good ni&ht! Ho. are 6ou *%or!al+? Ho. are 6ou doin&? Ho. are 6ou *in%or!al+ I,! doin& %ine, I,! .ell Great! #uper! Good! 3er6 &ood! :erri%ic! 4rett6 &ood 7> Goin& ok $ot .ell (ad 3er6 ad "isera le 1nd 6ou *%or!al+? Good 6e! (6e! #ee 6ou! 5iao! *Italian %or ,see 6ou,+ Dater! *until later+ Dater! *until .henever+ *hear+ a&ain *used over the phone+
GesprQche =conversations?
2anke *sehr+! 2anke sch-n! (itte? (itte *sehr+! Entschuldi&un&! :hanks, thank 6ou :hanks a lot! 4lease? ?ou,re .elco!e! *co!es a%ter danke+ EHcuse !e!
Verstehen =understanding?
(itte, sprechen #ie et.as lan&sa!er. >-nnen #ie !ich verstehen? Ich verstehe #ie nicht. Was ha en #ie &esa&t? >-nnen #ie das itte .iederholen? Ich spreche kein 2eutsch. Ger!an+ Ich spreche nur ein isschen 2eutsch. 4lease speak so!e.hat slo.er 5an 6ou understand !e? I don,t understand 6ou. What .as that? What have 6ou said? 5an 6ou sa6 that a&ain, please! I don,t speak Ger!an *literall6: I speak no I speak onl6 a little Ger!an
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G"ter 0mgang: German lang"age learning blog abo"t collo2"ial German %*//-Feed&. #etBs speak German: ?okes, poems, tong"etwisters and more in German %*//-Feed&. Podcasts o( De"tsche 6elle: :achrichten, 1op-1hema, /tichwort, /prachbar and +lltagsde"tsch are speci(ically made (or lang"age learners. Iost o( the texts can be (o"nd on the pages De"tsch im Fok"s %/prachbar, /tichwort and +lltagsde"tsch& and Didakt"elles %:achrichten and 1op-1hema&.
Tandem
1andem by )-Iail
,irst Dames
German names ha$e "ndergone a drastic change in the last H= years. 9lder, 3typical3 German names like :ans, ,rit-, :einrich, 1arl or Wilhelm are now "ncommon in contemporary Germany. 1oday many parents gi$e their children names like %ten most pop"lar names <==G&: Eoys ;. Iaximilian <. +lexander G. #eon @. Pa"l D. #"kas/#"cas H. Felix N. #"ca [. Da$id O. 1im ;=.?onas Girls ;. Iarie <. /ophie G. Iaria @. +nna, +nne D. #ea%h& H. #a"ra N. #ena [. #eonie O. ?"lia ;=./ara%h&
Iaximilian +lexander #eon Pa"l #"kas/#"cas Felix #"ca Da$id 1im Gerhard, Gerd, Gert !ngo ?onas Peter Iichael 1homas / 1omas 6ol(gang +ndreas
G8nter / G8nther -la"s / Ala"s +dolph ?8rgen /te(an / /tephan 6erner Hans Frit Heinrich 0we *"di ?ens
Girls@ Dames
:ina 0rs"la, 0lla Helga Aarin !ngrid *enate /abine Ionica / Ionika Giesela / Gisela /"sanne Petra 4irgit / 4irgitt Iarie /ophie Iaria +nna, +nne #ea%h& #ara #a"ra #ena #eonie #isa ?"lia /ara%h&
Last Dames
4ergmann 4rand, 4randt, 4rant Fischer F"chs Hartmann Ho((mann, Ho(mann ?anssen ?,ger ?"ng Aeiser, Aaiser Aeller Aonrad Aowalski Alein Aoch A"r #ange #ehmann Iayer, Iaier, Ieyer, Ieier ILller I8ller :e"mann *eiter *ichter /eiler /chmidt,/chmid, /chmitt /chnapp /chneider /chrLder /ch"l e, /ch"lt e /ch"ster /ch8ler .ogel, .ogl 6agner 'immermann
1he history o( the German lang"age begins with the High German consonant shi(t d"ring the Iigration period, separating /o"th Germanic dialects (rom common 6est Germanic. 1he earliest testimonies o( 9ld High German are (rom scattered )lder F"thark inscriptions, especially in +lemannic, (rom the Hth cent"ry, the earliest glosses %+brogans& date to the [th and the oldest coherent texts %the Hildebrandslied, the I"spilli and the Ierseb"rg !ncantations& to the Oth cent"ry. 9ld /axon at this time belongs to the :orth /ea Germanic c"lt"ral sphere, and #ow German sho"ld (all "nder German rather than +nglo-Frisian in(l"ence d"ring the Holy *oman )mpire. +s Germany was di$ided into many di((erent states, the only (orce working (or a "ni(ication or standardisation o( German d"ring a period o( se$eral h"ndred years was the general pre(erence o( writers trying to write in a way that co"ld be "nderstood in the largest possible area. 6hen Iartin #"ther translated the 4ible %the :ew 1estament in ;D<< and the 9ld 1estament, p"blished in parts and completed in ;DG@& he based his translation mainly on this already de$eloped lang"age, which was the most widely "nderstood lang"age at