You are on page 1of 202

Wikibooks

German
Language Course

From Wikibooks,
the open-content textbooks collection

First Edition
Published: May 01, 2006

The current version of this book can be found at

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/German

PDF created by Haginda

Contents

!ntrod"ction #e$el one lessons %!ntrod"ctory lessons& #e$el two lessons %Gr"ndlegende lektionen& #e$el three lessons %'wischenlektionen& #e$el (o"r lessons %)rweitertelektionen& #e$el (i$e lessons %*e$iew lessons&

#essons

Grammar +ppendices %+nh,nge& -ontrib"tors GFD#

Introduction .orwort
How to /t"dy German 0sing 1his 1extbook

+ 1extbook on Fi$e #e$els


1he 2"estion arose early in the de$elopment o( this textbook as to precisely who wo"ld be the target a"dience. +ltho"gh intended to be a 3beginning3 textbook on German, many (elt that the early lessons were too di((ic"lt (or yo"nger st"dents with $ery limited or no experience with German and, perhaps more importantly, limited skills in )nglish grammar. For this reason a textbook on three le$els was concei$ed. 4eginning German %Level I& p"ts more emphasis on b"ilding $ocab"lary aro"nd s"b5ect matter interesting and "se("l to yo"ng st"dents. 4asic German %Level II& emphasises grammar, and ass"mes a greater knowledge o( )nglish grammar more typical o( an older high school or a college st"dent. !( yo" are 5"st beginning to learn German or attempting to teach yo"rsel(, yo" may wish to try both approaches and see which works better (or yo", since some people re2"ire a strong str"ct"ral approach to learning a new lang"age while others (ind this 3str"ct"re3 only impedes progress by adding another layer o( complexity. !ntermediate German %Level III&, which re2"ires e$en more knowledge o( )nglish, is (or college st"dents, pre(erably (or sophomores or 5"niors. 6ith e$en more complex lessons, grammar and $ocab"lary comes +d$anced German %Level IV&, which with the most complex and di((ic"lt parts o( the German lang"age, is (or late college st"dents %/eniors& and college grad"ates. 1he last le$el, which is a re$iew le$el, b"t also has c"lt"ral (acts and the history o( the German lang"age, is *e$iewed German. %Level V&. +n existing, separate text, German Grammar, may e$ent"ally be merged into the lesson mod"les or de$eloped into "se("l appendices as a grammar re(erence. +t present, howe$er, German Grammar is an expanding, signi(icant contrib"tion to the textbook7 it pro$ides an important re(erence on German lang"age grammar r"les "se("l to the st"dent working thro"gh any o( the three le$els.

The German Language


German %Deutsch& is a member o( the western gro"p o( the Germanic lang"ages. !t is spoken primarily in Germany, +"stria, the ma5or part o( /wit erland, #iechtenstein, #"xembo"rg, the /8dtirol %/o"th 1yrol& region o( !taly, the 9pole .oi$odship o( Poland, parts o( 4elgi"m, parts o( *omania, the +lsace %)lsass& region o( France and parts o( Denmark. +dditionally, se$eral (ormer colonial possessions o( these co"ntries, s"ch as :amibia in +(rica, ha$e si able German-speaking pop"lations. 1here are German-speaking minorities in se$eral eastern )"ropean co"ntries incl"ding *"ssia, and in the 0nited /tates as well as co"ntries in /o"th +merica like +rgentina. 9$er ;<= million people speak German as their nati$e lang"age. German is the third most pop"lar (oreign lang"age ta"ght worldwide, and the second most pop"lar in )"rope. -ontin"e reading abo"t the German lang"age.

German and English


!( yo" are an )nglish speaker "n(amiliar with German, yo" may be s"rprised to learn that )nglish and German are closely related lang"ages and share many words that are $ery similar. 1his is partic"larly tr"e (or e$eryday words in )nglish that are +nglo-/axon %that is, Germanic& in origin. -onsider the (ollowing list o( )nglish words (ollowed by their German co"nterparts: arm > der Arm book > das Buch cat > die Katze (ather > der Vater (inger > der Finger wagon > der Wagen ho"se > das Haus hand > die Hand ?"ne > der Juni man > der Mann mother > die Mutter mo"se > die Maus name > der Name son > der Sohn garden > der Garten lamp > die Lampe b"sh > der Busch baker > der B c!er net > das Netz storm > der Sturm hat > der Hut (ire > das Feuer grass > das Gras (ish > der Fisch kindergarden > der Kindergarten

Audio: 9GG %;;@A4& > Hear these "ords

9( co"rse, e$en words whose spelling is no di((erent in )nglish and German may be prono"nced 2"ite di((erently. 4"t in reading German, yo" will see the connections between these lang"ages, e$en in many o( the 3small3 words %the abo$e examples are all no"ns&. For example: 1his week, my (ather is with my brother in the city Diese Woche ist mein Vater mit meinem Bruder in der Stadt.

Audio: 9GG %;;@A4& > Hear these sentences

:ote also the general similarity o( sentence str"ct"re with )nglish. 1he only real di((erence in the German is that the $erb is mo$ed (orward in the sentence. Howe$er, there are many German sentences in which a $erb (orm is the last word in the sentence. 0n(ort"nately, while German is perhaps the easiest 3(oreign3 lang"age (or an )nglish speaker to learn, meanings o( words that are spelled similarly are not always identical. 1hese 3(alse (riends3 can be con("sing (or the beginner. F"rther, German is a more str"ct"red lang"age than )nglish, with a more complex grammar, and it will become apparent as yo" learn German that yo" will also learn more abo"t )nglish lang"age str"ct"re than yo" might e$er recall (rom yo"r high school )nglish classes. For a 2"ick listing o( similarities and di((erences between )nglish and German, read the !ntrod"ction to #e$el !.

Vocabulary and Grammar


!n learning to read or speak any lang"age with which yo" ha$e minimal ac2"aintance %that is, are not a nati$e speaker o(&, the two aspects to be mastered are $ocab"lary and grammar. +c2"iring $ocab"lary is a 3simple3 matter o( memori ation. For the lang"age%s& we learn as children, this process is so transparent that we ha$e tro"ble concei$ing o( the importance o( ha$ing a large $ocab"lary. 4y the age o( conscio"s recognition o( o"r comm"nicating with others thro"gh speech, we ha$e already learned the meaning o( tho"sands o( words. )$en words we ha$e tro"ble de(ining, we readily "nderstand their "se in con$ersation. 1his process can be 3reacti$ated,3 as it were, by immersion in a second lang"age: a method o( learning a new lang"age by mo$ing to a place where that lang"age is spoken and ha$ing to get aro"nd and li$e witho"t "se o( oneBs nati$e tong"e. +bsent the opport"nity o( residing in a German-speaking area, the st"dent o( German m"st p"t (orth s"bstantial e((ort to learn words, incl"ding what they mean, how to prono"nce them, and how they are "sed in sentences. 4e s"re to 3learn3Ccommit to memoryCall o( the $ocab"lary words in each lesson as they are presented. )arly lessons ha$e simple sentences beca"se it is ass"med that the st"dentBs $ocab"lary is limited. 4"t thro"gho"t the text, more complex disco"rses %o(ten as photo captions& are incl"ded to introd"ce the st"dent to reg"lar German in "se. !t may be help("l to translate these "sing a German-)nglish dictionary %access to one is a m"st7 see +ppendix D (or on-line options&. 9ther so"rces o( German, s"ch as newspapers, maga ines, web sites, etc., can also be "se("l in b"ilding $ocab"lary and de$eloping a sense o( how German words are p"t together. 1he German 6ikipedia pro$ides an e$er expanding so"rce o( German lang"age articles that can be "sed (or this p"rpose. F"rther, a German $ersion o( the 6ikibooks pro5ectCa library o( textbooks in GermanCis a$ailable at German 6ikibooks. German grammar is more complex than, b"t s"((iciently similar to, )nglish that 3reading3 German is possible with minimal $ocab"lary in the sense that the st"dent sho"ld generally recogni e the parts o( a sentence. 6ith a good dictionary, an )nglish speaker can "s"ally translate a German sentence close to correctly. Howe$er, to acc"rately speak and "nderstand German, yo" m"st learn how each word ("nctions in a sentence. 1here are eight basic grammatical ("nctions: case, gender, number, tense, person, mood, voice, and comparison. How words 3signal3 these ("nctions is an important aspect o( learning a new lang"age. )nglish speakers sho"ld know all o( these ("nctions and the signals "sed in )nglish, b"t it is o(ten the sit"ation that yo" know per(ectly well how to speak )nglish, witho"t "nderstanding m"ch abo"t word-("nctions and signals. For this reason, this textbook incorporates considerable detail on grammar, incl"ding both )nglish and German grammar. 1he re(erence book #ng$ish at Wi!i%oo!s may be cons"lted (or additional help. 6hen we say German is more complex than )nglish, what we really mean is that the signals "sed in German are di((erent (rom and more n"mero"s than those "sed by )nglish.

Pronunciation
+ g"ide to pron"nciation o( German is pro$ided as +ppendix ;. Eo" sho"ld become (amiliar with this page early on, and re(er to it o(ten. :othing can replace learning a lang"age (rom a nati$e speaker, b"t the text is liberally sprinkled with a"dio (iles pro$iding the st"dent with $al"able inp"t (rom hearing spoken German. +naly e the spoken words care("lly. 1he pron"nciation g"ide in +ppendix ; can only closely, not exactly, con$ey how German words sho"ld be prono"nced. +nd o( co"rse, German %like )nglish& has a n"mber o( dialects disting"ished by di((erences in pron"nciation. Help in the pron"nciation o( indi$id"al words can be (o"nd by accessing the so"nd (iles o( either o( the online dictionaries, links to which are gi$en in the German websites appendix.

Layout of Lessons
1his textbook is intended as a beginning co"rse in the German lang"age (or )nglish speakers. )arly lessons emphasi e con$ersational s"b5ects and grad"ally introd"ce German grammatical concepts and r"les. !n addition, so"nd (iles accompany appropriate parts o( each lesson. +ltho"gh the basic lessons %Grund$egende Le!tionen& are presented at abo"t the %0/& high school le$el. 4eginners %incl"ding those attempting to learn German o"tside o( a co"rse str"ct"re& are expected to work thro"gh se$eral basic lessons "p to an indicated point, when re$iew is s"ggested along with additional st"dy. 1he basic way lessons go to other lessons is $ery simple and direct:

#esson ; F < F G F @ F and on to the end o( the text.

Layout ithin Lessons


1he (ollowing s"bheadings or categories are o((ered within the lessons %#e$el !! and abo$e&: ;. 9ne or more con$ersation %Gesprch& or story %Geschichte& pieces in German alone to ill"strate the lang"age in "se. <. /t"dy material %Lernen& in )nglish and German to present lists o( concept"ally related words. G. 9ne or more grammar %Grammatik& lessons co$ering elements o( German grammar, with ill"strations drawn (rom the con$ersation, story, or st"dy materials. @. + list o( words %Vokabeln& and phrases introd"ced in the lesson, abo$e that point, "s"ally in the con$ersation, story, or st"dy presentations. 6ords and phrases are arranged alphabetically within gro"ps, and the gro"ps are presented in the (ollowing order: ;& no"ns, <& phrases, G& $erbs, and @& all other words. + g"ide to pron"nciation o( the words presented is consolidated within +ppendix ;. Howe$er, in each Vo!a%e$n, no"ns stressed on other than the (irst syllable %the general r"le in German& are indicated by bolding o( the stressed syllable %e.g., Bio$ogie&. :ote that the )nglish translation o( all German words in a Vo!a%e$n is the best e2"i$alent (or the lesson example. 1he lesson Vo!a%e$n is not a dictionary, b"t a 2"ick re(erence (or translation p"rposes. For this reason, $erbs are not translated into a typical )nglish in(initi$e (orm with a preceeding particle, 3to3. D. + list o( additional, related words or phrases %Andere Wrter7 ad$anced lessons only& that relate to, b"t are not incl"ded in, the $ocab"lary presented in the basic and ad$anced lessons. H. )nglish sentences and other material to be translated by the st"dent into German %bersetzung&. 1hese are n"mbered and a matching answer sheet is linked to this category. 1he st"dent sho"ld write o"t the German "sing material (rom the lesson %and pre$io"s lessons& be(ore checking

their work against the answer list.

The !tudent and the Lesson


)ach le$el o( the text is designed to constit"te a co"rse o( st"dy in the German lang"age. For any le$el selected, each lesson sho"ld be read thoro"ghly and mastered be(ore mo$ing on. /"bstantial text in German is incl"ded and the st"dent sho"ld read all o( it, not once, b"t m"ltiple times. +t #e$els !! and !!!, complete translations into )nglish are incl"ded only in selected places. Iost o( this text m"st be translated by the st"dent "sing his or her ac2"ired $ocab"lary and the $ocab"lary presented at the bottom o( each lesson. +s the German text is read %pre(erably o"t lo"d&, the st"dent m"st s"cceed in gaining an "nderstanding o( the meaning o( each sentence, and o( the role each word plays in establishing that meaning. 1o the beginner, there will seem to be many words in a German sentence that are o"t o( place or e$en red"ndant or "nnecessary. 1hese add s"btleties to the lang"age that will make sense e$ent"ally. 4"t it is important to experience these s"btleties (rom the $ery beginning.

#)//9:/

German Level "ne Lessons Introductory A Beginner's Course in German

Level "ne #ontents

$%&& ' Introduction

!ection $%&$ ( Starting Point

Lesson $%&$ ' Wie hei)t du* > Hellos/Goodbyes, alphabet, nominati$e case prono"ns and articles, names, 36ie gehtBsJ3 and 2"estions. Lesson $%&+ ' ,rei-eit > /ports and acti$ities, pre(erences, telling time, and times, dates and seasons. Lesson $%&. ' Essen > !ntrod"ction to (ood, (ood-related $erbs, intro to modals K mLchten, kein-words, polite/(ormal con$ersation lang"age, and 3/chmecktBsJ3. /evie $%&$ M *e$iew o( #essons ;-G

!ection $%&+ ( Berlin German!

Lesson $%&0 ' 1leidung ( +rticles o( clothing, shopping, describing clothes, colors, introd"ction to separable $erbs. Lesson $%&2 ' Volk und ,amilie > Family members, possessi$es, describing people, and expressing (a$orites. Lesson $%&3 ' !chule > /chool s"b5ects, a description o( German schools, basic $ocab"lary in school classes %math, geography, etc.&, and school s"pplies. /evie $%&+ M *e$iew o( #essons @-H

!ection $%&. ( Vienna Austria

Lesson $%&4 ' 5as ,est > Dati$e case articles and prono"ns, gi$ing gi(ts, in$itations to parties, snack (ood, and es gibt. Lesson $%&6 ' Privileg und Verant ortung > Iaking plans, places to go, tasks and 5obs, more modals, commands, and weil K denn. Lesson $%&7 ' Wetter > 6eather, methods o( transportation, how to get places, how to gi$e and get directions, and "sing wo like weil. /evie $%&. M *e$iew o( #essons N-O

!ection $%&0 ( Berne S"itzerland

Lesson $%$& 8 9u :ause Essen > Food one wo"ld (ind in a s"permarket, making meals, meals o( the day in Germany. Lesson $%$$ ' ,ilme > Io$ies, types o( mo$ies, 36as (8r...J3, "sing mLgen to express pre(erence. Lesson $%$+ ' 5as :aus > F"rnit"re, Describing st"(( !!, di((erent materials "sed in ("rnit"re, position %acc./dat.& prepositions. /evie $%&0 M *e$iew o( #essons ;=-;<

Lesson $%&& ' Introduction

Welcome to Level I German;


#e$el ! is aimed at 5"nior high and high school st"dents. Howe$er, it can be "sed by others 5"st beginning to learn to speak or read German. 1he goal o( #e$el ! German is not to o$erwhelm or con("se the st"dent, b"t rather to teach the st"dent in an orderly (ashion. #earning German is meant to be ("n, not s"b5ecti$e. 1h"s, the $ocab"lary is (ormatted (or translating (rom )nglish %which the st"dents know& into German.

German and English


German and )nglish are $ery close to each other. Here are some ma5or similarities:

4oth lang"ages "se the #atin alphabet. :ormally, sentences (ollow /"b5ect-.erb order. P"estions ha$e .erb-/"b5ect order or +d$erb-.erb-/"b5ect order. 4oth lang"ages ha$e prepositions, con5"nctions, ad$erbs, no"ns, $erbs, inter5ections, prono"ns, and ad5ecti$es. 1he indirect ob5ect "s"ally comes be(ore the direct ob5ect. 1here are contractions in both German and )nglish. Iany words share the same roots, s"ch as "ord and Wort, or house and Haus. Iany words, s"ch as Foot%a$$ and Sand"ich are the same in )nglish and German. German has genders7 e$ery no"n is either masc"line, (eminine, or ne"ter. German has three di((erent words (or 3yo"3, while )nglish has only one. 1here are e$en (o"r i( yo" co"nt the impersonal 3man3. German has more $erb (orms than )nglish. German has more letters than and di((erent pron"nciations (rom )nglish %see #esson ;&. German is the only known written lang"age where a$$ no"ns are capitali ed, regardless o( whether or not it is a proper no"n. /ometimes in German the $erb will be the last word o( a sentence. 1here are no helping $erbs in German. +d5ecti$es will ha$e di((erent endings based on the no"n they are modi(ying in German. German is more Bg"tt"ralB. !n German, yo" talk in the back o( yo"r mo"th. 3!3 %ich& is only capitali ed i( it is the (irst word o( the sentence. !n German, there are (o"r cases7 in )nglish, there are three.

+s yo" can see, German is $ery m"ch like )nglish. 1here are, howe$er, di((erences:

Howe$er, next to D"tch, German is one o( the easiest lang"ages (or )nglish speakers to learn. 1he

di((erences will be tackled o$er the co"rse o( the lessons.

:o to use this level of the German te<tbook


1he lessons are meant to be taken in order. +t the re$iews, a(ter e$ery third lesson, yo" go back to look at the pre$io"s lessons. Eo" will need a notebook and a pencil to take notes and do problems (or this co"rse.

Layout of Each Lesson


6hen completed, ;. )$ery lesson will ha$e a title at the top, centered. <. 1he lesson will introd"ce se$eral topics, more and more as the lessons progress. G. +(ter each section, there will be a link to the problems page %at German:4eginner #esson QP&, where yo" will write down the problems and the answers on yo"r own sheet o( paper.R @. 6hen done with the problems (or that section, yo" will go to the answers page %at German:4eginner #esson Q+&, where yo" check yo"r answers. Aeep track o( yo"r scores %p"t them on the back page o( yo"r notebook, with the #esson Q and section title& (or later "se. D. 1he answers page will take yo" back to the lesson. -ontin"e in the same (ashion. H. +t the end o( the page there will be a link to the test %at German:4eginner #esson Q1&. 4e(ore yo" go to it, re$iew any sections that yo" are "nclear on, or any that yo" missed problems on. 6hen yo" are ready, take the test. 1here will be a link to the test answers page %at German:4eginner #esson Q1+& (or when yo" are done. :ote: R 1he link is the only indication o( the end o( the section. 1he title is the indication that these are in place. !( it is there, and there is no link to the problems, contin"e on "ntil yo" get to a link.

Section #$%# & Starting Point

Lesson $%&$ ' Wie hei)t du*

5ialogue
German 5ialogue ' audio8 "ne ' T o =$.$ > $0+ kb ' help? What@s your name* Wie hei)t du* ,ranHallo, ich bin Fran . 6ie heiSt d"J Greta Hallo, Fran . !ch heiSe Greta. 6ie gehtBsJ ,ran)s geht mir g"t. Aennst d" den #ehrerJ Greta ?a, er heiSt Herr 6eiS. ,ran9h, danke, Greta. 4is dannT Greta 6iedersehenT 'e(t )ialogue ,ranG"ten Iorgen. /ind /ie Herr 6eiSJ :err !ch ar- :ein, ich bin Herr /chwar . 6ie heiSt d"J ,ran!ch heiSe Fran . Danke Herr /chwar . !ch bin sp,t dran. :err !ch ar- 4itte, Fran . !ch bin a"ch sp,t dran. 4is sp,terT ,ran+"( 6iedersehenT

:ellos and Goodbyes in German


German Vocabulary ' audio =info ' $00 kb ' help? Greetings GrA)e HelloT HalloTR Moin Moin& %"sed in northern Germany& Gr'( Gott& %"sed in so"thern Germany, +"stria and /o"th 1yrol& Good morningT G"ten IorgenTR Good dayT G"ten 1agTR Good e$eningT G"ten +bendTR GoodbyeT +"( 6iedersehenTR 4yeT 1sch8ssTR #aterT 4is sp,terTR, 4is dannTR Good nightT G"te :achtTR Iany di((erent German-speaking regions ha$e their own ways o( saying hello and goodbye. Eo" will

not be re2"ired to know any o( those (or any problems or tests. Eo" will need to know all o( the expression with a 3R3 a(ter it tho"gh. 1he others, o( co"rse, wo"ld be "se("l to know i( yo" are tra$eling to the regions where they are "sed.

,ormal and Informal Greetings in German


Germans respect higher a"thority with their choice o( certain phrases. 1he more (ormal phrases abo$e are Guten Morgen, Guten )ag, and Au* Wiedersehen %as well as Gr'( Gott&. 1he less (ormal ones are )sch'ss. 1he other are ne"tral in the (ormal - in(ormal chain. :ote: !n Germany nowadays, 31sch8ss3 is also "sed with people who are not on (irst name terms. Here are some examples:

+$audia: G"ten Iorgen, Herr 6agnerT Herr Wagner: Hallo, -la"diaT Brigit: 1scha", /"siT Susi: 4is sp,ter, 4rigitT German Vocabulary Br% C Brs% :err und ,rau Herr Fra" Fra"lein

Ir. Irs. Is.

/ection ProblemsFF

The German Alphabet


German Grammar ' audio =info ' 37& kb ' help? The Alphabet 5as Alphabet #haracters +a U, 4b -c Dd )e F( Gg Hh Pronunciation ah ,h bay tsay day ay e( gay hah #haracters ?5 Ak #l Im :n 9o VL Pp P2 Pronunciation yot kah el em en oh Lh pay coo #haracters /s S 1t 0" W8 .$ 6w Xx Ey Pronunciation ess es ett tay oo diaresis (ow $ay iks ypsilon

!i ee *r air ' tset

1he <H letters in both German and )nglish are shown abo$e. 9ne other letter, S %the es ett Bess-tsetB& is "sed (or %$oiceless& BsB. !t is "sed in case two sBs %ss& or when a single s canBt be "sed: between $owels or in the end o( words when the preceding $owel is long. )xample: 3der Fl"ss3 %short ", )nglish ri$er&, b"t 3der F"S3 %long ", )nglish (oot&. :ote that the es ett is not "sed in /wit erland. Eo" always write do"ble s instead, e$en a(ter long $owels. 1here(ore yo" write 3Fl"ss3 and 3F"ss3. +nother di((erence between German and )nglish is the umlaut. 1he $owels a, o, and " can take an "mla"t %do"ble dots abo$e&, becoming ,, L, and 8. 1he "mla"t changes the so"nd o( the $owel. For pron"nciations o( all the letters, go to the Pron"nciation G"ide in +ppendix ;.

Dotes:

1he "mla"ts are e$en "sed when spelling. -ommon words "sed to clari(y a gi$en letter are Urger %anger&, Vkonom %economist& and Wberm"t %high spirits&. 1o say 3"mla"t3 a(ter the letter is an )nglish c"stom "sed when spelling German words in )nglish. !n writing, the "mla"ts are sometimes s"bstit"ted with the $owel pl"s e, i.e ae, oe and "e. Eo" (ind this in names as Goethe or in crosswords, b"t yo" donBt "se it in normal texts %Goethe is an exception to the r"les go$erning "mla"ts, always written with 3oe3&. Howe$er, i( yo" ha$e no way to type "mla"ts yo" must "se $owel-pl"s-e. !n most search engines and online dictionaries, a $owel with "mla"t can be entered as either the simple $owel or in $owel-pl"s-e (orm. For example, i( yo" wish to (ind 3Urger3 yo" may enter any o( the (ollowing three search strings: 3,rger3, 3aerger3, 3arger3 %the last is incorrect writing, and act"ally means something di((erentT %3arg3Y$ery bad/grim, 3arger3Y 3grimmer3&.

1o create the special "mla"t and ess et characters on an english keyboard, yo" can "se yo"r n"meric keypad with the +lt key. German Etc% Alt keys for German characters S alt Z =<<G 8 alt Z =<D< W alt Z =<<= L alt Z =<@H V alt Z =<;@ , alt Z =<<[ U alt Z =;OH !( yo" "se Iac 9/ X these will work only i( yo" choose 30nicode3 keyboard layo"t, b"t yo" can add "mla"ts with option-" and the S with option-/.

/ection ProblemsFF Eitte buchstabieren !ie


#ook at this short phone con$ersation. 1ry to read it alo"d. 1he translation o( words and phrases is gi$en below the text. German 5ialogue ' audio =info ' 0&2 kb ' help? 5irectory Assistance ,ernsprechauskunft +"sk"n(t, G"ten 1ag. G"ten 1ag. !ch h,tte gern die 1ele(onn"mmer $on Fra" -la"dia 4olliger a"s 4ern. 6ie schreibt man dasJ 4itte b"chstabieren /ie. :at8rlich. -la"dia: - wie -,sar, # wie #"dwig, + wie +nton, 0 wie 0rs"la, D wie Dora, ! wie !da, + wie +nton. 4olliger: 4 wie 4erta, 9 wie 9tto, weimal # wie #"dwig, ! wie !da, G wie G"sta$, ) wie )mil "nd * wie *ichard. Danke. Die :"mmer la"tet ...

Ban A Ban E Ban A Ban E

Ban A

Vocabulary and Phrases =from above? German Vocabulary Vocabulary WortschatEnglish German !n(ormation Desk die +"sk"n(t %no pl"ral& ! wo"ld like to ha$e !ch h,tte gern%e& Phone :"mber die 1ele(onn"mmer (rom 4erne a"s 4ern How do yo" spell thisJ 6ie schreibt man dasJ Please 4itte /pell 4"chstabieren 9( co"rse :at8rlich 3+3 as in +nton + wie +nton 1wice 'weimal 1he n"mber is die :"mmer la"tet

Dominative #ase
-ases describe what a no"n or prono"n does in a sentence. 6hen a no"n or prono"n is the s"b5ect o( a sentence, it is considered to be in the nominative case. For example, in the sentence 3! ate an apple3, I is the s"b5ect and the apple is the direct ob5ect. Eo" will learn more abo"t cases as the co"rse contin"es. German Grammar ' audio =info ' 64 kb ' help? !ubFect Pronouns Vorbehaltliche Pronomina sing"lar ich ! ;st person pl"ral ir we sing"lar duG H!ie yo" <nd person pl"ral ihrG H!ie yo" sing"lar erG sieG es he, she, it Grd person pl"ral sie they
H I !ie is the formal =polite? version of du and ihr% In all conFugationsG it acts e<actly like sie =plural?

/ection ProblemsFF

Dames
German Grammar Dames Damen English German Iy name is... !ch heiSe...

His/Her/!ts name is... 1heir names are... 9"r names are... Eo"r name is... Eo"r names are... 6hat is yo"r nameJ 6hat are yo"r namesJ

)r//ie/)s heiSt... /ie heiSen... 6ir heiSen... D" heiSt... !hr heiSt... 6ie heiSt d"J 6ie heiSt ihrJ

1o ask someone elseBs name, ask 36ie heiSt...3 For more than one person, 36ie heiSen...3

Dote8 1here are possessi$e prono"ns in German, they 5"st donBt apply here.

/ection ProblemsFF

Verbs
Eo" ha$e already learned one $erb: heiSen, to be called. German Verb hei)en to be called !ingular Plural first person ich hei(e ir hei(en second person du hei(t ihr hei(t er hei(t sie hei(en third person sie hei(t es hei(t 1wo more extremely common $erbs are the German translations (or Bto beB and Bto ha$eB: sein and ha%en. 1hey are con5"gated like this: German Verb sein to be !ingular Plural first person ich bin , am ir sind "e are second person du bist -ou are ihr sind -ou are er ist he is sie sind the- are third person sie ist she is es ist it is German Verb haben to have

first person second person third person

ich du er sie es

!ingular Plural ha%e ir ha%en hast ihr ha%t hat sie ha%en hat hat

/ection ProblemsFF
\edit]

Wie geht@s*
German Vocabulary :o are you* Wie geht@s* English German How are yo"J 6ie gehtBsJ *esponses +or Good Great Prima Good G"t .ery good /ehr g"t *esponses +or Ead Iiserable Iiserabel 4ad /chlecht :ot good :icht g"t *esponses +or "kay 9kay Gan g"t +lright )s geht so

/ection ProblemsFF

Articles
German, like many other lang"ages, gi$es each no"n a gender: Basculine, ,eminine, and Deuter. Plural is easy7 the de(inite nominati$e +rticle is always die. +nd as in )nglish there is no inde(inite article in pl"ral. :o"ns in pl"ral (orm re2"ire di((erent $erb(orms than no"ns in sing"lar. !n )nglish, there are two di((erent types o( articles: de(inite %the& and inde(inite %a and an&. German is the same, except that there are (i$e di((erent articles o( each type. 1he nominiti$e case articles are as (ollows:

5efinite Articles
German Grammar

The 5efinite Article of the Dominative #ase 5er definitive Artikel des Dominativi mascu$ine der der ?"nge the boy singular *eminine die die Fra" the woman neuter das das I,dchen the girl plural die die ?"ngen the boys die Fra"en the women die I,dchen the girls

Indefinite Articles
German Grammar The Indefinite Article of the Dominative #ase 5er unbestimmte Artikel des Dominativ mascu$ine ein ein Iann a man singular *eminine eine eine Fra" a woman neuter ein ein I,dchen a girl

/ection ProblemsFF

,orming Juestions
1he common word order in a German sentence is the same as in )nglish: /"b5ect $erb 9b5ects. %/$9&

Der Junge spie$t Fu(%a$$. 1he boy plays soccer.

1his sentence is in the indicati/e mood, the mood that states a (act. 1he interrogati/e mood asks a 2"estion. 1o change the )nglish sentence 31he boy throws the ball3 to the interrogati$e mood, we insert the helper $erb 3does3 be(ore 3boy,3 ending with,3J3. 3Does the boy throw the ballJ3 1he process is $ery similar in German. Howe$er, since German $erbs express both the simple and progressi$e aspects, we s itch the hole verb ith the subFect, ending "p with,

3Spie$t der Junge Fu(%a$$03 Does the boy play soccer

Eo" ha$e learned two 2"estions so (ar: 36ie heiSt...J3 and 36ie gehtBsJ3. !n German, there are two basic ways to (orm a 2"estion. 1he (irst is the method described abo$e. !n addition to this, yo" can p"t an interrogati/e ad/er%... German Vocabulary Juestions ,ragen English German

6hoJ 6hatJ 6hereJ 6henJ 6hyJ HowJ

6erJ 6asJ 6oJ 6annJ 6ar"mJ 6ieJ

1he 2"estion 36ie heiSt...J3, directly translated, means 3How is ... calledJ3. 1hat is why it does not contain Was. 1hese words come (irst in the sentence7 the word order is: !nterr. +d$erb .erb /"b5ect 9b5ect. For example:

Warum spie$t der Junge Fu(%a$$0 6hy does the boy play soccerJ

Eo" sho"ld note at this point that in German, the verb al ays comes second in the sentence, except in the case o( a 2"estion as described abo$e. The subFect is al ays ne<t to the verbG if not in front of it then follo ing it% For example:

Der Junge spie$te am Montag Fu(%a$$. 1he boy played soccer on Ionday.

Am Montag spie$te der Junge Fu(%a$$. 9n Ionday, the boy played soccer.

+t this point, yo" sho"ld know the words (or 3yes3, 1a and 3no3, nein respecti$ely.

/ection ProblemsFF

What@s "n the Test


1o go straight to the lesson test, go here. 1he test will ha$e (o"r parts to it: Grammar %;[ points&, 1ranslating %G@ points&, *eading -omprehension %<[ points&, and .ocab"lary %<= points&, in that order. 1he Grammar section will test yo"r ability to con5"gate $erbs gi$en the in(initi$e and the s"b5ect. Eo" will also ha$e to know the articles o( certain no"ns. 1he 1ranslating section is worth the most points, and it too has two sections. Eo" m"st know the translations (or sentences and phrases going (rom )nglish to German, and be able to take a German dialog"e and translate it back into )nglish. 1he third section, *eading -omprehension, is all Fill-in-the-4lank. Eo" will get two dialog"es and be asked to (ill in the blanks (or these. /ome o( the hardest parts deal with the greetings, so make s"re yo" know these. 1he last section is a $ocab"lary section. Eo" get <[ )nglish words on the le(t and <[ German words on the right, and be asked to match them. 1o st"dy (or that, check o"t the N; (lashcards related to this lesson at Flashcard)xchange.com. 1hat is the whole test. 1ake itT

Section #$%# & Starting Point

Lesson $%&+ ' ,rei-eit

5ialogue
Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Hallo, Greta! Wie spt ist es? Es ist viertel vor drei. Wirklich? Ich spiele Fu all u! drei. "achst du #port, Greta? $ein, ich in %aul. Ich &ehe 'etzt nach Hause. Fu all !acht a er #pa! (is dann. Wiedersehen!

!ports and Activities


English German sport%s& Sport interests Ho%%-s soccer Fu(%a$$ +merican (ootball Foot%a$$ $olleyball Vo$$e-%a$$ basketball Bas!et%a$$ tennis )ennis baseball Base%a$$ O-pin bowling Kege$n chess Schach board game das Brettspie$ game das Spie$ homework Hausau*ga%en tele$ision Fernsehen mo$ie der Fi$m

/ection ProblemsFF

!pielenG Bachen and "ther Verbs


+ll three $erbs that yo" were introd"ced to in #esson ; are irreg"lar in some way. Iost $erbs, howe$er, (ollow the 34est 1en 1en3 endings:

Ien ich d" -e -st wir -en ihr -t

er/sie/es -t sie -en For example, the $erbs spie$en and machen. spielen - to play ich d" spiele wir spielen sie spielen spielst ihr spielt

er/sie/es spielt

machen - to do/make ich d" mache wir machen sie machen machst ihr macht

er/sie/es macht

Applications
6hat are yo" doingJ - Was machst du0 ! play basketball. - ,ch spie$e Bas!et%a$$. Do yo" play soccerJ - Spie$st du Fu(%a$$0 ! do homework. - ,ch mache Hausau*ga%en. He does homework. - #r macht Hausau*ga%en. Do yo" play sportsJ - Machst du Sport0 :ote the last sentence. !n )nglish one p$a-s a sport, while in German one does a sport. Eo" can also "se the w-words (rom #esson ; to make some more combinations. 6hy do yo" play baseballJ - Warum spie$st du Base%a$$0 6ho has homeworkJ - Wer hat Hausau*ga%en0 1o say 3not3, "se 3nicht3. 3:icht3 goes a(ter the $erb b"t be(ore the sport. 6ho doesnBt play soccerJ - Wer spie$t nicht Fu(%a$$0 6e donBt play tennis. - Wir spie$en nicht )ennis.

#ompound !entences
4oth German and )nglish ha$e compo"nd sentences, "sing con5"nctions. Eo" may remember %maybe (rom -on5"nction ?"nction& that there are three common con5"nctions, and, but and or. 1he German translations (or these are und %the d so"nds a bit like a t&, aber %ah-bare& and oder %oh-dare&. Eo" already learned B"ndB in #esson ;. 1he applications o( these are enormo"s. 1hey can be "sed in lists, b"t also in compo"nd sentences. For

example, 3! play basketball, and he also plays basketball.3 %3,ch spie$e Bas!et%a$$2 und er spie$t auch Bas!et%a$$.3&
auch ) also, too *used ri&ht a%ter the ver +

/ection ProblemsFF "ther Verbs and Their #onFugations


Here are some more $erbs ha$ing to do with acti$ities: lesen - to read schauen - to watch sehen - to see arbeiten - to work schreiben - to write sch immen - to swim /cha"en, schreiben and schwimmen ha$e normal con5"gations. 1o (ig"re a con5"gation o"t, take o(( the BenB and p"t the appropriate ending on. For example, ich sch"imme, du sch"immst, er sch"immt. +rbeiten has a simple change. 6hene$er the ending starts with a consonant, an BeB is added be(ore it. !n other words, d" arbeitest and er/sie/es/ihr arbeitet. #esen is an irreg"lar $erb. First, when (orming the d"-(orm, yo" do not add an extra BsB. 1he only other change occ"rs in the d"- and er/sie/es-(orms. !n both o( these, the (irst BeB becomes BieB. !n other words, du3er3sie3es $iest and e$erything else is the same. /ehen experiences only the second o( those two changes. Du siehst "nd #r3sie3es sieht. :ote that this ca"ses the er/sie/es- and ihr- (orms to be di((erent in both $erbs.

/ection ProblemsFF T o Bore Verb ,orms


1here are two more $erb (orms in )nglish that yo" will learn this lesson: the present progressi$e %3! am playing, he is making3&, and the a((irmati$e 3! do play, he does not play3, which incl"des a (orm o( Bto doB. !t might be tempting to make the present progressi$e sentence, 3! am playing.3 into 3!ch bin spielen.3. +(ter all, BspielenB so"nds a lot like Bplay-ingB, b"t that is not the de(inition. B/pielenB means Bto playB, which makes 3!ch bin spielen.3 into 3! am to play.3, not at all what yo" are trying to say. /o it is not 3!ch bin spielen.3 1he second phrase, 3! do play3, is another tricky one. 1his one may seem like, 3!ch mache spielen.3 4"t donBt (orget, there are no helping $erbs in German. 3!ch mache spielen.3 5"st doesnBt work. 4oth o( the phrases abo$e are simpli(ied in German. !nstead o( 3! am playing.3 and 3! do play.3, German makes them both simply 3! play.3 6hen "sing BnotB, instead o( 3does not play3, yo" get 3plays not3. 1his may so"nd like old )nglish, and there yo" see where )nglish came (rom, and why it is called a 3Germanic3 lang"age.

/ection ProblemsFF

E<pressing likes and dislikes


!n German, there are se$eral ways to express likes and dislikes. 9ne cas"al way is to "se the combination o( the $erb haben and gern. For example, 4,ch ha%e 5555 gern.4 means 3! like ^^^^.3. 3!ch spiele gern ^^^^.3 means 3! like to play ^^^^.3 :ote: gern means something like 3gladly3 in comparison with )nglish. For example, 4,ch spie$e gern Foot%a$$.4 or 4Was machst du gern04. 1o express pre(erence %comparati$e&, "se lieber instead o( gern. For example, 4Wir spie$en $ie%er Fu(%a$$.4 1o express (a$orites %s"perlati$e&, yo" "se am liebsten, meaning 3most o( all3, in the same context as $ie%er. For example, 4,ch spie$e am $ie%sten Schach.4. 1o express dislikes, "se nicht gern instead o( gern. For example: 36ir spielen nicht gern Football.3

/ection ProblemsFF

Dumbers
1he (irst big "nit in this #e$el ; is time. German time is $ery m"ch like )nglish time. Howe$er, we m"st begin with German n"mbers. Deutsch )nglish Deutsch )nglish eins z"ei drei /ier *'n* sechs sie%en acht neun zehn e$* one two three (o"r (i$e six se$en eight nine ten ele$en sie%zehn se$enteen z"anzig twenty drei(ig /ierzig 6zig thirty (orty 6tdreizehn thirteen /ierzehn (o"rteen *'n*zehn (i(teen 6zehn 6teen

z"7$* twel$e sie%zig se$enty 1his table shows the basic n"mbers in German. 1o say, twenty-one, say 3)in"nd wan ig3 - all one word. B)insB drops its BsB whene$er it is in that position. 1here(ore, that means 39ne and twenty3, in German. 9ne more change happens at ;H and H=: !nstead o( creating a word with Bs B %sechs ig, sechs ehn&, the BsB is dropped, creating sechzig %H=& and sechzehn %;H&, prono"nced as in 3ich3. 6atch o"t (or BDreiSigB. !t is not (ormed with - ig at the end like all other decades %3 wan ig, $ier ig,

(8n( ig, ...3&T 1o say n"mbers higher than OO: h"ndred - Hundert tho"sand - )ausend For example, <O[@ is said, 3'weita"sendne"nh"ndert$ier"ndacht ig.3 %'wei ta"send ne"n h"ndert $ier "nd acht ig& %< _ ;===& Z %O _ ;==& Z @ K [=

/ection ProblemsFF

Time
Asking the Time
!n German, there are two common ways to ask the time. Eo" can say, 36ie $iel 0hr ist esJ3, which means literally, 36hat time is itJ3. Howe$er, it is seldom "sed anymore. 1he more common way is to say, 36ie sp,t ist esJ3, e$en tho"gh this only means, 3How late is itJ3. /peci(ic times can be expressed in two ways: exact (orm %3Fo"r thirty-se$en3&, or be(ore/a(ter (orm %31wenty-three to (i$e3&.