this time. 1his lang"age was based on )astern 0pper and )astern -entral German dialects and preser$ed m"ch o( the grammatical system o( Iiddle High German %"nlike the spoken German dialects in -entral and 0pper Germany that already at that time began to lose the geniti$e case and the preterit tense&. !n the beginning, copies o( the 4ible had a long list (or each region, which translated words "nknown in the region into the regional dialect. *oman -atholics re5ected #"therBs translation in the beginning and tried to create their own -atholic standard %gemeines De"tsch& C which, howe$er, only di((ered (rom BProtestant GermanB in some minor details. !t took "ntil the middle o( the ;[th cent"ry to create a standard that was widely accepted, th"s ending the period o( )arly :ew High German. German "sed to be the lang"age o( commerce and go$ernment in the Habsb"rg )mpire, which encompassed a large area o( -entral and )astern )"rope. 0ntil the mid-;Oth cent"ry it was essentially the lang"age o( townspeople thro"gho"t most o( the )mpire. !t indicated that the speaker was a merchant, an "rbanite, not their nationality. /ome cities, s"ch as Prag"e %German: Prag& and 4"dapest %4"da, German: 9(en&, were grad"ally Germani ed in the years a(ter their incorporation into the Habsb"rg domain. 9thers, s"ch as 4ratisla$a %German: Pressb"rg&, were originally settled d"ring the Habsb"rg period and were primarily German at that time. + (ew cities s"ch as Iilan %German: Iailand& remained primarily non-German. Howe$er, most cities were primarily German d"ring this time, s"ch as Prag"e, 4"dapest, 4ratisla$a, 'agreb %German: +gram&, and #5"bl5ana %German: #aibach&, tho"gh they were s"rro"nded by territory that spoke other lang"ages. 0ntil abo"t ;[==, standard German was almost only a written lang"age. +t this time, people in "rban northern Germany, who spoke dialects $ery di((erent (rom /tandard German, learnt it almost like a (oreign lang"age and tried to prono"nce it as close to the spelling as possible. Prescripti$e pron"nciation g"ides "sed to consider northern German pron"nciation to be the standard. Howe$er, the act"al pron"nciation o( standard German $aries (rom region to region. Iedia and written works are almost all prod"ced in standard German %o(ten called Hochde"tsch in German& which is "nderstood in all areas where German is spoken, except by pre-school children in areas which speak only dialect, (or example /wit erland. Howe$er, in this age o( tele$ision, e$en they
now "s"ally learn to "nderstand /tandard German be(ore school age. 1he (irst dictionary o( the 4rothers Grimm, the ;H parts o( which were iss"ed between ;[D< and ;[H=, remains the most comprehensi$e g"ide to the words o( the German lang"age. !n ;[H=, grammatical and orthographic r"les (irst appeared in the D"den Handbook. !n ;O=;, this was declared the standard de(inition o( the German lang"age. 9((icial re$isions o( some o( these r"les were not iss"ed "ntil ;OO[, when the German spelling re(orm o( ;OOH was o((icially prom"lgated by go$ernmental representati$es o( all German-speaking co"ntries. /ince the re(orm, German spelling has been in an eight-year transitional period where the re(ormed spelling is ta"ght in most schools, while traditional and re(ormed spelling co-exist in the media. /ee German spelling re(orm o( ;OOH (or an o$er$iew o( the heated p"blic debate concerning the re(orm with some ma5or newspapers and maga ines and se$eral known writers re("sing to adopt it. +(ter the spelling re(orm o( ;OOH let to so m"ch p"blic contro$ersy and some o( its changed r"les introd"ced new ambig"ities or were simply percei$ed as 3"gly3, the transitional period %initially sched"led to end on Dec, G;. <==D& was extended "ntil at least end <==H and some parts o( the re(orm were changed again in Iarch <==H. 1his new 3re(orm o( the re(orm3 tries to remo$e the ambig"ities introd"ced in ;OOH. 1o date %+pril <==H&, it is yet to be accepted by all german speaking co"ntries.