E<act form
1his (orm is the same as )nglish. 1o say, 3!t is ;=:;D a.m.3, say 3)s ist 'ehn 0hr F8n( ehn.3 :otice the 8hr. 1his means 3oBclock3, b"t is "sed in all exact times. Germans "se a <@-ho"r clock, like other co"ntries in )"rope and +merican military time. 1o con$ert to +merican time, i( it is abo$e ;<, s"btract ;<. /o +cht ehn 0hr is the e2"i$alent o( %;[ - ;< Y& H p.m. in +merican time. 1o con$ert to German time, add ;< i( it is p.m. %)xcept (or ;< p.m., see below.& @ p.m. is there(ore !ech-ehn Khr. !( gi$en an ho"r below ;<, it is a.m. 1he co"nting o( ho"rs starts (rom ero. /o, in German, the time between midnight and ; a.m. is =:^^. ;; p.m. wo"ld be <G:==. :ote that noon %;< p.m.& is 9 Llf Khr and midnight %;< a.m.& is Dull Khr. !n rare occasions, <@:== might be "sed, which implies that yo" mean Bthat partic"larB day %ignoring that in (act a new weekday has started at midnight& /o, i( someone says 3Iontag, <@:==3, ass"me its at the end o( the day o( monday %1"esday ;< a.m. midnight&. 3Iontag, =:==3 wo"ld be Ionday ;< a.m. midnight. Ho"rs greater than <@ are ne$er "sed. 3:oon3 is said as 3Mittag3, and 3Iidnight3 is 3Mitternacht3 !n Germany, it is also not "ncommon in e$eryday contexts to "se the ;<-ho"r clock. !n that case, 3$ormittags3 %literally Bbe(ore noonB& corresponds to a.m., while 3nachmittags3 %a(ter noon& means p.m. 3+bends3 %in the e$ening& is commonly "sed in place o( 3nachmittags3 (or times later than D p.m. %H 0hr abends Y H p.m.& +lso, as in )nglish, yo" can omit 3$ormittags3 and 3nachmittags3 i( itBs ob$io"s (rom the context. Howe$er, since this is nothing new %in comparison to )nglish&, yo" will not be tested on it.

/ection ProblemsFF EeforeMAfter the :our


+(ter - nach 1ill - /or 0se the same (orm as in )nglish. For example, ;=:DN can be said as, 3drei $or )l(.3 #ikewise, @:;= wo"ld be 3 ehn nach .ier.3 1ypically, "se the smaller n"mber with BnachB or B$orB. DonBt say, 3sieben"nd(8n( ig nach 'ehn.3 :ote: 1his is only "sed with in(ormal time telling. Eo" donBt "se B0hrB, and yo" (orget all abo"t the <@ ho"r clock. /ee abo$e (or more in(ormation. 1here are also a co"ple more words (or :;D, :@D, and :G=... 2"arter - Vierte$ hal( before - Ha$% 2"arter before - Drei/ierte$ %"sed mostly in eastern Germany, in most other regions yo" wonBt be "nderstood& 0se these words 5"st as yo" "se others, except that yo" donBt need a /or when "sing halb. For example, ;;:G= can be said as, 3Halb wLl(3 and D:;D can be said as 3.iertel nach F8n(3, D:@D wo"ld be 3.iertel $or /echs3 or 3Drei$iertel /echs3.

/ection ProblemsFF !aying When Nou 5o !omething


Wann spie$st du Foot%a$$0 %Football means +merican Football. 1he m"ch more pop"lar soccer wo"ld be 3F"Sball3, which lit. means Football& 1o say yo" play a sport at a certain time in )nglish, yo" wo"ld answer, 3! play (ootball at G:G=.3 1his is all the same in German, with the translation o( BatB being um. 1hat makes the abo$e response 3!ch spiele Football "m halb .ier.3 or 3!ch spiele Football "m (8n( ehn 0hr dreiSig.3.

/ection ProblemsFF

"ther Time
Times of 5ay
!n German and )nglish, many times one wo"ld want to approximate, s"ch as 3tomorrow a(ternoon3. Here are the German translations: )nglish the day today Deutsch der )ag heute

tomorrow yesterday %early& morning morning a(ternoon e$ening night

morgen gestern Morgen9 Vormittag Nachmittag A%end Nacht

the day a(ter tomorrow '%ermorgen the day be(ore yesterday /orgestern

R!n German, except the capitali ation, the words (or 3morning3 and 3tomorrow3 are the same: morgen. !( yo" want to say tomorro" morning "se morgen *r'h %meaning: ear$- on the ne:t da-& instead o( Morgen morgen.

1he words abo$e can be combined into phrases like 3he"te :achmittag3 or 3gestern +bend3. :ote that the time o( day stays capitali ed %it is a no"n& and the day stays lowercase %it is an ad$erb&.

/ection ProblemsFF 5ays and Bonths


German days and months are $ery similar to )nglish months: )nglish Ionday 1"esday 1h"rsday Friday /at"rday /"nday ?an"ary Febr"ary Iarch +pril Iay ?"ne ?"ly +"g"st 9ctober Deutsch Montag Dienstag Donnerstag Freitag Samstag ;or /onnabend< Sonntag Januar %or J nner in +"stria& Fe%ruar%or $ery rarely Fe%er& M rz Apri$ Mai Juni %or rarely Juno9& Ju$i %or rarely Ju$ei9& August =!to%er

6ednesday Mitt"och

/eptember Septem%er

:o$ember No/em%er December Dezem%er


R Juni and Ju$i so"nds $ery similar. /ometimes Juno and Ju$ei are "sed to separate the months, b"t only in spoken words.

:ote the order o( the days o( the week. 1he German week begins on Ionday. 1o say 3on Ionday3, say 4am Montag4 or whate$er applies. 1o say 3in ?an"ary3, say 4im Januar4 or whate$er applies. 1his is the same (or all o( the days and months. Eo" can also combine the times o( day (rom earlier with the days o( the week. 4"t theyBre both no"ns. 1o do this, there(ore, we m"st combine the two words into one, as in 3Dienstagnacht3 %1"esday night&.

/ection ProblemsFF 5ates


)nglish (irst o( %month& third o( %month& se$enth o( %month& -th o( %below <=& tenth o( twentieth o( thirty-(irst o( -th o( %<= to G;& Deutsch erster dritter

second o( %month& z"eiter (o"rth o( %month& /ierter sie%ter

eighth o( %month& achter 6ter zehnter z"anzigster einunddrei(igster 6ster

on %the& am ;see %e$o"&< !( yo" want to say, (or example 3on the <Dth o( December3, simply say 3am (8n("nd wan igsten De ember.3, in other cases yo" say 3(8n("nd wan igster De ember3 or 3der (8n("nd wan igste De ember3. !n Germany, dates are written o"t in the logical order Da- . Month . >ear, instead o( the +merican Month 3 Da- 3 >ear. For example, $ier ehnter +"g"st is written as ;@.[. Please note that German "ses a dot instead o( a slash. Do not "se the slash in dates, as it is "n"s"al and con("sing beca"se yo" cannot tell i( 3@/H3 means @th o( ?"ne %@.H.& or Hth o( +pril %H.@.&

/ection ProblemsFF
Eirthdays 4irthday - Ge%urtstag

1o say, 3Iy birthday is on ?"ly <=th3, say, 3!ch habe am wan igsten ?"li Geb"rtstag.3 :ote the order7 it translates back literally as 3! ha$e on the <=th o( ?"ly birthday.3 1his kind o( thing is common in German. 1o celebrate someoneBs birthday in German, there are two common phrases. /imply 3Happy 4irthday3 is 3+lles G"te "m Geb"rtstagT3 %lit. #/er-thing good to the %irthda-& and 34est wishes on yo"r birthdayT3 is 3Her lichen Gl8ckw"nsch "m Geb"rtstagT3 %heart- congratu$ation to the %irthda-.& !( yo" were sending a card, yo" wo"ld most likely "se the second one.

/ection ProblemsFF !easons


/pring - Fr'h$ing /"mmer - Sommer +"t"mn/Fall - Her%st 6inter - Winter in %the& - im For example, to say 3in /"mmer3, say 3im /ommer3. 1o say 3! play baseball in s"mmer.3, say 3!ch spiele 4aseball im /ommer.3.

/ection ProblemsFF Periods of Time


!( yo" want to express a certain period o( time, b"t it doesnBt ha$e a speci(ic name, like Nachmittag, yo" can do it like this:

von %starting time& bis %ending time&.


1his is the same as (rom ... till ... in )nglish. 1his can also apply with dates. For example, 36ir haben /ch"le %school& $on Iontag bis Freitag3. )xceptions: 36ir haben (rei $om (8n("nd wan igsten De ember bis zum weiten ?an"ar3.

/ection ProblemsFF :o often* Wie o*t0


1here are many ways to answer this 2"estion. 1wo are 3once/twice/three times in a ...3, or 3always/o(ten/ne$er.3. A Dumber or Times 1o say, 3once a month3, or 3(o"r times a week3, add 4ma$4 to the end o( the n"mber and say 3in the ...3. Here are the translations (or 3in the ...3: Day - am 1ag

6eek - in der 6oche or die 6oche Ionth - im Ionat Eear - im ?ahr 6eekend - am 6ochenende Iorning - am Iorgen or morgens )$ening - am +bend or a%ends +(ternoon - am :achmittag or nachmittags :ight - in der :acht or nachts For example, 36e bowl twice a week.3 is 36ir kegeln weimal in der 6oche.3

/ection ProblemsFF
"ften Adverbs always - immer most o( the time - meistens o(ten - o*t sometimes - manchma$ seldom - se$ten ne$er - nie only - nur 1o apply these words, p"t them in the sentence, after the verb and subFectG but before the sportMactivity. Eo" can also "se Bn"rB to say things like, 3/ie spielt n"r manchmal 1ennis.3 :ote that i( this is translated word-(or-word, it becomes, 3/he plays only sometimes tennis.3, not 3/he only sometimes plays tennis.3 or 3/he only plays tennis sometimes.3 1hatBs 5"st the way German is.

/ection ProblemsFF TimeI/elated Words


1ime - die ?eit Free time - die Freizeit 1o say yo" ha$e time, ignore the BdieB. 1o say when, insert other phrases yo" ha$e learned this lesson. For example, 3!ch habe am /amstagabend 'eit.3 :ote that the word order is the same as that o( birthdays. Eo" can "se Frei eit in the same way.
R:ote that while 3die 'eit3 means 3the time3, the phrase 3Hast d" die 'eitJ3 %3Do yo" ha$e the timeJ3& is not "sed to in2"ire abo"t what time it is. Eo" can, howe$er, "se the phrase to in2"ire as to whether or not someone has time to do something.

/ection ProblemsFF

What@s "n the Test


1o go straight to the lesson test, go here. 1he test will ha$e (o"r parts to it: Grammar %NO points&, 1ranslating %OD points&, *eading -omprehension %<= points&, .ocab"lary %<= points&, and Pre$io"s 1opics %;= points& in that order. 1he Grammar section will test yo"r ability to know the $erbs (rom this lesson and itBs $ario"s $isions, to

know articles - the genders o( them and the correct "sage o( them, and correct word order. 1he 1ranslating section is worth the most points, and it too has three sections. Eo" m"st know the translations (or sentences and phrases going (rom )nglish to German, and be able to take a German dialog"e and translate it back into )nglish. +lso yo" m"st know the translation (rom :"mbers to German. 1he third section, *eading -omprehension, is -omprehension P"estions yo" m"st know how to read the con$ersion and a(ter reading yo" will be asked 2"estion on the pre$io"s con$ersion. 1he (o"rth section is a $ocab"lary section. Eo" get <= )nglish words on the le(t and <= German words on the right, and be asked to match them. 1o st"dy (or that, check o"t the @=; (lashcards related to this lesson at Flashcard)xchange.com @art , and Flashcard)xchange.com @art ,,. 1he last section, Pre$io"s 1opics, is a 2"ick re$iew on #esson ; to get ready (or this section, 5"st look at some past notes or go to #esson ; and st"dy. 1hat is the whole test. 1ake itT

Section #$%# & Starting Point

Lesson $%&. ' Essen

5ialogue
Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Hallo, Greta! Wie &eht,s? #ehr &ut. Ich ha e Hun&er. Ich auch. "-chtest du et.as essen? /a!

*In der Gaststtte+ Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Franz: Greta: Ich !-chte #alat, (rot und Wasser. Hast du 'etzt keinen Hun&er? $ein, ich ha e &roen Hun&er. Was eko!!st du? Ich eko!!e ein #t0ck 1p%elstrudel und einen Eis echer. Waru! das? 2u sollst eine (rat.urst neh!en. $ein, ich in zu%rieden. Ich ha e keinen &roen Hun&er. 1ch so, dann ist das &enu&.

*$ach z.anzi& "inuten.+ Greta: 2iese Gaststtte ist schrecklich! Ich !-chte et.as zu essen! Franz: Wir &ehen!

,ood;
Here are some things yo" might order at a resta"rant, (ast (ood or sit-down:
1ppetizers *die 3orspeise, 3orspeisen+ Salad - der Salat Bread - das Brot (readstick ) die #chei e (rot "ain 2ishes *das Haupt&ericht, Haupt&erichte+ Sausage - die Wurst #ausa&es ) die W0rste Bratwurst - die Bratwurst Hot Dog - das *or der+ Hot Dog Pizza - die Pizza 4izzas ) die 4izzen *or die 4izzas+ Hamburger - der Hamburger *pronounced either like the 5it6 o% Ha! ur&, or like in En&lish+ Hamburgers - die Hamburger with - mit *i&nore article+ without - ohne *i&nore article+

Tomatoes - Tomaten Lettuce - der Salat Cheese - der Kse 4ickles ) die Gurken 78 die Ge.0rz&urken *!ore precise+ 7nions ) die 9.ie eln Ketchu - der *or das+ Ketchu !ustard - der Sen" Chic#en - das Hhnchen 5hickens ) die Hhnchen #ea%ood ) die "eeres%r0chte *plural+ $ish - %der& $isch #ides *die (eila&e *sin&ular+, die (eila&en *plural++ Sou - die Su e Sou s - die Su en 'oodle Sou - die 'udelsu e $rench $ries - die Pommes "rites *plural+ :his .ord is pronounced French, so it sounds like ;po!! %ritt;. $ries - die Pommes or die $ritten * oth in%or!al and plural+ :his ti!e it,s not pronounced French< rather 6ou sa6 ,po!!is,. Pasta - die Pasta or die 'udeln Potato - die Karto""el Potato - %in (ustria& )rda "el %earth a le& Potatoes - die Karto""eln Potatoes - %(ustria& )rd "el !ashed Potatoes - der Karto""elbrei $ried Potatoes - die Brat#arto""eln *plural+ 5orn ) "ais Corn on the Cob - !ais#olben (ean ) die (ohne *not &reen eans+ Beans - die Bohnen 2esserts *die $achspeise, $achspeisen or der $achtisch+ G=teau ) 2ie *#ahne)+:orte Strudel - der Strudel 1pple strudel ) 1p%elstrudel 5herr6 strudel ) >irschstrudel 4opp6 seed strudel ) "ohnstrudel Ca#e - der Kuchen Piece o" Ca#e - das St*c# Kuchen Pie - die Pastete Piece o" Pie - das St*c# Pastete 1pple 4ie ) die 1p%elpastete +ce Cream - das )is (o.l o% Ice 5rea! ) der Eis echer Pudding - der Pudding Coo#ie - der Ke#s Coo#ies - die Ke#se $ruit - das ,bst The !eal - das )ssen Lunch - !ittagessen *noon !eal+ Dinner - (bendessen *evenin& !eal+

1his list o( (oods %die /peise, /peisen& is $ery "se("l. Print it o"t and keep it. 9( co"rse it is recommended that yo" memori e all o( the translations and genders o( these (oods, b"t the lesson problems and test will only re2"ire the bolded ones to be memori ed.

Accusative #ase
+s yo" know (rom the !ntro, in German, there are (o"r cases. 1hree are "sed o(ten. 1he (irst, Dominative #ase, yo" learned in #esson ;. !t co$ers the s"b5ect, and the predicate no"n %in 3He is %no"n&.3, %no"n& is the predicate no"n&. 1he second, the Accusative #ase, yo" will learn now. !t co$ers the direct ob5ect and the ob5ect o( se$eral prepositions. 1he third, the 5ative #ase will be ta"ght later on. !t co$ers the indirect ob5ect and the ob5ect o( many other prepositions. :ote: 1he Accusative #ase and 5ative #ase are identical in )nglish7 thatBs where the extra case comes (rom.

Articles
Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter Pl"ral De(inite +rticle !nde(inite +rticle den einen die eine das ein die -eineR

H The indefinite article for plurals is nonIe<istant% :o ever related ordsG such as possessives and the keinI ords that you ill learn later this lessonG ill end in eine for plurals%

!n the articles, the memory hook (or acc"sati$e case is 3Der goes to den %prono"nced 3dain3& and the rest stay the same.3. 1he masc"line inde(inite article goes to einen, and e$erything else stays the same there. 1here(ore abo$e, der Hamb"rger goes to den Hamb"rger and ein Hamb"rger goes to einen Hamb"rger when the hamb"rger is the direct ob5ect, s"ch as in 3)r hat einen Hamb"rger.3 %3He has a hamb"rger.3& !( yo" are getting con("sed, itBs (ine. 1his topic is one o( the hardest (or )nglish speakers to grasp. Here are some sol"tions: 1o (ind o"t the case o( something, (irst (ind the $erb. 1he $erb r"les the sentence. )$erything re$ol$es aro"nd it. :ext yo" (ind the s"b5ect o( the sentence. 1he s"b5ect is the thing/person that is doing the $erb. The subFect is al ays in the Dominative #aseG so it takes on the derG dieG dasG dieG or einG eineG ein% :ow yo" look back at the $erb. !( it is a being $erb %am, are, is, etc.&, the next no"n a(ter the $erb is the predicate noun. +n easy way to (ig"re this o"t is to write an e2"ation. !( the $erb can be replaced with an e2"als sign %Y&, then the (ollowing no"n is a predicate no"n. !( it canBt be replaced by an e2"als sign, re(er to the next paragraph. The predicate noun is also al ays in the Dominative #aseG so the same rules apply to it%
Ich in ein /un&e. #ie ist eine Frau.

!( the $erb o( the sentence is an action $erb %playing, throwing, making, eating&, (ind what the s"b5ect is doing the $erb to. For example, i( the $erb is 3makes3 %macht&, yo" look (or what is being made. 1hat is the direct ob5ect. The direct obFect is al ays in the Accusative #aseG so it takes on the denG dieG dasG dieG or einenG eineG ein%
#ie ha en den 5heese ur&er. Ha t ihr einen #alat?

1he inde(inite articles, when yo" 5"st look at their endings, go -, e, -, e (or nominati$e case, and en, e, -, e (or acc"sati$e. 1his can be memori ed as 34lankie, 4lankie, +ny 4lankie.3 *emember, between nominati$e and acc"sati$e, the only third-person change is in the masc"line (orm.

Pronouns
1he prono"ns experience a m"ch bigger change than the articles. 1his is also tr"e in )nglish, as the articles %a, an, the& do not change e$er, b"t ! goes to me, we goes to "s, etc. :ot e$erything is the same, tho"gh. 6hile me is mich and "s is uns, the second and third persons "ndergo di((erent changes. !n third person, as in the articles, the only change is in masc"line sing"lar. Following the 3der goes to den3 r"le, er goes to ihn when in the acc"sati$e case. 1he second person in )nglish ne$er changes. !n German, d" goes to dich and ihr goes to euch. /ie, the (ormal $ersion o( either, stays the same. *emember, /ie %<nd person (ormal& and sie %Grd person pl"ral& only di((er in their meanings and the (act that the (ormer is capitali ed and the latter is not. 1his stays tr"e thro"gho"t German grammar. Here is a tab"lar representation o( the abo$e. Person ;st <nd Grd !ingular )nglish me yo" German mich dich "s yo" %yBall& them Plural )nglish German uns euch sie

him, her, ihn2 sie2 es it

Antecedents :ote: )his is 1ust a Auic! $esson in #ng$ish grammar app$ied into German. ,* -ou a$read- !no" a$$ a%out antecedents in #ng$ish2 s!ip the *irst paragraph. 6hen "sing a prono"n, yo" ha$e to know what it is (or it to work. 1here are some rare exceptions, s"ch as in mysteries or drama, b"t otherwise this is always tr"e. /ometimes in dialog"e this is taken care o( by pointing or making some other gest"re, b"t most o( the time, the prono"n modi(ies something already mentioned. The obFectMperson mentioned earlier that turns into a pronoun later is called the antecedent% !n German this is $ery "se("l. Eo" canBt simply say BitB anymore. Iany (ood words are masc"line and (eminine, and when yo" t"rn them into prono"ns, they t"rn into BheB, BsheB, BhimB, and BherB, not always BitB. For example, the sentence 31he cheeseb"rger tastes good. !tBs $ery cr"nchy.3 t"rns into 31he cheeseb"rger tastes good. HeBs $ery cr"nchy.3 :ote: Eo" will learn how to say this in German later in this lesson.

6hy is it 3he3J 1his is where the antecedent comes in. 4eca"se there are (oods that are masc"line and (eminine in German, yo" canBt ass"me the BesB. Eo" ha$e to look back at the pre$io"s sentence, at the antecedent, der +heese%urger. 3Der -heeseb"rger3 is replaced by er %since it is the s"b5ect, and there(ore in :ominati$e -ase&. 1here(ore, all yo" need to know are these connections: der/den-er/ihn, die-sie, das-es, die-sie.

,oodI/elated Verbs

essen ;,< - to eat, to be eating, to do eat trin!en - to drink, to be drinking, to do drink %e!ommen - to get/recei$e, to be getting/recei$ing, to do get/recei$e m7chten ;M< - wo"ld like "o$$en ;M< - to want, to be wanting, to do want

9( these (i$e $erbs, only trinken and bekommen are reg"lar. )ssen is irregu$ar %thatBs what the 3!3 means&. Do yo" remember (rom the last lesson BlesenB and BsehenBJ !n both o( them, the (irst BeB changed to BieB in the d"- and er/sie/es-(orms. 6ell essen experiences the same change, except that it changes to BiB, not BieB. +lso, it acts the same as BlesenB in the d"-(orm: Eo" donBt ha$e three sBs in a row. 1here(ore, d"/er/sie/es isst and e$erything else is the same. ,sst so"nds and looks a lot like ist. 1he min"te di((erence happens to be in the way yo" prono"nce the s. 6hen yo" mean eats it is sometimes an o$erstressed hissing %i.e. extremely sharp& so"nd. !n normal li(e Germans, too, can only tell which $erb is meant (rom knowing the context. ?"st like in last lesson, where yo" co"ld say, 4,ch spie$e gerne Fu(%a$$.4, yo" can also extend it to (ood. 3! like to eat cheeseb"rgers.3 is translated as 4,ch esse gerne +heese%urger.4 1he last two $erbs %marked ;M<& are moda$s. 1hey will be disc"ssed in the next section. \edit]

Bodals
!n the introd"ction, yo" learned that German has no helping $erbs. !nstead, they ha$e modals, words that basically do the same thing. Iodals are con5"gated $ery di((erently (rom normal $erbs. 1he ich- and er/sie/es-(orms are always the same, while the d"-(orm adds an BstB. Iost modals experience a $owel change (rom sing"lar to pl"ral, and the rest is the same.

BLchten
ILchten isnBt technically a modal, b"t it acts exactly the same. 1here is no $owel change, and the ichand er/sie/es (orms are 3mLchte3. Here is the complete con5"gation: Person $st +nd /ing"lar ich d" m7chte m7chtest Pl"ral wir m7chten ihr m7chtet

.rd er/sie/es m7chte sie m7chten ILchten means 3wo"ld like3 and can be applied to (ood %i.e. !ch mLchte einen -heeseb"rger.&. ILchten can be translated e$en more literally as 3wo"ld like to3, and is traditionally "sed with an in(initi$e $erb at the end o( the sentence %i.e. 3!ch mLchte 5et gehen3/3! wo"ld like to go now3&. Howe$er, this in(initi$e is not neccesary i( itBs completely ob$io"s what yo"Bre talking abo"t %!( yo" say 3!ch mLchte einen -heeseb"rger3, e$eryone will ass"me that yo" wo"ld like a cheeseb"rger to eat.& %:ote: 1echnically, 3mLchten3 is not a word. 1he abo$e cited con5"gation is act"ally the 3Aon5"nkti$3 o( 3mLgen3, which has become so pop"lar as a phrase, that e$en many Germans today arenBt aware o( it anymore, so yo" donBt need to worry abo"t it. 3)twas mLgen3 means 3to like sth3, and 3! wo"ld like3 is the closest translation o( 3ich mLchte3&

Wollen
6ollen is a tr"e modal7 it e$en changes $owels. !ch/er/sie/es will and d" willst. Here is the complete con5"gation: Person $st +nd /ing"lar ich d" "i$$ "i$$st Pl"ral wir "o$$en ihr "o$$t

.rd er/sie/es "i$$ sie "o$$en 6ollen can also be applied to (ood, b"t may be considered impolite and demanding %3!ch will einen -heeseb"rgerT3 ro"ghly means 3! demand a cheeseb"rgerT3 M7chten sho"ld be "sed instead: 3!ch mLchte einen -hesseb"rgerT3 Y 3! want a chesseb"rgerT3&. 6ollen sho"ld not be con("sed with the ("t"re tense, despite the presence o( the )nglish word BwillB in the con5"gations. Howe$er, will can also mean an intent or a doc"ment showing what one "ants to happen. /o it is not so di((erent (rom Bto wantB as possibly originally pres"med.

Bodals ith other verbs


6hen yo" need to "se another $erb with a modal %/"ch as expressing yo" wo"ld like or want to pre(orm an action& the sentenceBs word order is somewhat di((erent than it wo"ld be in )nglish. !n )nglish yo" wo"ld state the s"b5ect prono"n %s"ch as 3!3&, an )nglish e2"i$alent to the modal $erb %s"ch as 3want3&, the action yo" want to pre(orm %s"ch as 3to eat3& and than what the action will be pre(ormed on %s"ch as 3hamb"rger3&, making the sentence 3! want to eat a hamb"rger.3 !n German yo" m"st p"t the action at the end o( the sentence, making the sentence 3! want a hamb"rger to eat.3 %4,ch "i$$ einen Ham%urger essen.4&

:unger and Thirst


!n German, instead o( saying, 3!Bm h"ngry.3, yo" say 3! ha$e h"nger.3 1he same applies to thirst. Here are the German translations: H"nger - der H"nger %hoon-gare& 9* %hoong-er&`-Perhaps a dialect. 1hirst - der D"rst

#ike in )nglish, these two words do not ha$e a pl"ral (orm. 6hen "sing them, yo" donBt need to worry abo"t the BderB7 yo" can 5"st say, 3!ch habe H"nger.3 to say 3! am h"ngry3.

,ormal #onversations
!n #esson ;, yo" learned how to talk (ormally, "sing phrases like 3G"ten IorgenT3 and 36ie heiSen /ieJ3. 1here are, howe$er, a (ew words that are Bs"r$i$al wordsB in Germany, speci(ically 5anke - 1hank yo", 1hanks Eitte - Please and Eo"Bre welcome. 1o make this e$en more (ormal, yo" can tack on the word BschLnB to the end o( 31hank yo"3 and 3Eo"Bre welcome3 to make BdankeschLnB and BbitteschLnB %both one word& in response. /chLn literally means BprettyB %yo"Bll relearn this next lesson&, so it t"rns those e$eryday phrases into compliments %31hanks, pretty.3&. !ome other ays to say Othank youO8

DankeschLn - 1hank yo" $ery m"ch Danke sehr - 1hanks a lot Her lichen Dank %3her lichen3 means sincere or (rom the heart7 yo" may remember it (rom 3Her lichen Gl8ckw"nsch "m Geb"rtstagT3 last lesson& .ielen Dank - 1hanks a lot 1a"send DankR - 1hanks a million %literally means a tho"sand, b"t no one e$er says 31hanks a tho"sand.3& +"(richtigen DankR - wo"ld be 3thank yo" sincerely3 %/er- (ormal&

R - Eo" will not be tested on these phrases.

!ome other ays to say ONou are elcomeO8


4itteschLnT 4itte sehrT Gern geschehenT %DonBt mention it& GerneT Aein ProblemT %:o problem& Da(8r nichtTR - %Do& not %thank me& (or this %only "sed in :orthern Germany&

R - Eo" will not be tested on this phrase.

1einI ords
1wice yo" ha$e been ta"ght that the ending o( the inde(inite article (or pl"rals "ou$d %e eine %(or :ominati$e and +cc"sati$e cases&, i( there was an inde(inite article (or pl"rals. :ow that lesson applies. 1he kein-words ha$e the same endings as the ein-words, and they mean the opposite: no, not any, none. For example, 3kein -heeseb"rger3 means 3no cheeseb"rger3. 3Aeine -heeseb"rger3 %in this case -heeseb"rger is pl"ral& means 3:o cheeseb"rgers3. :otice the BeB at the end o( BkeineB. 1hatBs the ending (or pl"rals and (eminine no"ns and can be likened to the 3der, die, das -F die3 relationship, where the (eminine article ser$es (or the pl"ral as well.

"rdering at a /estaurant in Germany


*esta"rant - das *esta"rBantB %prono"nciated French& at %the& - beim 1here are many resta"rants yo" might (ind in Germany. I"ch like in )nglish-speaking co"ntries, yo" wo"ld more likely "se the name o( the resta"rant than name what kind o( resta"rant. !( yo" want to adress the wish to eat a certain (ood, there are two ways: example: 3wanting to eat chinese (ood3 ;. 3!ch mLchte gerne "m -hinesen.3 - literally: 3! want to go to the -hinese %resta"rant&.3 <. 3!ch mLchte gerne chinesisch essen %gehen&.3 - literally: 3! want to %go& eat -hinese %style&.3 Here are some more resta"rants yo" can (ind in Germany:

-hinese (ood: 3 "m -hinesen3 / 3chinesisch essen3 ?apanese (ood: 3 "m ?apaner3 / 35apanisch essen3 +merican (ood: 3 "m +merikaner3 / 3amerikanisch essen3 Iexican (ood: 3 "m Iexikaner3 / 3mexikanisch essen3 +rabic (ood: 3 "m +raber3 / 3arabisch essen3 !talian (ood: 3 "m !taliener3 / 3italienisch essen3 !ndian (ood: 3 "m !nder3 / 3indisch essen3 French (ood: 3 "m Fran osen3 / 3(ran Lsich essen3 Greek (ood: 3 "m Griechen3 / 3griechisch essen3 1"rkish (ood: 3 "m 18rken3 / 3t8rkisch essen3

Accusative case prepositions


Eo" read at the beginning o( this lesson that the Accusative #ase co$ers the direct ob5ect and the ob5ects o( some prepositions. Here are those prepositions that always (all "nder +cc"sati$e -ase Durch - thro"gh F'r - (or Gegen - against =hne - witho"t 8m - at, aro"nd 1hese prepositions can be memori ed easily "sing a common t"ne. 3!tBs a /mall 6orld +(ter +ll3 and 3Iary Had a #ittle #amb3 both work well (or this. Eo" learned um last lesson, and ohne earlier this lesson. Durch and gegen will be ta"ght in depth later, and (8r will be ta"ght now. 0p "ntil this point, yo" ha$e only worried abo"t the +cc"sati$e -ase in third person. F8r, meaning B(orB, can and sho"ld be "sed in the (irst and second persons, too. HereBs an example: 31he cheeseb"rger is (or me.3 - 3Der -heeseb"rger ist *'r mich.3 +s yo" can see, BmeB is p"t into acc"sati$e case beca"se the preposition is *'r.

!aying :o ,ood Tastes


!n German %as in )nglish& there are se$eral ways o( telling how (ood tastes. Eo" can do this with Bg"tB and BschlechtB (rom #esson ; to say: 5er #heeseburger schmeckt gut I The meal tastes good 5er #heeseburger schmeckt schlecht I The meal tastes bad 4"t this is $ag"e. 6hy do yo" think it tastes goodJ Eo" can "se the (ollowing words to more ac"tely describe how the cheeseb"rger tastes:

delicio"s - $ec!er delicio"s - de$i!atR %a lot more (ormal than lecker& tasty - schmac!ha*t 5"icy - sa*tigR cr"nchy - !nac!ig crispy - !nusprigR spicy - "'rzig, pi!ant stale, tasteless - *adeR %+"stria: (ad& salty - sa$zig o$ersalted - /ersa$zenR sweet - s'( bitter - %itter so"r - sauer creamy - cremigR hot %in the sense o( 3$ery spicy3& - schar* hot %in the sense o( 3$ery warm3& - hei( b"rnt - ange%ranntR cold - !a$t disg"sting - schrec!$ich

R - Eo" will not be tested on these descriptors.

!chmecken is a reg"lar $erb. Here is itBs con5"gation: Person $st +nd ich d" /ing"lar schmec!e schmec!st ihr Pl"ral wir schmec!en schmec!t

.rd er/sie/es schmec!t sie schmec!en 1he (irst and second persons really sho"ldnBt be "sed. :o one is going to say, 3Eo" g"ys taste salty3 or 3! taste creamy3 %at least hope("lly&. /o the only (orms yo" need to know are er/sie/es schmec!t and sie

%pl"ral& schmec!en. Eo" can "se BschmecktB and BschmeckenB or BistB and BsindB to state how the (ood tastes. ?"st "se whiche$er one yo" wo"ld "se in )nglish and itBll be correct. +ltho"gh the )nglish meaning o( schmec!en is simply to taste, 4Schmec!t der +heese%urger04 can be taken in a positi$e way to mean 3Do yo" like the cheeseb"rgerJ3. !n other words, schmec!en alone can mean to taste good.

5ieserIforms
3)he cheeseb"rger tastes good.3 does not so"nd that speci(ic as to which cheeseb"rger yo" are talking abo"t. Eo" co"ld be talking abo"t some other cheeseb"rger than the one in (ront o( yo". !t 5"st isnBt clear. :ow, i( yo" said, 3)his cheeseb"rger tastes good.3, it wo"ld be ob$io"s that yo"Bre talking abo"t the cheeseb"rger yo"Bre eating. BDieserB is the German translation (or BthisB: 3Dieser -heeseb"rger schmeckt g"t.3

5ieser
Dieser is a special ad5ecti$e. !t changes (orms in di((erent sit"ations: di((erent genders and di((erent cases. !t can also mean BtheseB when modi(ying a pl"ral. Here are its (orms: Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter Pl"ral :ominati$e -ase dieser diese dieses diese +cc"sati$e -ase diesen diese dieses diese +s yo" can see, dieser is only appropriate (or modi(ying masc"line no"ns in nominati$e case. 4"t B-heeseb"rgerB, which is masc"line, is the s"b5ect o( the sentence, 3Dieser -heeseb"rger schmeckt g"t.3 /o it is correct in that circ"mstance. Eo" may be wondering why BdieserB is how it is presented as a whole. +(ter all, it only applies to masc"line no"ns in the nominati$e case, while BdieseB applies (or both (eminine and pl"ral no"ns, nominati$e and acc"sati$e case. 4"t to be gender-less, yo" co"ld "se BdiesesB instead. !tBs the (act that yo" cou$d "se any o( those in the nominati$e case to s"mmari e the word. DieserBs location in the "pper le(t hand corner makes it stand o"t and get chosen.

Peder
Jeder means Be$eryB. !t acts exactly like BdieserB in its endings, so it sho"ld be easy to remember. Here are the di((erent (orms: Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter :ominati$e -ase 5eder 5ede 5edes +cc"sati$e -ase 5eden 5ede 5edes :otice the absence o( the pl"ral (orm. 6hen yo" think abo"t this, itBs the same in )nglish: no one says Be$ery booksB.

Welcher
B6elcherB is the third o( this threesome o( ad5ecti$es. B6elcherB means BwhichB, the se$enth w-word so (ar %wer, was, wann, wo, war"m, wie, and welcher&. !ts (orms ha$e the same endings as BdieserB. Iasc"line Feminine :e"ter :ominati$e -ase welcher +cc"sati$e -ase welchen Pl"ral welche welches welche welche welches welche

#onnection ith Time


Eo" might want to say Be$ery dayB, Bthis weekB, Be$ery morningB, or Bwhich 1"esday nightJB. 4"t to do this, not only do yo" need to know the 5eder-(orms, b"t also the genders o( the times and the cases. 1he second one is easy: Whenever you do something at a certain timeG that time is put into Accusative #ase% #ast lesson, yo" learned the gender o( one time: der 1ag. /o now yo" know e$erything to say Bdiesen 1agB, B5eden 1agB, and Bwelchen 1agJB %this day, e$ery day, and which dayJ&. Here are the cases o( all the times in #esson <: Iasc"line 1ag Ionat Iorgen +bend :achmittag Feminine 6oche :acht

:e"ter ?ahr 6ochenende

6hen extending to Bwhich 1"esday nightJB, remember that the night stays (eminine on 1"esday, so it stays 36elche DienstagnachtJ3. #ikewise, yo" can say Be$ery ?"neB the same as Be$ery monthB: B5eden ?"niB.

This and That


,ch m7chte einen +heese%urger. Der schmec!t sehr gut. ,ch esse 1eden )ag +heese%urger. Die ha%e ich gern. #ook at the second sentence o( each o( these German dialog"es. 6hatBs missingJ 1hatBs right, instead o( 3Der -heeseb"rger schmeckt sehr g"t.3 and 3Die -heeseb"rger habe ich gern.3, both o( the B-heeseb"rgerBs, so to speak, are dropped. 6eBre le(t with 5"st the articles, only in this case, they arenBt articles. 1heyBre demonstrative pronouns. Demonstrati$e prono"ns arenBt scary. 1heyBre 5"st the same as the normal prono"ns, only they gi$e more oomph to the sentence. 1hey can be translated as either BthisB or BthatB %3!Bd like a cheeseb"rger. 1hat tastes $ery good.3&, or BtheseB or BthoseB (or pl"rals %3! eat cheeseb"rgers e$ery day. 1hese ! like.3&. Demonstrati$e prono"ns are exactly the same as the de(inite articles %well, there is one change in dati$e, b"t that will be co$ered in #esson N&. !( yo" are not s"re o( the gender %meaning in context, the speaker doesnBt know, not that yo"B$e (orgotten that itBs Bder -heeseb"rgerB&, "se BdasB, like in 36as ist dasJ3 %6hat is thatJ&.

Boney and Paying

; )"ro -oin Germany, +"stria, #"xemb"rg, 4elgi"m and /8dtirol a in other words: all German speaking regions except /wit erland and #iechtensteina ha$e gi$en "p their (ormer c"rrencies and adopted the )"ro as o( ;OOO. 9ne #uro is worth ;== +ents. 4eca"se they are not members o( the )"ropean 0nion, /wit erland and #iechtenstein ha$e kept the /wiss Francs %Fran!en Y ;== Cappen&. B)"roB normally does not change in the pl"ral in German, so yo" wo"ld still say 3!ch habe D== )"ro.3 :e$ertheless, there is an exception: )"ro coins. !( yo" say 3!ch habe $ier )"ros.3, yo" act"ally are saying that yo" ha$e (o"r ;-)"ro coins. 4eca"se the backsides o( e"ro coins look di((erent in each co"ntry, many people in )"rope ha$e started collecting (oreign e"ro coins. !n this case yo" can say 3!ch habe irische )"ros.3 %! ha$e !rish e"ro coins.& (or example. 1here is not yet a r"le whether or not the word 4+ent4 has a di((erent pl"ral (orm. 1he ma5ority o( Germans are "sing the word 4+ent4 as a pl"ral (orm, b"t when they donBt it is simply 4+ents4. !n German 3e"ro3 is prono"nced \boi-ro], not \yo"-ro]. For 3-ent3 there are two pron"nciations: yo" can either prono"nce it as in )nglish or yo" say 3t ent3. 1he latter $ersion seams to be pre(erred by older people. 6hen at a resta"rant, yo" will want to pay at the end. Eo" can "se this $ocab"lary to help yo". to pay - zah$en the bill - die Cechnung the waiter - der =%er 3How m"ch is thatJ3 - 4Was macht das04 %36hat does that makeJ3& 1o ask (or the bill yo" can say, 34itte ahlenT3, or make it a complete sentence: 3!ch mLchte ahlenT3, or 36ir mLchten/wollen ahlenT3. Eo" can also say, 3%Herr 9ber&, die *echn"ng bitteT3

Section #$%# & Starting Point

/evie $%&$

Vocabulary
I We ?ou ?ou 1ll He #he It :he6 Have Ich Wir 2u #ie *%or!al+ Ihr #ie *%or!al+ Er #ie Es #ie Ha e *@st 4erson, #in&ular+ Hast *And 4erson, #in&ular+ Ha en *@st B Crd 4erson, 4lural+ Ha t *And 4erson, 4lural+ Hat (in (ist *@st 4erson, #in&ular+ #ind *@st B Crd 4erson, 4lural+ #eid *And 4erson, 4lural+ Ist

Has 1! 1re Is Hello!

Hallo! #ervus! *used in (avaria and 1ustria+ "oin! or "oin "oin! *used in northern Ger!an6+ Gr0ezi! *used in #.itzerland+ Good !ornin&! Guten "or&en! or "or&en! Good da6! Guten :a&! or :a&! Good evenin&! Guten 1 end! or $,1 end! Gr0 Gott! *used in southern Ger!an6, 1ustria and #outh :6rol+ Good 6e! 1u% Wiedersehen! or Wiedersehen (6e! :sch0ss! or :schau! #ervus! *used in (avaria, 1ustria+ Dater! (is spter! or (is dann! Good ni&ht! Gute $acht! Good #uper! Great! 3er6 &ood! (ad "isera le Gut #pitze! 4ri!a! #ehr &ut! #chlecht "isera el

Who What Where When Wh6 Ho. (o6 Girl "an Wo!an (o6s Girls "en Wo!en #port*s+ Interests #occer E#1 Foot all 3olle6 all (asket all :ennis (ase all F)pin (o.lin& 5hess (oard Ga!e Ga!e Ho!e.ork :elevision "ovie 1nd (ut 7r :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o :o Have (e (e 5alled 4la6 2oG"ake 8ead Watch #ee Work Write #.i!

Wer Was Wo Wann Waru! Wie 2er 2as 2er 2ie 2ie 2ie 2ie 2ie /un&e "dchen Herr Frau /un&en "dchen "nner Frauen

#port Ho 6s Fu all Foot all 3olle6 all (asket all :ennis (ase all >e&eln #chach 2as (rettspiel 2as #piel Hausau%&a en Fernsehen 2er Fil!, Fil!e End 1 er 7der Ha en #ein Heien #pielen "achen Desen #chauen #ehen 1r eiten #chrei en #ch.i!!en Eins 9.ei 2rei 3ier F0n% #echs #ie en 1cht $eun 9ehn El% 9.-l%

7ne :.o :hree Four Five #iH #even Ei&ht $ine :en Eleven :.elve

:hirteen Fourteen Fi%teen #iHteen #eventeen Ei&hteen $ineteen :.ent6 :hirt6 Fort6 Fi%t6 #iHt6 #event6 Ei&ht6 $inet6 Hundred :housand $oon "idni&ht 1%ter :ill Iuarter Hal% (e%ore Iuarter (e%ore 2a6 :oda6 :o!orro. ?esterda6 Earl6 "ornin& "ornin& 1%ternoon Evenin& $i&ht "onda6 :uesda6 Wednesda6 :hursda6 Frida6 #aturda6 #unda6 /anuar6 Fe ruar6 "arch 1pril "a6 /une /ul6 1u&ust #epte! er 7cto er $ove! er 2ece! er #prin&

2reizehn 3ierzehn F0n%zehn #echzehn #ie zehn 1chtzehn $eunzehn 9.anzi& 2reii& 3ierzi& F0n%zi& #echzi& #ie zi& 1chtzi& $eunzi& Hundert :ausend "itta& "itternacht $ach 3or 3iertel Hal 2reiviertel *used in eastern Ger!an6+ :a& Heute "or&en Gestern "or&en *use !or&en %r0h %or to!!orro. !ornin&+ 3or!itta& $ach!itta& 1 end $acht "onta& 2iensta& "itt.och 2onnersta& Freita& #a!sta& or #onna end #onnta& /anuar /nner *used in 1ustria+ Fe ruar "rz 1pril "ai /uni /uno *in spoken .ord onl6+ /uli /ulei *in spoken .ord onl6+ 1u&ust #epte! er 7kto er $ove! er 2eze! er Fr0hlin&

#u!!er 1utu!n Winter :i!e Free :i!e 1l.a6s 7%ten #o!eti!es #eldo! $ever 7nl6 "e Es ?ou ?ou 1ll Hi! Her It :he! 1ppetizers #alad (read (readstick "ain 2ishes #ausa&e #ausa&es (rat.urst Hot 2o& 4izza 4izzas Ha! ur&er Ha! ur&ers With Without :o!atoes Dettuce 5heese 4ickles 7nions >etchup "ustard 5hicken 5hickens #ea%ood Fish #ides #oup #oups $oodle #oup French Fries Fries 4asta 4otato 4otatoes 5orn (ean

#o!!er Her st Winter 2ie 9eit 2ie Freizeit I!!er 7%t "anch!al #elten $ie $ur "ich Ens 2ich Euch Ihn #ie Es #ie 3orspeisen 2er #alat 2as (rot 2ie #chei e (rot Haupt&erichte 2ie Wurst 2ie W0rste 2ie (rat.urst 2as Hot 2o& 2ie 4izza 2ie 4izzen 2er Ha! ur&er 2ie Ha! ur&er "it *i&nore article+ 7hne *i&nore article+ :o!aten 2er #alat 2er >se 2ie Ge.0rz&urken 2ie 9.ie eln 2er >etchup 2er #en% 2as Hhnchen 2ie Hhnchen 2ie "eeres%r0chte *plural+ 2er Fisch 2ie (eila&e *sin&ular+, die (eila&en *plural+ 2ie #uppe 2ie #uppen 2ie $udelsuppe 2ie 4o!!es %rites *plural+ 2ie Fritten *In%or!al and plural+ 2ie 4asta or 2ie $udeln 2ie >arto%%el 2ie >arto%%eln "ais 2ie (ohne

(eans 2esserts G=teau #trudel 1pple strudel 5ake 4iece o% 5ake 4ie 4iece o% 4ie 1pple 4ie Ice 5rea! 4uddin& 5ookie 5ookies Fruit :he "eal Dunch 2inner Hun&er :hirst :o Eat :o 2rink :o 8eceive :o Want Would Dike 2anke (itte 2ankesch-n 2anke sehr >ein 4ro le!! 5hinese Food /apanese Food 1!erican Food "eHican Food 1ra ic Food Italian Food Indian Food French Food Greek Food 2urch F0r Ge&en 7hne E! 2elicious :ast6 /uic6 5runch6 5risp6 #pic6 #tale #alt6 #.eet

2ie (ohnen $achspeisen 2ie *#ahne)+:orte 2er #trudel 1p%elstrudel 2er >uchen 2as #t0ck >uchen 2ie 4astete 2as #t0ck 4astete 2ie 1p%elpastete 2as Eis 2er 4uddin& 2er >eks 2ie >ekse 2as 7 st 2as Essen "itta&essen 1 endessen 2er Hun&er 2er 2urst Essen :rinken (eko!!en Wollen "-chten :hank 6ou 4lease B ?ou,re Welco!e :hank 6ou ver6 !uch :hanks a lot $o pro le! 5hinesisch Essen /apanisch Essen 1!erikanisch Essen "eHikanisch Essen 1ra isch Essen Italienisch Essen Indisch Essen Franz-sich Essen Griechisch Essen :hrou&h For 1&ainst Without 1t, 1round Decker #ch!ackha%t #a%ti& >nacki& >nuspri& W0rzi& Fade Fad *used in 1ustria+ #alzi& #0

(itter #our 5rea!6 Hot (urnt 5old 2is&ustin& :o 4a6 :he (ill Waiter

(itter #auer 5re!i& Hei 1n&e rannt >alt #chrecklich 9ahlen 2ie 8echnun& 2er 7 er

Wie :ei)t 5u*


:ello and Goodbyes
6ir haben Hallos "nd 6iedersehens. ALnnen /ie sich erinnernJ 4erichtT

Dominative #ase
6ir haben a"ch den :ominati$. ALnnen /ie sich an ihn erinnernJ 4erichtT

Dames
6ir haben das .erb heiSen. )rinnern /ie sichJ 4erichtT

Verbs
6ir haben wei anderen .erben kon5"giert. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT

Articles
6ir haben die +rtikel (8r :ominati$ gehabt. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT

,rei-eit
/egulars Verbs
6ir haben die regelm,Sigen .erbenden. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT

Likes C 5islikes
6ir haben Ge(allen a"s "dr8cken gehabt. ALnnen /ie sich daran erinnernJ 4erichtT

Dumbers
6ir haben die 'ahlen gelernen. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT

Time
6ir haben schon 'eit-6Lrter gelernt. ALnnen /ie sich an diese erinnernJ 4erichtT

Essen
Accusative #ase
6ir hatten schon den +kk"sati$-Fall. ALnnen /ie sich an ihn erinnernJ 4erichtT

Bodal Verbs
6ir haben die modalen .erben. ALnnen /ie sich an sie erinnernJ 4erichtT

1einIWords
6ir haben ,,Aein geha%t. K7nnen Sie sich daran erinnern0 4erichtT

ThisG EveryoneG and Which


6ir haben, Dieser, ?eder, "nd, 6elcher gehabt.. ALnnen /ie sich erinnernJ 4erichtT

!ection $%&+ ( Berlin German!

Lesson $%&0 ' 1leidung

:ello from Eerlin;


!n e$ery #esson (rom @ - ;< there is going to be a (eat"red German-/peaking city, which be the theme o( the lesson. For @ - H it is 4erlin. 1here will be (amo"s locations in 4erlin, like (or this lession itBs A"r(8rstendamm and AaDe6e, the shopping area o( 4erlin. +lso in each lesson there will be (acts, so i( yo" e$er tra$el to a German-/peaking co"ntry itBll be like yo" are a nati$eT

,acts
It@s Time to #hange Time #ocal time is H ho"rs ahead o( )./.1. !( itBs <:==pm in :ew Eork -ity, itBs [:==pm locally. Please note that Germany changes to and (rom daylight-sa$ing time a (ew weeks be(ore the 0./., so time di((erences still $ary in Iarch and 9ctober. TipG TipG and Bore Tip 1ipping. + ser$ice charge is always incl"ded on resta"rant checks, b"t it is "s"al and polite to ro"nd "p the amo"nt. For a c"p o( co((ee costing abo"t <.== )0*, yo" wo"ld ro"nd "p to <.D= )0*. +t a resta"rant, yo" sho"ld gi$e a tip o( at least (i$e percent. Gi$ing no tip at all is considered extremely r"de. 1ip when paying, donBt lea$e money on the table. 1ip the hat check or coat check attendant. +dd abo"t < )"ros to taxi (ares. 1ipping is very important. !hopping Locations 1here are two ma5or shopping locations. 1he ,ur+-rstendamm in the old west is lined with bo"ti2"es and department stores. !t contin"es eastwards (or abo"t three h"ndred yards where yo" can $isit ,a)eWe, the biggest department store in )"rope. 9n the newly-de$eloped .riedrichstra/e in the old east, the (amo"s French store Galleries #a(ayette is to be (o"nd together with a ma e o( "ndergro"nd shopping malls. /hops are generally open Oam-[:G=pm Ionday thro"gh Friday and Oam-@pm on /at"rdays

5ialoge
German 5ialogue

:elga Baria :elga Baria :elga :elga Baria :elga Baria :elga Angestellter Thomas Baria und :egla Angestellter Thomas Baria Angestellter Thomas Angestellter Thomas Baria Angestellter Thomas

Going !hopping Gehendes Einkaufen G"ten Iorgen, Iaria. Iorgen. 6ie gehtBsJ Iir gehtBs g"t. !ch gehe "m A"r(8rstendamm, mLchten /ie mit mir kommenJ ?a, gerne. !ch hole $orher noch Geld. !ch sehe /ie dann am A"r(8rstendamm. am ,ur+-rstendamm Hallo IariaT HalloT 6ohin gehen wir als erstesJ #assen /ie "ns " dieser 4o"ti2"e gehen. 9.A. in der Bouti0ue Hallo meine DamenT Hallo, g"ten 1ag. 4enLtigt ihr Hil(eJ ?a, ALnnen /ie mir hel(en, diesen *ock in meiner GrLSe " (indenJ :at8rlich. Hier ist der *ock in !hrer GrLSe. Danke. 6o ist die 0mkleidekabineJ Dort.

!hopping
!hopping

1heir is a lot to shopping, places to shop, money, items to b"y. !n this lesson we will co$er most o( it. 1here are two big shopping locations in 4erlin they are A"r(8rstendamm and AaDe6e. German Vocabulary !hopping Einkaufen English German 4abywear Die 4abyartikel %pl"ral& -hildrenBs 6ear Die Ainderbekleid"ng -learance /ale Der *,"m"ngs$erka"( -losed Geschlossen

-lothing Die Aleid"ng -omp"ter /ection Der -omp"tershop -osmetics Die Aosmetik -"stomer Der A"nde -"stomer /er$ice Der A"ndendienst )lectrical +ppliance Das )lektroger,t )scalator Die *olltreppe Fashion Die Iode F"rnit"re Das ILbel %no pl"ral& Gi(t Der Geschenkartikel Good .al"e %+d5.& Preiswert Groceries Die #ebensmittel %pl"ral& ?ewelery Damensch"he %pl"ral& #eather Goods Die #ederwaren %pl"ral& 9pen GeL((net 9pening Ho"rs Die V((n"ngs eiten %pl"ral& Present Das Geschenk *ed"ced *ed" iert /ales *eceipt Der Aassenbon /o"$enir Das +ndenken /pecial 9((er Das /onderangebot /ports Goods /portartikel %pl"ral& /tationery /chreibwaren %pl"ral& /"mmer /ale Der /ommerschl"ss$erka"( %abbr. //.& .ideo /tore Die .ideothek 6inter /ale Der 6interschl"ss$erka"( %abbr. 6/.&

1urfArstendamm

1urfArstendamm )auentzienstra(e Fasanenstra(e

1wo A"r(8rstendamm has many bo"ti2"es, department stores, ect. 6hich are in 1a"ent ienstraSe and FasanenstraSe, two streets in A"r(8rstendamm. 1a"ent ienstraSe has a lot o( the department stores, incl"ding AaDe6e, which we will get into greater detail later. and FasanenstraSe has a lot o( the bo"ti2"es. German Vocabulary

1u@damm 1urfArstendamm English German Department /tore 6arenha"s *etail /tore )in elhandelsgesch,(t 1he Iall )inka"(s entr"m 4o"ti2"e 4o"ti2"e /tore Gesch,(t +nd some o( the thing to might say or ask while in a -lothing store...

K7nnen Sie mir he$*en2 meine Gr7(e zu *inden ;*'r dieses 5555<0 -an yo" help me (ind my si e %(or this ^^^^&J

Wo ist die 8m!$eide!a%ine0 6here is the dressing roomJ

German Vocabulary 1u@damm 1urfArstendamm English German Ianager Ianager )mployee +ngestellter /ales -lerk .erk,"(er -ashier Aassierer Dressing *oom 0mkleidekabine IenBs /ection I,nnerabteil"ng 6omenBs /ection Fra"enabteil"ng

/ection ProblemsFF
1a5eWe

+nd another shopping location is AaDe6e, a "pscale department store in Germany. !t has six (loors, and !s also called 31he department store o( the west3 %Aa"(ha"s des 6estens& beca"se it is the largest and most magni(icent department store on continental )"rope. German Vocabulary 1a5eWe 1aufhaus des Westens English German ,irst ,loor Erstes !tock erk Ienswear I,nnerkleid"ng !econd ,loor 9 eiter !tock 6omenswear Fra"enkleid"ng

Third ,loor 5ritte !tock Aids /ection Ainderabteil"ng ,ourth ,loor Vierter !tock )lectronics )lektronik Aitchenware A8chenbedar( ,ifth ,loor ,Anfter !tock #ighting 4ele"cht"ng 4edding 4ettw,sche 1oys /pielwaren !i< ,loor !echster !tock Food #ebensmittel /ince are ha$e most o( the general shopping phases and $oca"lary down, we are going to get more detail.

/ection ProblemsFF
Electronics

First is electronics, it might seem a little bare, b"t electronics and many other st"(( will be (eat"red in #esson ;<. German Vocabulary 1a5eWe 1aufhaus des Westens English German )lectronics )lektronik 1ele$ision Fernsehen Digital -amera Digitalkamera 1elephone 1ele(on -ell phone Iobiltele(on, Handy -omp"ter -omp"ter, *echner /peakers #a"tsprecher D.Ds D.D -Ds -D D.D Player D.D-Player -D Player -D-Player :otice that comp"ter is a abbre$iation o( Personal -omp"ter. +nd some phrases yo" can ask the employee. Spie$t der DVD6@$a-er auch +D0 Does the D.D player also play -DsJ Hat das Mo%i$te$e*on eine Digita$!amera0 Does the cell phone ha$e a digital cameraJ

!( yo" look at the word order o( this sentence, yo" will see yo"B$e already learned e$erything it those to sentence, and yo", yo"rsel( can c"stomi e these sentences i( yo" want.

/ection ProblemsFF
Eedding

+nd yes bedding will also be 2"ite bare as well, b"t that is beca"se bedding isnBt that big, b"t beds we will disc"ss in #esson ;<. German Vocabulary 1a5eWe 1aufhaus des Westens English German 4edding 4ettw,sche 4lankets Decken Pillow Aop(kissen Pillow -ase Aop(kissenbe 8ge /heets 4l,tter 4ed /kirt 4ett-*ock +nd like always here are some o( the things yo" might say that are related to bedding.

@assen die Kop*!issen%ez'ge au* das Kop*!issen0 Does the pillow case (it the pillowJ

+nd with that 2"estion there are other $ariations o( it yo" can ask, like...

@asst die Dec!e au* das Bett0 Does the blanket (it the bedJ

/ection ProblemsFF Boney

Germany, +"stria, #"xemb"rg, 4elgi"m and /8dtirol a in other words: all German speaking regions except /wit erland and #iechtensteina ha$e gi$en "p their (ormer c"rrencies and adopted the )"ro as o( ;OOO. 4eca"se they are not members o( the )"ropean 0nion, /wit erland and #iechtenstein ha$e kept the /wiss Francs. -"rrently ; )0* is =.[< 0/D, so the )"ro is stronger. :ow i( yo" were at a shopping center in German like A"r(8rstendamm, and yo" were shopping at a bo"ti2"e here is some $ocab"lary yo" might want to know.

Wie/ie$ !ostet es0 How m"ch does it costJ

Der Hemd !ostet DEF #uro.

1he shirt cost ;<= e"ros.

Das !ostet GHF #uro. 1he total is HO= e"ros.

German Vocabulary Boney Geld English German Price Preis :ote Der /chein -oin Die I8n e ; )"ro -oin Das )"rost8ck < )"ro -oin Das 'weie"rost8ck D )"ro :ote Der F8n(e"roschein ;= )"ro -oin Der 'ehne"roschein ;== )"ro -oin Der H"nderte"roschein Dote8 1he word coin %I8n e& t"rns to /t8ck when a word or n"mber is p"t together with it. )$en tho"gh in the $ocab"lary we list the ;, <, D, ;=, ;== )"ro there are more )"ro :otes. 1he twenty, (i(ty, and two h"ndred )"ro :otes are the ones we didnBt list, also there are cent coins. German Vocabulary Boney Geld English German ; -ent -oin Das -entst8ck < -ent -oin Das 'weicentst8ck D -ent -oin Das F8n(centst8ck ;= -ent -oin Das 'ehncentst8ck <= -ent -oin Das 'wan igcentst8ck D= -ent -oin Das F8n(centst8ck

German Bath

!n written German, a comma is "sed in prices where we wo"ld p"t a decimal point in )nglish. 1h"s c D,@O %or D,@O c& means *i/e euros and *ourt-6nine cents. !n shops and s"permarkets howe$er, prices can either be displayed by a comma or a decimal point. 6hen a price ends in a ro"nd n"mber o( e"ros, it is most commonly written as c D,- etc. 1he re$erse is also tr"e. 6here as )nglish "ses a comma to split "p large n"mbers, German "ses a decimal point. /o 3c H.O@D3 means si( thousand nine hundred and +ort!1+i2e euros - not si: point nine *our *i/e euros.

#lothing

Here some articles o( clothing...


#kirt 4ullover #car% 5oat #hirt #.eater $ecktie /acket :rousersGpants Hat #hoe #ock Glove (louse ;2er ;2er ;2as ;2er ;2as ;2er ;2er ;2ie ;2ie ;2er ;2er ;2ie ;2er ;2ie 8ock; 4ullover; :uch; "antel; He!d; 4ullover; #chlips; /acke; Hose; Hut; #chuh; #ocke; Handschuh; (luse;

and some o( the words that go with clothes...


#ize 5olor 5otton Deather 8a6on ;2ie ;2ie ;2ie ;2as ;2ie Gr-e; Far e; (au!.olle; Deder; >untseide;

:ow the si es.


#!all "ediu! Dar&e EHtra)Dar&e >lein "ittel Gro EHtra&ro

Dote: !( the shirt yo" bo"ght was si e medi"m it wo"ld be a Gr7sse 3ittelhemd.

/ection +nswersFF
5escribing #lothes Here are some o( the words yo" can "se when yo"r describing them...
5heap EHpensive 4rett6 E&l6 #o%t $e. (road Wide :i&ht 5o!%orta le Billig Teuer Schn Hsslich Weich Neu Breit Weit Eng Bequem

1o say !( like something or not, (or clothing, itBs...

! like itT #r3Sie3#s ge* $$t mir& ! donBt like itT #r3Sie3#s ge* $$t mir nicht& :ow i( yo" try something on yo" or yo"r looking (or a so(t shirt with a tight (it, yo" (ind it, (eel, try it on, b"t itBs (airly expensi$e yo" might say this... In English8 )he shirt $oo!s great& )he shirt *ee$s so*t2 *its tight. )he shirt is /er- com*orta%$e. Ho" much does it cost0 =h no& )he shirt is e:pensi/e& Wo"2 II euros thatBs a $itt$e too much. In German8 Das Hemd sieht prima aus& Das Hemd *'h$t sich "eich an2 es sitzt eng. Das Hemd ist sehr %eAuem. Wie/ie$ !ostet es0 Mist& Das Hemd ist zu teuer& II #uro ist zu/ie$. 1he phases to describe the shirt were... 1he shirt looks great. Das Hemd sieht prima aus$ 1he shirt (eels so(t. Das Hemd +-hlt sich "eich. 1he shirt (its tight. Der Hemd sitzt eng. :ow, the bold words are $erbs that are one part in describing how the shirt is. 1he other hal( o( describing it is the ad5ecti$es like so(t, tight, great, ect. +nd as yo" can see the $erb looks is separable, b"t we will get into that later. #lothingI/elated Verbs +nd now getting into $erbs here are some o( the $erbs, an also some o( these are /eparable-Pre(ix .erbs, like a"ssehen, anprobieren, and anhaben. 4"t we will st"dy those in more detail later. +lso we will be learning abo"t tragen.
:o He :o He :o He :o :o :o He look looks tr6 on tries on put on puts on take u6 have onG.ear has onG.ears ;1ussehen; ;Er sieht aus; ;1npro ieren; ;Er pro iert an; ;1nziehen; ;Er zieht an; ;$eh!en; ;>au%en; ;1nha en; or ;tra&en; ;Er hat an;

!eparable Prefi< Verbs


Iany German $erbs change their meaning by adding pre(ixs, which are o(ten preposition s"ch as abIG anIG aufIG ausIG beiIG einIG mitIG vorIG or -uI.1he $erbs anha%en %to wear& and aussehen %to look& are both $erbs with separable %trennbar& pre(ixes. 1hat is, when "sed next to the s"b5ect prono"n, the

pre(ix is separated (rom the $erb and p"t at the end o( the sentence or cla"se. 9r, better p"t, !n the present tense and imperati$e, the pre(ix is separated (rom the in(initi$e stem. )xamples: 4,ch ha%e einen Mante$ an.4 %3!Bm wearing a coat.3 9r, more literally translated, 3! ha$e a coat on.3& 4Was hast du an04 %36hat are yo" wearingJ3 or 36hat do yo" ha$e onJ3& Howe$er, when the separable-pre(ix $erb is p"t at the end o( the sentence, s"ch as when "sed with a modal $erb, the $erb in 2"estion and its pre(ix are not separated. )xamples: 4Du "i$$st einen Mante$ anha%en.4 %3Eo" want to wear a coat.3& 4Wi$$st du eine B$use anha%en04 %3Do yo" want to wear a blo"seJ3&

/ection ProblemsFF

Tragen
!nstead o( 4anha%en4 the $erb 4tragen4 is o(ten "sed. 1he sentences (rom abo$e wo"ld then be: 4,ch trage einen Mante$.4 %3!Bm wearing a coat.3 & 4Was tr gst du04 %36hat are yo" wearingJ3& 4Du "i$$st einen Mante$ tragen.4 %3Eo" want to wear a coat.3& 4Wi$$st du eine B$use tragen04 %3Do yo" want to wear a blo"seJ3& 1he $erb 4tragen4 has two meanings: 3to wear3 and 3to carry3. /o i( someone says 4,ch trage Schuhe4 only the context will tell yo" whether the person is carrying the shoes in his hands or act"ally wearing them. 1ragen is a di((erent kind o( $erb, an irreg"lar $erb, not only does it change in the ending, b"t it changes in the beginning this also happens in the same way to fahrenG grabenG schaffenG and aschen% 4"t, heres the thing at the beginning only the a change into Q, and like this only happens to some $erbs. Here is the table (or tragen:

Person $st +nd .rd

/ing"lar ich d" trage tr gst

Pl"ral wir tragen ihr tragt sie tragen

er/sie/es tr gt

#olors
-olor are also another great way to describe clothes like Das rote Hemd passt gut.which means 1he red shirt (its well. *ead the (ollowing paragraph, try to (ind the words described to ha$e a color. Wir *ahren in den Sch"arz"a$d. ,ch ha%e ein gr'nes Hemd getragen. Die Ceise "ar $ang. #s %egann ! $ter zu "erden und a%zu!'h$en. ,ch h7rte Musi! au* meinem %raunen i@od. ,ch %in sch$ie($ich

eingesch$a*en. A$s ich au*"achte2 sah ich den %$auen Himme$ und den "ei(en Schnee. !( yo" (o"nd D words yo" are right. !ch ar- hich means black =the !ch ar- ald =Elack ,orest? is a ooded mountain range? GrAnes :emd hich is a green shirt% Erauner iPod hich is a bro n iPod% Elauer :immel hich is blue sky% And ei)er !chnee hich is hite sno % +nd now (or the act"al colors...
8ed (lue Green 7ran&e 3iolet ?ello. (ro.n Indi&o Gra6 (lack White ;8ot; ;(lau; ;Gr0n; ;7ran&e; ;3eilchen; ;Gel ; ;(raun; ;Indi&o; ;Grau; ;#ch.arz; ;Wei;

/ection ProblemsFF

!ection $%&+ ( Berlin German!

Lesson $%&2 ' Volk und ,amilie

,acts
Eanks and Boney GermanyBs main banks are De"tsche 4ank, Dresdner 4ank and -ommer bank. 1he De"tsche 4ank is the bank o( iss"e and has its head2"arters in Frank("rt. 1here are many banks o( all kinds thro"gho"t the co"ntry. 4anks are open Ion-Fri Oam-;<pm or <:G=-@pm. 9n 1h"rsdays, they are open "ntil D:G= or Hpm. -hanging money is best done at a bank beca"se their rates will be better than exchange ser$ices located at 4"rea" de -hange. Ia5or post o((ice branches and tra$el agents also o((er c"rrency exchange. Germany is one o( ;< )"ropean co"ntries that ha$e replaced their national c"rrencies with the )"ro, which is m"ch stronger to the 0./. Dollar, b"t weaker than the 4ritish Po"nd.

5ialog
Vater2 Mutter und die Gesch"ister %e!ommen Besuch /on =ma und =pa.
-ater Karl: Hallo "utter und 3ater! Wie &eht es euch? , a .udol": 2anke, !ein #ohn. Es &eht uns &ut. ,ma Lieschen: $a !ein Enkel, du ist 'a richti& &ro &e.orden! Sohn Thomas: /a, 7!a Dieschen, ich .ei. Tochter !arie: 7!a! Hast du uns et.as !it&e racht? !utter Bettina: $un sei nicht so au%&ere&t "arie, lass 7!a und 7pa erst ein!al hereinko!!en. *kurze Zeit spter, die Geschenke wurden sch n !usgep!ckt"""+ Tochter !arie: "utti! :ho!as ni!!t !ir i!!er !eine 4uppe .e&. !utter Bettina: :ho!as! 2u sollst deiner #ch.ester ihre 4uppe nicht .e&neh!en. Sohn Thomas: $ein, das ist !eine 4uppe. !utter Bettina: $ein. 2ie 4uppe &eh-rt deiner #ch.ester. Sohn Thomas: /a 7>, hier hast du die 4uppe... !utter Bettina: End edanke dich ei deinen Groeltern, "arie.

People
The ,amily

Home is where the heart is, they say. +nd what is in the homeJ FamilyT o( co"rse, so this is a $ery important section o( the lesson. !tBll gi$e all $ocab"lary (or the (amily, and later in a di((erent section, yo"Bll learn how to describe yo"r brothers and sisters or any personT +nd now to get started lets do some $ocab"lary...
#ohn :ochter 3ater "utter Grovater Gro!utter 7pa 7!a #ch.ester (ruder Gesch.ister Enkel Enkelin Frau "ann #ch.ie&ervater #ch.ie&ertochter #ch.a&er #ch.&erin #ch.ie&er!utter #ch.ie&ersohn 7nkel :ante "utti "a!a 4apa R Y !n(ormal $erison o( the word #on 2au&hter Father "other Grand%ather Grand!other Grandpa Grand!a #ister (rother (rothers B #isters Grandson Granddau&hter Wi%e Hus and Father)in)Da. 2au&ther)in)Da. (rother)in)la. #ister)in)la. "other)in)la. #on)in)la. Encle 1unt J"utter J"utter J3ater

:ow e$en tho"gh many o( these are common phrases yo" and me wo"ld say in e$eryday li$e, some o( these are rather "sed when yo" are on a $isit to grandmotherBs, or things yo"r mother wo"ld say. Iaybe yo" notice some o( these in the dialog"e. :ow yo" might be asking 3How am ! going to speak (l"ent German, i( ! 5"st learn phrasesJ3 #ike ! said, these are basically (rom the dialog"e, and yo" can st"dy these to look at the word order. +lso certain things are 5"st di((ernt in German, like 36ie heiSt d"J3 which translates literally to 3How are yo" calledJ3 when we "se 36hat is yo"r nameJ3. 9kay let get started on these common phrases... 5u bist Fa richtig gro) ge orden >ou ha/e gro"n up so much ;usua$ sentence used %- =pa und =ma<

:ast du uns et as mitgebracht* Ha/e -ou %rought something *or us0 Dun sei nicht so aufgeregt% No" donBt %e so e:cited. Pemanden hereinkommen lassen% Let some%od- come in. =!ie? Wurden schon ausgepackt% ;)he-< Ha/e a$read- %een opened. =!ich? Eedanken fAr et as% )o than! *or something. Ksing ,ormal and Informal Pronouns in the ,amily

/ome $ery conser$ati$e (amilies might still "se !ie with grandparents or e$en parentsT 1his is sometimes practiced in (amilies o( nobility or exterritorial c"lt"ral islands in which older German c"stoms ha$e s"r$i$ed. Howe$er, "sing 3/ie3 (eels $ery o"tdated to the $ast ma5ority o( people. !n practically e$ery (amily all members "se du with each other.

5escribing People

! canBt describe in words how important this section o( the lesson is. )$en tho"gh yo" ha$e already learned to describe to some degree, here we will introd"ce a new aspect o( describing, and we will re$iew. 4"t how co"ld we describe i( we didnBt ha$e $ocab"laryJ Here it is...
$ice "ean 4rett6 E&l6 Intelli&ent Enintelli&ent Interestin& (orin& 1ctive Daz6 Funn6 #erious #tron& Weak 7dd :alented Entalented (oss6 $ett En%reundlich #ch-n Hlich Intelli&ent, 2enk%hi& Enintelli&ent, 2u!! Interessant Dan&.eili& 80hri& Faul >o!isch Ernstha%t >r%ti& #ch.ach Ei&enarti& (e&a t En e&a t 8echtha erisch

4assive 7ld ?oun& Fat #kinn6 :all #hort

Entti& 1lt /un& Fett 20nn Gro >lein

1he $erb "sed most o(ten (or describing is 3to %e3 which we learned in the (irst lesson. /ome examples are: He is "et2 She is stupid2 , am $az-. 4"t yo" do "se other $erbs like (eel, looks, ect. 1his lesson we will be sticking mostly with the $erbs weB$e learned in the past. 6e will, howe$er, learn one new $erb. +ll sentences we will create will be in the nomiti$e case. 9kay, letBs get startedT !n term o( bea"ty, yo" can say (o"r basic things. 1hese arenBt all, b"t these are the easiest and simplest ones. !he is beautiful% Sie ist sch7n. :e is ugly% #r ist h ($ich. 1hese two "se the $erb to %e, and the next one will "se the $erb to $oo! which wo"ld need something else in order to make sense. !he looks beautifulG but that shirt is ugly% Sie sieht sch7n aus2 a%er dieses Hemd ist h ($ich. :e looks uglyG but he looked handsome yesterday% #r sieht h ($ich aus2 a%er gestern hat er sch7n ausgesehen. +nd in the last sentence it says 3a"sgesehen.3 DonBt worry abo"t that--it wo"ldnBt be ta"ght "ntil #e$el G. /o since yo" get the idea o( describing, letBs learn a new $erbT +nd the new $erb is klingen which is to sound. +s in 3He so"nds weird.3, 3/he so"nds boring.3 /ince we know how to describe, we really donBt ha$e to co$er it. !tBs works 5"st like other $erbs. :e sounds nice% #r !$ingt nett. They sound funny% Sie !$ingen !omisch. *emember that when describing itBs /Z.Z+, or s"b5ect, $erb, then ad5ecti$e. )xactly like in )nglish. For right now, thatBs all (or describing things. 6e are going to ha$e some small describing lessons with some parts o( this lesson.

/elated Verbs
9kay we 5"st went o$er the $erb in the pre$io"s section. 1his will basically be a list that will help yo" memori e them better, and there is not a lot. 9ther then 3klingen3 and 3fAhlen3 yo" sho"ld know all o( these. 1he the 3)r sieht a"s3 is to show yo" it is a separable-pre(ix $erb.
#ein 1ussehen Er sieht aus F0hlen >lin&en :o :o He :o :o (e Dook Dooks Feel #ound

Dationality

1his also a large section o( this lesson, nationality, it is $ery important. Eo" can "se it as a stereotype, or (or yo"r heritage. 1here are many nationalities, too many to go o$er in this lesson, yo" will more nationality as this le$el, and book goes on. *ight now we are 5"st going to ha$e a $ag"e little list, and as this section goes there will be more, like ! ede and ! edish or ,renchman, ,rench oman, and ,rench. +nd so (or the list... BaFor Dationalities 1his is the small list, make s"re yo" memori e this list and the next one. 5eutscher Amerikaner !panier Italiener ,ran-ose Frenchman 5escribing People ith Dationality !t is no s"rprise yo" can describe people with nationality, most times, itBs stereotypical, like norwegians are blonde, tall, ect. or germans wear lederhosen, drink beer, and play polka all day long, b"t that is 5"st not tr"e. Howe$er yo" can 5"st "se it (or what it is, a nationality. !( yo" do describe people by nationality this will help. 9kay, yo" sho"ld already know how to describe, rightJ 1his part we will get more in to detail later, b"t right is is an important part o( describing people with nationality, e$en tho"gh in )nglish we most times donBt do this, in German they do. 1he di((erence between nationality and lang"age, like in )nglish, ,rench and french. 4"t in german it is fran-Lsisch and ,ran-oseG ,ran-Lsin. 1his also is how it works (or nationality describion by no"n or ad5ecti$e,

which we are going to learn right now.


Doun or AdFective Dationality

1here are two ways to describe someone. 6ith a no"n-based nationality word or an ad5ecti$e-based nationality word. Iost times in )nglish, the ad5ecti$e-based nationality and the lang"age o( that co"ntry as the same word, b"t, most o( the time, not in German. Eo" can see the di((erence with this exmaple. #:amp$eJ ,ch %in sch"edisch %! am /wedish& and ,ch spreche S"edish %! speak /wedish& +ltho"gh, sometimes they are the same, see the example below (or that, b"t most times it like the example abo$e. #:amp$eJ ,ch %in +ranzsisch %! am French& and ,ch spreche +ranzsisch %! speak French& \edit] Bore Dationalities \edit]

Age

:ow we are all (amiliar with the word 3alt43, which means o$d. +nd in )nglish, to (ind o"t somebodyBs age we ask 3Ho" o$d are -ou03. !n German it is exactly the same. +nd yo" were ta"ght, in latter lessons abo"t $erbs and 2"estions. Eo" might think it wo"ld be something like 3Wie a$t du03 or 3Wie %ist du a$t03. 1hat wo"ld be incorrect beca"se the (irst 2"estion doesnBt ha$e a $erb, and the second one is incorrect beca"se when asking a 2"estion it is okay to ha$e a ad5ecti$e a(ter the $erb or interrogati$e ad$erb. 1his all might so"nd con("sing, b"t itBs really not. :ow to ask the 2"estion with ;st person it is... Wie alt bin ich* Ho" o$d am ,0 +nd response yo" might get is... Ich bin RR Pahre alt% , am 55 -ears o$d. 5u bist RR Pahre alt. >ou are 55 -ears o$d. +nd now the pl"ral $ersion o( the ;st person...