1here are some words which are spelled the same in )nglish and in German, b"t ha$e completely di((erent meanings. )$en tho"gh the words are spelled the same, they are "s"ally prono"nced completely di((erently. !t can sometimes be dangero"s to "se these words %(or both nati$e )nglish speakers and nati$e German speakers.& 1hink o( that, next time someone wants to gi$e yo" a 3 Gi(t3 or opens a door and says 3 +(ter yo"T3 Dote: 1his list contains some items o( etymological interest. For example, the trans(ormation o( the consonant BtB in German to BdB in )nglish in word pairs like 4art-F4eard, 4eet-F4ed, G"t-FGood, HartFHard, *ot-F*ed, and :ot-F:eed.
German meaning =in English? Englische Eedeutung =auf 5eutsch? +n"s /p,ter, :achher Fishing *od )ngel /triking +bgesondert, +bseits Poor +rm Aind, sort, species A"nst, A8nstlichkeit +ce )sel, D"mp(backe, Anallkop( 4ath /chlecht, /chlimm )xca$ator +ngesteller im /"permarkt der die )ink,"(e in 18ten packt
4ald 4ang 4ar 4art 4at 4eet 4itten 4lank 4lech 4og 4rand
/oon 0nbehaart, AahlkLp(ig +(raid Anall, Arach, /chall in -ash, P"re /tab %see also: /tab& 4eard :ame eines Iannes asked politely, re2"ested Flederma"s Flower bed '"ckerr"ebe, rote *"ebe to ask politely, re2"est gebissen /hiny, /hining 0nbeschri(tet, 0na"sge(8llt /heet metal +"sdr"ck des )kels to 1wist, Form, 4end /"mp(, 1or(moor Fire Iarkenprod"kt
Diamond 4rilliant 4lendend, Geist$oll 4"g Front o( a boat or plane #a"s, !nsekt, /tLr"ng /ign Aind
-hild
Dank
1hanks Fe"cht
Dick )l( Falls Fang Fatal Fast Fasten Fee Fell Fern First Flog Fort F"nk Gang Gi(t
1hick /chn8((ler, /chwan , der stei(e Penis 1eam, )le$en )l(e, Aobold !(, in case 6asser(,lle -atch *eiS ahn 0n(ort"nate .erh,ngnis$oll, 0nheil$oll, 1Ldlich +lmost, :early /chnell Fast 4e(estigen Fairy Preise, Geb8hr -oat %animal& (,llen Far away, Distant Farnkra"t *idge '"erst Flew Peitschen, +"speitschen +way, 9((, Gone Fest"ng, Aastell *adio Dr8ckeberger, I"sik $on ;ON=Bs 6alk, Gait, 6ay Gr"ppe, 4ande, 1r"pp Poison Gabe, Geschenk
Gra$e +"(grei(en, )rgrei(en Degree %temperat"re& einen akademischen Grad erlangen d"g F"tter Good Darm %/chnecke "nd Aette& Heal Heib, Aerbe, 'erhacken Helped Halb -ell Phone Praktisch, Passend, Handlich /lope, !nclination H,ngen, Henken
4it, Iorsel Happen '"(,llig Geschehen, .orkommen, Passieren Hart Heck Held Hell Herd Hose H"b Hard Hirsch 4ack o( a boat or plane 6as "m 1e"(elJ %6hat the HeckJ& Hero Gehalten 4right HLlle -ooker, 9$en, *ange Herde Pants /chla"ch 1hrow, #ob, /wing %see also: #ob& 6ickelkern, :abe
#obster H"mmer ?emand der s"mmt H"t Hat H8tte child +rt, /orte
Aind
#abor #ack #ag #ast #ied #inks #ist #ob #og #ot #"st Iade
#aboratory +rbeit .arnish Anappheit, Iangel #ay "r"eckbleiben, oegern #oad, 4"rden, 6eight '"let t /ong Gelogen #e(t .erkn8p("ng, .erbind"ngen -"nning /chlagseite Praise 6er(, H"b %see also: H"b& #ied 4lock, Alot Pl"mb %line& Pa ille, die Ienge, die Iasse 1o (eel like doing something /innliche 4egierde Iaggot Hergestellt, Gemacht
Ia"l Iist :ot :ote :"n Pest *ang *ad *at *egal *ind *ock *oman *ot /age /ee
Io"th %animal& der /chlegel, 4esch,digen, D"rchpr8geln Ian"re, 1rash leichter :ebel distress, need :icht Grade %in school& bemerken, a"(schreiben, kleiner 4rie( 6ellJ die /chwester %im Aloster&, :onne Plag"e :er$ens,ge *ank Geklingelt, Gekl"ngen 6heel +"sdr"ck der 4ew"nder"ng %wie Geil& +d$ice die *atte /hel$es Ia5est,tisch, ALniglich, Hoheits$oll 4ee(, -attle /chwarte, /chale /kirt /tein, Fels :o$el der *Lmer *ed .errotten, .erwes"ng History, Iyth 6eise, Al"g, Gescheit #ake /iehe