Wie alt sind ir* Ho" o$d are "e0 1he responses yo" will get is... Wir sind RR Pahre alt% We are 55 -ears o$d. Ihr seid RR Pahre alt% >ou a$$ are 55 -ears o$d. 1o ask this important 2"estion in the <nd person. First, we will learn the biggest 2"estion here, 3Ho" o$d are -ou03 which is... Wie alt bist du* Ho" o$d are -ou0 +nd there is only one response to this it is... Ich bin RR Pahre alt% , am 55 -ears o$d. For the e2"ally important pl"ral <nd person... Wie alt seid ihr* Ho" o$d are -ou a$$0 6hich the response is... Wir sind RR Pahre alt% We are 55 -ears o$d. +nd (ormal 2"estion, (or both sing"lar and pl"ral is... Wie alt sind !ie* Ho" o$d are -ou0 Ho" o$d are -ou a$$0 Eo" sho"ld all ready get the pattern (or this, b"t we are going to keep on doing this doing this list, i( yo" arenBt s"re o( something or yo" are con("sed. /o (or the Grd person... Wie alt ist erMsie* Ho" o$d is he3she0

1he responses to this are... Er ist RR Pahre alt% He is 55 -ears o$d. !ie ist RR Pahre alt% She is 55 -ears o$d. +nd now the pl"ral Grd person o( 2"estion and response... Wie alt sind sie* Ho" o$d are the-0 +nd o( co"rse the response... !ie sind RR Pahre alt% )he- 55 -ears o$d. :ow with some people yo" might be able to g"ess their age, and yo" co"ld ask them directly abo"t it. 1his is "s"ally pretty o( r"de, b"t it ill"strates nicely how the phrase has to be changed i( yo" ask a yesno-2"estion, so letBs get started, anywayT Eist du RR Pahre alt* Are -ou 55 -ears o$d0 Ist erMsie RR Pahre alt* ,s he3she 55 -ears o$d0 !ind sie RR Pahre alt* Are the- 55 -ears o$d0 :ote the in$ersed order between 36ie alt bist d"J3 "nd 34ist d" ^^ ?ahre altJ3 1his is exactly the same as in )nglishT

Possessives
Person ;st <nd my yo"r !ingular )nglish German mein dein2 ,hr o"r yo"r Plural )nglish German unser euer2 ,hr

Grd his, she, its sein2 ihr2 sein their ihr Dote: B)"erB is irreg"lar. 6hen Be"erB has to ha$e a di((erent ending the e be(ore r is dropped, so it t"rns into Be"r-B.

GenderG #aseG and Endings

E<pressing ,avorites

!ection $%&+ ( Berlin German!

Lesson $%&3 ' !chule

!chool in Germany

/chool is not reg"lated nationwide, b"t by each #and German 3Aindergarten3 is optional - it translates rather to 3play school3, 3.orsch"le3 being ro"ghly the e2"i$alent to 3Aindergarten3 From the age o( six on, all Germans attend a 3Gr"ndsch"le3 %elementary school& (or (o"r or six years, depending on the #and. +(ter that, they go to either the 3Ha"ptsch"le3 which is ind"strially oriented, the 3*ealsch"le3, which is ... oriented, the 3Gymnasi"m3, which is academically oriented, or the 3Gesamtsch"le3, or comprehensi$e school. /chooling is obligatory "ntil the age o( ;H, b"t the Gymnasi"m diploma 3+bit"r3 can only be obtained a(ter ;< or ;G years, i.e. at age ;[ or ;O. #atin and sometimes e$en ancient Greek are reg"larly ta"ght at the Gymnasi"m. For the 3+bit"r3, at least two (oreign lang"ages as well as some calc"l"s and analysis classes ha$e to be taken. /chool days o(ten are (rom [-;Gh. !n most B#,nderB, only the older st"dents ha$e additional classes between abo"t ;@-;D.G=h %thats [ a.m. - ; p.m. and < p.m. - G.G= p.m. 7-& !n most schools, )xtrac"rric"lar +cti$ities are o((ered, s"ch as Drama -l"b or /chool -hoir, b"t they are less common than in the 0./. 1ho"gh many st"dents (eel some sort o( identi(ication with their school, most are 5"st happy when they can go home 7-& Generally speaking, many schools still are more (ormal than 0/ or -anadian schools. 1he marking system "ses ; %$ery good, [N,Dd&, < %good NDd&, RR G %satis(actory, H<,Dd&, @ %s"((icient D=d&. D %(a"lty& is (ailed. H %not s"((icient& is only "sed when the st"dent literally hands in a blank sheet. 1hese marks can be modi(ied with a 3Z3 or a 3-3 to indicate a tendency, so e.g. <Z is a (airly good mark that corresponds to abo"t [=d.

5ialoge
#ilke: /etzt ha en .ir "athe. :orsten: 7'e, ich ha e 0 erhaupt keine Dust... #ilke: Hast du die 1u%&a en &e!acht?

:orsten: /a, vorhin i! (us. #ilke: #uper! >ann ich noch schnell von dir a schrei en? Dehrer *(etritt den 8au!+: Guten "or&en! >lasse: Guten "or&en! Dehrer: #etzt euch. Dehrer: Wer !-chte die 1u%&a en an der :a%el rechnen? Florian? Florian &eht zur :a%el, schrei t an und liest vor: ;K plus L ist &leich @C; ;L !inus K ist &leich C; ;C !al L ist &leich AM; ;AM &eteilt durch @A ist &leich A; Dehrer: #ehr &ut, Florian! 2ie Glocke lutet. Es ist F0n%!inutenpause. #ilke: #chnell, .ir !0ssen in den "usikrau!! :orsten: 1u 'a, darau% %reue ich !ich schon! #ilke: Weit du denn, .as .ir heute !achen? :orsten: Wir .ollten doch heute ein Died von Gr-ne!e6er sin&en! #ilke: 1ch 'a? Welches denn? :orsten: ;1lkohol;, &lau e ich... $ach de! "usikunterricht: :orsten: #chau noch !al au% den #tundenplan! #ilke: /etzt ha en .ir nur noch Geschichte... :orsten: >o!!, .ir sch.nzen und &ehen ins (istro. #ilke: #chon .ieder!

Knd !at- fAr !at- %%%


/etzt ha en .ir "athe. $o. have .e !aths.

:ote that the reason (or the in$erted 3ha$e we3 is that in German, it is o(ten possible to change the order o( a phrase to emphasi e. 4"t beca"se 3?et t3 is in the beginning, 3wir haben3 has to be in$erted.
7'e, ich ha e 0 erhaupt keine Dust *dazu+...

395e3 is a common exclamation, and corresponds to 3oh no3. 3#"st % " etwas& haben3 means 3(eeling like %it&3. 3!ch habe keine #"st %da "&3 is 3! donBt (eel like %it&3. 3!ch habe '%erhaupt keine #"st3 emphasi es it, meaning 3! donBt (eel like it at all.3
Hast du die 1u%&a en &e!acht? Have 6ou the tasks done?

3Did yo" do yo"r homeworkJ3


/a, vorhin i! (us. ?es, e%ore in the us

1his is a common practice o( st"dents e$erywhere in the world, ! g"ess... 3.orhin3 is a common word to designate something that lies not (ar in the past - a co"ple o( min"tes ago (or example. :otice the contraction o( 3im3, which is deri$ed (rom 3in dem3, 3in the3.

#uper! >ann ich noch schnell von dir a schrei en? #uper! 5an I 'ust Nuickl6 %ro! 6ou cop6?

3/"per3, 3-ool3, 31oll3, are common exclamations ... 3:och schnell3 is here meant as 3while there is still time3
Dehrer *(etritt den 8au!+: Guten "or&en! :eacher *enters the roo!+: Good "ornin&! >lasse: Guten "or&en! 5lass: Good "ornin&! Dehrer: #etzt euch. :eacher: #it do.n.

Ees, there are still schools, where it is common (or the st"dents to stand "p when the teacher enters the room. 1his is not a military tradition, b"t is s"pposed to (oc"s the st"dents and ha$e them interr"pt whate$er they were doing, so the new class can begin. 1his c"stom is becoming less pop"lar, tho"gh...
Wer !-chte die 1u%&a en an der :a%el rechnen? Florian? Who .ould like the tasks on the lack oard *to+ calculate?

36ho wo"ld like to do these 2"estions on the blackboardJ3 :ote that 31a(el3 is related to 3table3, meaning a (lat s"r(ace, and indeed German 31a(el3 can also designate a table prepared (or a (east. DonBt let the weird order o( the words dist"rb yo", e$en i( the phrase seems totally incomprehensible at (irst. !Bll try to constr"ct this bit by bit: 1his is the basic 2"estion and answer pair:
;Wer rechnet?; ) ;Ich rechne.; ;Who calculates?; ) ;I calculate.;

1o ask, i( yo" want to do something, yo" "se a constr"ction similar to )nglish:


;Wer .ill rechnen; ) ;Ich .ill rechnen.; ;Who .ants to calculate; ) ;I .ant to calculate.;

:ote that the 3to3 is already incl"ded in the German word 3rechnen3. 3*echnen3 is clearly already an in(initi$e, and doesnBt need a 3 "3 to pro$e it. 1his is one o( the main reasons why complicated con5"gations can s"r$i$e, they contain in(ormation that doesnBt ha$e to be expressed otherwise then... 1o be a little more polite %or at least seem like it, since o"r teacher probably wo"ldnBt take a no (or an answer 7-&
;Wer !-chte rechnen?; ) ;Ich !-chte rechnen!; ;Who .ould like to calculate?; ) ;I .ould like to calculate;

1his is another example (or bre$ity by con5"gation. 1he word 3mLchte3 contains the 3wo"ld3, as it is a 3Aon5"nkti$3-(orm o( the word 3mLgen3 which translates to 3like3. DonBt be disco"raged, many Germans donBt reali e this, and many donBt "se the Aon5"nkti$ correctly, i( e$er. Howe$er, 3ich mLchte3-phrases are extremely pop"lar, so 5"st "se them, e$en i( yo" didnBt "nderstand yet a word o( the explanation abo$e 7-& #etBs introd"ce ob5ects in o"r phrase:

;Wer rechnet die 1u%&a e?; ) ;Ich rechne die 1u%&a e; ;Who calculates the task?; ) ;I calculate the task;, !eanin& ;Who ans.ers the Nuestion;

1his is a direct ob5ect, 3+"(gabe3 is in the acc"sati$e case. 4eca"se this is a (eminine no"n, this is not so ob$io"s, b"t the str"ct"re is the same as in:
;Wer sieht den "ann?; ) ;Ich sehe den "ann.; ;Who sees the !an?; ) ;I see the !an.;

:ow, we also ha$e an ad$erbial expression o( the place. 1his is an expression that de(ines the $erb, th"s ad-$erbial.
;Wer rechnet an der :a%el?; ) ;Ich rechne an der :a%el; ;Who calculates on the lack oard?; ) ;I calculate on the lack oard;

:ow letBs p"t all this together:


;Wer rechnet die 1u%&a e an der :a%el?; ) ;Ich rechne die 1u%&a e an der :a%el.; ;Who calculates the task on the lack oard?; ) ;I calculate the task on the lack oard;

:ote that the order o( the ob5ect an the ad$erbial expression is interchangeable. Eo" can emphasi e something by p"tting it closer to the end o( the phrase. +nd now (or the whole phrase in all its glory:
;Wer O !-chte O die 1u%&a e O an der :a%el O rechnen?; ) ;Ich O !-chte O die 1u%&a e O an der :a%el O rechnen.; ;Who O .ould like O the task O on the lack oard O *to+ calculate?; ) ;I O .ould like O the task O on the lack oard O *to+ calculate.;

!t wasnBt 1H+1 bad, was itJ


Florian &eht zur :a%el, schrei t an und liest vor: Florian &oes to the lack oard, .rites on and reads

e%ore:

3Florian goes to the blackboard, writes down and reads o"t alo"d3 3 "r3 is another contraction, this time o( 3 "3 and 3der3. :ote that a(ter 3 "3 (ollows the dati$e case, so 3der3 is not the masc"line b"t the (eminine article 7-& 3anschreiben3 splits to 3schreibt an3, and means litterally 3writing on3. !t is o(ten "sed when writing legibly on a large, $isible s"r(ace s"ch as blackboard or a (lipchart. 3$orlesen3 splits to 3liest $or3, and originates in 3read be(ore %an a"dience&3. !t translates to 3read alo"d3.
;K plus L ist &leich @C; ;L !inus K ist &leich C; ;C !al L ist &leich AM; ;AM &eteilt durch @A ist &leich A;

/o, as yo" might ha$e g"essed, pl"s and min"s are the same as in )nglish - they are 5"st prono"nced German. 1he $erbs 3addieren3 and 3s"btrahieren3 are probably not di((ic"lt either... 3!st gleich3 or short 3gleich3 corresponds ob$io"sly to 3is e2"al to3 or 3e2"als3.

3mal3 means 3times3. 1his is also "sed in e$ery day phrases, s"ch as 3;==mal habe ich dir gesagt ...3 3! told yo" a ;== times ...3 1he corresponding $erb is 3malnehmen3 or 3m"ltipli ieren3 3geteilt d"rch3 is literally 3di$ided by3, and the $erb is 3teilen3 or 3di$idieren3. #ehrer: /ehr g"t, FlorianT .ery good, FlorianT :ow, that was easyT

2ie Glocke lutet. Es ist F0n%!inutenpause. :he ell rin&s. It is %ive)!inute) reak

4etween classes, there is "s"ally a break o( (i$e min"tes to allow teachers and st"dents to go (rom one classroom to another. !n most schools, classes s"ch as German, )nglish, History, Philosophy are ta"ght in the classroom. -lasses that "se special e2"ipment, s"ch as all sciences, m"sic and arts and o( co"rse comp"ters and sport are being ta"ght in a speciali ed lab classes.
#chnell, .ir !0ssen zu "usik! Iuick, .e !ust to !usic!

1his sentence so"nds strange. 1his is, beca"se in e$eryday German, sometimes the $erb gehen can be le(t o"t, i( it is clear what is meant. !n this case, the complete phrase wo"ld ha$e to be 36ir m8ssen " I"sik gehen3. 4"t since 1orsten will not think /ilke is going to (ly there, there will be no mis"nderstanding. +dditionnally, the word 3class3, or 3co"rse3 is missing, which is the "s"al way o( st"dents to talk abo"t their s"b5ects. :ote: !n )nglish, the phrase wo"ld might be 36e ha/e to go to the m"sic room3 instead o( must. 1he German translation 36ir haben in den I"sikra"m " gehen3 wo"ld be "nderstood, b"t is 2"ite (ormal. +dditionally, there is a connotation that the speaker distances himsel( (rom the order he is being gi$en.
1u 'a, darau% %reue ich !ich schon! 7h 6es, on this look %or.ard I !6sel% alread6!

6hew, what was thatJ #etBs start at the beginning. 3+" 5a3 ist an exclamation meaning 3cool3, 3thatBs great3. !t has nothing to do with the German e2"i$alent o( 3o"chT3, which is 3a"%a&T3 7-& 3/ich (re"en3 means 3being happy3. !t is re*$e:i/e s"ch as in 3! help mysel(3, beca"se the s"b5ect and the ob5ect are the same. /ome phrases simply are constr"cted like this, e$en i( there seems to be no real reason to this, and many lang"ages know this phenomenon. 1he 3sich3 here is technically the acc"sati$e o( 3he, she, it3 and is being changed depending on the person:
ich %reue !ich du %reust dich er, sie, es %reut sich .ir %reuen uns ihr %reut euch #ieGsie %reuen sich I a! happ6 *thou art happ6+ he, she, it is happ6 .e are happ6 6ou are happ6 the6 are happ6

:ote that 3to be happy3 act"ally wo"ld be rather translated by 3gl8cklich sein3, b"t it is the closest )nglish e2"i$alent to 3sich (re"en3. 3/ich '%er et"as (re"en3 means 3to be happy a%out something3. 1his is kind o( sel(-explanatory. 4"t

3sich au* et"as (re"en3, literally 3to be happy on something3 means 3to look (orward to3. 1his is a common phrase that "ses the on in the same wide sense as in 3on dr"gs3, or 3li$ing on something3 there is no spatial relation here... !n 3dara"(3 yo" recogni e the 3a"(3. 1he 3da3 is a demonstrati$e pro"no"n s"ch as in 3that place3. 3Dara"(3 act"ally is another contraction which de$elopped a long time ago (rom 3da-hera"(3. 1he 3dara"(3 is re(erencing the word 3I"sik3 (rom /ilkeBs sentence. /o 3+" 5a, dara"( (re"e ich mich schon3 or 3on-this look-(orward ! mysel( already3 5"st means 3Great, !Bm already looking (orward to that3 Iaybe it com(orts yo" a little that the )nglish phrase in a word-by-word translation to German wo"ld be 5"st as inintelligeable...
Weit du denn, .as .ir heute !achen? >no. 6ou then .hat .e toda6 !ake?

31hen do yo" know what we %are going to& do todayJ3 :ote again, that 3machen3 o(ten does not translate to 3make3, b"t to 3do3T
Wir .ollten doch heute ein Died von Gr-ne!e6er sin&en! We .anted * ut+ toda6 a son& o% Gr-ne!e6er sin&!

34"t we wanted to sing a song by GrLnemeyer todayT3 1he 3doch3 doesnBt literally mean 3b"t3, b"t is a $ery common phrase to rein(orce and emphasi e. !ts most common "se is probably in 3?aT - :einT - D9-HT3 - 3EesT - :o3 - /9T3 !t is a stronger yes, in spite o( the 3no3, and especially little kids like the word 7-&
1ch 'a? Welches denn? 7h 6es? Which then? ;1lkohol;, &lau e ich... ;1lcohol;, elieve I...

:ote that adding a 3gla"be ich3 is another common phrase, exacly as 3! think3 or 3! belie$e3 can be added to an )nglish phrase. :e$er mind the word order, this is beca"se technically the s"bordinate cla"se o( the sentence is p"t to the beginning... 3!ch gla"be, dass 3+lkohol3 das #ied ist3 `-F 3Dass 3+lkohol3 das #ied ist, gla"be ich3 3! belie$e that 3+lcohol3 is the song3 `-F 31hat 3+lcohol3 is the song, ! belie$e3 Herbert GrLnemeyer is a $ery pop"lar German rock singer (rom the *"hr region. His most (amo"s songs incl"de 3I,nner3, 34och"m3 %a city in the *"hr region&, 3Iensch3 and also 3+lkohol3. 4Lache2 "enn es nicht zum Weinen reicht&4 6 song tit$e on the a$%um 4Mensch42 EFFE
$ach de! "usikunterricht: 1%ter the !usic class:

30nterricht3 comes (rom 3"nterrichten3 3to teach3, and means simply 3class3. 4etter not think abo"t 3"nder3 and 3right3 here, which yo" might ha$e correctly recogni ed as the wordBs components 7-& 3richten3 literally means 3to correct3.
#chau noch !al au% den #tundenplan! Dook still once on the hour)plan!

3Ha$e a look at the sched"le once againT3 3noch einmal3 or short 3noch mal3 - 3%once& again3 - both words yo" ha$e met be(ore. 3mal3 is the same as in 3drei mal3 - 3three times3, and since 3one time3 in )nglish is replaced by 3once3 this is only logical 7-& 3noch3 is more di((ic"lt, b"t with the literal translation o( 3noch einmal3 - 3still once3 yo" can maybe get the idea ...
/etzt ha en .ir nur noch Geschichte... $o. have .e onl6 still histor6...

3:ow we ha$e only history le(t3 - +gain a 3noch3T


>o!!, .ir sch.nzen und &ehen ins (istro. 5o!e, .e skip and &o in the istro.

3-ome on, letBs skip class and go to the bistro instead3. +s in )nglish, 3Aomm3 can be "sed to moti$ate others. 1here is yet another contraction here 3ins3 is deri$ed (rom 3in das3, meaning 3in the3. 3das3 is the ne"tral article in acc"sati$e case here.
#chon .ieder! 1lread6 a&ain!

Aufgabe

/ome o( the words in the dialog"es abo$e are 3(illers3, that are commonly "sed to make spoken lang"age (low. 1hey are not carrying any necessary in(ormation, strictly speaking, b"t they help make the phrases so"nd 3real3. Eo" certainly know s"ch words in )nglish, s"ch as 3well3, 3like3, 3kinda3, 3yBknow3... 1ry to spot those words and red"ce the phrases. 1hen try to spot all the words that gi$e additional in(ormation. Eo" sho"ld end "p with phrases that contain only /"b5ect and .erb and maybe an 9b5ect. Iake a list o( all the contractions "sed in this chapter. -an yo" determine the ("ll tablesJ

!chool
Vocabulary
!choolI/elated Verbs

Desen #chrei en #tudieren Dernen 9eichnen

:o :o :o :o :o

8ead Write #tud6 #tud6 4aint

!chool #lasses

2eutsch En&lisch 8ussisch Franz-sisch Datein "athe!atik #port >unst or 9eichnen "usik Geschichte (iolo&ie Geo&ra%ie 8eli&ion 5he!ie 4h6sik In%or!atik Elektronische 2atenverar eitun&

Ger!an En&lish 8ussian French Datin "athe!atics 4E or G6! 1rts "usic Histor6 (iolo&6 Geo&raph6 8E or 8eli&ion 5he!istr6 4h6sics 5o!puter #cience 5o!puter #cience

!chool !upplies and Ect%

der 8adier&u!!i der (leisti%t der >uliG>u&elschrei er das Fach die >lasse der Dehrer die Dehrerin die #chule der #ch0ler #chool and Do.er+ der #tudent die #tundeG#chulstunde die 4ause die #chultasche

EraserG8u er 4encil 4en #u 'ect 5lass :eacher *!ale+ :eacher *%e!ale+ #chool #tudent *Hi&hG#econdar6 #tudent *5olle&eGEniversit6+ Desson (reak (ackpack

!ection $%&+ ( Berlin German!

/evie $%&+

Vocabulary
(a 6.ear 5hildren,s Wear 5learance #ale 5losed 5lothin& 5o!puter #ection 5os!etics 5usto!er 5usto!er #ervice Electrical 1ppliance Escalator Fashion Furniture Gi%t Good 3alue *1d'.+ Groceries /e.eler6 Deather Goods 7pen 7penin& Hours 4resent 8educed #ales 8eceipt #ouvenir #pecial 7%%er #ports Goods #tationer6 #u!!er #ale 3ideo #tore Winter #ale 2epart!ent #tore 8etail #tore :he "all (outiNue #tore "ana&er E!plo6ee #ales 5lerk 5ashier 2ressin& 8oo! "en,s #ection Wo!en,s #ection First Floor 2ie (a 6artikel *plural+ 2ie >inder ekleidun& 2er 8u!un&sverkau% Geschlossen 2ie >leidun& 2er 5o!putershop 2ie >os!etik 2er >unde 2er >undendienst 2as Elektro&ert 2ie 8olltreppe 2ie "ode 2as "- el *no plural+ 2er Geschenkartikel 4reis.ert 2ie De ens!ittel *plural+ 2a!enschuhe *plural+ 2ie Deder.aren *plural+ Ge-%%net 2ie P%%nun&szeiten *plural+ 2as Geschenk 8eduziert 2er >assen on 2as 1ndenken 2as #onderan&e ot #portartikel *plural+ #chrei .aren *plural+ 2er #o!!erschlussverkau% *a 2ie 3ideothek 2er Winterschlussverkau% *a Warenhaus Einzelhandels&esch%t Einkau%szentru! (outiNue Gesch%t "ana&er 1n&estellter 3erku%er >assierer E!kleideka ine "nnera teilun& Frauena teilun& Erstes #tock.erk

r. ##3+ r. W#3+

"ens.ear #econd Floor Wo!ens.ear :hird Floor >ids #ection Fourth Floor Electronics >itchen.are Fi%th Floor Di&htin& (eddin& :o6s #iH Floor Food Electronics :elevision 2i&ital 5a!era :elephone 5ell phone 5o!puter #peakers 232s 52s 232 4la6er 52 4la6er (eddin& (lankets 4illo. 4illo. 5ase #heets (ed #kirt 4rice $ote 5oin @ Euro 5oin A Euro 5oin K Euro $ote @Q Euro $ote @QQ Euro $ote @ 5ent 5oin A 5ent 5oin K 5ent 5oin @Q 5ent 5oin AQ 5ent 5oin KQ 5ent 5oin #kirt 4ullover #car% 5oat #hirt #.eater $ecktie /acket 4ants Hat #hoe

"nnerkleidun& 9.eiter #tock Frauenkleidun& 2ritte #tock >indera teilun& 3ierter #tock Elektronik >0chen edar% F0n%ter #tock (eleuchtun& (ett.sche #piel.aren #echster #tock De ens!ittel Elektronik Fernsehen 2i&italka!era :ele%on "o iltele%on, Hand6 5o!puter, 8echner Dautsprecher 232 52 232)4la6er 52)4la6er (ett.sche 2ecken >op%kissen >op%kissen ezu& (ltter (ett)8ock 4reis 2er #chein 2ie "0nze 2as Eurost0ck 2as 9.eieurost0ck 2er F0n%euroschein 2er 9ehneuroschein 2er Hunderteuroschein 2as 5entst0ck 2as 9.eicentst0ck 2as F0n%centst0ck 2as 9ehncentst0ck 2as 9.anzi&centst0ck 2as F0n%zi&centst0ck 2er 2er 2as 2er 2as 2er 2er 2ie 2ie 2er 2er 8ock 4ullover :uch "antel He!d 4ullover #chlips /acke Hose Hut #chuh

#ock Glove (louse #ize 5olor 5otton Deather 8a6on #!all "ediu! Dar&e EHtra)Dar&e 5heap EHpensive 4rett6 E&l6 #o%t $e. (road Wide :i&ht 5o!%orta le 8ed (lue Green 7ran&e 3iolet ?ello. (ro.n Indi&o Gra6 (lack White :o :o :o :o :o :o Dook :r6 7n 4ut 7n :ake (u6 Have 7nGWear

2ie #ocke 2er Handschuh 2ie (luse 2ie Gr-e 2ie Far e 2ie (au!.olle 2as Deder 2ie >untseide >lein "ittel Gro EHtra&ro (illi& :euer #ch-n Hsslich Weich $eu (reit Weit En& (eNue! 8ot (lau Gr0n 7ran&e 3eilchen Gel (raun Indi&o Grau #ch.arz Wei 1ussehen 1npro ieren 1nziehen $eh!en >au%en 1nha en :ra&en #on 2au&hter Father "other Grand%ather Grand!other Grandpa Grand!a #ister (rother (rothers B #isters Grandson Granddau&hter Wi%e

#ohn :ochter 3ater "utter Grovater Gro!utter 7pa 7!a #ch.ester (ruder Gesch.ister Enkel Enkelin Frau

"ann #ch.ie&ervater #ch.ie&ertochter #ch.a&er #ch.&erin #ch.ie&er!utter #ch.ie&ersohn 7nkel :ante Geschenk $i!!t Desen #chrei en #tudieren Dernen 9eichnen 2eutsch En&lisch 8ussisch Franz-sisch Datein "athe!atik #port >unst or 9eichnen "usik Geschichte (iolo&ie Geo&ra%ie 8eli&ion 5he!ie 4h6sik In%or!atik der der der das die der die die der der die die die 8adier&u!!i (leisti%t >uliG>u&elschrei er Fach >lasse Dehrer Dehrerin #chule #ch0ler #tudent #tundeG#chulstunde 4ause #chultasche

Hus and Father)in)Da. 2au&ther)in)Da. (rother)in)Da. #ister)in)Da. "other)in)Da. #on)in)Da. Encle 1unt 4resent :o :o :o :o :o :o :ake 1.a6 8ead Write #tud6 #tud6 4aint

Ger!an En&lish 8ussian French Datin "athe!atics 4E or G6! 1rts "usic Histor6 (iolo&6 Geo&raph6 8E or 8eli&ion 5he!istr6 4h6sics 5o!puter #cience EraserG8u er 4encil 4en #u 'ect 5lass :eacher *!ale+ :eacher *%e!ale+ #chool #tudent *Hi&hG#econdar6 #chool and Do.er+ #tudent *5olle&eGEniversit6+ Desson (reak (ackpack

Section #$%5 & Vienna Austria

Lesson $%&4 ' 5as ,est

Gifts
Vocabulary
das #piel das 3ideospiel Ga!e 3ideo Ga!e

Parties
Vocabulary
der /paS die Feier die Party die I"sik die 1orte das Fass das 4ier der /chnaps der 6ein listen der 6eiSwein der *otwein Feiern 1rinken /a"(en )rbrechen / sich Wbergeben Aot en 1an en
R Y + Formal Dinner Party

F"n PartyR Party I"sic -ake Aeg 4eer Hard #i2"or 6ine 6hite 6ine *ed 6ine 1o Party Drinking 1o Get Dr"nk 1o 1hrow 0p 1o P"ke ;s$ang< 1o Dance

5ifferent #elebrations

der Ge urtsta& Weihnachten 7stern das /u ilu!

(irthda6 5hrist!as Easter 1nniversar6

!nack ,oods
Vocabulary
das Wasser Water

Section #$%5 & Vienna Austria

Lesson $%&6 ' Privileg und Verant ortung

Pobs and Tasks


Vocabulary
#areers
Work 2octor (uniness "an (uniness Wo!an :eacher 4olice 7%%icer Fire!an 1ctor 1rtist 1uthor (ank 5lerk 5ar "echanic 5he!ist 5ivil #ervant En&ineer Far!er Hairdresser /ournalist Da.6er Decturer $urse 4ensioner 4hoto&rapher 4olitician 4ost!an 4ro%essor #alesperson #ecretar6 #tudent :aHi 2river Waiter 1r eit 1rzt Gesch%ts!ann Gesch%ts%rau Dehrer 4olizei ea!te Feuer.ehr!ann #chauspieler >0nstler #chri%tsteller (ankan&estellter 1uto!echaniker 5he!iker (ea!ter In&enieur Dand.irt Friseur /ournalist 8echtsan.alt 2ozent >rankenp%le&er 8entner Foto&ra% 4olitiker (rie%tr&er 4ro%essor 3erku%er #ekretr #tudent :aHi%ahrer >ellner

Tasks
5leanin& 8eini&un&

5ookin& Ho!e.ork :asks

>ochen Hausau%&a en 1u%&a en

Plans
#ommon Phases
,ch ha%e @$ ne... ! ha$e plans... ,ch ha%e @$ ne mit... ! ha$e plans with...

Places To Go
Vocabulary /erman0
Hu! ur& (erlin Frank%urt 5olon&e "unich Ha! ur& (erlin Frank%urt >-ln "0nchen

Deutschland

#ommon Phases
,ch muss gehen... ! ha$e to go to...

Section #$%5 & Vienna Austria

Lesson $%&7 ' Wetter

5ialoge
Wo$*gang ca$$s his *riend Monica a*ter he sees the "eather *orecast.
Wol"gang: "ist! !onica: Was? Wol"gang: Es .ird re&nen. !onica: 2u hattest 4lne, richti&? Wol"gang: /a, Ich .ollte eini&e Weihnachten&eschenke kau%en. !onica: Ich ha e !ehr schlechte $achrichten. Wol"gang: $ein! Was ist es? !onica: Es .ird re&nen und dann spter in einen starken #chneestur! 0 er.echseln. Wol"gang: $ein! 2ie #trae .ird !it Eis edeckt sein. !onica: Ich .ei. Ich !uss zur >lasse &ehen. 1u% Wiedersehen !ein Freund. Wol"gang: (is 2ann!

Weather
Vocabulary

Weather 8ain #no. #no. #ho.ers #ho.ers :hunder #tor! :hunderstor! 5loud6 7vercast Hail 2rizzle :ha. Frost

Wetter 8e&en #chnee #chneeschauer, #chnee%all #chauer 2onner #tur! Ge.itter (e.-lkt (edeckt Ha&el $ieseln :auen Frost

#ommon Phases

Wie ist das Wetter0 HowBs the weatherJ Wie ist das "etter ...0 6hat is the weather (or ...J K7nnen Sie mir sagen "ie das Wetter heute ist0 -an yo" tell me todayBs weatherJ ,st es...0 !s it...J

Transportation
Vocabulary

5ar :rain :rainstation 1irplane (oat Hi&h.a6 8oad

1uto 9u& (ahnho% Flu&zeu& (oot Dandstrae #trae

Section #$%5 & Vienna Austria

/evie $%&.

Vocabulary
das das der die die die die das das der der der der #piel 3ideospiel #pa Feier 4art6 "usik :orte Fass (ier #chnaps Wein Wei.ein 8ot.ein Ga!e 3ideo Ga!e Fun 4art6J 4art6 "usic 5ake >e& (eer Hard DiNuor Wine White Wine 8ed Wine :o 4art6 2rinkin& :o Get 2runk :o :hro. Ep :o 4uke #sl!ng$ :o 2ance (irthda6 5hrist!as Easter 1nniversar6 Water 1r eit 1rzt Gesch%ts!ann Gesch%ts%rau Dehrer 4olizei ea!te Feuer.ehr!ann #chauspieler >0nstler #chri%tsteller (ankan&estellter 1uto!echaniker 5he!iker (ea!ter In&enieur Dand.irt Friseur /ournalist

Feiern :rinken #au%en Er rechen G sich R er&e en >otzen :anzen der Ge urtsta& Weihnachten 7stern das /u ilu! das Wasser Work 2octor (uniness "an (uniness Wo!an :eacher 4olice 7%%icer Fire!an 1ctor 1rtist 1uthor (ank 5lerk 5ar "echanic 5he!ist 5ivil #ervant En&ineer Far!er Hairdresser /ournalist

Da.6er Decturer $urse 4ensioner 4hoto&rapher 4olitician 4ost!an 4ro%essor #alesperson #ecretar6 #tudent :aHi 2river Waiter Ger!an6 Hu! ur& (erlin Frank%urt 5olon&e "unich Weather 8ain #no. #no. #ho.ers #ho.ers :hunder #tor! :hunderstor! 5loud6 7vercast Hail 2rizzle :ha. Frost 5ar :rain :rainstation 1irplane (oat Hi&h.a6 8oad

8echtsan.alt 2ozent >rankenp%le&er 8entner Foto&ra% 4olitiker (rie%tr&er 4ro%essor 3erku%er #ekretr #tudent :aHi%ahrer >ellner 2eutschland Ha! ur& (erlin Frank%urt >-ln "0nchen Wetter 8e&en #chnee #chneesch #chauer 2onner #tur! Ge.itter (e.-lkt (edeckt Ha&el $ieseln :auen Frost 1uto 9u& (ahnho% Flu&zeu& (oot Dandstrae #trae

!ection $%&0 ( Berne S"itzerland

Lesson $%$& 8 9u :ause Essen

unde2eloped

!ection $%&0 ( Berne S"itzerland

Lesson $%$$ ' ,ilme

unde2eloped

!ection $%&0 ( Berne S"itzerland

Lesson $%$+ ' 5as :aus

unde2eloped

!ection $%&0 ( Berne S"itzerland

/evie $%&.

unde2eloped

German Level T o Lessons Grundlegende Lektionen A Basic Course in German

Level T o #ontents
!ection +%&$ ( Salzburg Austria

Lesson +%&$ ' Einfache GesprQche unter ,reunden ( German grammar %introd"ction&, (amiliar con$ersations, word order in 2"estions, prono"ns %introd"ction&. Lesson +%&+ ' ,remde und ,reunde ( .erbs %introd"ction&, prono"ns in nominati$e case, (ormal con$ersations, prono"n gender. Lesson +%&. ' 5ie 9ahlen ( -o"nting %theme&, n"mbers ; to ;<, telling time, no"ns %introd"ction&, de(inite articles K no"n gender, inde(inite articles. Lesson +%&0 ' Eine Geschichte Aber 9Arich ( +d5ecti$es %introd"ction&, no"ns and prono"ns in the acc"sati$e and dati$e, interrogati$es. /evie +%&$ ' *e$iew o( #essons ;-@

!ection +%&+ ( 6-rich S"itzerland


Lesson +%&2 ' 5ie Wohnung ( -on5"gating $erbs %present tense&, commands. Lesson +%&3 ' Bathematik ( /imple math, n"mbers ;G-;==, telling time: min"tes K seconds, days o( the week, months, and seasons Lesson +%&4 ' BeinG 5einG und !ein ( /chool s"b5ects, a description o( German schools, basic $ocab"lary in school classes %math, geography, etc.&, and school s"pplies. Lesson +%&6 ' Einkaufen gehen ( +rticles o( clothing, separable $erbs, colors. /evie +%&+ ' *e$iew o( #essons D-[

!ection +%&. ( 7anno2er German!

Lesson +%&7 ' Verbtempus und Wortstellung ( !n$erted word order, past and ("t"re tense $erbs. Lesson +%$& ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson +%$$ ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson +%$+ ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped /evie +%&. M *e$iew o( #essons O-;<

Section 8$%# & Salzburg Austria

Lesson +%&$ ' Einfache GesprQche unter ,reunden

Grammatik $I$ ( Introduction to German grammar


Anowing the parts o( speech %how words ("nction in a sentence& is important (or anyone attempting to learn a second lang"age. )nglish speakers will (ind many strong parallels between their lang"age and German. Howe$er, as noted in the introd"ction, German grammar signalsChow words indicate their ("nction in a sentenceCare more complex than )nglish, and identi(ying the meaning o( words in a German sentence is di((ic"lt witho"t "nderstanding these cl"es or signals to word ("nction that come (rom the grammatical r"les. 1he basic lessons %#e$el !!& o( this textbook are set "p to (irst introd"ce the parts o( speech, and then bring in the r"les that go$ern these. Pay partic"lar attention to both ord endings and sentence ord order as yo" progress in learning the German lang"age. Following is a short con$ersation piece %Gespr ch&. Play the a"dio (ile (irst, then attempt to repeat what yo" hear, reading the spoken parts o( the con$ersation. Go back and (orth %listening and then speaking& "ntil the German (lows easily (rom yo"r lips. 1his may take considerable practice. *e(er to the $ocab"lary %Vo!a%e$n& below to "nderstand the meaning o( the German sentences yo" are hearing and speaking.

GesprQch $I$ ( )ie .reunde


Heinrich tri((t Aarl a"( der /traSe. Heinrich "nd Aarl sind Fre"nde. Heinrich: G"ten 1ag, Aarl. 6ie geht es dirJ Kar$: G"ten 1ag. Danke, es geht mir g"t. 0nd dirJ Heinrich: Danke, es geht mir g"t. +"( 6iedersehen. Kar$: +"( 6iedersehenT

Audio: 9GG %ONA4&

!n this con$ersation we learn se$eral simple greetings exchanged between (riends meeting $ery brie(ly on the street.

Vokabeln $I$
1his (irst $ocab"lary %Vo!a%e$n& may seem a bit long considering yo" ha$e been presented with only the brie( con$ersation piece abo$e, b"t it also contains all o( the German words yo" ha$e enco"ntered "p to this point in the #e$el !! textbook, incl"ding words in photo captions and lesson section headers.

1he layo"t o( the Vo!a%e$n is explained in the #esson #ayo"t G"ide in the German>)nglish textbook introd"ction, b"t the (o"r parts o( the Vo!a%e$n are labeled in this (irst lesson to reen(orce the concept. :ote that col"mn G may contain %in parentheses& additional notes abo"t a word in col"mn ;. +lso, yo" can (ind the greeting phrases that appear in the simple con$ersations abo$e %and many others& in +nhang <, a German-)nglish phrase book.
$7E$# der die der das die die die das die das 1nhan&, die 1nhn&e (r0cke Freund, die Freunde Ges rch, die Ges rche Gra!matik Dektion #trae :or 3o#a eln 3or.ort #H78: 4H81#E# au% der #trae 1u% Wiedersehen Es &eht !ir &ut &ood,+ Guten :a&! End dir? 6ou?,+ unter Freunden Wie &eht es dir? 6ou?,+ Wie &eht,s? used+ 3E8(# &ehen tre%%en &o !eet, co!e upon *geht is ;&oes;+ *tri%%t is ;!eets;+ on the street Good 6e I a! %ine Good da6 1nd 6ou? et.een %riends Ho. are 6ou Ho. are 6ou? appendiH, appendices *sin&ular and plural+ rid&e %riend, %riends *sin&ular and plural+ conversation, conversations &ra!!ar *note irre&ular stress+ lesson *note irre&ular stress+ street &ate.a6 .ord list, voca ular6 %ore.ord, pre%ace *introduction to a ook+

*lit: ,It &oes .ith !e *&reetin&+ *i!plied: ,1nd ho. are *lit: ,Ho. &oes it .ith *casual, ut !ore co!!onl6

7:HE8 ;#"1DD; W782# *ad'ectives, adver s, prepositions, etc.+ danke dir ein%ach es &ut !ir und .ie? `` #esson #ayo"t G"ide thank 6ou< thanks *.ith or %or+ 6ou si!ple it &ood *.ith or to+ !e and ho.?

Pron"nciation G"ide FF

GesprQch $I+ ( )ie Studenten


Iark"s ist /t"dent. )r st"diert 4iologie. )r begegnet Aatrin. /ie st"diert Iathematik. Iark"s "nd Aatrin sind Fre"nde. Mar!us: Hallo, AatrinT 6ohin gehst d"J Katrin: !ch gehe einka"(en. Der A8hlschrank ist (ast leer. !ch bra"che 6"rst "nd A,se. 0nd d"J 6ohin gehst d"J Mar!us: '"r 0ni. !ch habe $iel " t"n. Katrin: G"tT Dann bis bald. 1sch8ss. Mar!us: 1sch8ss, Aatrin.
Here again, two (riends %college st"dents& meet cas"ally and disc"ss brie(ly what each is doing.

Grammatik $I+ ( Word "rder in Juestions


4asic or normal ord order in simple German sentences is the same as in )nglishCs"b5ect then $erb then $erb ob5ect: ,ch ha%e K se > ! %s"b5ect& ha$e %$erb& cheese %$erb ob5ect Y what yo" 3ha$e3& +lso, as with )nglish sentence str"ct"re, a 2"estion sentence in German is (ormed by re$ersing s"b5ect and $erb: Hast du K se0 > Ha$e %$erb& yo" %s"b5ect& cheeseJ 1his is called inverted ord order. )xamples are pro$ided in Gespr,ch ;-; and Gespr,ch ;-<. +s another example, consider the statement: #r studiert Bio$ogie %BHe st"dies biologyB&. + 2"estion statement might be: Was studiert er0 %B6hat st"dies heJB7 altho"gh in )nglish, we wo"ld "s"ally say: 36hat is he st"dyingJ3&. 1he normal word order o( s"b5ect %er or 3he3& then $erb %studiert or 3st"dy3& is re$ersed and, in this case, an interrogative %"as or 3what3& added onto the (ront replacing the "nknown %to the speaker& ob5ect %here, 3biology3&. +dditional examples o( 2"estions (ormed (rom basic statements ill"strate in$erted word order: Wie geht es dir0 (rom #s geht mir gut. %B!t goes well with me.B& Wohin geht sie0 (rom Sie geht ein!au*en. %B/he goes shopping.B& Was ist *ast $eer0 (rom Der K'h$schran! ist *ast $eer. %B1he (ridge is almost empty.B& Was %rauche ich0 (rom ,ch %rauche Wurst und K se. %B! need sa"sage and cheese.B& Versteht sie mich0 (rom Sie /ersteht mich. %B/he "nderstands me.B&

Grammatik $I. ( Introduction to pronouns


+ pronoun %@ronomen& is a short word that takes the place o( a no"n pre$io"sly mentioned in the sentence, paragraph, or con$ersation. + prono"n s"bstit"tes (or a no"n or no"n phrase and designates persons or things asked (or, pre$io"sly speci(ied, or "nderstood (rom context. + speci(ic prono"n in )nglish as well as German has person, number, and case. Eo" will be enco"ntering all o( the common German prono"ns in the next se$eral lessons, so we will track these as they appear. 1he (ollowing

familiar personal prono"ns are introd"ced in this lesson %Le!tion D&:


ich S I mich S !e mir S !e du S 6ou dir S 6ou er S he sie S she es S it *@st person, sin&ular, no!inative case+ *@st person, sin&ular, accusative case+ *@st person sin&ular, dative case+ *And person, sin&ular, no!inative case+ *And person sin&ular, dative case+ *Crd person sin&ular, no!inative case+ *Crd person sin&ular, no!inative case+ *Crd person sin&ular, no!inative case+

Prono"n person describes the relationship o( the word to the speaker %that is, Dst person is the speaker7 End person is spoken to7 and Krd person is spoken abo"t&. Prono"n number re(ers to whether the word represents one %singu$ar& or more than one %p$ura$& person or ob5ect. Finally, case indicates how the prono"n is "sed in a sentence, as will be explained o$er the next se$eral lessons. For now, note in the examples yo" ha$e already enco"ntered, the three cases o( ;st person sing"lar prono"ns in German: ich, mich, and mir. !n )nglish these are: B!B, BmeB, and %to or "ith& BmeB C in essence, there are really 5"st two cases in )nglish: s"b5ecti$e %B!B& and ob5ecti$e %BmeB&. Eo" will shortly see that there are similarities, yet distinct di((erences, in the cases as "sed by the )nglish and German lang"ages.

Vokabeln $I+
$7E$# die 1nt.ort, die 1nt.orten die (iologie die Freundin, die Freunde der >se der >0hlschrank die "athe!ati# das 4rono!en der #tudent, die #tudentin die Eni 'ni(ersitt+ die R ersetzun& die Eniversitt die Wurst #H78: 4H81#E# 2ann is zu tun ald! then until *.e+ soon *!eet a&ain+ *;until then;+ to do ans.er*s+ iolo&6 *%e!ale+ %riend, %riends cheese re%ri&erator !athe!atics pronoun student, *%e!ale+ student universit6 translation universit6 sausa&e, an&er *sin&ular and plural+ *note irre&ular stress+ *co!pare der &reund+ *note irre&ular stress+ *note irre&ular stress+ *a short %or! o% die *lit. ;over)settin&;+ *note irre&ular stress+

3E8(# e&e&nen rauchen einkau%en &ehen ha en studieren verstehen !eet need, .ant, reNuire &o shoppin& have stud6 understand

7:HE8 ;#"1DD; W782# an ald is dann du er %ast hallo ich leer !ich sch-n ,%ine,+ sehr sie tsch0ss viel .as? .ohin? `` #esson #ayo"t G"ide to *to.ards+ soon until then 6ou he al!ost hello I e!pt6, vacant !e eauti%ul ver6 she so lon& !uch .hat? .here?

*in this case, ,nice, or

*&ood

6e+

Pron"nciation G"ide FF

Sberset-ung $I$
4y re(erring back to lesson examples, yo" sho"ld be able to write o"t the (ollowing sentences in German. 9n a piece o( paper, (irst n"mber and write each )nglish sentence. 1hen re$iew the lesson abo$e and prod"ce a German sentence that says the same thing as each )nglish sentence. +(ter all se$en lines are translated, (ollow the Ant"orten %answers& link to compare yo"r work with the correct ones. Do not be too concerned at this point i( yo"r spelling o( the German $erbs do not match the answers. Eo" will learn all abo"t German $erb (orms in later lessons. ;. <. G. @. D. H. N. Good day, IarkT How are yo"J 1hanks, ! am well. +nd yo"J Good bye, HenryT -atherine needs cheese. /he "nderstands the lesson well. /o long, IarkT 0ntil we meet again. 6here is he goingJ

+ntworten F

Section 8$%# & Salzburg Austria

Lesson +%&+ ' ,remde und ,reunde

Grammatik +I$ ( Introduction to Verbs


+ verb is that part o( speech that describes an action. .erbs come in an almost bewildering array o( tenses, aspects, and types. For now, we will limit o"r disc"ssion to $erbs "sed in the present tense C i.e., describing an action occ"ring in the present. Eo" sho"ld start to recogni e that the (orm a $erb takes is related to the s"b5ect o( that $erb: the $erb (orm m"st match the person o( the s"b5ect. 1his re2"irement is sometimes e$ident in )nglish, b"t always so in German. -onsider the (ollowing )nglish and German sentences %the $erb is studieren in e$ery case&: ! st"dy biology. /he st"dies mathematics. 1oday we st"dy German. 6hat are yo" st"dyingJ ,ch studiere Bio$ogie. Sie studiert Mathemati!. Heute studieren "ir Deutsch. Was studierst du0 %:ote a s"b5ect $erb re$ersal&

%:otice s"b5ect $erb re$ersal in 2"estion sentence& /e$eral things are ill"strated by these sentence pairs. First, all $erbs in German (ollow the r"le 5"st stated that a $erb (orm m"st agree with its s"b5ect. /tarting in Le!tion G we will learn the $erb (orms associated with each person in German. /econd, this r"le in )nglish applies mostly to the $erb Bto beB %e.g., ! am, yo" are, he is, etc.&. !n some )nglish $erbs, the Grd person sing"lar (orm is "ni2"e, o(ten taking an BsB or BesB ending: 3! gi$e at the o((ice3, b"t 3He gi$es at the o((ice3 %and 3/he st"dies...3 abo$e&. Finally, some German $erbs are best translated with an )nglish Bto beB $erb (orm added. 1his is called the progressi/e (orm in )nglish %B6hat are yo" st"dyingJB&, b"t it does not exist in German. 1h"s, a $erb like nennen can best be translated as 3to name3 or 3to call3. 1he (ollowing example may make this clearer. !n the present tense, the (ollowing statements in )nglish: B1hey are calling the corporation, 31rans-Global3B B1hey name the corporation, 31rans-Global3B B1hey call the corporation, 31rans-Global3B B1hey do call the corporation, 31rans-Global3B are all expressed in German in only one way: Sie nennen die Firma2 4)rans6G$o%a$4. +nd the 2"estion statement: BDo they call the corporation, 31rans-Global3JB becomes, in German: Nennen sie die Firma2 4)rans6G$o%a$40

Grammatik +I+ ( Pronouns in the Dominative #ase


Iost o( the personal prono"ns introd"ced in #ektion ; are "sed as s"b5ects o( their $erbs. 1hese represent the nominative case in German %as in )nglish&. 6e will shortly learn three other cases in German: the accusative (or direct ob5ects, the dative (or indirect ob5ects, and the genitive (or expressing possession. For now, remember that the sing"lar personal prono"ns in )nglish %nominative case& are 3!3, 3yo"3, and 3he/she/it3 %;st, <nd, and Grd persons& and the nominati$e case is "sed as the s"b5ect o( a $erb. !n German, these prono"ns are rendered as ich, du, and er3sie3es. !n these example sentences, the subFect o( the $erb is "nderlined: ,ch gehe ein!au*en. ! go shopping. #r studiert Bio$ogie. He st"dies biology. #s geht mir gut. !t goes well with me. % Y ! am (ine&. 6here are yo" %:otice s"b5ect $erb re$ersal in 2"estion Wohin gehst duJ goingJ sentence& 1here are, o( co"rse, pl"ral personal prono"ns in the )nglish nominati$e case: 3we3, 3yo"3, and 3they37 and in German, these nominati$e case prono"ns are "ir, ihr, and sie. 1hese appear in the (ollowing examples %again, s"b5ect "nderlined&: 6e go shopping. Eo" all "nderstand the ,hr /ersteht die Frage. 2"estion. ,hr ha%t die An$eitungen. Eo" %all& ha$e the instr"ctions. Sie /erstehen die Ar%eit. 1hey "nderstand the work. !n both )nglish and German, the Grd person sing"lar also has gender. +s yo" will next learn, the <nd person %person being addressed& in German has both familiar and polite %(ormal& (orms. F"rther, it is worth repeating here C altho"gh introd"ced in Grammati! E6D abo$e and to be co$ered in detail in ("t"re lessons C that the $erb (orm changes when the s"b5ect changes. 1hat is, in German the $erb (orm m"st match the s"b5ect o( a sentence. Here are some examples7 compare with the pre$io"s three example sentences abo$e and note how the $erb (orm changed to match the sentence s"b5ect %s"b5ect and $erb "nderlined&: ,ch /erstehe die Ar%eit. ! "nderstand the work. Du gehst ein!au*en. Eo" go shopping. ,ch ha%e a$$e Ant"orten. ! ha$e all the answers. #r hat die An$eitungen. He has the instr"ctions. !n the last example, the )nglish $erb (orm %Bha$eB& also changed based "pon the s"b5ect o( the sentence. Wir gehen ein!au*en.

GesprQch +I$ ( )ie Gesch+tsleute


Herr /chmidt tri((t Fra" 4a"mann. /ie sind Gesch,(tsle"te "nd sie arbeiten an dem Ha"ptsit . Herr Schmidt: G"ten 1ag, Fra" 4a"mannT Frau Baumann: G"ten 1ag, Herr /chmidtT

Herr Schmidt: 6ie geht es !hnenJ Frau Baumann: /ehr g"t, danke. 0nd !hnenJ Herr Schmidt: +"ch g"t. Frau Baumann: /chLn. Haben /ie Herrn /tandish schon getro((enJ Herr Schmidt: +"s )nglandJ :ein. !st er " 4es"chJ Frau Baumann: ?a. Das ist richtigT +"( 6iedersehen, Herr /chmidtT Herr Schmidt: +"( 6iedersehen, Fra" 4a"mannT

!n this con$ersation, altho"gh the s"b5ect matter is basically cas"al, a more (ormal (orm o( German is being "sed intoning respect between coworkers in an o((ice setting. 1he polite (orm is expressed by the prono"ns as explained below %Grammatik <-G&.

Vokabeln +I$
die 1nleitun&en das 2eutsch Spr!che+ der Fre!de die Fir!a die Fra&e die Gesch%tsleute der Hauptsitz der :a& aus En&land 2as ist richti&! Frau (au!ann Herr #ch!idt zu (esuch ar eiten &etro%%en nennen alle an Ihnen heute ihr 'a nein richti& sie #ie .ir Pron"nciation G"ide FF instructions Ger!an *lan&ua&e+ *!ore co!!on is die deutsche

%orei&ner, stran&er co!pan6, %ir!, usiness concern Nuestion usiness people *die )eute T people+ head o%%ice *d!s H!upt T head or chie%+ da6, da6ti!e %ro! En&land :hat is ri&ht! "s. (au!ann "r. #ch!idt visitin& .ork *have+ !et na!e, call all at *.ith r to+ 6ou toda6 6ou *plural+, 6ou all 6es no correct the6 6ou .e *past participle o% tre%%en+

*polite %or!+

*note: also ;she;+ *polite %or!+

Grammatik +I. ( ,amiliar and Polite Pronoun ,orms


Iany prono"ns were introd"ced in #esson ;. !n Grammati! E6D and Gespr ch E6D we ha$e been presented with the (ollowing additional prono"ns:
*hnen ihr S sie S Sie S wir S S *to+ 6ou 6ou *And the6 *Crd 6ou *And .e *@st *And person sin&ular, dative case+ person, plural, no!inative case+ person, plural, no!inative case+ person, sin&ular, no!inative case+ person, plural, no!inative case+

!n the con$ersations between (riends presented in Gespr che D6D and D6E %#ektion ;& the familiar (orm o( the personal prono"ns %e.g., du, dir& was "sed. Howe$er, German also has a polite or formal (orm o( some o( these personal prono"ns. 1he polite (orm is "sed in con$ersations between strangers and more (ormal sit"ations, as ill"strated in the Gespr ch E6D: greetings between b"siness associates. 1he polite (orm is always (irst-letter capitali ed in German, which can be help("l in di((erentiating Sie %yo"& (rom sie %she and they&7 ,hnen %yo"& (rom ihnen %them&. Howe$er, yo" will soon learn that the (orm o( the verb %see Grammati! E6K below& is most telling, as shown by these example pairs "sing the $erb, ha%en %ha$e&: Do yo" ha$e a cigaretteJ %polite (orm o( yo"& /he has no sa"sage and no Sie hat !eine Wurst und !einen K se. cheese. Sie ha%en /ie$ Ar%eit. 1hey ha$e m"ch work %to do&. Ha%en sie zu /ie$ Ar%eit0 Do they ha$e too m"ch workJ 4eca"se the (irst letter in a sentence is always capitali ed, we cannot determine %witho"t the $erb (orm& whether the second and third examples begin with sie %BsheB or BtheyB& or with Sie %polite Byo"B&7 a problem that wo"ld also exist in con$ersation. 1he (o"rth example, where s"b5ect and $erb are re$ersed in a 2"estion, demonstrates the prono"n BtheyB7 compare it with the polite Byo"B in the (irst example. !t is relati$ely easy (or an )nglish speaker to appreciate how context, especially in con$ersation, o$ercomes con("sion considering that )nglish has (ewer (orms (or these prono"ns than German. Howe$er, this (act does present some di((ic"lty when learning German, since improper "se o( a prono"n may 5"st create con("sion in speaking or writing German. Ha%en Sie eine ?igarette0

GesprQch +I+ ( )ie Gesch+tsmnner


Herr /chmidt "nd Herr /tandish begegnen sich am Ha"ptsit :

Vereinigtes K7nigreich /on Gro(%ritannien und Nordir$and

Bundesrepu%$i! Deutsch$and

Herr Schmidt: G"ten Iorgen, Herr /tandishT 6ie geht es !hnenJ Herr Standish: Danke sehr, es geht mir g"t. 0nd !hnenJ Herr Schmidt: :icht so g"t. !ch bin m8de. Herr Standish: 6ie bitteJ I8deJ 6ar"mJ Herr Schmidt: !ch habe so $iel +rbeit. Herr Standish: Das kann ich $erstehen. '" $iel ist " $iel. Herr Schmidt: Das ist richtig. +"( 6iedersehen, Herr /tandishT Herr Standish: +"( 6iedersehen, bis morgen.

Vokabeln +I+
die (undesrepu lik 2eutschland Federal 8epu lic o% Ger!an6 die Gesch%ts!nner usiness!en *die Gesch%tsleute is pre%erred+ Gro ritannien Great (ritain *technicall6 +ereinigtes ,nigreich ( n Gr -.rit!nnien und N rdirl!nd+ der "or&en !ornin& die R ersetzun& translation is !or&en Guten "or&en! nicht so &ut so viel Wie itte? zu viel is kein !0de nicht sich .arum ? Pron"nciation G"ide FF until to!orro. Good !ornin& not so .ell so !uch Ho. is that? too !uch until no tired not each other .h6 ?

*&reetin&+

*in the sense on ;none;+

Grammatik +I0 ( Personal pronoun gender


!n both )nglish and German the Grd person personal prono"ns ha$e gender %Grammatik ;-G&. Howe$er, in )nglish, the prono"n 3it3 is "sed (or most inanimate or non-li$ing things. 1here are a (ew

exceptions: a ship might be re(erred to as 3she3. Howe$er, in German, the Grd person personal prono"n re(lects the gender o( the no"n %antecedent& re(ered to by the prono"n. For examples: Der K'h$schran! ist *ast $eer. #r ist *ast $eer. !t %masculine& is almost empty. ,ch %rauche die Wurst. ,ch %rauche sie. ! need it %feminine&. Das Gespr ch ist sch"er. #s ist sch"er. !t %neuter& is di((ic"lt. 1he (ollowing table s"mmari es these gender relationships: Grd person prono"ns masc"line er he (eminine ne"ter sie she es it

Sberset-ung +I$
Eo" may, at this point, try the (lash cards de$eloped (or #e$el ! German. 1his set has a (ew words and concepts not yet presented in #e$el !!, b"t (or the most part can be $ery help("l in enhancing yo"r $ocab"lary. Go to Flashcard)xchange.com. 1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German. Pay attention to whether (amiliar or polite (orm o( the prono"n is re2"ested: ;. <. G. @. D. H. N. [. O. Good day, Is. :e"mann. How are yo"J \in polite con$ersational (orm] ! am well, thank yo". +nd yo"J \in polite (orm] ! am well, thank yo". +nd yo"J \in (amiliar (orm] Aatrin is st"dying math. 1hey meet each other at the head o((ice. ! do "nderstand the instr"ctions. !s she $isiting (rom )nglandJ How is thatJ Eo" ha$e too m"ch workJ \in polite (orm] Good bye, Ir. /mith. 0ntil tomorrow morningJ

+ntworten F

Section 8$%# & Salzburg Austria

Lesson +%&. ' 5ie 9ahlen

Lektion . ( 6hlen 2on # bis #8


#ounting in any lang"age is a $al"able skill best learned early on. !n German as in )nglish, there are both cardinal %co"nting& and ordinal %place or order& n"mbers, and n"mber (ormation is similar in that the (irst twel$e n"mbers are "ni2"e. +bo$e twel$e, n"mbers are (ormed by combination. For example, ;G is dreizehn and ;@ is /ierzehn. Higher n"mbers will be the s"b5ect o( later lessons. :ote in the table how ordinals are (ormed (rom the cardinals in German by adding te. B1enB becomes BtenthB in )nglish7 zehn become zehnte in German. +s in )nglish, there are se$eral noncon(orming $ariants: erste, dritte, and sie%te. cardinal numbers ordinal numbers one two three (o"r (i$e six se$en eight nine ten ele$en twel$e eins wei drei $ier (8n( sechs sieben acht ne"n ehn el( wLl( ;st <nd Grd @th Dth Hth Nth [th Oth ;=th erste weite dritte $ierte (8n(te sechste siebte achte ne"nte ehnte

;;th el(te ;<th wLl(te

Audio: 9GG %G[DA4&

Aussprache
#earning the German words (or the n"mbers pro$ides an excellent opport"nity to practice German pron"nciations. Following are some help("l hints (or )nglish speakers attempting to co"nt in German. + 3dental so"nd3 is made by mo$ing the tong"e into the back o( the "pper teethCalmost as i( the word started with a BtB. + 3g"tteral so"nd3 comes (rom deep in the throat. +lso, remember, in words o( more than one syllable, the emphasis is on the (irst syllable. (inal consonants are c"t o(( 2"ickly in German, not drawn o"t as in many )nglish words. )nglish speakers might call this being c"rt or br"s2"e with each word.
eins zwei drei (ier %/n% sechs sie.en !cht neun zehn el% zwl% sa6 ,e0en)zah, ut drop the ,ah,< ,z, is et.een an ,s, and ,z, sounds like ,zve6e,< the ,., is et.een a ,v, and a ,., sounds like ;dr6;, ut .ith dental ,d, and roll the ,r, sound is et.een ;%ear; and ,%ee)6ahr, sa6 ,%oon)%ah, .ithout the ,ah,< ver6 sli&ht ,r, a%ter the ,0, sounds like ;seH;, ut .ith a !ore dental leadin& ,s, sounds like ;see (en; *use dental ,s,+ sounds like ,ahkt,< the ,ch, is &utteral sounds like ;loin; .ith an ,n, sounds like the na!e, ;9ane;, ut the ,z, is !ore dental sounds prett6 !uch like ;el%; *the Ger!an ,e, is a little hi&her+ sounds like ,z.ol%,, ut the ,o, is closer to

Grammatik .I$ ( Telling time =hours?


Anowing the n"mbers (rom ; to ;<, yo" can now begin asking and telling time in German.

Der 8hrturm /on Graz

GesprQch .I$ 'wei ?"ngen, Heinrich "nd Aarl, sind Fre"nde. /ie begegnen sich eines :achmittags. Heinrich: Aarl. 6ie gehtBsJ Kar$: HalloT Heinrich: 6illst d" spielenJ !ch habe einen 4all. Kar$: 6ie sp,t ist esJ Heinrich: )s ist ein 0hr. Kar$: Dann kann ich bis wei 0hr spielen. Heinrich: Das ist g"t. 6ir spielen eine /t"nde langT
+sking (or the time is accomplished by the sentence: Wie sp t ist es0 %3How late is itJ3&. 1he answer places the ho"r in the line #s ist 5555 8hr %3!t is ^^ oBclock3&, s"bstit"ting the correct cardinal $al"e %except ein is "sed instead o( eins&. 9ne co"ld also ask: Wie/ie$ 8hr ist es0 %not "sed $ery o(ten anymore& or respond #s ist eins or #s ist drei, etc.Cwhich may be imprecise, "nless the time is close to the ho"r. 1he (ollowing sentences also relate to telling time: #r *ragt nach der 8hrzeit. Sie %egegnen sich eines Nachmittags. #s ist ha$% /ier. #s ist Vierte$ nach z"7$*. #s ist Vierte$ /or e$*. #s ist drei Vierte$ e$*.R #s ist *'n* /or neun. #s ist *'n* Minuten /or neun. #s ist zehn nach e$*. #s ist zehn Minuten nach e$*. #s ist acht nach. #s ist zehn /or. He asks the time. 1hey meet each other one a(ternoon. !t is hal( past three %G:G=&. !t is a 2"arter a(ter twel$e %;<:;D&. !t is a 2"arter to ele$en %;=:@D&. !t is a 2"arter to ele$en %;=:@D&. !t is (i$e min"tes to %"ntil& nine %=[:DD&. !t is (i$e min"tes to %"ntil& nine %=[:DD&. !t is ten min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:;=&. !t is ten min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:;=&. !t is eight min"tes a(ter the last ("ll ho"r %JJ:=[&. !t is ten min"tes to %"ntil& the next ("ll ho"r %JJ:D=&. !t is between three and (o"r %=G:JJ&. !t is three min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:=G&. !t is three min"tes a(ter ele$en %;;:=G&.

#s ist drei durch.R #s ist e$* 8hr drei #s ist e$* 8hr und drei minuten R this is only regional - many Germans may not "nderstand

Anowing how to express the 2"arter, hal(, and three 2"arter ho"rs will allow yo" to gi$e the time more precisely. 6e will, o( co"rse, re$isit this s"b5ect. 9nce yo" know how to co"nt beyond twel$e, the ho"rBs di$ision into H= min"tes can be expressed. +lso, Germans %like most )"ropeans& "tili e what is known in +merica as 3military time3 or a <@-ho"r clock.

Vokabeln .I$
+lso incl"ded in the $ocab"lary (or #esson G are the ordinal and cardinal n"mbers ; thro"gh ;< (rom

Le!tion K abo$e.
der der das der die die der die das die (all /un&e, die /un&en Dernen $ach!itta& #tunde Ehr Ehrtur! Ehrzeit 3iertel 9ahl, die 9ahlen all o6, o6s learnin&, stud6 a%ternoon hour .atch *ti!epiece+< also ;o,clock; clock to.er ti!e, ti!e o% da6 Nuarter nu! er, nu! ers until t.o o,clock ver6 .ell *lit.: ;that is &ood;+ one *unspeci%ied+ a%ternoon I can pla6 it is do 6ou .ant ...? *%a!iliar %or!+ ask *a Nuestion+ pla6 count then hal%, hal%.a6 to a out, a%ter late e%ore, until to

is z.ei Ehr das ist &ut eines $ach!itta&s ich kann... spielen es ist .illst du ...? %ra&en spielen zhlen dann hal nach spt vor zu Pron"nciation G"ide FF

Grammatik .I+ ( Introduction to Douns


+ noun is a ("ndamental part o( speech, occ"rring in sentences in two di((erent ways: as s"b5ects %per(ormers o( action&, or ob5ects %recipients o( action&. +s a generality, a no"n is the name o( a 3person, place, or thing3. :o"ns are classi(ied into proper no"ns %e.g. 3?anet3&, common no"ns %e.g. 3girl3&, and prono"ns %e.g. 3she3 and 3which3&. + proper noun %also called proper name& is a no"n which denotes a "ni2"e entity. 1he meaning o( a proper no"n, o"tside o( what it re(erences, is (re2"ently arbitrary or irrele$ant %(or example, someone might be named 1iger /mith despite being neither a tiger nor a smith&. 4eca"se o( this, they are o(ten not translated between lang"ages, altho"gh they may be transliterated C (or example, the German s"rname 3AnLdel3 becomes 3Anoedel3 in )nglish, as opposed to 3D"mpling3. Proper no"ns are capitali ed in )nglish and all other lang"ages that "se the #atin alphabet7 this is one way to recogni e them. Howe$er, in German both proper and common nouns are capitali-ed %as are certain (ormal prono"ns7 see Grammatik <-G&.

Grammatik .I. ( Gender of Douns


6e ha$e seen e$idence o( word gender in the prono"ns we ha$e been eno"ntering7 notably BheB, BsheB, and BitB in )nglish and er, sie, and es in German. ?"st like many other lang"ages %b"t not )nglish&, German has genders (or no"ns as well. :o"n gender is indicated by the de*inite artic$e, which sho"ld always be learned as part o( the no"n. For this reason, no"ns presented in each lessonBs Vo!a%e$n incl"de the gender appropriate de(inite article.

5efinite Articles
1he de(inite article %%estimmter Arti!e$& is e2"i$alent to an )nglish BtheB, and the three basic gender (orms o( de(inite articles in German are as (ollows: der masc"line

die (eminine das ne"ter 1o say Bthe bookB in German, yo" wo"ld say das Buch, beca"se Buch is a neuter no"n. 1o say Bthe manB in German, yo" wo"ld say der Mann, beca"se Mann is a masculine no"n. 1o say Bthe womanB in German, yo" wo"ld say die Frau, beca"se Frau is a feminine no"n. :o"n gender does not always deri$e (rom act"al gender where gender might be applicable. For example, Bthe boyB is der Junge %mascu$ine&7 b"t Bthe girlB is das M dchen %neuter&. +lso, no"ns that ha$e no inherent gender are not necessarily ne"ter. From this lesson: Bthe watch or time pieceB is die 8hr %B(eminineB&. 4eca"se German is generally more str"ct"red than )nglish, it is important when learning German no"ns to always learn them with their gender correct de(inite article7 and in the Vo!a%e$n no"ns are always gi$en with their associated de(inite article. 1hat is, yo" m"st memori e the word (or BbookB in German as das Buch, not simply Buch. :ot 5"st de(inite articles, b"t inde(inite articles and ad5ecti$es ha$e endings that m"st match the gender o( the no"n they preceed. 0sing the wrong gender can alter the meaning o( a German sentence, so in (orming a proper sentence with Buch, yo" will need to known that it is a ne"ter no"n.

Indefinite Articles
in addition to the de(inite articlesC3the3 in )nglish and der-words in GermanCdisc"ssed abo$e, both lang"ages ha$e indefinite articles %un%estimmter Arti!e$&. !nde(inite articles preceed no"ns in the same way that de(inite articles do, b"t con$ey a general or inde(inite sense. 1hese are 3a3 or 3an3 in )nglish. 1h"s, Bthe bookB or das Buch re(ers to a de(inite or speci(ic book, whereas Ba bookB or ein Buch is inde(inite abo"t which book is re(erred to. !nde(inite articles also ha$e gender as shown here: ein der masc"line

eine die (eminine

ein

das ne"ter

Here are some examples o( inde(inite articles %"nderlined& "sed in German sentences: ,ch ha%e einen Ba$$. ! ha$e a ball. Heute $esen "ir ein Buch. 1oday we read a book. Mar!us tri**t einen Studenten au* der Stra(e. Iark meets a st"dent on the street. Die Gesch *ts$eute ha%en eine Ant"ort. 1he b"siness people ha$e an answer. #in Freund spie$t Ba$$ mit ihm. + (riend plays ball with him. 6hy, yo" ask, are there words like einen in some sentences abo$eCa spelling that does not appear in the gender tableJ 1he tables (or both the de(inite and inde(inite articles abo$e are simpli(ied at this stage, gi$ing only articles in the nominati$e case %applied to words that are s"b5ects o( $erbs&. !n the $ery next lesson yo" will start to address all the other cases in German. Howe$er, the nominative case is the one "sed to signi(y the gender o( a no"n, as in o"r Vo!a%e$n.

Vokabeln .I+
das die der das der (uch Frau >n-del "dchen "ann ook .o!an du!plin& *6oun&+ &irl !an read

lesen Pron"nciation G"ide FF

Sberset-ung .I$
1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German: ;. <. G. @. D. H. N. [. ! am reading "ntil ten oBclock. !t is nine thirty. !t is a 2"arter to ten. -athy is a st"dent at the "ni$ersity. /he meets Iark on the street. Henry has a ball. 1he girl is a (riend. Ir. /mith has a 2"estion.

+ntworten F

Section 8$%# & Salzburg Austria

Lesson +%&0 ' Eine Geschichte Aber 9Arich

LesestAck 0I$ ( Eine Geschichte Aber 9Arich


'8rich ist die grLSte /tadt der /chwei . /ie liegt am +"s(l"ss des '8richsees "nd ist die Ha"ptstadt des gleichnamigen Aantons, des Aantons '8rich. '8rich ist a"sgesprochen schLn gelegen, am nLrdlichen )nde des '8richseesCbei klarem 6etter hat man eine g"te /icht a"( die Glarner +lpen. '8rich ist das 'entr"m der schwei er 4ankenwirtscha(t. :eben den beiden Grossbanken %B-redit /"isseB "nd B04/B& haben a"ch etliche kleinere 4ankinstit"te ihren /it in der /tadt.
+ltho"gh this short story contains 2"ite a n"mber o( impressi$e German no"ns and ad5ecti$es, with the aid o( Vo!a%e$n L6D (ollowing yo" sho"ld ha$e no tro"ble reading and "nderstanding it. 1he passage makes considerable "se o( the German geniti$e case %)nglish possessi$e case&, which yo" ha$e not yet learned. Howe$er, a cl"e applicable here: translate des as 3o( the3 or 3o(3 and note there are other derwords that also mean 3o( the3.

Vokabeln 0I$
die 1lpen der 1us%luss die (ankinstitute die (anken.irtscha%t das Ende die Gross anken die Hauptstadt das Haus der >anton das Desest0ck die #ch.eiz die #icht der #itz das Wetter das 9entru! das 90rich #.itzerland+ der 90richsee d.h. *das heit+ Glarner 1lpen 1lps outlet, e%%luence ankin& institutes ankin& usiness end !a'or anks capital cit6 house canton readin& passa&e #.itzerland vie. o%%ice .eather center *centre+ 9urich Dake 9urich i.e. *;that is; in Datin+ Glarner 1lps *o% a lake+

*#.iss state+

*cit6 and canton in

!an hat... nach Hause ho!e;+ anru%en &e en *&a , &e&e en+ ko!!en *ka!, &eko!!en+ lie&en *la&, &ele&en+ a! *an de!+ aus&esprochen ei eiden etliche &leichna!i& &r-te klar klein ne en n-rdlich sch.eizer

one has... *to.ard+ ho!e

*co!pare: zu H!use T ;at

call, telephone &ive co!e lie *la6, lain+ at the !arkedl6 in t.o a nu! er o%, Nuite a %e., several sa!e na!ed lar&est clear s!all esides northern o% or pertainin& to #.iss

Pron"nciation G"ide FF

Grammatik 0I$ ( Introduction to adFectives


+n adFective is a part o( speech which can be tho"ght o( as a 3describing word3Ctypically, an ad5ecti$e modi(ies a no"n. !n both )nglish and German, ad5ecti$es come be(ore the no"n they describe or modi(y. !n many other lang"ages %s"ch as French& they "s"ally come a(ter the no"n. Here are some examples o( ad5ecti$es %"nderlined& yo" ha$e already enco"ntered: ! ha$e m"ch work. 6e ha$e no cheese. !n clear weather, one has a good Bei !$arem Wetter hat man eine gute Sicht. $iew '8rich ist die grLSte /tadt. '"rich is the largest city. 4eca"se no"ns are capitali ed in German, it is (airly ob$io"s in these sentences where the ad5ecti$es occ"r: 5"st be(ore the no"ns they modi(y. :ote how the endings on German ad5ecti$es can change, depending "pon the no"n %!einen K se7 !$arem Wetter7 gute Sicht&Cspeci(ically, the gender and case o( the no"n they are modi(ying. 4e(ore explaining the basic r"les go$erning ad5ecti$e endings, yo" need to ha$e a better "nderstanding o( person, gender, and case in German no"nsCconcepts that will be explored in the next (ew lessons. Finally, reali e that the ordinal numbers yo" learned in #ektion G are, in (act, ad5ecti$esCs"b5ect to the same r"les go$erning word endings (or ad5ecti$es. Wer ist das dritte M dchen0 6ho is the third girlJ Wir /erstehen nur die erste Le!tion. 6e "nderstand only the *irst lesson. ,ch ha%e /ie$ Ar%eit. Wir ha%en !einen K se.

GesprQch 0I$ ( 5as neue BQdchen


Iark"s "nd Helena sind Fre"nde. Mar!us: #ena, wer ist das ne"e I,dchenJ Die 4r8nette dort dr8ben. He$ena: !ch gla"be, sie heiSt BAarolineB. Mar!us: /ie ist sehr schLn. He$ena: /ie ist h8bsch, wenn man kleine I,dchen mit langen d"nklen Haaren mag. Mar!us: ?a. !hre Haare ge(allen mir sehr. He$ena: Iark"s, d" bist ein FerkelT
1his short con$ersational passage contains more examples o( ad5ecti$es.

Vokabeln 0I+
die die das das (r0nette Haare "dchen Ferkel runette hair*s+ &irl pi&let appeal to elieve na!e, call like, desire, .ish there over there dark her cute short lon& ne. i% .ho?

&e"allen &lau en heien !a& dort *dort+ dr0 en dunkel ihr h0 sch klein lan& neue .enn .er? Pron"nciation G"ide FF

Grammatik 0I+ ( Douns and pronouns in the accusative and dative


+s was noted pre$io"sly when the concept o( case was introd"ced (or prono"ns %Grammatik <-<&, there are (o"r cases "sed in German. *ecall that the nominative case in German corresponds to the su%1ecti/e case in )nglish and applies to no"ns and prono"ns "sed in a sentence as the s"b5ect o( a $erb. :o"ns %and prono"ns& that are "sed as ob5ects o( transiti$e %action& $erbs are in the )nglish ob5ecti$e case. !( these are direct obFects %recipients o( the action o( a $erb&, then these no"ns are in

the accusative case in German. !( indirect obFects, then these no"ns are in the dative case in German. )ssentially, the )nglish o%1ecti/e case is di$ided, in German, into an acc"sati$e case "sed (or direct ob5ects and a dati$e case "sed (or indirect ob5ects.

Pronouns
For comparison with )nglish, recall that the sing"lar personal prono"ns %nominati/e case& are 3!3, 3yo"3, and 3he/she/it3 %;st, <nd, and Grd persons&. 1he o%1ecti/e case, personal prono"ns in )nglish are 3me3, 3yo"3, and 3him/her/it3Cand are "sed (or both direct and indirect ob5ects o( $erbs. For example: He gi$es it \the Direct 9b5ect] to me \the !ndirect 9b5ect]. 1he German accusative case, personal prono"ns %sing"lar& are: mich2 dich2 ihn3sie3es. 1he German dative case, personal prono"ns %sing"lar& are: mir, dir, ihm3ihr3ihm. 1h"s, the abo$e )nglish example sentence becomes, in German: #r gi%t es \the Direct 9b5ect] mir \the !ndirect 9b5ect]. 4eca"se mir is a dati$e prono"n, there is no need in German to "se a modi(ier as in )nglish, where 3to3 is "sed as a signal o( an indirect ob5ect. 1he (ollowing table s"mmari es the German prono"ns in three cases (or both sing"lar and pl"ral n"mber: /ing"lar :9I. ;st person ich +--. mich D+1. mir ihm, ihr, ihm Pl"ral :9I. ir +--. uns D+1. uns

<nd person du %!ieR& dich %!ieR& dir %IhnenR& Grd person er, sie, es ihn, sie, es R Polite (orm

ihr %!ieR& euch %!ieR& euch %IhnenR& sie sie ihnen

*ecall (rom Gespr,ch <-; the 3incomplete3 sentence 8nd ,hnen0 %B+nd yo"JB&. :ote that the prono"n agrees in case %here, dati$e& with the implied sentence C 8nd "ie geht es ,hnen0 1he same r"le is e$ident in Gespr,ch ;-; %8nd dir0&. /"ch agreement is important to con$ey the correct meaning. 1ables gi$ing the German personal prono"ns in all cases can be (o"nd in an appendix: Prono"n 1ables.