/ense
:ew Eears )$e /il$ester :ame eines Iannes /peck /pore /p"r /tab /tare /tark /tern 1ag 1ang 1aste 1oll 1od 1on 1ot 4acon Fleck /p"r %see also: /p"r& /pore %Pil e& 1race, 1racks, #ane /chi((sschnabel, /porn, +nsporn %see also: /pore& *od, Pole, 4aton, 4ar %see also: 4ar& )rstechen /tarlings anstarren /trong .Lllig, G,n lich /tar )rnst, das Heck Day Iarkierstelle, Aenn eichn"ng /eaweed +merikanisches 9rangengetr,nk Aey %as in keyboard& Aostprobe, Geschmackssinn GreatT /"perT 'ollabgabe, /traSenben"t "ngsgeb8hr Death, Dead :ame eines Iannes -lay, a /o"nd die 1onne Dead kleines Aind, kleiner Anirps
cal( %o( the leg& waten 6all der 'a"berstab 6as %see also: 6as& Arieg 6hatJ w"rde/war %see also: 6ar& 6orld P"addel, 4e"le 6eather :asser +gainst, -ontrary to 6eiter, 4reiter
+ltho"gh not spelled identically in both lang"ages, beginners are o(ten con("sed by the similarity o( the German 3bekommen3 and )nglish 3to become3. bekommen YF to recei$e, to get werden YF to become
-ontrib"tors
1he German-)nglish lang"age textbook was started in 9ctober <==G. !t was one o( the (irst lang"age textbooks at the )nglish $ersion o( 6ikibooks, (ollowing close on the heels o( %and borrowing some layo"t ideas (rom& the /panish lang"age textbook then "nder de$elopment by 1homas /trohmann. )ric G"inther designed the co$er and contents pages, expanding on a co$er layo"t "sed (or the /panish textbook, and these ideas as introd"ctions to lang"age books ha$e since been widely copied at 6ikibooks %see D"tch, French, -hinese, :orwegian, or *omanian (or examples&. 6hile 6ikibooks o((ers somewhat clearer opport"nities (or 3a"thorship3 than 6ikipedia, there remains the (act that anything p"t here is really 5"st a contrib"tion, and e$eryone who ("rthers the e((ort is a contrib"tor. !n this respect there really are no 3a"thors3. 0ncertain how to contrib"teJ 1o learn how to edit or contrib"te material to this textbook, (irst read the introd"ction at: 7o" to ;dit%
/am) is de$eloping the #e$el ! lessons and contrib"ted material to the #e$el !! lessons be(ore #e$el ! was created. He is c"rrently taking German in school and "sing that experience to g"ide his approach to teaching the beginning st"dent. 4oit is de$eloping a German Grammar s"mmari ation. 1homas /trohmann, a German speaker, has contrib"ted to this book, altho"gh he is mostly in$ol$ed in de$eloping the /panish textbookCalong with ?apanese the $ery (irst lang"age textbooks started at 6ikibooks. )tothex was the original contrib"tor to the German-)nglish textbook, starting it on 9ctober ;D, <==G. Flo(leiH is a German st"dent o( )nglish as a second lang"age and a newbie at wiki. 1he Grammar Aing is c"rrently a German st"dent, and is $ery (amiliar with German c"lt"re. He is also a newbie at 6iki, and plans on editing the page with c"lt"ral notes and other c"lt"ral in(ormation, as well as more in(ormation to the #e$el ! co"rse. German IenO< is c"rrently still st"dying German, b"t knows some many words and German Grammer. He is progressing pages in the #e$el ! co"rse. +nd is also st"dying Germen -"lt"re. 9thers %add yo"r name and tho"ghts here i( yo" are a serio"s contrib"tor& 9ther anonymo"s 6ikibook contrib"ters %see indi$id"al page histories&. :"mero"s other 6ikibooks contrib"tors, especially those (rom the German 6ikibooks.