Douns
:o"ns do not change their (orm %spelling& relati$e to case in German7 instead, a preceding article indicates case. Eo" ha$e learned the nominati$e case de(inite and inde(inite articles %Grammatik G-G: der, die, das and ein, eine. ein& (or each o( the three no"n genders. :ow we will learn the accusati/e %"sed to signal a direct ob5ect& and dati/e %"sed to signal an indirect ob5ect& articles. First, the de(inite articles: /ing"lar Pl"ral

:9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line der Feminine die :e"ter das den die das dem der dem

:9I. +--. D+1. die die die die die die den den den

1his table might seem a bit o$erwhelming %and there is yet one more case in German: the geniti$eT&, b"t some points to note can make memori ing m"ch easier. First, as yo" can see (rom the table, gender does not really exist (or pl"ral no"ns. :o matter what the no"n gender in its sing"lar n"mber, its pl"ral always has the same set o( de(inite articles: die, die, den (or nominati$e, acc"sati$e, and dati$e cases. 1he pl"ral der-words are similar to the (eminine sing"lar der-words, di((ering only in the dati$e case. +nother point: the dati$e (or both masc"line and ne"ter no"ns is the same: dem. Finally, (or (eminine, ne"ter, and pl"ral no"ns, there is no change between nominati$e and acc"sati$e cases. 1h"s, only (or masc"line no"ns is there a de(inite article change in the acc"sati$e compared with the nominati$e. 1he (ollowing examples demonstrate the "se o( the de(inite article in $ario"s parts o( speech: Du hast die Wurst und den K se. Eo" ha$e the sa"sage and the cheese. %acc"sati$e case& Die Gesch *ts$eute /erstehen die 1he b"siness associates "nderstand %nominati$e and acc"sati$e Ar%eit the work. cases& ?'rich ist die gr7(te Stadt. '"rich is the largest city. %nominati$e case& !n the last example, yo" need to know that in both )nglish and German, the no"n %or prono"n& that (ollows the $erb Bto beB is a predicate noun, (or which the correct case is the nominative. 1hat is why, in )nglish, B!t is !B is grammatically correct and B!t is meB is simply incorrect. 1he inde(inite articles are as (ollows: /ing"lar :9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line ein Feminine eine :e"ter ein einen einem eine ein einer einem

9( co"rse, there are no pl"ral inde(inite articles in German or )nglish %ein means 3a3. 3an3, or 3one3&. !t is important to see that there is a pattern in the case endings added to ein related to the der-words in the de(inite articles table abo$e. For example, the dati$e de(inite article (or masc"line no"ns is demCthe inde(inite article is (ormed by adding 6em onto ein to get einem. 1he dati$e de(inite article (or (eminine no"ns is derCthe inde(inite is ein pl"s 6er or einer. 1hese ending changes will be co$ered in greater detail in a ("t"re lesson. Eo" will see that there are a n"mber o( words %ad5ecti$es, (or example& whose (orm relati$e changes by addition o( these endings to signal the case o( the no"n they modi(y. Finally, we can see a pattern relationship between these 3endings3 and the Grd person prono"ns as well: :9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line inde(. article ein eine einen einem ihn eine ihm einer Grd pers. prono"n er

Feminine inde(. article

Grd pers. prono"n sie :e"ter inde(. article ein Grd pers. prono"n es

sie ein es

ihr einem ihm

6e co"ld constr"ct a similar table to compare the de(inite articles to the Grd person prono"ns. +nd in that case, we wo"ld also see how the pl"ral de(inite articles %die, die, den& compare with the third person pl"ral prono"ns %sie, sie, ihnen&.

Grammatik 0I. ( Interrogatives


Eo" ha$e enco"ntered nearly all o( the interrogatives commonly "sed in German %re$iew Grammatik ;-<&:
w!nn w!rum w!s wer wie wie(iel w w hin .hen .h6 .hat .ho ho. ho. !uch .here .here *to+ W!rum sind Sie m/de0 W!s ist d!s0 Wer ist d!s 1dchen0 Wie geht es dir0 Wie(iel 'hr ist es0 W ist d!s Buch0 W hin gehst du0

!n a 2"estion, interrogati$es replace the "nknown ob5ect and establish the class o( answer expected. 6hat do yo" ha$eJ %)xpected is a BthingB& How m"ch work is too Wie/ie$ Ar%eit ist zu /ie$0 %)xpected is a B2"antityB& m"chJ Wann gehst du nach Hause0 6hen do yo" go homeJ %)xpected is a sense o( BtimeB& Wo ist der ?'richsee0 6here is #ake '"richJ %)xpected is a BplaceB& :ote that the )nglish constr"ction (or some o( the 2"estions di((ers (rom the German in that the (ormer "ses the progressi$e (orm o( 3do3. Was ha%en Sie0

Sberset-ung 0I$
1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German: ;. 1hey ha$e a good $iew o( the +lps. <. #ake '"rich is $ery bea"ti("l. +ntworten F

Section 8$%# & Salzburg Austria

/evie +%&$

Wiederholung
#esson D is a re$iew %Wiederho$ung& lesson to s"mmari e the German lang"age lessons presented in #essons ; thro"gh @. Eo" sho"ld, then, ret"rn to #ektion ; and re$iew %that is, reread& each o( the (o"r lessons back "p to this point. For a more ad$anced co"rse, yo" might now incorporate each o( the ad$anced lessons into this 3re$iew3 process. 1hat is: re$iew #esson ;, then do #esson ;+, re$iew #esson <, then do #esson <+, etc.

Parts of !peech and Word "rder


/entences are composed o( parts that per(orm speci(ic ("nctions. Eo" ha$e been introd"ced to most %b"t not all& the ma5or parts o( speech: prono"ns/no"ns, $erbs, and ad5ecti$es7 and how these are expressed in German compared with )nglish. -onsider the (ollowing: 9ch brauche Wurst und ,se ! %prono"n as s"b5ect& need %$erb& sa"sage and cheese %no"ns as direct ob5ects& 7aben sie zu 2iel Arbeit: Ha$e %$erb& they %prono"n s"b5ect& too m"ch %ad5ecti$es& work %no"n direct ob5ect&J 6ord order in a simple sentence (ollows that "sed in )nglish. /"b5ect and $erb are re$ersed to (orm a 2"estion. !n )nglish, b"t not in German, the 2"estion sentence co"ld also be stated %and, in (act, occ"rs more o(ten in the 0/& as BDo they ha$e too m"ch workJB

Douns
:o"ns are words that typically occ"r in sentences as either s"b5ects %per(ormers o( some action& or ob5ects %recipients o( some action&. Iost no"ns are the name o( either a 3person, place, or thing3 and, in German, are always capitali ed. )$ery no"n in German has an 3assigned3 gender %masc"line, (eminine, ne"ter&, and we learn each no"n with its nominati$e case, de(inite article %der, die, das, respecti$ely& in order to also learn that gender. 1h"s, a Vo!a%e$n section (or no"ns is presented th"sly:
der die der das 1nhan&, die 1nhn&e (r0cke Freund, die Freunde Gesprch, die Gesprche appendiH, appendices *sin&ular and plural+ rid&e %riend, %riends *sin&ular and plural+ conversation, conversations

die Gra!matik die Dektion die #trae

&ra!!ar lesson street

*note irre&ular stress+ *note irre&ular stress+

Section 8$%8 & 6-rich S"itzerland

Lesson +%&2 ' 5ie Wohnung

GesprQch 3I$ ( Ein Eruder besucht Barkus


Iark"s st"diert 4iologie an der 0ni$ersit,t. )r bes"cht die .orles"ngen "nd dann geht er nach Ha"se. )r wohnt nicht bei seinen )ltern7 er mietet sich eine kleine 6ohn"ng. /ie hat n"r drei 'immer. Gegen +bend eigt er sie seinem 4r"der. Mar!us: Aarl. HereinT Kar$: 1ag, Iark"sT I"tti gr8St dich. Aarl sieht sich "m. Kar$: Iir ge(,llt deine 6ohn"ng. Mar!us: Danke. /ie hat drei 'immer. )s gibt eine A8che, ein 6ohn immer, "nd ein /chla( immer. Kar$: !ch habe sie gernT

Mar!us:

1his incomplete story and con$ersation introd"ces terms (or items aro"nd the ho"se %or apartment&.

Vokabeln 3I$
der die die das die die das das (ruder Eltern >0che #chla%zi!!er 3orlesun& Wohnun& Wohnzi!!er 9i!!er, die 9i!!er rother parents kitchen edroo! class, instruction apart!ent, %lat livin& roo! roo!*s+ there is to.ards evenin& like 5o!e in! look around sho. visit, attend &reet rent his

*at a universit6+

es &i t &e&en 1 end &ern ha en Herein! sich u!sehen zei&en esuchen &r0en !ieten sein

*i.e., ;to

&ladl6 have;+

*classes+

*a possesive ad'ective+

Grammatik 3%$ ( Introduction to verb conFugations


!n German, e$ery grammatical person has, or potentially has, its own "ni2"e $erb (orm. Describing the $ario"s $erb (orms is called verb conFugation. 1his $ariation in $erb (orm is certainly one o( the things that makes German grammar somewhat di((ic"lt (or )nglish speakers to learn. !n )nglish, only the Grd person sing"lar might di((er (rom the $erb (orm "sed with all o( the other persons %see Grammatik ;-G& and that di((erence is made by adding an ending o( BsB or BesB. For example: !/yo"/we/they BgoB, b"t he/she/it BgoesB. #et "s ha$e a closer look at German $erbs. 0s"ally, the in(initi$e (orm o( a $erb in German ends with 1enC(or examples, consider these $erbs yo" ha$e already learned: gehen %BgoB&, ha%en %Bha$eB&, and studieren %Bst"dyB&. !n order to 3b"ild3 the di((erent $erb (orms %that is, con5"gate a $erb&, (irst c"t o(( the B-enB ending (rom the in(initi$e. 1hen append a new ending according to the grammatical person. For regular verbs it works essentially as (ollows: pronoun verb ich d" wir ihr gehe gehst in )nglish: ! yo" go go go

er/sie/es geht geht

he/she/it goes yo" %pl.& go

gehen we

sie gehen they go +s yo" see in this example "sing the $erb gehen, the sing"lar ;st person ends with 1e, the <nd person with 1st and Grd person %no matter what gender& ends with 1t. +s (or the pl"ral (orms, note that ;st and Grd person in pl"ral number %see Grammatik ;-G& are b"ilt the same way as the in(initi$e. +gain note that, in )nglish, only the $erb (orm (or the Grd person sing"lar is 3"ni2"e3. +n easy way to remeber the reg"lar $erb endings is the (ollowing mnemonic 3Elephants standing together en5oy tr"mpeting endlessly3. /eems simple eno"gh. Howe$er, reali e we are disc"ssing here only the reg"lar $erb (orms in the present tense %@r sens&. Eo" will learn 2"ite soon that, "n(ort"naly, there are many exceptions (rom these simple r"les. +n important one is the irregular verb sein %Bto beB& which is irreg"lar in )nglish as well %! am, yo" are, he is....&. pronoun verb in )nglish: ich d" wir ihr bin bist sind seid ! yo" he/she/it we am are is are

er/sie/es ist

yo" %pl"ral& are

sie sind they are +t least ;st and Grd person pl"ral are the same. +nother important $erb is ha%en %Bto ha$eB&:

pronoun verb ich d" wir ihr habe hast haben habt

in )nglish: ! yo" he/she/it we ha$e ha$e has ha$e

er/sie/es hat

yo" %pl"ral& ha$e

sie haben they ha$e Eo" see, itBs not too irreg"larConly the <nd and Grd person sing"lar constit"te a small exception since the BbB has $anished. )nglish is somewhat c"rio"s in this respect as well: B! ha$eB, b"t Bhe hasB. F"t"re lessons will introd"ce yo" to the many irregular $erbs in German. 4"t yo" sho"ld now recogni e what is happening to the $erbs in German sentences. 1hey are re(lecting the person and n"mber o( their nominati$e case s"b5ects. *ecall these sentences (rom past lessons %$erbs "nderlined here&:
2!nke, es geht mir gut gehen+ *ch h!.e (iel 3r.eit *st er zu Besuch0 2u .ist ein Schwein4 Wie hei-en Sie0 pronoun is %or!al+ Wir spielen eine Stunde l!ng4 Sie liegt !m 3us%luss des Z/richsees" is liegen+ :hanks, it &oes .ell .ith !e *ver is I have !uch .ork *ver is h!.en+ Is he visitin&? *ver is sein+ ?ou are a pi&! *ver is sein+ What are 6ou called? *ver is hei-en, and We pla6 %or one hour! *ver is spielen+ It lies at the outlet o% Dake 9urich *ver

Grammatik 2%+ ( #ase in German nouns


1hro"gh o"r disc"ssions on the personal prono"ns, yo" ha$e learned how prono"ns ha$e case. :o"ns also ha$e caseCand in German, no"n case can be expressed by the de(inite article %der&. *ecall this table (rom #ektion G: der masc"line

die (eminine das ne"ter 1hese der-words re(lect no"n gender in the nominati$e caseCappropriate whene$er a no"n is "sed as the s"b5ect o( a sentence. For other cases, the der words change. )xpanding the table to present nominati$e %:9I.&, acc"sati$e %+--.&, dati$e %D+1.&, and geniti$e %G):.& cases: D"B% A##% 5AT% GED% der die den die dem der des der masc"line (eminine

das die

das die

dem den

des der

ne"ter plural

:ote, there are also der-word (orms to be "sed (or pl"ral no"ns. Fort"nately, these are the same, no matter what the gender o( the sing"lar no"n. For ("t"re re(erence, yo" can (ind the der-words s"mmari ed in +nh,nge Drei. 1he (ollowing examples demonstrate the "se o( the de(initi$e article in $ario"s parts o( speech:
2u h!st die Wurst und den ,se" 2ie Gesch%tsleute (erstehen die 3r.eit .ork. Sie liegt !m 3us%luss des Z/richsees" 9urich. ?ou have the sausa&e and the cheese. *accusative case+ :he usiness associates understand the *no!inative and accusative cases+ It lies at the outlet o% *the+ Dake

*&enitive case+ Z/rich ist die gr-te St!dt der Schweiz" 9urich is the lar&est cit6 in *o% the+ #.itzerland. *no!inative and &enitive cases+

!n the last example, remember that in both )nglish and German, the no"n %or prono"n& that (ollows the $erb Bto beB is a predicate no"n, (or which the correct case is the nominative. 1hat is why, in )nglish, B!t is !B is grammatically correct and B!t is meB is incorrect. /o consider the (ollowing %and note that case o( each de(inite article is the same as in the last example abo$e&:
Z/rich ist der ,!nt n der gleichn!migen St!dt" na!ed cit6. 9urich is the canton o% the sa!e

Grammatik 3%. ( #ommands


5u% sie !n, .itte4 or 5u% sie .itte !n4 Gehen Sie n!ch H!use4 , mmt mit4 Gi. es mir4 5all her, please. Go ho!e *%or!al+. 5o!e .ith *plural+! Give !e it!

:otice that in these sentences there are no s"b5ects %except (or Q<&. !n German, as in )nglish, there is a commandati/e *orm, a way to demand something "sing an "nderstood yo". !n )nglish, there is only one yo"-(orm and one command (orm. !n German, since there are three yo"Bs, there are three ways to command. !( the s"b5ect is sing"lar %du&, then the $erb has no ending. !( it is irreg"lar, it takes the d"-(orm, s"ch as in essen %!ssT& or lesen %#iesT&. !( there is a pl"ral s"b5ect %ihr&, then the $erb takes the ihr-(orm. :othing else is changed. Iost o( the time, ihr-commands are "sed with children, b"t that is not always the case. !n both o( these sentences, the d" or ihr is omitted. Formal is normal. 1he Sie stays %a(ter the $erb& and the $erb is in its (ormal (orm. +ltho"gh it is worded like a 2"estion, in written or spoken (orm, it is easy to tell the di((erence.

Section 8$%8 & 6-rich S"itzerland

Lesson +%&3 ' Bathematik

Lernen 4 ( 9Qhlen von $. bis $&&


9nce yo" ha$e memori ed the n"mbers (rom ; to ;< %see #ernen G&, co"nting higher in German becomes $ery m"ch like co"nting in )nglish. From ;G to ;O, add 6zehn %;=7 3-teen3 in )nglish& a(ter the cardinal n"mber root: ;G a dreizehn %irreg"lar in )nglish: BthirteenB& ;@ a /ierzehn ;D a *'n*zehn ;H a sechzehn %note that the BsB in sechs is dropped& ;N a sie%zehn %note that the BenB in sie%en is dropped& ;[ a achtzehn ;O a neunzehn +bo$e ;O the co"nting system is constant: add 6zig %3-ty3 in )nglish& to the cardinal root. 1h"s, we get: <= a z"anzig <; a einundz"anzig %note: Bone-and-twentyB& << a z"eiundz"anzig %note: Btwo-and-twentyB& +nd the same (or G=, @=, D=....etc. G= a drei(ig %this is an exception to the - ig *"le& @= a /ierzig D= a *'n*zig H= a sechzig N= a sie%zig [= a achtzig O= a neunzig ;== a hundert /o, combining these, we get: G@ a /ierunddrei(ig %note: B(o"r-and-thirtyB& ;@G a hundertdreiund/ierzig %note: Bh"ndred-three-and-(ortyB& ;N= a hundertsie%zig ;OO a hundertneunundneunzig !t wo"ld be excellent practice towards learning these n"mbers by co"nting %in German, o( co"rse& (rom ; to ;OOCor co"nting along any contin"o"s se2"ence that comes to mind. For example, start with yo"r age and co"nt to D= %co"nt down i( appropriate&.

Grammatik 4I$ ( Bath #alculations


1he (ollowing table presents the symbols "sed (or basic mathematics.

> p$us I
minus

T ma$ U getei$t3di/idiert durch V ist g$eich W ist gr7(er a$s X ist !$einer a$s .Y drei hoch z"ei
6e can "se these symbols to ask and answer simple problems in mathematics. /ome o( the examples that (ollow incl"de (irst a 2"estion %Frage& and then the answer %Ant"ort&:
Wie(iel ist sechs und sie.en0 Ho. !uch is U and V? Sechs und sie.en ist dreizehn U and V is @C Wie(iel ist %/n%zig plus !chtzehn0 Ho. !uch is KQ W @L? &/n%zig plus !chtzehn ist gleich !chtundsechzig KQ W @L T UL Wie(iel ist sie.zig minus zehn0 Ho. !uch is VQ ) @Q? Sie.zig minus zehn ist gleich sechzig VQ ) @Q T UQ Wie(iel ist neun durch drei0 Ho. !uch is F divided 6 C? Neun durch drei ist gleich drei F X C T C &un% ist gr-er !ls zwei K Y A 3cht ist kleiner !ls sie.zehn L Z @V

Vokabeln 4I$
-o"nting to ;OO is also incl"ded in the $ocab"lary (or Le!tion M.
die 1nt.ort die Fra&e ans.er Nuestion

&eteiltGdividiert durch over [!ath\ &r-er als &reater than kleiner als s!aller than &eteiltGdividiert &leich hoch !al !inus plus .ieviel? divided, %orked, split eNual, sa!e, even tall, to the po.er o% [!ath\ ti!es [!ath\ !inus plus ho. !uch?

Section 8$%8 & 6-rich S"itzerland

Lesson +%&4 ' BeinG 5einG und !ein

Grammatik 6I$ ( #olors


yellow: gelb bl"e: bla" red: rot black: schwar white: weiS orange: orange pink: pink $iolet: lila cyan: t8rkis brown: bra"n grey: gra" light-grey: hellgra" dark-grey: d"nkelgra"

Grammatik 6I+ ( Possessive AdFectivesG PronounsG and the Genitive #ase


*ecall the (ollowing (rom Gespr,ch G-;: Aarl: Ja. 8nd danach %ringst du mich au* deinem Motorrad zu meiner Wohnung. 6hich translates: -arl: BEes. +nd a(ter that take me on yo"r motorcycle to my apartmentB. 1he sentence demonstrates two o( the possessive adFectives. 1hese are %sing"lar& BmyB, Byo"rB, and Bhis/her/itsB in )nglish and mein, dein, and sein3ihr3sein in German. :ote that beca"se these are ad5ecti$es, the word ending m"st re(lect the case and gender o( the no"n being modi(ied %see Grammatik @-; abo$e&. !n German, the genitive case correspond to the )nglish possessi$e case or to the ob5ecti$e case proceeded by o* to denote possession. !( the possessi$e is not (ollowed by a no"n, it becomes a possessi$e prono"n. !n general, possessi$e prono"ns are rather rarely "sed in German %see Prono"n 1ables&. :9I. +--. D+1. P9//. +D?.

!, me yo" he, him she, her it we, "s yo" %all& they, them

ich du er sie es "ir ihr sie

mich dich ihn sie es uns euch sie Sie

mir dir ihm ihr ihm uns euch

mein dein sein ihr sein unser eurer

ihnen ihr ,hnen Ihr

yo" %(ormal& Sie

1he pattern in the case endings o( the possessi$e ad5ecti$es is that seen in #ektion @ (or the word ein. 6e can generali e these endings as in the (ollowing table, where we can express pl"ral endings beca"se other so-called ein-words do ha$e pl"rals: ;in-gro"p )ndings :9I. +--. D+1. Iasc"line II Feminine IIe :e"ter Pl"ral II IIe IIen IIe II IIe IIem IIer IIem IIen

1he small gro"p o( words that take these endings %in addition to ein& incl"des the possessi$e ad5ecti$es and !ein %3not any3 or 3no3 in the sense o( none&.

Section 8$%8 & 6-rich S"itzerland

Lesson +%&6 ' Einkaufen gehen

Lernen 7 ( 5ie 1leidungsstAcke =articles of clothing?


Ger!an die (luse der G0rtel das He!d das >leid die Hose der Hut die >leidun& die /eans die "0tzeGHau e der 4ullover der 8ock der #chuh die #horts die #ocke der #tie%el das :)#hirt En&lish louse elt shirt dress pants hat clothes *casual+ 'eans cap pullover skirt shoe shorts sock oot :)shirt Ger!an plural die (lusen die G0rtel die He!den die >leider die Hosen die H0te die >leidun&sst0cke die /eans die "0tzen die 4ullis, die 4ullover die 8-cke die #chuhe die #horts die #ocken die #tie%el die :)#hirts

GesprQche 7I$ ( 1atrin macht Eesorgungen


Aatrin macht 4esorg"ngenCbesonders s"cht sie ne"e /ch"he. /ie geht in das )inka"(s entr"m.

Katrin: )ntsch"ldigen /ie. !ch bra"che /ch"he. 6o sind sieJ Ver! u*er: 6ir haben $iele /ch"he. 6elche Farbe mLchten /ieJ Katrin: )in Paar /ch"he in 6eiS, bitte. Ver! u*er: Da dr8ben. Ver! u*er: Passen sieJ Katrin: :ein, sie sind " klein. Ver! u*er: ILchten /ie diese /ch"heJ /ie sind grLSer. Katrin: ?a, danke. Aatrin probiert die /ch"he an. /ie passen prima. Ver! u*er: /ie kosten ne"n"nddreiSig )"ro ne"n ehn. Katrin: Die /ch"he sind billig. Dann ka"(e ich sie.

Aatrin probiert ein Paar /ch"he an.


Vokabeln 7I$
!ncl"ded in this $ocab"lary lesson are the German no"ns (or $ario"s articles o( clothing %Lernen H abo$e&.
die das der die die das der der (esor&un&en Einkau%szentru! Euro Far e >la!otten 4aar 4reis 3erku%er errands shoppin& !all ]uro color &ear, stu%% *thin&s+ pair, couple price sales clerk, sales assistant ] CF.@F tr6 on need u6 cost .ould like %it [clothin&\ seek, look %or especiall6 cheap topnotch, super .hich

neununddreii& Euro neunzehn anpro ieren rauchen kau%en kosten !-&en passen suchen esonders illi& pri!a .elche

+I+ !hoppingIrelated Verbs


1here are a lot o( $erbs that ha$e to do with shopping (or clothes. 1he most prominent are listed below. an-iehen I to put on =clothes? aussehen I to appear nehmen I to take ollen I to ant =some hat impolite? 1hese $erbs are "sed o(ten, so it is necessary to learn them. +mong them are separable $erbs, irreg"lar $erbs, and modals.

/eparable .erbs
+nprobieren, a"ssehen and an iehen are separa%$e /er%s. !t is easy to see this, as they each ha$e a pre(ix o( Ba"sB or BanB. 6hen "sing the $erb as the main $erb o( a sentence, separate the pre(ix and p"t it at the end o( the sentence. 6hen the $erb is in in(initi$e (orm, lea$e it 5"st as yo" see it.

!rreg"lar .erbs
+"sehen and nehmen are the two irreg"lar $erbs on this list. 4oth experience a change in the (irst BeB in the d"-(orm and er/sie/es-(orm. D" siehst ... a"s "nd er/sie/es sieht ... a"s. D" nimmst "nd er/sie/es nimmt.

Iodals

ILchten and wollen are the two modals introd"ced here. Iodals are similar to the helping $erbs in )nglish and ca"se the other $erb to go to the end in the in(initi$e (orm. 1hey also ha$e a strange con5"gation. ILchten changes in er/sie/es (orm to mLchte %the same as the ich-(orm&. !n (act all modals ha$e the same er/sie/es-(orm and ich-(orm. 6ollen is like most other modals: it has a di((erent $owel in sing"lar and pl"ral, except when "sing (ormal yo". !ch will %not to be con("sed with ("t"re tense&, d" willst, er/sie/es will, wir wollen, ihr wollt, "nd sie//ie wollen. +ll o( this $erb con5"gation and more can be (o"nd in *e(erence 1able !!.

. Accusative #ase
Eo" ha$e already learned the prono"ns and articles in the nominati/e case. :ow it is time (or the accusati/e case.

.I$ E<ample !tory +


Eo" now need more clothes. Eo" dri$e to a mall and go to the clothing department store. D" s"chst wei ?eans, drei Hemden "nd einen G8rtel. D" siehst die ?eans "nd nimmst wei. D" ka"(st 5et t n"r die Hemden "nd den G8rtel. .)*AU0F)*!:: Die G8rtel sind da. D0: Haben /ie a"ch G8rtel in 4ra"nJ .)*AU0F)*!:: ?a, da hinten. D" nimmst den G8rtel in 4ra"n, aber er ist billig. D" ka"(st wei. .)*AU0F)*!:: :och etwasJ D0: ?a, ich bra"che drei Hemden. .)*AU0F)*!:: Hemden haben wir. /ie sind hier. D" nimmst ein Hemd in 4la", "nd wei in *ot. D" probierst die Hemden, die ?eans, "nd die G8rtel an. +lles passt. D0: 6as kosten diese AlamottenJ .)*AU0F)*!:: 'wei ?eans, drei Hemden, "nd wei G8rtel kosten (8n("ndsech ig )"ro. Eo" gi$e the clerk the money and take the clothing home.

.I+ Accusative #ase Articles


*emember that in the nominiti$e case, the articles are der2 die2 das2 and die, listed in IF:P %masc"line, (eminine, ne"ter, and pl"ral& order. 6ell, in the acc"sati$e case, only the masc"line (orm changes to den. +n easy memory hook is 3Der goes to den and the rest stay the same.3 1he ein-(orms "ndergo the same change. Iasc"line 3ein3 goes to 3einen3 and the rest stay the same. :om. +cc. :om. Iasc. der den ein +cc. einen

Fem. die :e"t. das Pl"r. die

die das die

eine ein

eine ein

does not e:ist does not e:ist

.I. Prices
1wo easy words describe prices. billig I cheap teuer I e<pensive 1hese ad5ecti$es are applied to the prod"cts yo" b"y, ne$er to the word 3Preis3. +nyway, yo" rather say 3Das ist billig/te"er.3 %meaning the prod"ct yo" b"y& than 3Der Preis ist niedrig/hoch.3

.I0 A 55/ Poke


!n einem Aa"(ha"s in der DD* (ragt ein A"nde: 3Haben sie keine 0nterhosenJ3. Die .erk,"(erin antwortet: 3:ein, wir haben keine 4adehosen. !m weiten /tock haben wir keine 0nterhosenT3
%ra&en to ask 228 2eutsche 2e!okratische 8epu lik *Ger!an 2e!ocratic 8epu lic, lon& since reunited .ith the (82+ >au%haus ver6 i& shop >unde client Enterhosen underpants (adehosen s.i!!in& trunks I! z.eiten #tock on the second %loor

Section 8$%8 & 6-rich S"itzerland

/evie +%&+

Wiederholung
#esson ;= is a re$iew %Wiederho$ung& lesson to s"mmari e the German lang"age lessons presented in #essons H thro"gh O. Eo" sho"ld, as well, ret"rn to #ektion H and re$iew %that is, completely reread& each o( the (o"r lessons back "p to this point. For a more ad$anced co"rse, yo" sho"ld now incorporate each o( the ad$anced lessons into this 3re$iew3 process. 1hat is: re$iew #esson H, then do #esson H+, re$iew #esson N, then do #esson N+, etc. !( the ad$anced lessons ha$e already been completed, then now re$iew lessons in the order H -F H+ -F N -F N+ -F [, etc.

Verb #onFugation
Eo" ha$e learned that there is a relationship between the s"b5ect o( a $erb and the (orm that $erb takes in German. /ome $erbs (ollow a predictable reg"lar pattern, while others are less predictable %irreg"lar $erbs&.
ver : pronoun (asic%or! ich du erGsieGes .ir ihr sie #ie *%or!al+ knnen *can+ gehen *&o+ ver I *irre&.+ ver II k-nnen &ehen kann &ehe kannst &ehst kann &eht k-nnen &ehen k-nnt &eht k-nnen &ehen k-nnen &ehen sein *to e+ ver III *irre&ular+ sein in ist ist sind seid sind sind

+s yo" can see, any $erb "ses the same declination (or wir, sie and /ie. +lso, er/sie/es "ses the same declination (or all three genders.

Section 8$%5 & 7anno2er German!

Lesson +%&7 ' Verbtempus und Wortstellung

Ein Treffen in :annover =WIP?


%DonBt be too a(raid, its lotBs o( text b"t little grammarT& Aat5a hat sich mit einem Fre"nd, Iark"s, $erabredet, den sie im -hat kennengelernt hat. /ie hat ein Foto $on ihm gesehen, "nd $ielleicht ge(,llt er ihr 5a. +m 3ArLpcke3, der grLSten 0-4ahnstation in Hanno$er, steigt sie a"s der 0-4ahn. 1,glich betreten H"nderte $on Ienschen diese /tation, /ch8ler, /t"denten, +ngestellte "nd *entner. /ie ist <<, st"diert seit < ?ahren 1iermedi in in Hanno$er, "nd ist im Ioment ledig. /ie geht a"( die *olltreppe, betritt die /t"(en, "nd (,hrt wei /tockwerke nach oben. 6,hrenddessen scha"t sie nach "nten. !hre 0-4ahn hat die /tation $erlassen. )ine andere 0-4ahn hat bereits gehalten, "nd die Fahrg,ste sind a"(gestanden "nd a"sgestiegen. /ie kommt a"( der weiten )bene an "nd geht weiter, *icht"ng /onnenlicht, in die Pasarelle. Die Pasarelle (8hrt *icht"ng Ha"ptbahnho(, "nd links "nd rechts locken die /cha"(enster der Gesch,(te. :ach einer 6eile hat sie die *olltreppe erreicht, die "m Ha"ptbahnho( (8hrt. :"n sieht sie in $oller 4reite den Ha"ptbahnho( $on Hanno$er, "nd da$or einen /ockel mit einer /tat"e $on einem P(erd mit *eiter. Dort hat Iark"s schon (8n( Iin"ten gewartet "nd begr8St sie, be$or sie sich ins )isca(e nebenan set en.

Vokabeln
>at'a "arkus sich vera reden 5hat kennenlernen kennen&elernt das Foto sehen &esehen vielleicht &e%allen er &e%llt ihr >r-pcke E)(ahn die &r-te die #tation ausstei&en t&lich etreten Hunderte diese Fe!ale %irst na!e "ale %irst na!e to !ake a date Internet 5hat to &et to kno. so!eone 4artizip 4er%ekt von kennenlernen 4hoto&raphic 4icture to see 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;sehen; perhaps to please so!eone *.ith dative+ #he likes hi! *he pleases her, literall6+ :he na!e o% Hanover,s i&&est su .a6 station su .a6 &reatest *%e!inine here+ the station &ettin& o%% *a train, invest!ent etc+ dail6 to enter hundreds %e!ale %or! o% ;this;

der #ch0ler, die #ch0ler*pl+ der #tudent der 1n&estellte der 8entner, die 8entner*pl+ studieren i! "o!ent ledi& &ehen 8olltreppe die #tu%e %ahren to.ards+ .hrenddessen schauen ihre verlassen verlassen eine andere ereits der Fahr&ast die Fahr&ste au%stehen au%&estanden aus&estie&en die E ene .eiter&ehen sie &eht .eiter das #onnenlicht die 8ichtun& 8ichtun& #onnenlicht die 4assarelle %0hren Haupt ahnho% cit6 centre+ 8ichtun& Haupt ahnho% links rechts locken curls!!+ das #chau%enster die #chau%enster das Gesch%t die Gesch%te der Gesch%te nach einer Weile erreichen erreicht die zu! Haupt ahnho% %0hrt

;pupil; * ritish en&l.+ student 5lerk pensioner to stud6 currentl6 a person not havin& a partner to &o escalator stair to drive *o%ten specializin& %ro! en&l. to travel ;durin& this; look her *%or! %or %e!ale posessions o% a %e!ale person+ to leave 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;verlassen; another *%e!inine o 'ect+ alread6 passen&er passen&ers *pl+ to stand up 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;au%stehen; 4artizip 4er%ekt von ;ausstei&en; levelGplateau to &o on she &oes on sunli&ht direction to.ards sunli&ht passa&e .a6 lead central station *in !ost Ger!an cities this is in the in direction o% the central station le%t ri&ht te!pt *not to con%use .ith ;die Docken; T locks, displa6 .indo. plural o% ;das #chau%enster; the shop the shops o% the shops 1%ter a .hile reach 4artizip 4er%ekt von erreichen that leads to the central station

Word "rder
!n$erted word order occ"rs "nder se$eral circ"mstances, among which are:

!nterrogati$es 1ime )xpressions /"bordinating -on5"nctions

For interrogati$es, a simple statement, 3D" hast das 4"ch.3 becomes 3Hast d" das 4"chJ3 when con$erting it to a 2"estion. 1he method is simply switching the $erb and s"b5ect o( the sentence. 1ime expressions, s"ch as 3:ach der /ch"le3 pre(acing a sentence ca"se in$erted word order. 1he (orm"la is 31ime )xpression3, 3.erb3, 3/"b5ect3 and 3*est o( sentence.3 Practically applied, 3)$ery day, ! go to school3 becomes 3?eden 1ag gehe ich "r /ch"le.3 /"bordinating con5"ctions connect a dependent cla"se to an independent cla"se. /ome s"bordinating con5"ctions are: dass %that&, o%"oh$ %altho"gh&, seit %since&, "ei$ %beca"se&, and "enn %i(, when&. 1he (orm"la (or a dependent cla"se is 3s"bordinating con5"nction3 3s"b5ect3 3rest o( cla"se3 3$erb3 and is o((set (rom the independent cla"se by a comma. Here are some examples %the dependent cla"se is "nderlined&:
Ich kann das (uch nicht kau%en, .eil ich kein Geld ha e. Ich kau%e das (uch %0r dich, da du kein Geld hast. Wenn unsere Eltern uns esuchen, schenken sie uns Geschenke. * c!n6t .u7 the . k .ec!use * h!(e n m ne7" * !m .u7ing the . k % r 7 u, !s 7 u h!(e n m ne7" When ur p!rents (isit us, the7 gi(e us presents"

Section 8$%5 & 7anno2er German!

Lesson +%$& ' Kndeveloped

<nde2eloped

Section 8$%5 & 7anno2er German!

Lesson +%$$ ' Kndeveloped

<nde2eloped

Section 8$%5 & 7anno2er German!

Lesson +%$+ ' Kndeveloped

<nde2eloped

Section 8$%5 & 7anno2er German!

/evie +%&.

<nde2eloped

Section 8$%5 & 7anno2er German!

Lesson +%$& ' Kndeveloped

German Level Three Lessons 6"ischenlektionen An Intermediate Course in German

Level Three #ontents


!ection .%&$ ( Bonn German!

Lesson .%&$ ' Barkus studiert ( + short story, personal prono"ns, incomplete sentences. Lesson .%&+ ' GesprQche unter GeschQftsmQnnern ( Polite con$ersation, word roots, personal prono"ns in the nominati$e case, some German/)nglish $erb (orms. Lesson .%&. ' Bach dir keine !orgen; ( Gender o( ordinals, details o( telling time.

!ection .%&+ (9nnsbruck Austria

Lesson .%&0 ' 5ie GeschQftsleute ( Personal prono"ns in the acc"sati$e case, personal prono"ns in the dati$e case. Lesson .%&2 ' 5er EnglQnder in Zsterreich ( Personal prono"ns in the geniti$e case. Lesson .%&3 ' Kndeveloped Title ( 0nde$eloped

!ection .%&. ( Ba2aria German!


Lesson .%&4 ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson .%&6 ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped Lesson .%&7 ' Kndeveloped ( 0nde$eloped

Section 5$%# & Bonn German!

Lesson .%&$ ' Barkus studiert

Geschichte D6K N Mar!us studiert Iark"s ist in der 0ni$ersit,t. )r trinkt dort einen Aa((ee "nd isst ein 4rLtchen. Danach geht er in die 4ibliothek. )r s"cht ein 4"ch 8ber 4iochemie. )r holt das 4"ch a"s dem *egal "nd set t sich an einen 1isch. :ach einer /t"nde geht er in den Ho( "nd ra"cht eine 'igarette. Danach geht er an den 1isch "r8ck. )r denkt: 36enigstens eine /t"nde...3 "nd stellt das 4"ch wieder in das *egal.
1his short story %Geschichte& is told in the Grd person %see Grammatik ;-G&. :ote how this is apparent (rom both the prono"n %#r or 3he3& and $erb (orms.

Vokabeln $I.
die (i liothe# die (ioche!ie das (r-tchen das (uch der Fort&eschrittene die Fort&eschrittenen die Geschichte der Ho% der >a%%ee die #tunde der :isch das 8e&al die 9i&arette denken essen holen rauchen sich setzen stellen suchen trinken aus danach dort in nach 0 er li rar6 ioche!istr6 roll, iscuit ook advancer advancers *pl.+ stor6 court6ard< also court co%%ee hour ta le shel% ci&arette think eat %etch, &et s!oke *a ci&arette+ sit *onesel%+ do.n place seek, search %or drink out a%ter.ards there in a%ter a out *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er *Er denkt T He thinks+ isst T He eats+ holt T He &etsG%etches+ raucht T He s!okes+ setzt sich T He sits+ stellt T He places+ sucht T He looks %or+ trinkt T He drinks+

.eni&stens .ieder Pron"nciation G"ide FF

at least, at an6 rate a&ain

Grammatik $I. ( Personal Pronouns


+s in )nglish, personal pronouns exist in three grammatical persons, each with sing"lar and pl"ral n"mber. !n Gespr,ch ;-; and ;-<, yo" see only the sing"lar $ersions. 1he table here gi$es also the pl"ral %nominati$e case only&: ich du er sie es "ir ihr sie ! yo" he she it we yo" they yo" Sie %formal& a ;st person, sing"lar a <nd person, sing"lar a Grd person m"sc"line, sing"lar a Grd person (eminine, sing"lar a Grd person ne"ter, sing"lar a ;st person, pl"ral a <nd person, pl"ral a Grd person, pl"ral a <nd person, pl"ral and sing"lar, always declined pl"ral

Grammatik $I. ( Incomplete !entences


6hat are we to make o( short, incomplete sentences s"ch as that in Gespr,ch ;-;: B0nd dirJBJ 1his translates as: B+nd (or yo"JB. !n )nglish and German it is not always necessary to express e$ery part o( a sentence, especially in con$ersation where the words le(t o"t are easily "nderstood by both or all parties. 6alk "p to a stranger and say B+nd yo"JB and a possible response is a hostile B9"t o( my (ace, (oolB. 4"t in the con$ersation between Heinrich and Aarl, Heinrich knows that Aarl is really meaning: 8nd "ie geht es dir0, with that part "nderlined le(t o"t o( the con$ersational statement. :ote especially that the prono"n Byo"B retains its caseCits relation to the missing $erb (rom the implied sentenceC distincti$e in German %that is, dir instead o( du& b"t not so in )nglish %the (orm 3yo"3 co$ers both cases&.

Sberset-ung $I+
+ltho"gh these sentences in$ol$e many grammatical concepts that ha$e not been co$ered, each can be written in German by re(erring to the example sentences and $ocab"laries in #essons ; and ;+. 0sing a piece o( paper and pencil, translate each o( these sentences into German: ;. <. G. @. Hello IarkT Do yo" ha$e a cigaretteJ +re yo" st"dying GermanJ -atherine drinks co((ee at a table. 1he st"dents st"dy at the library.

D. H. N. [.

He eats cheese and sa"sage in the co"rtyard. /he looks (or a book abo"t biology. Iark goes back to the 0ni$ersity. Iark remo$es the book (rom the shel( and places it on the table.

+ntworten F

Section 5$%# & Bonn German!

Lesson .%&+ ' GesprQche unter GeschQftsmQnnern

Gespr ch E6K N Katrin geht ein!au*en Aatrin geht einka"(en. /ie bra"cht 6"rst "nd A,se, aber sie (indet $iele leckere #ebensmittel in dem Delikatessengesch,(t. Katrin: Hallo. !ch bra"che A,se. Ver! u*er: !ch habe einen leckeren /chmel k,se. )r heiSt B4rimsenB. Katrin: :ein. !ch s"che Hartk,se. Haben /ie einen B?arlsbergBJ Ver! u*er: :ein. +ber ich habe einen g"ten /chwei erk,se. /ie schmecken ,hnlich. Katrin: 9A. .erka"(en /ie die st8ckweiseJ Ver! u*er: ?a. )in /t8ckJ Katrin: 4itte. 0nd haben /ie 6"rstJ Ver! u*er: ?a gewiss. 6ir haben $iele 6"rstsorten. Katrin: !ch s"che 68rstchen. Ver! u*er: !ch habe B:8rnberger /chweinsw8rsteB. Katrin: Das ist g"t.

Vokabeln +I.
das 2elikatessen&esch%t usiness+ der Hartkse das De ens!ittel, die De ens!ittel der #ch!elzkse die #ch.eins.urst der #ch.eizerkse das #t0ck der 3erku%er das W0rstchen die Wurstsorten (itte $0rn er&er #ch.eins.0rste %inden 2eli, 2elicatessen *d!s Gesch%t T hard cheese %ood, %oods so%t cheese pork sausa&e E!!enthaler cheese, #.iss cheese piece sales clerk s!all sausa&e t6pes o% sausa&e I% 6ou please a t6pe o% s!all, pork sausa&e *pl.+ %ind

heien sch!ecken suchen verkau%en eink!u%en B der +erku%er+ hnlich ein lecker nicht st0ck.eise St/ck+ Pron"nciation G"ide FF

call, na!e taste seek, look %or sell

*co!pare .ith

si!ilar a, an, an6, one tast6, delicious not piece!eal, 6 the piece

*co!pare .ith d!s

Grammatik +I2 ( Word ,ormation


+s in any lang"age, many words in German are constr"cted (rom other smaller words that pro$ide similar meaning, altho"gh the connections can sometimes be obsc"red by the passage o( time. -onstr"ction o( new words (rom word combinations is especially pre$alent with German no"ns, and "nderstanding word roots can there(ore be help("l in learning new words. +s an example, consider the phrase Au* Wiedersehen C the standard translation into )nglish being BGood byeB, altho"gh it means literally B"pon re"nionB %in essence, 3"ntil we meet again3&. 1he no"n, das Wiedersehen, consists o( "ieder, Bonce againB %or Bre-B as a pre(ix&, and sehen or BseeB. 1he no"n die Gesch *ts$eute pro$ides a direct example o( a compo"nded no"n: the (irst part o( each deri$ing (rom das Gesch *t %Bb"sinessB& and the second part (rom die Leute %BpeopleB&. 1he gender o( a compo"nd no"n (ollows the base or last no"n. 1here are other examples in the this lesson, b"t these may not be immediately ob$io"s "nless yo" already ha$e a good command o( German words. Howe$er, yo" sho"ld train yo"rsel( to $iew new words in terms o( the meanings o( their component parts. -onsider all o( the $ario"s words "sed in this lesson to describe types o( cheeses: der Hart! se, der Schme$z! se, der Sch"eizer! se7 or no"ns and $erbs related to b"ying and selling %Kau*en und Ver!au*en&.

Grammatik +I3 ( Personal Pronouns8 nominative case


Here are the personal prono"ns in the nominative case: /ing"lar ;st person ich ! <nd person du %!ieR& yo"

Pl"ral ir ihr %!ieR& we yo"

Grd person erG sieG es he, she, it sie %all genders& they
Polite (orm.

1he nominati$e case is that o( the s"b5ect o( a $erb. 1he prono"n subFect o( these sentences is "nderlined in the German and the )nglish: #s geht mir gut. !t goes well %(or& me.

1hat ! can "nderstand. Eo" are a pigT +nd can yo" tell %to& 8nd !7nnen Sie mir sagen...0 me...J 1his last sentence is an example (rom Gespr,ch <-G "sing the polite form o( Byo"B. 6hether sing"lar or pl"ral m"st be established by context. 1his next sentence translates with sie as BtheyB: 8nd !7nnen sie mir sagen...0 +nd can they tell me...J

Das !ann ich /erstehen. Du %ist ein Sch"ein&

+nd this one, with sie as BsheB: 8nd !ann sie mir sagen...0 +nd can she tell me...J as e$idenced by the (orm taken by the $erb BcanB %!7nnen&. 9ther "ses o( the nominati$e case in German will be explored in ("t"re lessons. 1ables o( the prono"ns in all cases are s"mmari ed in the grammar appendix: Prono"n 1ables. D"TE: +n intransiti$e $erb cannot be (ollowed by an ob5ect in )nglish or German. + prono"n (ollowing an intransiti$e $erb s"ch as Bto beB is called a predicate prono"n and sho"ld be in the nominati$e case. !n )nglish B!t is !B is correct7 B!t is meB is incorrect.

Grammatik +I4 ( Bore on verb forms


?"st as )nglish sometimes adds the $erb 3to be3, (orming the progressi$e, note also in Grammatik <-< %in both 2"estion sentence examples& that )nglish also may insert the $erb Bto doB %called the emphatic (orm&, especially "se("l when (orming a 2"estion. 1his is not done in German: becomes in Do yo" ha$e too m"ch %:otice polite (orm o( Byo"B )nglish: . workJ here& becomes in Hast du 1ede Wurst0 Do yo" ha$e any sa"sageJ )nglish: Hat He$ena zehn becomes in Does Helena ha$e ten Finger0 )nglish: (ingersJ +gain, in the present tense, the )nglish sentences: B! write a letter.B B! am writing a letter.B B! do write a letter.B are all, in German: ,ch schrei%e den Brie*. Ha%en Sie zu /ie$ Ar%eit0

Vokabeln +I0
der (rie% das Einkau%en der Fin&er, die Fin&er das >au%en pre%erred+ das #ch.ein das 3erkau%en letter shoppin& %in&er, %in&ers u6in& pi& sellin&

*use o% the ver

%or! is

*co!pare .ith die Schweinswurst+

k-nnen schrei en 'ede zehn

can .rite an6 ten

Andere WLrter +A
0sing these additional $ocab"lary words, yo" sho"ld be able to restate GesprQch +I+ abo$e, altering the meaning %or time o( day& o( the con$ersation.
der 1 end Guten 1 end! !or&en %r0h zu .eni& a end a ends %alsch !or&en !or&ens schlecht Pron"nciation G"ide FF evenin& Good Evenin& *&reetin&+ to!orro. !ornin& too little evenin& evenin&s %alse, .ron& to!orro. in the !ornin& ad

Sberset-ung +I+
6rite these sentences in German. Pay attention to the additional words presented in Andere W7rter EA: ;. Good e$ening -atherine.6here are yo" goingJ <. !Bm looking (or a good /wiss cheese. G. 1hat is wrongT 1oo little is too little. +ntworten F

Section 5$%# & Bonn German!

Lesson .%&. ' Bach dir keine !orgen;

Gespr ch K6K N Mach dir !eine Sorgen& 4eim 4allspielen macht Aarl sich /orgen "m die 0hr eit.

Kar$: 6ie sp,t ist es 5et tJ Heinrich: )s ist erst halb eins. Kar$: Aannst d" mir bitte sagen, wenn es .iertel $or wei istJ Heinrich: 6ar"mJ Kar$: Dann m"ss ich nach Ha"se gehen. Heinrich: 0nd 5et t ist es schon ein 0hr ein"ndreiSig. Kar$: D" bist komischT Hier, ich kicke dir den 4all ". Heinrich: ?a. Dann kann ich ihn dir "r8ckkicken. Kar$: ?a. 0nd danach bringst d" mich a"( deinem Iotorrad " meiner

6ohn"ng.

Vokabeln .I.
das die das die das die die (allspiel "inute "otorrad #or&e, die #or&en 3iertel Woche Wohnun& all &a!e !inute !otorc6cle pro le!*s+, .orr6*)ies+ Nuarter, one)%ourth .eek apart!ent do not .orr6! &o ho!e kick kick

!ach dir keine #or&en! nach Hause &ehen kicken zur0ckkicken ei! danach dein erst hal 'etzt ko!isch !ein schon

ack, return kick *usuall6, ;at the;+

.hen, .hile a%ter that 6our onl6 hal% no. co!ical, %unn6 !6 alread6

zur0ck .arum

ack .h6

*interro&ative+

Grammatik .I2 ( Dumbers


Gender of "rdinals
9rdinal n"mbers are ad5ecti$es, and there(ore ha$e (orms (or each o( the three genders in German. 1he (orms are deri$ed (rom the (eminine (orm %as introd"ced in the beginning o( #esson G& by adding an BrB %masc"line& or an BsB %ne"ter&. 1h"s: erste %(eminine&, erster %masc"line&, and erstes %ne"ter&. )xamples: > erster Mann %B(irst manB&7 $etzter Mann %Blast manB&7 sie%ter Himme$ %Nth hea$en& > zehnte Frau %Btenth womanB&7 z"eite Woche %Bsecond weekB& > drittes M dchen %Bthird girlB&

Grammatik .I3 ( E<pressions of Time


Idioms used in Telling Time
+s in )nglish, there are a n"mber o( idiomatic phrases associated with gi$ing or telling time. For example, note that the hal( ho"r is gi$en as approaching the next ho"r. 1he German preposition, um, is "sed to mean 3at3 a gi$en time. #s ist ha$% e$*. #r !ommt um sie%en 8hr. !t is hal( past ten %;=:G=&. He is coming at se$en oBclock. /he always comes aro"nd eight Sie !ommt immer unge* hr um acht 8hr. oBclock. Wir essen gegen sie%en 8hr. 6e eat abo"t se$en oBclock. Sie gehen nach Hause au* eine Stunde. 1hey go home (or an ho"r. !t is a 2"arter past nine #s ist /ierte$ zehnD
;1his

idiom %#s ist /ierte$ zehn& is "sed especially in the eastern parts o( Germany, b"t is becoming pop"lar among yo"ng Germans thro"gho"t the -o"ntry.

Periods of the 5ay


1here are a n"mber o( ad$erbial phrases "sed in German to denote time periods d"ring the day. -ommon ones are listed here: am Morgen am Mittag in the morning7 also as morgens< or des Morgans at noon, midday7 also as mittags or des Mittags< in the a(ternoon7 also as nachmittags or des am Nachmittag Nachmittags<

am A%end in the e$ening7 also as a%ends or des A%ends< am )age in the daytime in der Nacht at night gegen A%end towards e$ening gegen Morgen towards morning < Forms like morgens and des Nachmittags wo"ld tend to be "sed to indicate c"stomary or habit"al actions, as in this sense: Morgens spie$e ich. Y !n the morning ! %"s"ally& play. Howe$er, these (orms are not m"ch "sed anymore.

Additional Dotes
1he (irst sentence in Gespr,ch G-G "ses Beim Ba$$spie$en in the sense o( 3d"ring the ball game3 or 3while playing ball3. Beim is a contraction o( %ei dem or 3at the3. Howe$er, das Ba$$spie$ is a no"n that represents an action %3playing with a ball3&, so it is correct to "se %eim in the sense intended here. !t is not the most bea"ti("l way o( saying thisCb"t is correct. 6ith the in(initi$e o( a $erb yo" can "se %eim too: Beim spie$en means 3while playing3. 1his (orm is more common in modern German lang"age.

Vokabeln .I0
der der der der der die der 1 end Hi!!el "itta& "or&en, die "or&en $ach!itta& $acht :a&, die :a&e evenin& heaven noon, noonti!e !ornin&*s+ a%ternoon ni&ht da6*s+ depart *%ro! a trip+ %or *duration+, a%ter to.ards, a out, approHi!atel6 last *at+ a out, approHi!atel6

a reisen au% &e&en letzt*er+ un&e%hr

:ote that morgen does not change in pl"ral7 th"s, Die Morgen Y 3the mornings3. !t is "ncommon to "se it in pl"ral, "nless as a meas"re o( land Vier Morgen Land Y 3(o"r Bmorgens o( land3. For a pl"ral "se o( 3mornings3, it is better to s"bstit"te die Vormittage.

Andere WLrter .A
0sing these additional $ocab"lary words, yo" may be able to restate GesprQch .I. abo$e, altering the meaning %or time o( day& o( the con$ersation.
die Hl%te die 3iertelstunde Pron"nciation G"ide FF hal% Nuarter o% an hour

Sberset-ung .I+
1ranslate the (ollowing sentences into German: ;. ! am always at home in the morning. +ntworten F

Section 5$%8 &9nnsbruck Austria

Lesson .%&0 ' 5ie GeschQftsleute

Gespr ch L6E N Die Gesch *tsm nner Herr /chmidt "nd Herr /tandish, als sie sich am Ha"ptsit endlich begegnen. Fra" 4a"mann ist a"ch da.

Herr Schmidt: G"ten Iorgen, Herr /tandishT Dar( ich mich $orstellen: mein :ame ist /chmidt, ?ohann /chmidt. Herr Standish: )s (re"t mich sehr, /ie kennen " lernen. !ch heiSe Iiles /tandish. Herr Schmidt: !ch gla"be, dass /ie Fra" 4a"mann schon kennen. Herr Standish: ?a, gewiS. 6ie geht es !hnen, Fra" 4a"mannJ Frau Baumann: Danke, es geht mir g"t. Herr Schmidt: .erstehe ich richtig, dass /ie gestern ankamen "nd morgen ins :6iener 48ro reisen m8ssenJ Herr Standish: ?a, am Iontag ("hr ich mit dem /chnell "g d"rch den Urmelkanalt"nnel. 6enn ich meine +rbeit abgeschlossen habe, werde ich am Donnerstag nach '8rich "nd 6ien reisen. Herr Schmidt: /ehr g"t. 4itte sprechen /ie $or )nde der 6oche noch mit Fra" Aa"(mann. Frau Baumann: /ie arbeitet in der Gesch,(tsbibliothek. Herr Schmidt: Das ist richtig. Die 4ibliothek. Herr Standish: !ch werde es so(ort t"n. Herr Schmidt: +lles klar. Frau Baumann: /p,ter werden wir eine .ersamml"ng in der 4"chhalt"ng abhalten. Herr Standish: /ehr g"t. +"( 6iedersehen Fra" 4a"mann. +"( 6iedersehen Herr /chmidt. Herr Schmidt: +"( 6iedersehen.

Vokabeln 0I.
der die die die das der die der der der ^r!elkanaltunnel 1r eit (i liothek (uchhaltun& (0ro 2onnersta& Gesch%ts i liothek "onta& $a!e #chnellzu& 5hunnel *En&land)France channel tunnel+ .ork li rar6 accountin& o%%ice o%%ice :hursda6 co!pan6 * usiness+ li rar6 "onda6 na!e eHpress train

das die das das die das

#ehen 3ersa!!lun& Wien Wiedersehen Woche 90rich

vision !eetin& 3ienna *1ustria+ reunion .eek 9urich lookin& &ood on "onda6 at such ti!e .hen "a6 I... ? It &ives !e pleasure Good !ornin&! certainl6, o% course e%ore the end o% the .eek 3ienna ranch o%%ice hold co!plete arrive ride &ive !eet, !ake acNuaintance !ust travel see, look do, acco!plish introduce .ill .ould please there throu&h, 6 !eans o% %inall6 6esterda6 to, to.ards o% course !6sel% *re%le8i(e+ .ith %ast, Nuick, rapid directl6, %orth.ith a&ain, once a&ain

alles klar a! "onta& dann .enn 2ar% ich... ? Es %reut !ich sehr Guten "or&en! /a, &e.i vor Ende der Woche Wiener (0ro a halten a schlieen anko!!en *ka! an, an&eko!!en+ %ahren &e en kennen lernen !0ssen reisen sehen tun sich vorstellen .erden .0rde itte da durch endlich &estern nach nat0rlich !ich !it schnell so%ort .ieder Pron"nciation G"ide FF

*greeting+

*!u8"+

Grammatik 0I0 ( Personal Pronouns8 Accusative #ase


Here are the personal prono"ns in the accusative case: /ing"lar ;st person mich me <nd person dich %!ieR& yo" Pl"ral uns euch %!ieR& "s yo"

Grd person ihnG sieG es him, her, it sie %all genders& them RPolite (orm. 1he acc"sati$e case is that o( the ob5ect o( a $erb. 9nly transiti$e $erbs take direct ob5ects. 1he prono"n %and no"n in two cases& obFect in each o( these sentences is "nderlined in the German and the )nglish:
,nnen Sie mich (erstehen0 *ch k!nn Sie (erstehen" *ch k!nn sie (erstehen *ch k!nn ihn dir zur/ck kicken4 5an 6ou understand !e? I can understand 6ou. I can understand *her or the!+. I can kick it ack to 6ou!

:ote the order o( the prono"ns in this last sentence. !( the direct ob5ect %here: ihn& is a personal prono"n, it precedes the dati$e %dir&7 i( it were a no"n, the dati$e wo"ld precede it, as in these sentences:
Hier, ich kicke dir den B!ll zu" Here, I kick the all to 6ou. 2!r% ich *hnen meine &reundin ( rstellen0 "a6 I introduce !6 %riend to 6ou?

9ther "ses o( the acc"sati$e case in German will be explored in ("t"re lessons. 1ables o( the personal prono"ns in all cases are s"mmari ed in Prono"n 1ables.

Grammatik 0I2 ( Personal Pronouns in the 5ative #ase


Here are the personal prono"ns in the dative case: /ing"lar ;st person mir ihmG ihrG ihm me <nd person dir %IhnenR& yo" Grd person RPolite (orm. 1he dati$e case is that o( the indirect ob5ect o( a $erb. 1he prono"n indirect obFect o( these sentences is "nderlined in the German and the )nglish:
Es geht mir gut Wie geht es dir0 'nd knnen Sie mir s!gen"""0 ,!rl gi.t ihm den B!ll Wie geht es *hnen0 It &oes *%or+ !e .ell Ho. &oes it *%or or .ith+ 6ou 1nd can 6ou tell !e...? >arl &ave hi! the all. Ho. &oes it *.ith+ 6ou? *Ho. are 6ou?+

Pl"ral uns euch %IhnenR& "s yo"

him, her, it ihnen %all genders& them

1his last sentence is an example (rom Gespr,ch ;-< "sing the polite (orm o( Byo"B. 6hether sing"lar or pl"ral m"st be established by context. 1his next sentence translates with ihnen as BthemB:
Wie geht es ihnen0 Ho. &oes it .ith the!? *Ho. are the6?+

1he meaning o( ihnen %or ,hnen& wo"ld ha$e to come (rom context in a con$ersation. +nother "se o( the dati$e case in German is a(ter these prepositions: aus bei mit nach seit 2on zu. Eo" will be introd"ced to the meanings o( these prepositions o$er many ("t"re lessons rather than all at once, beca"se some ha$e many meanings in )nglish. !ndeed, beca"se each lang"age associates speci(ic

prepositions with many common sayings %and these o(ten do not correspond in German and )nglish&, these 3little3 words can be tro"blesome (or st"dents. :onetheless, yo" sho"ld memori e now the list o( prepositions abo$e to always remember their association with the dati$e case. 1ables o( the prono"ns in all cases are s"mmari ed in +ppendix <. 6ord order in a German sentence with an indirect ob5ect depends "pon whether that direct ob5ect is a prono"n or a no"n. !( the direct ob5ect is a no"n, the dati$e precedes the acc"sati$e7 i( the direct ob5ect is a personal prono"n, the acc"sati$e precedes the dati$e: ,ch ge%e dem Jungen den Ba$$. ! gi$e the boy the ball. ,ch ge%e ihm den Ba$$. ! gi$e him the ball. ,ch ge%e ihn ihm. ! gi$e it to him. ,ch ge%e ihn dem Jungen. ! gi$e it to the boy. )nglish sentence str"ct"re is similar.

Section 5$%8 &9nnsbruck Austria

Lesson .%&2 ' 5er EnglQnder in Zsterreich

Gespr ch I6E N Der #ng$ nder in Osterreich


6enn er a"( den Aontinent (,hrt, wandert Herr /tandish gern. He"te (r8h (,hrt er in die /tadt /t. PLlten in :iederLsterreich. )r spricht mit einer (remden Fra":

Herr Standish: )ntsch"ldigen /ie bitte. 6o ist hier ein HotelJ Die Frau: Gleich dort dr8ben. Das ist das Hotel 3'"r Post3. Herr Standish: Gibt es ein *esta"rant darinJ Die Frau: ?a gewissT )in *esta"rant mit g"tb8rgerlicher A8che, besonders "m +bendessen. +ber ich kLnnte !hnen ein anderes *esta"rant emp(ehlen. )s heiSt B+lt-6ienB, "nd es gibt dort das beste Fr8hst8ck. Das *esta"rant ist links neben dem Hotel, "m die )cke. Herr Standish: Danke sehr. 0nd kLnnen /ie mir sagen, wo das *atha"s $on /t. PLlten istJ Die Frau: 6ie bitteJ Herr Standish: 6ie komme ich "m *atha"sJ Die Frau: *echts "m die )cke "nd dann immer geradea"s a "nge(,hr ein Ailometer. Herr Standish: Danke sehr. Die Frau: 4itte sehr. 6iedersehen. Herr Standish: +"( 6iedersehen.

Vokabeln 2A
das 1 endessen [das\ Psterreich die Ecke das Fr0hst0ck das Hotel der >ilo!eter die >0che der >ontinent [das\ $ieder-sterreich das 8athaus das 8estaurant die #tadt (itte sehr Entschuldi&en #ie Es &i t dort... Gi t es...? &ut 0r&erliche >0che Guten :a& i!!er &eradeaus k-nnen #ie supper *evenin& !eal+ 1ustria corner reak%ast hotel kilo!etre cookin&, cuisine continent *Europe+ *%ederal state o%+ Do.er 1ustria cit6 hall restaurant cit6 ?ou,re .elco!e 4ardon !e, eHcuse !e :here is there... Is there..? &ood, traditional %ood &ood da6 *partin&+ strai&ht on ahead could 6ou *polite %or!+

Wie

itte?

4ardon !e? *polite ;co!e a&ain?;+ reco!!end travel co!e, &o, &et .ander sa6, tell speak other especiall6 please that then therein a *inde%inite article+ one *cardinal nu! er+ unkno.n &ladl6 'ust, ri&ht *correct+, ri&ht here, sa!e this !ornin& here *in this place+ I *personal pronoun+ le%t *direction+ neHt to ri&ht *direction+ approHi!atel6 o% *5!th!us ( n St" 9lten T #t. 4olten 5it6 Hall+ ho. *interro&ative+ .here *interro&ative+ to *zum T contraction o% zu dem+

e!p%ehlen %ahren ko!!en .andern sa&en sprechen anderer, andere, anderes esonders itte das dann darin ein eins %re!d &ern &leich heute %r0h hier ich links ne en rechts un&e%hr von .ie .o zu

Andere WLrter 0A
der der die die (ahnho% Flu&ha%en 4olizei.ache 4ost train station airport police station post o%%ice eHact*l6+ toda6

&enau heute

LesestAck 2I$ ( Eine Geschichte Aber !t% PLlten

KarteJ St. @7$ten in Osterreich

:iederLsterreich ist sowohl (l,chenm,Sig als a"ch nach )inwohnern das grLSte der ne"n Lsterreichischen 4"ndesl,nder. /ankt PLlten ist die #andesha"ptstadt $on :iederLsterreich. Der :ame /t. PLlten geht a"( den heiligen Hippolytos "r8ck, nach dem die /tadt benannt w"rde. Die +ltstadt be(indet sich dort, wo $om <. bis "m @. ?ahrh"ndert die *Lmerstadt Ae$ium +etium stand. NOO w"rde der 9rt als 31reisma3 erw,hnt. Das Iarktrecht erhielt /t. PLlten "m ;=D=, "r /tadt erhoben w"rde es ;;DO. 4is ;@O@ stand /t. PLlten im 4esit des 4ist"ms Passa", dann w"rde es landes(8rstliches )igent"m. 4ereits NN; (indet sich ein 4enediktinerkloster, ab ;=[; gab es +"g"stiner-horherren, ;N[@ w"rde deren Aollegiatssti(t a"(gehoben, das Geb,"de dient seit ;N[D als 4ischo(ssit . '"r #andesha"ptstadt $on :iederLsterreich w"rde /t. PLlten mit #andtagsbeschl"ss $om ;=. ?"li ;O[H, seit ;OON ist es /it der :iederLsterreichischen #andesregier"ng.

Lu*t%i$d /on St. @7$ten

Vokabeln 2E
2ie 2er 2er 2as 2er 2ie 2ie 2as 2ie 2as 2ie 2as 2as 2as 2ie 1ltstadt 1u&ustiner (esitz (istu! (ischo%ssitz (undeslnder 5horherren Ei&entu! Ein.ohner Ge ude Geschichte /ahrhundert >loster >olle&iatssti%t Dandeshauptstadt old to.n 1u&ustinian possession, holdin& diocese ishop,s see *a seat o% a ishop,s authorit6+ %ederal states !en,s choir proprietorship inha itants pre!ises histor6 centur6 !onaster6, %riar6 !onaster6 colle&e re&ional or state capital cit6

2ie 2er 2as 2er 2er 2ie 2er

Dandesre&ierun& Dandta&s eschluss "arktrecht $a!e 7rt 8-!erstadt #itz

provincial *state+ &overn!ent da6 o% 'urisdictional reor&anization ri&ht to hold !arkets na!e place, spot, cit6 8o!an to.n o%%icial place a dioecian re&ion in (avaria oth... and &oes ack to

(istu! 4assau so.ohl... als auch zur0ck au%

au%he en *ho au%, au%&eho en+ !er&ed in *or turned into?+ e%inden sich situated, located * e%and sich, ha en sich e%unden+ %inden sichJ %ound *located+ enennen * enannte, enannt+ call *as to la el+ erhalten *erhielt, erhalten+ receive erhe en *erho , erho en+ arise, raise er.hnen *er.hnte, er.hnt+ !ention stehen *stand, &estanden+ stand *stood, stood+ .erden *.urde, [ist\&e.orden+ eco!e a au% ereits is %lchen!i& heili& landes%0rstlich nach u! %ro! up alread6 until, 6, up to *no direct translation+ _ .hen !easured in sur%ace hol6 aronial or princel6 *holdin&s+ in ter!s o% around

%R one short (orm o( an(inden: (indet sich %an&7 in collo2"ial lang"age yo" can c"t the 3an37 b"t in 1H!/ special case it is the short (orm o( 3%be&(indet sich %dort&3&
Pron"nciation G"ide FF

*ead more abo"t /t. PLlten at the German 6ikipedia %so"rce o( article abo$e&.

Section 5$%8 &9nnsbruck Austria

Lesson .%&3 ' Kndeveloped Title

Lernen M6E N )our de France


%a"s 6ikipedia, der (reien )n yklop,die& Die )our de France ist eines der ber8hmtesten "nd wichtigsten sportlichen GroSereignisse 8berha"pt. /eit ;O=G wird die 1o"r all5,hrlich - mit +"snahme der 'eit des )rsten "nd 'weiten 6eltkriegs - drei 6ochen lang im ?"li a"sgetragen "nd (8hrt dabei in wechselnder /trecken(8hr"ng 2"er d"rch Frankreich "nd das nahe +"sland. )ine 1o"r de France der Fra"en %grande %ouc$e *Pminine& mit de"tlich k8r eren )tappen wird seit ;O[@ ge(ahren. /ie steht medial $Lllig im /chatten ihres m,nnlichen Pendants.

Vokabeln 4A
die die der das der das die die die der 1usnah!e Enz6klopdie Erste Weltkrie& Groerei&nis /uli 8adrennen Welt Woche, die Wochen 9eit 9.eite Weltkrie& er0h!teste eHception enc6clopedia WW I !a'or event /ul6 ic6cle race .orld .eek, .eeks ti!e, period WW II a!on& the !ost .idel6 reno.ned, the !ost popular ever6 6ear a!on& *one o%+ !ost cele rated, !ost reno.ned %ree since athletic alto&ether, &enerall6 durin& three .eeks lastin& road, .ide i!portant

* ei .eite!+

all'hrlich ei er0h!teste %rei, %reien *1kkusativ+ seit sportlich 0 erhaupt .hrend drei Wochen lan& .eit .ichti& Pron"nciation G"ide FF

Section 5$%5 & Ba2aria German!

Lesson .%&4 ' Kndeveloped

<nde2eloped

Section 5$%5 & Ba2aria German!

Lesson .%&6 ' Kndeveloped

<nde2eloped

Section 5$%5 & Ba2aria German!

Lesson .%&7 ' Kndeveloped

<nde2eloped

German Level ,our Lessons Er eitertelektionen An Advance Course in German

Level ,our #ontents


!ection 0%&$ ( ,iel German! 8nde/e$oped !ection 0%&+ ( Schaan Liechtenstein 8nde/e$oped !ection 0%&. ( Scha++hausen S"itzerland 8nde/e$oped

German Level ,ive Lessons /evie The Final Course in German

Level ,ive #ontents


8nde/e$oped

G*+ I I +*

1his 6ikibook mod"le collection is designed (or those who ha$e, at the $ery least, a basic knowledge o( the German lang"age and wish to expand their knowledge o( the Grammar or those who simply re2"ire re(erence. Please follo the lessons first if you ish to begin learning German.

Douns

Gender Pl"rals +d5ecti$al :o"ns 6eak :o"ns Iixed :o"ns

Articles

De(inite +rticles !nde(inite +rticles

AdFectives and Adverbs

+d5ecti$al )ndings

#ases
German has (o"r cases. + case may determine the partic"lar ad5ecti$e, ad5ecti$e ending, prono"n, and no"n ending to "se. /tart by Determining -ase in German. 1he nominative case is "sed in re(erence to the s"b5ect o( a sentence. 1he accusative case is "sed in re(erence to the direct ob5ect o( a sentence. 1he dative case is "sed in re(erence to the indirect ob5ect o( a sentence. 1he genitive case is "sed in re(erence to a possessed ob5ect o( a sentence.

Pronouns
German prono"ns in cases Dominative Accusative 5ative Genitive :e !he It They er sie es sie ihn sie es sie ihm ihr ihm ihnen seiner / seines ihrer / ihres seiner / seines ihrer / ihres =Possessive? %sein& %ihr& %sein& %ihr&

Nou =informal? Nou =formal? Nou =informal plural? I =me?

d" /ie ihr ich

dich /ie e"ch mich

dir !hnen e"ch mir

deiner / deines %dein& !hrer / !hres e"er / e"eres %!hr& %e"er&

meiner / meines %mein&

We =us? wir "ns "ns "nser / "nseres %"nser& :ote: 1he possessi$e is not a case o( the personal prono"n, rather itBs a prono"n itsel(. 1his means the table shows the nominati$e case only. 1he geniti$e case is "sed to show possession or relationships. !n )nglish, the prono"n re(erring to the geniti$e ob5ect is the e2"i$alent o( 3o( the3 or 3his3 or 3my3 etc. For simple sentence str"ct"re, the article o( the direct ob5ect is changed appropriately, while the article o( the geniti$e part is changed to end with -er i( itBs a die word %(eminine and pl"ral& and to -es with der and das words. 6ith der/das words, the geniti$e no"n m"st take the s"((ix -s, or -es i( there is b"t one syllable in the word. 1here are exceptions. )xamples: ! want the teacherBs book. --*ewrite as: ! want the book 3o( the3 teacher. -!ch will das 4"ch des #ehrers %der #ehererin&. 6itho"t his (riendBs car, we cannot go home. -9hne den 6agen seines Fre"ndes kLnnen wir nicht nach Ha"se gehen. 1he wall o( the b"ilding is old and brown. -Die 6and des Geb,"des ist alt "nd bra"n. :ote: all ad5ecti$es in the geniti$e case will end in -en.

Prepositions and Postpositions


German has dati$e, acc"sati$e, geniti$e and two-way prepositions and postpositions. )ach preposition ca"ses the ad$erbial expression on which it acts to take the case o( the preposition. 1wo-way prepositions ca"se the ad$erbial expression to take the acc"sati$e case i( the $erb is transiti$e, and the dati$e case i( the $erb is intransiti$e. Accusative d"rch ohne "m gegen bis (8r entlang wider :otes: 5ative a"s a"Ser bei mit nach seit $on " gegen8ber /e$eral German prepositions Genitive t oI ay w,hrend an trot anstatt wegen a"( hinter in neben 8ber "nter $or wischen

Gegen8ber is one o( the rare postpositions, which typically (ollows the ob5ect it modi(ies.
Er stand !ir &e&en0 er. "ir &e&en0 er steht 1uen!inister Fischer.

+ber a"ch:
Ge&en0 er von Ihnen e%indet sich das #tadt!useu!.

:ach is also sometimes "sed as a postposition, when its meaning is 3according to3. 1he two prases are e2"i$alent:
$ach de! 4%arrer sei Gott &ut. 2e! 4%arrer nach sei Gott &ut.

!n spoken lang"age, the geniti$e with w,hrend is nowadays normally replaced by the dati$e:
Written: Whrend des Essens .ollen .ir nicht &est-rt .erden. #poken: Whrend de! Essen .ollen .ir nicht &est-rt .erden.

Verbs
German $erbs can be classi(ied as "ea! or as strong. 6eak $erbs are $ery reg"lar in their (orms, whereas strong $erbs change the stem $owel. 6eak:
kau%en, kau%te, &ekau%t

/trong:
sin&en, san&, &esun&en

6ith its anglo-saxon origin, this notion is also present in )nglish.


%lip, %lipped, %lipped sin&, san&, sun&

/ome German $erbs ha$e weak and strong (orms. 1his may depend on meaning:
2er (otscha%ter .urde nach (erlin &esandt. 2er #0ddeutsche 8und%unk sendete ein >onzert aus de! Gastei&.

9r on transiti$e $s. intransiti$e "se:


2as He!d hin& au% der Wscheleine. #ie hn&te das He!d au% die Wscheleine.

#lasses of Verbs

separable $erbs re(lexi$e $erbs modals

Tenses
Present Tense

Present 1ense

Past Tenses

Per(ect 1ense !mper(ect - Preterite

,uture Tenses

F"t"re 1ense

!entence !tructure
Types of #lauses

Iain -la"se /"bordinate -la"se

#onnecting #lauses

+ppendices

#ontents

A%&$ ' 5as Alphabet ( German alphabet and Pron"nciation G"ide A%&+ ' Phrase Eook ( -ommon phrases in German A%&. ' /esources ( 9nline *eso"rces (or German #ang"age /t"dents A%&0 ' Dames ( :amen - a list o( common, modern German names A%&2 ' :istory [ German history A%&3 ' ,alse ,riends ( +ll the German words that look like )nglish words, b"t ha$e di((erent meanings

A%&$ ' Alphabet

1he German alphabet, like )nglish, consists o( <H basic letters. Howe$er, there are also combined letters and (o"r "mla"ted (orms %an um$aut is the pair o( dots placed o$er certain $owels&. 1he (ollowing table incl"des a listing o( all these letters and a g"ide to their pron"nciation. +s in )nglish, letter so"nds can di((er depending "pon where within a word the letter occ"rs. 1he (irst pron"nciation gi$en below %second col"mn& is that in )nglish o( the letter %or combination& itsel(. *eading down this col"mn and prono"ncing the 3)nglish3 words will recite the alphabet au* Deutsch %3in German3&. :ote that letter order is exactly the same as in )nglish, b"t pron"nciation is not (or many o( the letters. !n the list o( pron"nciation notes, no entry means essentially 3prono"nced as in )nglish3. + %ah& 4 %bay& - %tsay& D %day& ) %ay& F %e(& Prono"nced like BgB in BgetB7 prono"nced like BkB when at the end o( a word7 G %gay& prono"nced like BichB-so"nd %see below& in the s"((ix B-igB at the end o( words like BhB in Bho"seB only at the beginning o( words or a syllable H %hah& be(ore BaB, BiB, BoB, B"B, ByB, B,B, BLB, B8B %only i( these $owels donBt belong to a s"((ix&, else silent #ong BiB as BeB in BseenB %ee&7 short BiB as BiB in BpitB Prono"nced like ByB in ByardB /lightly more 3dental3 #ong BaB as BaB in B(atherB %ah&7 short BaB as BoB in BcomeB Prono"nced like BpB when at the end o( a word /ee combination letter (orms7 witho"t a (ollowing BhB: be(ore BeB, BiB, ByB, B,B, BLB like the german letter B B else like BkB Prono"nced like BtB when at the end o( a word7 slightly more 3dental3 #ong BeB as BaB in BlateB %ay&7 there is no mo$ement in the so"nd as in the english e2"i$alent. /hort BeB as BeB in BpetB. !n "nstressed syllables like BaB in Babo"tB or BeB in BgardenB

! ? A #

%ee& %yot& %kah& %el&

I %em& /lightly more 3dental37 in BngB like in BsingingB7 like in B(ingerB : %en& be(ore BaB, BiB, BoB, B"B, ByB, B,B, BLB, B8B %only i( these $owels donBt belong to a s"((ix& #ong BoB as BoB in BopenB %oh&, there is no mo$ement in the so"nd as in the english 9 %oh& P %pay& Prono"nced like BkB7 only occ"rs in the combination B2"B, which is prono"nced like P %koo& * %air& Bk$B not like BkwB trilled %see below& !n Germany, prono"nced like B B7 prono"nced like BsB in Bso"ndB when at the end o( a word, a(ter consonants %except BlB, BmB, BnB, ngB& and be(ore consonants7 in +"stria, prono"nced like B B only when it appears between two $owels, prono"nced like BsB otherwise. Prono"nced like BshB in the beginning o( a word be(ore BpB or BtB /lightly more 3dental3 #ong B"B as BooB in BmoonB %oo&7 short B"B as B"B in Bp"tB Prono"nced like B(B when at the end o( a word and in a (ew b"t o(ten "sed words %in most cases o( germanic origin&, in general at the beginning o( German geographical and (amily names. !n all other cases like B$B Prono"nced like B$B Prono"nced like BksB Prono"nced like B8B %see below&, except in words o( )nglish origin, where it is e2"i$alent. /hort BoB as BoB in BpotB

/ %ess&

1 %tay& 0 %oo&

. %(ow&

6 %$ay& X %iks& E

%oopsilon & prono"nced like in )nglish

' %tset& Prono"nced like BtsB Kni\ue German letters um$aut $etters :ote that "mla"ts were originally written as BaeB, BoeB, and B"eB. #ong , prono"nced similar to long e %ay& U" %ah-"mla"t-oo& Prono"nced like BoiB in BoilB :o )nglish e2"i$alent so"nd %see V %oh-"mla"t& below& U %ah-"mla"t&

:o )nglish e2"i$alent so"nd %see below& the *ormer $igature ( W %oo-"mla"t& S %ess-tset or shar(es ess& combined letters ch ck t ie ei e" a" dt st sp sch tsch dsch sch, t sch ph p( 2" ...