&% P/EABELE
1he p"rpose o( this #icense is to make a man"al, textbook, or other ("nctional and "se("l doc"ment 3(ree3 in the sense o( (reedom: to ass"re e$eryone the e((ecti$e (reedom to copy and redistrib"te it, with or witho"t modi(ying it, either commercially or noncommercially. /econdarily, this #icense preser$es (or the a"thor and p"blisher a way to get credit (or their work, while not being considered responsible (or modi(ications made by others. 1his #icense is a kind o( 3copyle(t3, which means that deri$ati$e works o( the doc"ment m"st themsel$es be (ree in the same sense. !t complements the G:0 General P"blic #icense, which is a copyle(t license designed (or (ree so(tware. 6e ha$e designed this #icense in order to "se it (or man"als (or (ree so(tware, beca"se (ree so(tware needs (ree doc"mentation: a (ree program sho"ld come with man"als pro$iding the same (reedoms that the so(tware does. 4"t this #icense is not limited to so(tware man"als7 it can be "sed (or any text"al work, regardless o( s"b5ect matter or whether it is p"blished as a printed book. 6e recommend this #icense principally (or works whose p"rpose is instr"ction or re(erence.
+ 3/econdary /ection3 is a named appendix or a (ront-matter section o( the Doc"ment that deals excl"si$ely with the relationship o( the p"blishers or a"thors o( the Doc"ment to the Doc"mentBs o$erall s"b5ect %or to related matters& and contains nothing that co"ld (all directly within that o$erall s"b5ect. %1h"s, i( the Doc"ment is in part a textbook o( mathematics, a /econdary /ection may not explain any mathematics.& 1he relationship co"ld be a matter o( historical connection with the s"b5ect or with related matters, or o( legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. 1he 3!n$ariant /ections3 are certain /econdary /ections whose titles are designated, as being those o( !n$ariant /ections, in the notice that says that the Doc"ment is released "nder this #icense. !( a section does not (it the abo$e de(inition o( /econdary then it is not allowed to be designated as !n$ariant. 1he Doc"ment may contain ero !n$ariant /ections. !( the Doc"ment does not identi(y any !n$ariant /ections then there are none. 1he 3-o$er 1exts3 are certain short passages o( text that are listed, as Front--o$er 1exts or 4ack--o$er 1exts, in the notice that says that the Doc"ment is released "nder this #icense. + Front--o$er 1ext may be at most D words, and a 4ack--o$er 1ext may be at most <D words. + 31ransparent3 copy o( the Doc"ment means a machine-readable copy, represented in a (ormat whose speci(ication is a$ailable to the general p"blic, that is s"itable (or re$ising the doc"ment straight(orwardly with generic text editors or %(or images composed o( pixels& generic paint programs or %(or drawings& some widely a$ailable drawing editor, and that is s"itable (or inp"t to text (ormatters or (or a"tomatic translation to a $ariety o( (ormats s"itable (or inp"t to text (ormatters. + copy made in an otherwise 1ransparent (ile (ormat whose mark"p, or absence o( mark"p, has been arranged to thwart or disco"rage s"bse2"ent modi(ication by readers is not 1ransparent. +n image (ormat is not 1ransparent i( "sed (or any s"bstantial amo"nt o( text. + copy that is not 31ransparent3 is called 39pa2"e3. )xamples o( s"itable (ormats (or 1ransparent copies incl"de plain +/-!! witho"t mark"p, 1exin(o inp"t (ormat, #a1eX inp"t (ormat, /GI# or XI# "sing a p"blicly a$ailable D1D, and standard-con(orming simple H1I#, Post/cript or PDF designed (or h"man modi(ication. )xamples o( transparent image (ormats incl"de P:G, X-F and ?PG. 9pa2"e (ormats incl"de proprietary (ormats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, /GI# or XI# (or which the D1D and/or processing tools are not generally a$ailable, and the machine-generated H1I#, Post/cript or PDF prod"ced by some word processors (or o"tp"t p"rposes only. 1he 31itle Page3 means, (or a printed book, the title page itsel(, pl"s s"ch (ollowing pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this #icense re2"ires to appear in the title page. For works in (ormats which do not ha$e any title page as s"ch, 31itle Page3 means the text near the most prominent appearance o( the workBs title, preceding the beginning o( the body o( the text. + section 3)ntitled XE'3 means a named s"b"nit o( the Doc"ment whose title either is precisely XE' or contains XE' in parentheses (ollowing text that translates XE' in another lang"age. %Here XE' stands (or a speci(ic section name mentioned below, s"ch as 3+cknowledgements3, 3Dedications3, 3)ndorsements3, or 3History3.& 1o 3Preser$e the 1itle3 o( s"ch a section when yo" modi(y the Doc"ment means that it remains a section 3)ntitled XE'3 according to this de(inition. 1he Doc"ment may incl"de 6arranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this #icense applies to the Doc"ment. 1hese 6arranty Disclaimers are considered to be incl"ded by re(erence in this #icense, b"t only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these 6arranty Disclaimers may ha$e is $oid and has no e((ect on the meaning o( this #icense.
+% VE/EATIB #"PNIDG
Eo" may copy and distrib"te the Doc"ment in any medi"m, either commercially or noncommercially, pro$ided that this #icense, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this #icense applies to the Doc"ment are reprod"ced in all copies, and that yo" add no other conditions whatsoe$er to those o( this #icense. Eo" may not "se technical meas"res to obstr"ct or control the reading or ("rther copying o( the copies yo" make or distrib"te. Howe$er, yo" may accept compensation in exchange (or copies. !( yo" distrib"te a large eno"gh n"mber o( copies yo" m"st also (ollow the conditions in section G. Eo" may also lend copies, "nder the same conditions stated abo$e, and yo" may p"blicly display copies.
.% #"PNIDG ID JKADTITN
!( yo" p"blish printed copies %or copies in media that commonly ha$e printed co$ers& o( the Doc"ment, n"mbering more than ;==, and the Doc"mentBs license notice re2"ires -o$er 1exts, yo" m"st enclose the copies in co$ers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these -o$er 1exts: Front--o$er 1exts on the (ront co$er, and 4ack--o$er 1exts on the back co$er. 4oth co$ers m"st also clearly and legibly identi(y yo" as the p"blisher o( these copies. 1he (ront co$er m"st present the ("ll title with all words o( the title e2"ally prominent and $isible. Eo" may add other material on the co$ers in addition. -opying with changes limited to the co$ers, as long as they preser$e the title o( the Doc"ment and satis(y these conditions, can be treated as $erbatim copying in other respects. !( the re2"ired texts (or either co$er are too $ol"mino"s to (it legibly, yo" sho"ld p"t the (irst ones listed %as many as (it reasonably& on the act"al co$er, and contin"e the rest onto ad5acent pages. !( yo" p"blish or distrib"te 9pa2"e copies o( the Doc"ment n"mbering more than ;==, yo" m"st either incl"de a machine-readable 1ransparent copy along with each 9pa2"e copy, or state in or with each 9pa2"e copy a comp"ter-network location (rom which the
general network-"sing p"blic has access to download "sing p"blic-standard network protocols a complete 1ransparent copy o( the Doc"ment, (ree o( added material. !( yo" "se the latter option, yo" m"st take reasonably pr"dent steps, when yo" begin distrib"tion o( 9pa2"e copies in 2"antity, to ens"re that this 1ransparent copy will remain th"s accessible at the stated location "ntil at least one year a(ter the last time yo" distrib"te an 9pa2"e copy %directly or thro"gh yo"r agents or retailers& o( that edition to the p"blic. !t is re2"ested, b"t not re2"ired, that yo" contact the a"thors o( the Doc"ment well be(ore redistrib"ting any large n"mber o( copies, to gi$e them a chance to pro$ide yo" with an "pdated $ersion o( the Doc"ment.
0% B"5I,I#ATI"D!
Eo" may copy and distrib"te a Iodi(ied .ersion o( the Doc"ment "nder the conditions o( sections < and G abo$e, pro$ided that yo" release the Iodi(ied .ersion "nder precisely this #icense, with the Iodi(ied .ersion (illing the role o( the Doc"ment, th"s licensing distrib"tion and modi(ication o( the Iodi(ied .ersion to whoe$er possesses a copy o( it. !n addition, yo" m"st do these things in the Iodi(ied .ersion: A% 0se in the 1itle Page %and on the co$ers, i( any& a title distinct (rom that o( the Doc"ment, and (rom those o( pre$io"s $ersions %which sho"ld, i( there were any, be listed in the History section o( the Doc"ment&. Eo" may "se the same title as a pre$io"s $ersion i( the original p"blisher o( that $ersion gi$es permission. E% #ist on the 1itle Page, as a"thors, one or more persons or entities responsible (or a"thorship o( the modi(ications in the Iodi(ied .ersion, together with at least (i$e o( the principal a"thors o( the Doc"ment %all o( its principal a"thors, i( it has (ewer than (i$e&, "nless they release yo" (rom this re2"irement. #% /tate on the 1itle page the name o( the p"blisher o( the Iodi(ied .ersion, as the p"blisher. 5% Preser$e all the copyright notices o( the Doc"ment. E% +dd an appropriate copyright notice (or yo"r modi(ications ad5acent to the other copyright notices. ,% !ncl"de, immediately a(ter the copyright notices, a license notice gi$ing the p"blic permission to "se the Iodi(ied .ersion "nder the terms o( this #icense, in the (orm shown in the +ddend"m below. G% Preser$e in that license notice the ("ll lists o( !n$ariant /ections and re2"ired -o$er 1exts gi$en in the Doc"mentBs license notice. :% !ncl"de an "naltered copy o( this #icense. I% Preser$e the section )ntitled 3History3, Preser$e its 1itle, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new a"thors, and p"blisher o( the Iodi(ied .ersion as gi$en on the 1itle Page. !( there is no section )ntitled 3History3 in the Doc"ment, create one stating the title, year, a"thors, and p"blisher o( the Doc"ment as gi$en on its 1itle Page, then add an item describing the Iodi(ied .ersion as stated in the pre$io"s sentence. P% Preser$e the network location, i( any, gi$en in the Doc"ment (or p"blic access to a 1ransparent copy o( the Doc"ment, and likewise the network locations gi$en in the Doc"ment (or pre$io"s $ersions it was based on. 1hese may be placed in the 3History3 section. Eo" may omit a network location (or a work that was p"blished at least (o"r years be(ore the Doc"ment itsel(, or i( the original p"blisher o( the $ersion it re(ers to gi$es permission. 1% For any section )ntitled 3+cknowledgements3 or 3Dedications3, Preser$e the 1itle o( the section, and preser$e in the section all the s"bstance and tone o( each o( the contrib"tor acknowledgements and/or dedications gi$en therein. L% Preser$e all the !n$ariant /ections o( the Doc"ment, "naltered in their text and in their titles. /ection n"mbers or the e2"i$alent are not considered part o( the section titles. B% Delete any section )ntitled 3)ndorsements3. /"ch a section may not be incl"ded in the Iodi(ied .ersion. D% Do not retitle any existing section to be )ntitled 3)ndorsements3 or to con(lict in title with any !n$ariant /ection. "% Preser$e any 6arranty Disclaimers. !( the Iodi(ied .ersion incl"des new (ront-matter sections or appendices that 2"ali(y as /econdary /ections and contain no material copied (rom the Doc"ment, yo" may at yo"r option designate some or all o( these sections as in$ariant. 1o do this, add their titles to the list o( !n$ariant /ections in the Iodi(ied .ersionBs license notice. 1hese titles m"st be distinct (rom any other section titles. Eo" may add a section )ntitled 3)ndorsements3, pro$ided it contains nothing b"t endorsements o( yo"r Iodi(ied .ersion by $ario"s parties--(or example, statements o( peer re$iew or that the text has been appro$ed by an organi ation as the a"thoritati$e de(inition o( a standard. Eo" may add a passage o( "p to (i$e words as a Front--o$er 1ext, and a passage o( "p to <D words as a 4ack--o$er 1ext, to the end o( the list o( -o$er 1exts in the Iodi(ied .ersion. 9nly one passage o( Front--o$er 1ext and one o( 4ack--o$er 1ext may be added by %or thro"gh arrangements made by& any one entity. !( the Doc"ment already incl"des a co$er text (or the same co$er, pre$io"sly added by yo" or by arrangement made by the same entity yo" are acting on behal( o(, yo" may not add another7 b"t yo" may replace the old one, on explicit permission (rom the pre$io"s p"blisher that added the old one. 1he a"thor%s& and p"blisher%s& o( the Doc"ment do not by this #icense gi$e permission to "se their names (or p"blicity (or or to assert or imply endorsement o( any Iodi(ied .ersion.
2% #"BEIDIDG 5"#KBEDT!
Eo" may combine the Doc"ment with other doc"ments released "nder this #icense, "nder the terms de(ined in section @ abo$e (or modi(ied $ersions, pro$ided that yo" incl"de in the combination all o( the !n$ariant /ections o( all o( the original doc"ments, "nmodi(ied, and list them all as !n$ariant /ections o( yo"r combined work in its license notice, and that yo" preser$e all their 6arranty Disclaimers. 1he combined work need only contain one copy o( this #icense, and m"ltiple identical !n$ariant /ections may be replaced with a single copy. !( there are m"ltiple !n$ariant /ections with the same name b"t di((erent contents, make the title o( each s"ch section "ni2"e by adding at the end o( it, in parentheses, the name o( the original a"thor or p"blisher o( that section i( known, or else a "ni2"e n"mber. Iake the same ad5"stment to the section titles in the list o( !n$ariant /ections in the license notice o( the combined work. !n the combination, yo" m"st combine any sections )ntitled 3History3 in the $ario"s original doc"ments, (orming one section )ntitled 3History37 likewise combine any sections )ntitled 3+cknowledgements3, and any sections )ntitled 3Dedications3. Eo" m"st delete all sections )ntitled 3)ndorsements.3
6% T/AD!LATI"D
1ranslation is considered a kind o( modi(ication, so yo" may distrib"te translations o( the Doc"ment "nder the terms o( section @. *eplacing !n$ariant /ections with translations re2"ires special permission (rom their copyright holders, b"t yo" may incl"de translations o( some or all !n$ariant /ections in addition to the original $ersions o( these !n$ariant /ections. Eo" may incl"de a translation o( this #icense, and all the license notices in the Doc"ment, and any 6arranty Disclaimers, pro$ided that yo" also incl"de the original )nglish $ersion o( this #icense and the original $ersions o( those notices and disclaimers. !n case o( a disagreement between the translation and the original $ersion o( this #icense or a notice or disclaimer, the original $ersion will pre$ail. !( a section in the Doc"ment is )ntitled 3+cknowledgements3, 3Dedications3, or 3History3, the re2"irement %section @& to Preser$e its 1itle %section ;& will typically re2"ire changing the act"al title.
7% TE/BIDATI"D
Eo" may not copy, modi(y, s"blicense, or distrib"te the Doc"ment except as expressly pro$ided (or "nder this #icense. +ny other attempt to copy, modi(y, s"blicense or distrib"te the Doc"ment is $oid, and will a"tomatically terminate yo"r rights "nder this #icense. Howe$er, parties who ha$e recei$ed copies, or rights, (rom yo" "nder this #icense will not ha$e their licenses terminated so long as s"ch parties remain in ("ll compliance.
E<ternal links
G:0 Free Doc"mentation #icense %6ikipedia article on the license& 9((icial G:0 FD# webpage