Prono"nced like BsB in BsetB or BcB in BniceB7 see below (or "ses. Prono"nced $ario"s ways %see Konsonanten so"nds below&

%tsay-hah& %tsay-kah& %tay-tset&

%ess-tsay-hah&

Prono"nced like BchB %only "sed in geographical and (amily names&

Audio: Audio:

9GG %G=DA4& > Das A$pha%et oder Das AB+ 9GG %;;@A4& > Die 8m$aute

`` 4eginning German e 4asic German e +d$anced German

5eutsche Aussprache ( German Pronunciation Guide


Vokale ( Vo els
German $owels are either long or short, b"t ne$er drawled as in some )nglish dialects. + simple method o( recogni ing whether a $owel is likely to be long or short in a German word is called the /ule of double consonants. !( a $owel is (ollowed by a single consonant C as in ha%en %ha$e&, dir %yo", dat.&, @eter %Peter&, and schon %already& C the $owel so"nd is "s"ally long. !( there are two or more consonants (ollowing the $owel C as in *a$sch %(alse&, e$* %ele$en&, immer %always&, and noch %still& C the $owel so"nd is "s"ally short. 1here are some German words that are exceptions to the

do"ble consonant r"le: %in, %is, das, es, hat, and "as all ha$e short $owel so"nds. !t is also the case that the silent BhB does not co"nt as a consonant and the preceeding $owel is always long. ,hnen is an example. 1his 3r"le3 is applied to the "se o( BssB $s. BSB %see below&, in that BSB is treated as a single consonant. 1h"s, the $owel be(ore BSB in der Fu( %(oot& is long, while that be(ore BssB in das Fass %cask& is short.

au a B+h-ooB is prononced like BowB in )nglish Bco B. German examples are %$au %bl"e& and auch %also see below "nder ach > "ni2"e German so"nds&. Qu a B+h-"mla"t-ooB is prono"nced like the German eu %ay-oo7 see next&. !n written and printed German, BaeB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or B,B i( the latter is "na$ailable. eu a B+y-ooB is prono"nced like BoiB in )nglish word BoilB. German examples are neun %nine& and heute %today&. ie and ei a B)e-ayB has exactly the same so"nd as a German long BiB7 that is, like the BeeB in BseenB. B+y-eeB is prono"nced like the BeiB in BheightB. :ote that this appears to be the opposite (or these two $owel combinations in )nglish, where the r"le is that the (irst $owel is long and the second is silent. -onsider this word: BdieB C in German it is prono"nced BdeeB, in )nglish like BdyeB. 1he word mein in German is the )nglish BmineB. !n e((ect, BieB (ollows the same r"le as in )nglish, with the (irst $owel long %ee in German& and the second $owel silent7 BeiB is the e2"i$alent so"nd in German to the )nglish long BiB as in BmineB.

1onsonanten ( #onsonants
Iost German consonants are prono"nced similar to the way they are in )nglish, with exceptions noted in col"mn G abo$e. Details o( certain consonant so"nds and "ses are disc"ssed ("rther here:

ch a Prono"nced like BkB in many words o( Greek origin like +hrist or +hara!ter, b"t like BshB in words o( French origin, and BtchB in words o( )nglish origin. 1he German sechs %six& is prono"nced $ery m"ch similar to the )nglish BsexB. /ee also the disc"ssion o( 3ich-so"nd3 below. 1he pron"nciation o( words with an initial BchB (ollowed by a $owel, as in +hina or +hemie $aries: in High German the 3ich-so"nd3 is the standard pron"nciation, b"t in /o"th German dialect and +"strian German BkB is pre(erred. d, t, l, and n a 1hese letters are prono"nced similarly in )nglish and German. Howe$er, in prono"ncing these letters, the German extends his tong"e "p to the back o( the base o( the teeth, creating a more dental sound. +s noted abo$e, BdB is a Bdental dB except at the end o( a word, where it becomes a Bdental tB. sch a in German B)ss-tsay-hahB is prono"nced like BshB, not BskB as in )nglish. German word example: Sch'$er %st"dent&. sp and st a 6here the combinations Bess-payB or Bess-tayB appear at the beginning o( a word, the BessB so"nd becomes an BshB so"nd. German examples are spie$en %play& and sp t %late&. +n interesting 3exception3 is a word like B$eisti*t %pencil&, where the inside BstiB is prono"nced BshtiB C howe$er, this is a compo"nd word (rom B$ei %lead& and Sti*t %pen&. /ome local dialects howe$er prono"nce all occ"rances 3sharp3 %with an BessB so"nd -- typical (or :orth German dialects, especially near Hamb"rg& or 3so(t3 %with an BshB so"nd -- typical (or the /wabian dialect&. ) a 1he (ormer ligat"re %o( BssB or Bs B&, Bess-tsetB is widely "sed in German, b"t its "se is somewhat more restricted in $ery modern German %always prono"nced like BsB in Bso"ndB&. BSB is

"sed (or the so"nd BsB in cases where BssB or BsB canBt be "sed: this is especially a(ter long $owels and diphthongs %c(. the )nglish "sage o( BcB like in B$iceB or BgroceryB&. 1h"s, the $owel be(ore BSB in der Fu( %(oot& is long, while that be(ore BssB in das Fass %cask& is short. BSB appears a(ter diphthongs %Ba"B, BeiB, Be"B& beca"se they are long. !n written and printed German, BssB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or BSB i( the letter is "na$ailable. 1he greek letter, f, is not to be "sed as a s"bstit"te (or BSB. :ote that in /wit erland, BSB is always written as BssB.

German !ounds not found in English


1here are so"nds in the German lang"age that ha$e no real e2"i$alent in the )nglish lang"age. 1hese are disc"ssed here.

r a German lang"age has two pron"nciations (or r: 1he more common is similiar to the French r, a g"tt"ral so"nd resembling a (ractionated g, as (o"nd in +rabic or some pron"nciations o( modern Greek Q. 1he second prono"nciation is a 3rolled3 r as in /panish or /cots. !ts "se is limited to /wit erland and parts o( /o"thern Germany. L %oh-"mla"t& a 1he word 3"mla"t3 means 3change in so"nd3 and an "mla"ted BoB changes to a so"nd with no e2"i$alent in )nglish. 1he Blong LB is made by (irst so"nding BooB as in moon, then p"rsing the lips as i( to whistle, and changing the so"nd to BaB as in BlateB. +n example word is sch7n %bea"ti("l&. 1he Bshort LB so"nd is made by (irst so"nding BooB, p"rsing the lips, and changing the so"nd to BeB as in Bpet. + Bshort LB so"nds act"ally $ery similar to the BiB in BsirB. +n example word is z"7$* %twel$e&. !( yo" ha$e problems prono"ncing 7, do not replace it by 3o3 b"t by 3e3 %as in el(& like in many German dialects. !n written and printed German, BoeB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or BLB i( the latter is "na$ailable. A %oo-"mla"t& a +s with BLB, Boo-"mla"tB is a ro"nded $owel so"nd with no )nglish e2"i$alent. 1he Blong 8B is made by (irst so"nding BooB as in moon, then p"rsing the lips as i( to whistle, and changing the so"nd to BeeB as in BseenB. +n example word is *r'h. 1he Bshort 8B so"nd is made by (irst so"nding BooB, p"rsing the lips, and changing the so"nd to BiB as in Bpit. +n example word is *'n* %(i$e&. !( yo" ha$e problems prono"ncing ', do not replace it by 3"3 b"t by 3i3 %as in (ish& like in many German dialects. !n written and printed German, B"eB can be an acceptable s"bsit"te (or B8B i( the latter is "na$ailable. ach a 1he letter combination BchB as in auch %also& is called the 3ach-so"nd3 and resembles a throat-clearing %g"tt"ral& so"nd. !t is "sed a(ter BaB, BoB, B"B, and Ba"B. !t is prono"nced somewhat like 3och3 in #och :ess %lock, not loke& in its original (orm. 1he Hebrew letter and the +rabic letter as well as continental /panish 1 are prono"nced the same as the 3ach-so"nd3. ich a 1he 3ich-so"nd3 in German is also somewhat g"tt"ral, like a more (orce("l BhB in )nglish 3h"e3, 3h"ge3. +nother approach is to say 3sh3 while %almost& to"ching the palpatine not with the tip b"t with the middle o( yo"r tong"e. !n the word richtig %3correct3& both the BichB and the (inal BigB ha$e this so"nd. !t is "sed a(ter BeB, BiB, ByB, B,B, BLB, B8B, BeiB, Be"B, B,"B, a(ter consonant-letters and sometimes at the beginning o( words %especially be(ore BeB, BiB, ByB, B,B, BLB&. !( yo" ha$e problems prono"ncing ich, replace with the so"nd o( Bh"eB or by BshB b"t ne$er by a hard BkB %ne$er 3ick3&T !n some parts o( Germany 3ich3, as well as the (inal BigB, is prono"nced 3ish3. !n +"stria and some local dialects o( Germany the (inal BigB %as in 3richtig3& is simply prono"nced as in )nglish 3dig3.

Audio: 9GG %GNA4& > ach, auch, ich, richtig

!yllable !tress
1he general r"le in German is that words are stressed on the (irst syllable. Howe$er, there are exceptions. +lmost all exceptions are o( latin, (rench, or greek origin. Iostly these are words stressed on the last syllable, as shown by the (ollowing:
3oT`kal >onTsoT`nant DekTtiT`on

1hese words %not stressed on the (irst syllable& appear in the %#e$el !! and !!!& lesson $ocab"laries as Vokal, Konsonant, Le!tion %in some regions: Le!tion&, etc.

A%&+ ' Phrase book

German Phrases Greetings


H!ll 4 Guten T!g4 T!g4 Guten 1 rgen4 Guten 3.end4 Gute N!cht4 Wie geht es *hnen0 Wie geht6s Es geht mir gut 9rim!4 Spitze4 Gut4 Sehr gut4 T ll4 G!nz gut S l!l! Es geht s Nicht gut Schlecht Sehr schlecht 1iser!.el 'nd *hnen0 3u% Wiedersehen4 @Wiedersehen4 Tsch/ss4 Tsch!u4 Bis spter4 Bis d!nn4 Wiederhren
;

Hello! Good da6! Good da6! Good !ornin&! Good evenin&! Good ni&ht! Ho. are 6ou *%or!al+? Ho. are 6ou doin&? Ho. are 6ou *in%or!al+ I,! doin& %ine, I,! .ell Great! #uper! Good! 3er6 &ood! :erri%ic! 4rett6 &ood 7> Goin& ok $ot .ell (ad 3er6 ad "isera le 1nd 6ou *%or!al+? Good 6e! (6e! #ee 6ou! 5iao! *Italian %or ,see 6ou,+ Dater! *until later+ Dater! *until .henever+ *hear+ a&ain *used over the phone+

:ote: Wiedersehen directly translates as 3to see again3.

GesprQche =conversations?
2anke *sehr+! 2anke sch-n! (itte? (itte *sehr+! Entschuldi&un&! :hanks, thank 6ou :hanks a lot! 4lease? ?ou,re .elco!e! *co!es a%ter danke+ EHcuse !e!

3ielen 2ank Gern &eschehen

"uch thanks ?ou are .elco!e

Verstehen =understanding?
(itte, sprechen #ie et.as lan&sa!er. >-nnen #ie !ich verstehen? Ich verstehe #ie nicht. Was ha en #ie &esa&t? >-nnen #ie das itte .iederholen? Ich spreche kein 2eutsch. Ger!an+ Ich spreche nur ein isschen 2eutsch. 4lease speak so!e.hat slo.er 5an 6ou understand !e? I don,t understand 6ou. What .as that? What have 6ou said? 5an 6ou sa6 that a&ain, please! I don,t speak Ger!an *literall6: I speak no I speak onl6 a little Ger!an

A%&. ' /esources

Lists and directories to online resources

www.de"tschlern.net - )-learning plat(orm (or beginning, intermediate and ad$anced st"dents and teachers o( German. )xercises based on a"thentic texts train reading comprehension, $ocab"lary, and grammar. Ionitor ("nction (or teachers. Free o( charge, re2"ires (ree login. De"tsch als Fremdsprache - 0se("l links (or German lang"age learners. /ite in German. German #ang"age and -"lt"re *eso"rces - Iaterials and reso"rces (or learning the German lang"age and abo"t German-speaking c"lt"re. Free 9nline German 1"torial - at ielang"ages.com

Sber die deutsche !prache I about German


)thnolog"e report (or German .erein De"tsche /prache

"nline WLrterbAcher I 5ictionary


5eutschIEnglisch =GermanIEnglish?

6iktionary - )nglish 6iktionary - German dicologos really this is a m"ltilang"age dictionary with o(er N.===.=== lemmas in se$eral lang"ages. 4abylon 4abylon 9nline Dictionary #)9 - with a"dio(iles o( most o( the words and $ocab"lary trainer. Dict.cc Pons - Dictionary with $ocab"lary trainer.

Dur 5eutsch I German only


D6D/- Das digitale 6Lrterb"ch der de"tschen /prache - German only dictionary (or ad$anced learners. De"tsche 6Lrterb8cher $on 6ahrig - 9rthography and (oreign words *edensartenindex - German idioms and pro$erbs with explanations

!lidesho s ith pictures and pronuciations


#ang"age co"rses German at the time o( insertion there is only one (ile abo"t (r"it - ! will try to add new ones e$ery week-end.

5eutsche Grammatik und /echtschreibungI German Grammar and !pelling


-anoo - extensi$e database abo"t in(lection and word (ormation Die ne"e *echtschreib"ng > )he ne" spe$$ing Free online German co"rse - new orthography, grammar, exercises, tests, example sentences, 5okes, learning tips

Aussprache I Pronunciation

+ G"ide to german Pron"nciation - Pron"nciation co"rse (or beginners.

Elogs

De"tschlernblog 1ips (or learning German. /ite entirely in German. DaF-4log 9n German lang"age and how to learn it. Parts o( the /ite are in )nglish, b"t most o( it in German. De"tsch-Happen small, bite-si ed snaps o( German lang"age (or the ad$ancing learner

Podcasts
from learners

/peaken /ie De"tschJ: Podcast (rom -anadian H"gh Gordon %*ss-Feed&.

for learners

G"ter 0mgang: German lang"age learning blog abo"t collo2"ial German %*//-Feed&. #etBs speak German: ?okes, poems, tong"etwisters and more in German %*//-Feed&. Podcasts o( De"tsche 6elle: :achrichten, 1op-1hema, /tichwort, /prachbar and +lltagsde"tsch are speci(ically made (or lang"age learners. Iost o( the texts can be (o"nd on the pages De"tsch im Fok"s %/prachbar, /tichwort and +lltagsde"tsch& and Didakt"elles %:achrichten and 1op-1hema&.

Tandem
1andem by )-Iail

A%&0 ' Dames

,irst Dames
German names ha$e "ndergone a drastic change in the last H= years. 9lder, 3typical3 German names like :ans, ,rit-, :einrich, 1arl or Wilhelm are now "ncommon in contemporary Germany. 1oday many parents gi$e their children names like %ten most pop"lar names <==G&: Eoys ;. Iaximilian <. +lexander G. #eon @. Pa"l D. #"kas/#"cas H. Felix N. #"ca [. Da$id O. 1im ;=.?onas Girls ;. Iarie <. /ophie G. Iaria @. +nna, +nne D. #ea%h& H. #a"ra N. #ena [. #eonie O. ?"lia ;=./ara%h&

%/o"rce: Gesellscha(t (8r de"tsche /prache& Eoys@ Dames


Iaximilian +lexander #eon Pa"l #"kas/#"cas Felix #"ca Da$id 1im Gerhard, Gerd, Gert !ngo ?onas Peter Iichael 1homas / 1omas 6ol(gang +ndreas

G8nter / G8nther -la"s / Ala"s +dolph ?8rgen /te(an / /tephan 6erner Hans Frit Heinrich 0we *"di ?ens

Girls@ Dames

:ina 0rs"la, 0lla Helga Aarin !ngrid *enate /abine Ionica / Ionika Giesela / Gisela /"sanne Petra 4irgit / 4irgitt Iarie /ophie Iaria +nna, +nne #ea%h& #ara #a"ra #ena #eonie #isa ?"lia /ara%h&

Last Dames

+ckermann 4achmann 4,cker, 4ecker 4a"er 4ayer, 4aier, 4eier

4ergmann 4rand, 4randt, 4rant Fischer F"chs Hartmann Ho((mann, Ho(mann ?anssen ?,ger ?"ng Aeiser, Aaiser Aeller Aonrad Aowalski Alein Aoch A"r #ange #ehmann Iayer, Iaier, Ieyer, Ieier ILller I8ller :e"mann *eiter *ichter /eiler /chmidt,/chmid, /chmitt /chnapp /chneider /chrLder /ch"l e, /ch"lt e /ch"ster /ch8ler .ogel, .ogl 6agner 'immermann

A%&2 ' :istory

1he history o( the German lang"age begins with the High German consonant shi(t d"ring the Iigration period, separating /o"th Germanic dialects (rom common 6est Germanic. 1he earliest testimonies o( 9ld High German are (rom scattered )lder F"thark inscriptions, especially in +lemannic, (rom the Hth cent"ry, the earliest glosses %+brogans& date to the [th and the oldest coherent texts %the Hildebrandslied, the I"spilli and the Ierseb"rg !ncantations& to the Oth cent"ry. 9ld /axon at this time belongs to the :orth /ea Germanic c"lt"ral sphere, and #ow German sho"ld (all "nder German rather than +nglo-Frisian in(l"ence d"ring the Holy *oman )mpire. +s Germany was di$ided into many di((erent states, the only (orce working (or a "ni(ication or standardisation o( German d"ring a period o( se$eral h"ndred years was the general pre(erence o( writers trying to write in a way that co"ld be "nderstood in the largest possible area. 6hen Iartin #"ther translated the 4ible %the :ew 1estament in ;D<< and the 9ld 1estament, p"blished in parts and completed in ;DG@& he based his translation mainly on this already de$eloped lang"age, which was the most widely "nderstood lang"age at this time. 1his lang"age was based on )astern 0pper and )astern -entral German dialects and preser$ed m"ch o( the grammatical system o( Iiddle High German %"nlike the spoken German dialects in -entral and 0pper Germany that already at that time began to lose the geniti$e case and the preterit tense&. !n the beginning, copies o( the 4ible had a long list (or each region, which translated words "nknown in the region into the regional dialect. *oman -atholics re5ected #"therBs translation in the beginning and tried to create their own -atholic standard %gemeines De"tsch& C which, howe$er, only di((ered (rom BProtestant GermanB in some minor details. !t took "ntil the middle o( the ;[th cent"ry to create a standard that was widely accepted, th"s ending the period o( )arly :ew High German. German "sed to be the lang"age o( commerce and go$ernment in the Habsb"rg )mpire, which encompassed a large area o( -entral and )astern )"rope. 0ntil the mid-;Oth cent"ry it was essentially the lang"age o( townspeople thro"gho"t most o( the )mpire. !t indicated that the speaker was a merchant, an "rbanite, not their nationality. /ome cities, s"ch as Prag"e %German: Prag& and 4"dapest %4"da, German: 9(en&, were grad"ally Germani ed in the years a(ter their incorporation into the Habsb"rg domain. 9thers, s"ch as 4ratisla$a %German: Pressb"rg&, were originally settled d"ring the Habsb"rg period and were primarily German at that time. + (ew cities s"ch as Iilan %German: Iailand& remained primarily non-German. Howe$er, most cities were primarily German d"ring this time, s"ch as Prag"e, 4"dapest, 4ratisla$a, 'agreb %German: +gram&, and #5"bl5ana %German: #aibach&, tho"gh they were s"rro"nded by territory that spoke other lang"ages. 0ntil abo"t ;[==, standard German was almost only a written lang"age. +t this time, people in "rban northern Germany, who spoke dialects $ery di((erent (rom /tandard German, learnt it almost like a (oreign lang"age and tried to prono"nce it as close to the spelling as possible. Prescripti$e pron"nciation g"ides "sed to consider northern German pron"nciation to be the standard. Howe$er, the act"al pron"nciation o( standard German $aries (rom region to region. Iedia and written works are almost all prod"ced in standard German %o(ten called Hochde"tsch in German& which is "nderstood in all areas where German is spoken, except by pre-school children in areas which speak only dialect, (or example /wit erland. Howe$er, in this age o( tele$ision, e$en they

now "s"ally learn to "nderstand /tandard German be(ore school age. 1he (irst dictionary o( the 4rothers Grimm, the ;H parts o( which were iss"ed between ;[D< and ;[H=, remains the most comprehensi$e g"ide to the words o( the German lang"age. !n ;[H=, grammatical and orthographic r"les (irst appeared in the D"den Handbook. !n ;O=;, this was declared the standard de(inition o( the German lang"age. 9((icial re$isions o( some o( these r"les were not iss"ed "ntil ;OO[, when the German spelling re(orm o( ;OOH was o((icially prom"lgated by go$ernmental representati$es o( all German-speaking co"ntries. /ince the re(orm, German spelling has been in an eight-year transitional period where the re(ormed spelling is ta"ght in most schools, while traditional and re(ormed spelling co-exist in the media. /ee German spelling re(orm o( ;OOH (or an o$er$iew o( the heated p"blic debate concerning the re(orm with some ma5or newspapers and maga ines and se$eral known writers re("sing to adopt it. +(ter the spelling re(orm o( ;OOH let to so m"ch p"blic contro$ersy and some o( its changed r"les introd"ced new ambig"ities or were simply percei$ed as 3"gly3, the transitional period %initially sched"led to end on Dec, G;. <==D& was extended "ntil at least end <==H and some parts o( the re(orm were changed again in Iarch <==H. 1his new 3re(orm o( the re(orm3 tries to remo$e the ambig"ities introd"ced in ;OOH. 1o date %+pril <==H&, it is yet to be accepted by all german speaking co"ntries.

A%&3 ' ,alse ,riends

1here are some words which are spelled the same in )nglish and in German, b"t ha$e completely di((erent meanings. )$en tho"gh the words are spelled the same, they are "s"ally prono"nced completely di((erently. !t can sometimes be dangero"s to "se these words %(or both nati$e )nglish speakers and nati$e German speakers.& 1hink o( that, next time someone wants to gi$e yo" a 3 Gi(t3 or opens a door and says 3 +(ter yo"T3 Dote: 1his list contains some items o( etymological interest. For example, the trans(ormation o( the consonant BtB in German to BdB in )nglish in word pairs like 4art-F4eard, 4eet-F4ed, G"t-FGood, HartFHard, *ot-F*ed, and :ot-F:eed.

Word +(ter +ngel +part +rm +rt +ss 4ad 4agger

German meaning =in English? Englische Eedeutung =auf 5eutsch? +n"s /p,ter, :achher Fishing *od )ngel /triking +bgesondert, +bseits Poor +rm Aind, sort, species A"nst, A8nstlichkeit +ce )sel, D"mp(backe, Anallkop( 4ath /chlecht, /chlimm )xca$ator +ngesteller im /"permarkt der die )ink,"(e in 18ten packt

4ald 4ang 4ar 4art 4at 4eet 4itten 4lank 4lech 4og 4rand

/oon 0nbehaart, AahlkLp(ig +(raid Anall, Arach, /chall in -ash, P"re /tab %see also: /tab& 4eard :ame eines Iannes asked politely, re2"ested Flederma"s Flower bed '"ckerr"ebe, rote *"ebe to ask politely, re2"est gebissen /hiny, /hining 0nbeschri(tet, 0na"sge(8llt /heet metal +"sdr"ck des )kels to 1wist, Form, 4end /"mp(, 1or(moor Fire Iarkenprod"kt

Diamond 4rilliant 4lendend, Geist$oll 4"g Front o( a boat or plane #a"s, !nsekt, /tLr"ng /ign Aind

-hild

Dank

1hanks Fe"cht

Dick )l( Falls Fang Fatal Fast Fasten Fee Fell Fern First Flog Fort F"nk Gang Gi(t

1hick /chn8((ler, /chwan , der stei(e Penis 1eam, )le$en )l(e, Aobold !(, in case 6asser(,lle -atch *eiS ahn 0n(ort"nate .erh,ngnis$oll, 0nheil$oll, 1Ldlich +lmost, :early /chnell Fast 4e(estigen Fairy Preise, Geb8hr -oat %animal& (,llen Far away, Distant Farnkra"t *idge '"erst Flew Peitschen, +"speitschen +way, 9((, Gone Fest"ng, Aastell *adio Dr8ckeberger, I"sik $on ;ON=Bs 6alk, Gait, 6ay Gr"ppe, 4ande, 1r"pp Poison Gabe, Geschenk

Grab Grad Gr"b G"t Hack Hal( Handy Hang

Gra$e +"(grei(en, )rgrei(en Degree %temperat"re& einen akademischen Grad erlangen d"g F"tter Good Darm %/chnecke "nd Aette& Heal Heib, Aerbe, 'erhacken Helped Halb -ell Phone Praktisch, Passend, Handlich /lope, !nclination H,ngen, Henken

4it, Iorsel Happen '"(,llig Geschehen, .orkommen, Passieren Hart Heck Held Hell Herd Hose H"b Hard Hirsch 4ack o( a boat or plane 6as "m 1e"(elJ %6hat the HeckJ& Hero Gehalten 4right HLlle -ooker, 9$en, *ange Herde Pants /chla"ch 1hrow, #ob, /wing %see also: #ob& 6ickelkern, :abe

#obster H"mmer ?emand der s"mmt H"t Hat H8tte child +rt, /orte

Aind

#abor #ack #ag #ast #ied #inks #ist #ob #og #ot #"st Iade

#aboratory +rbeit .arnish Anappheit, Iangel #ay "r"eckbleiben, oegern #oad, 4"rden, 6eight '"let t /ong Gelogen #e(t .erkn8p("ng, .erbind"ngen -"nning /chlagseite Praise 6er(, H"b %see also: H"b& #ied 4lock, Alot Pl"mb %line& Pa ille, die Ienge, die Iasse 1o (eel like doing something /innliche 4egierde Iaggot Hergestellt, Gemacht

Ia"l Iist :ot :ote :"n Pest *ang *ad *at *egal *ind *ock *oman *ot /age /ee

Io"th %animal& der /chlegel, 4esch,digen, D"rchpr8geln Ian"re, 1rash leichter :ebel distress, need :icht Grade %in school& bemerken, a"(schreiben, kleiner 4rie( 6ellJ die /chwester %im Aloster&, :onne Plag"e :er$ens,ge *ank Geklingelt, Gekl"ngen 6heel +"sdr"ck der 4ew"nder"ng %wie Geil& +d$ice die *atte /hel$es Ia5est,tisch, ALniglich, Hoheits$oll 4ee(, -attle /chwarte, /chale /kirt /tein, Fels :o$el der *Lmer *ed .errotten, .erwes"ng History, Iyth 6eise, Al"g, Gescheit #ake /iehe

/ense

/cythe 6ahrnehm"ng, 4ede"t"ng, .erstand, /inn

:ew Eears )$e /il$ester :ame eines Iannes /peck /pore /p"r /tab /tare /tark /tern 1ag 1ang 1aste 1oll 1od 1on 1ot 4acon Fleck /p"r %see also: /p"r& /pore %Pil e& 1race, 1racks, #ane /chi((sschnabel, /porn, +nsporn %see also: /pore& *od, Pole, 4aton, 4ar %see also: 4ar& )rstechen /tarlings anstarren /trong .Lllig, G,n lich /tar )rnst, das Heck Day Iarkierstelle, Aenn eichn"ng /eaweed +merikanisches 9rangengetr,nk Aey %as in keyboard& Aostprobe, Geschmackssinn GreatT /"perT 'ollabgabe, /traSenben"t "ngsgeb8hr Death, Dead :ame eines Iannes -lay, a /o"nd die 1onne Dead kleines Aind, kleiner Anirps

6ade 6and 6ar 6as 6elt 6etter 6ider

cal( %o( the leg& waten 6all der 'a"berstab 6as %see also: 6as& Arieg 6hatJ w"rde/war %see also: 6ar& 6orld P"addel, 4e"le 6eather :asser +gainst, -ontrary to 6eiter, 4reiter

+ltho"gh not spelled identically in both lang"ages, beginners are o(ten con("sed by the similarity o( the German 3bekommen3 and )nglish 3to become3. bekommen YF to recei$e, to get werden YF to become

-ontrib"tors
1he German-)nglish lang"age textbook was started in 9ctober <==G. !t was one o( the (irst lang"age textbooks at the )nglish $ersion o( 6ikibooks, (ollowing close on the heels o( %and borrowing some layo"t ideas (rom& the /panish lang"age textbook then "nder de$elopment by 1homas /trohmann. )ric G"inther designed the co$er and contents pages, expanding on a co$er layo"t "sed (or the /panish textbook, and these ideas as introd"ctions to lang"age books ha$e since been widely copied at 6ikibooks %see D"tch, French, -hinese, :orwegian, or *omanian (or examples&. 6hile 6ikibooks o((ers somewhat clearer opport"nities (or 3a"thorship3 than 6ikipedia, there remains the (act that anything p"t here is really 5"st a contrib"tion, and e$eryone who ("rthers the e((ort is a contrib"tor. !n this respect there really are no 3a"thors3. 0ncertain how to contrib"teJ 1o learn how to edit or contrib"te material to this textbook, (irst read the introd"ction at: 7o" to ;dit%

/am) is de$eloping the #e$el ! lessons and contrib"ted material to the #e$el !! lessons be(ore #e$el ! was created. He is c"rrently taking German in school and "sing that experience to g"ide his approach to teaching the beginning st"dent. 4oit is de$eloping a German Grammar s"mmari ation. 1homas /trohmann, a German speaker, has contrib"ted to this book, altho"gh he is mostly in$ol$ed in de$eloping the /panish textbookCalong with ?apanese the $ery (irst lang"age textbooks started at 6ikibooks. )tothex was the original contrib"tor to the German-)nglish textbook, starting it on 9ctober ;D, <==G. Flo(leiH is a German st"dent o( )nglish as a second lang"age and a newbie at wiki. 1he Grammar Aing is c"rrently a German st"dent, and is $ery (amiliar with German c"lt"re. He is also a newbie at 6iki, and plans on editing the page with c"lt"ral notes and other c"lt"ral in(ormation, as well as more in(ormation to the #e$el ! co"rse. German IenO< is c"rrently still st"dying German, b"t knows some many words and German Grammer. He is progressing pages in the #e$el ! co"rse. +nd is also st"dying Germen -"lt"re. 9thers %add yo"r name and tho"ghts here i( yo" are a serio"s contrib"tor& 9ther anonymo"s 6ikibook contrib"ters %see indi$id"al page histories&. :"mero"s other 6ikibooks contrib"tors, especially those (rom the German 6ikibooks.

GDK ,/EE 5"#KBEDTATI"D LI#ED!E

.ersion ;.<, :o$ember <==<


5op6ri&ht *5+ AQQQ,AQQ@,AQQA Free #o%t.are Foundation, Inc. K@ Franklin #t, Fi%th Floor, (oston, "1 QA@@Q)@CQ@ E#1 Ever6one is per!itted to cop6 and distri ute ver ati! copies o% this license docu!ent, ut chan&in& it is not allo.ed.

&% P/EABELE
1he p"rpose o( this #icense is to make a man"al, textbook, or other ("nctional and "se("l doc"ment 3(ree3 in the sense o( (reedom: to ass"re e$eryone the e((ecti$e (reedom to copy and redistrib"te it, with or witho"t modi(ying it, either commercially or noncommercially. /econdarily, this #icense preser$es (or the a"thor and p"blisher a way to get credit (or their work, while not being considered responsible (or modi(ications made by others. 1his #icense is a kind o( 3copyle(t3, which means that deri$ati$e works o( the doc"ment m"st themsel$es be (ree in the same sense. !t complements the G:0 General P"blic #icense, which is a copyle(t license designed (or (ree so(tware. 6e ha$e designed this #icense in order to "se it (or man"als (or (ree so(tware, beca"se (ree so(tware needs (ree doc"mentation: a (ree program sho"ld come with man"als pro$iding the same (reedoms that the so(tware does. 4"t this #icense is not limited to so(tware man"als7 it can be "sed (or any text"al work, regardless o( s"b5ect matter or whether it is p"blished as a printed book. 6e recommend this #icense principally (or works whose p"rpose is instr"ction or re(erence.

$% APPLI#AEILITN AD5 5E,IDITI"D!


1his #icense applies to any man"al or other work, in any medi"m, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distrib"ted "nder the terms o( this #icense. /"ch a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-(ree license, "nlimited in d"ration, to "se that work "nder the conditions stated herein. 1he 3Doc"ment3, below, re(ers to any s"ch man"al or work. +ny member o( the p"blic is a licensee, and is addressed as 3yo"3. Eo" accept the license i( yo" copy, modi(y or distrib"te the work in a way re2"iring permission "nder copyright law. + 3Iodi(ied .ersion3 o( the Doc"ment means any work containing the Doc"ment or a portion o( it, either copied $erbatim, or with modi(ications and/or translated into another lang"age.

+ 3/econdary /ection3 is a named appendix or a (ront-matter section o( the Doc"ment that deals excl"si$ely with the relationship o( the p"blishers or a"thors o( the Doc"ment to the Doc"mentBs o$erall s"b5ect %or to related matters& and contains nothing that co"ld (all directly within that o$erall s"b5ect. %1h"s, i( the Doc"ment is in part a textbook o( mathematics, a /econdary /ection may not explain any mathematics.& 1he relationship co"ld be a matter o( historical connection with the s"b5ect or with related matters, or o( legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. 1he 3!n$ariant /ections3 are certain /econdary /ections whose titles are designated, as being those o( !n$ariant /ections, in the notice that says that the Doc"ment is released "nder this #icense. !( a section does not (it the abo$e de(inition o( /econdary then it is not allowed to be designated as !n$ariant. 1he Doc"ment may contain ero !n$ariant /ections. !( the Doc"ment does not identi(y any !n$ariant /ections then there are none. 1he 3-o$er 1exts3 are certain short passages o( text that are listed, as Front--o$er 1exts or 4ack--o$er 1exts, in the notice that says that the Doc"ment is released "nder this #icense. + Front--o$er 1ext may be at most D words, and a 4ack--o$er 1ext may be at most <D words. + 31ransparent3 copy o( the Doc"ment means a machine-readable copy, represented in a (ormat whose speci(ication is a$ailable to the general p"blic, that is s"itable (or re$ising the doc"ment straight(orwardly with generic text editors or %(or images composed o( pixels& generic paint programs or %(or drawings& some widely a$ailable drawing editor, and that is s"itable (or inp"t to text (ormatters or (or a"tomatic translation to a $ariety o( (ormats s"itable (or inp"t to text (ormatters. + copy made in an otherwise 1ransparent (ile (ormat whose mark"p, or absence o( mark"p, has been arranged to thwart or disco"rage s"bse2"ent modi(ication by readers is not 1ransparent. +n image (ormat is not 1ransparent i( "sed (or any s"bstantial amo"nt o( text. + copy that is not 31ransparent3 is called 39pa2"e3. )xamples o( s"itable (ormats (or 1ransparent copies incl"de plain +/-!! witho"t mark"p, 1exin(o inp"t (ormat, #a1eX inp"t (ormat, /GI# or XI# "sing a p"blicly a$ailable D1D, and standard-con(orming simple H1I#, Post/cript or PDF designed (or h"man modi(ication. )xamples o( transparent image (ormats incl"de P:G, X-F and ?PG. 9pa2"e (ormats incl"de proprietary (ormats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, /GI# or XI# (or which the D1D and/or processing tools are not generally a$ailable, and the machine-generated H1I#, Post/cript or PDF prod"ced by some word processors (or o"tp"t p"rposes only. 1he 31itle Page3 means, (or a printed book, the title page itsel(, pl"s s"ch (ollowing pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this #icense re2"ires to appear in the title page. For works in (ormats which do not ha$e any title page as s"ch, 31itle Page3 means the text near the most prominent appearance o( the workBs title, preceding the beginning o( the body o( the text. + section 3)ntitled XE'3 means a named s"b"nit o( the Doc"ment whose title either is precisely XE' or contains XE' in parentheses (ollowing text that translates XE' in another lang"age. %Here XE' stands (or a speci(ic section name mentioned below, s"ch as 3+cknowledgements3, 3Dedications3, 3)ndorsements3, or 3History3.& 1o 3Preser$e the 1itle3 o( s"ch a section when yo" modi(y the Doc"ment means that it remains a section 3)ntitled XE'3 according to this de(inition. 1he Doc"ment may incl"de 6arranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this #icense applies to the Doc"ment. 1hese 6arranty Disclaimers are considered to be incl"ded by re(erence in this #icense, b"t only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these 6arranty Disclaimers may ha$e is $oid and has no e((ect on the meaning o( this #icense.

+% VE/EATIB #"PNIDG
Eo" may copy and distrib"te the Doc"ment in any medi"m, either commercially or noncommercially, pro$ided that this #icense, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this #icense applies to the Doc"ment are reprod"ced in all copies, and that yo" add no other conditions whatsoe$er to those o( this #icense. Eo" may not "se technical meas"res to obstr"ct or control the reading or ("rther copying o( the copies yo" make or distrib"te. Howe$er, yo" may accept compensation in exchange (or copies. !( yo" distrib"te a large eno"gh n"mber o( copies yo" m"st also (ollow the conditions in section G. Eo" may also lend copies, "nder the same conditions stated abo$e, and yo" may p"blicly display copies.

.% #"PNIDG ID JKADTITN
!( yo" p"blish printed copies %or copies in media that commonly ha$e printed co$ers& o( the Doc"ment, n"mbering more than ;==, and the Doc"mentBs license notice re2"ires -o$er 1exts, yo" m"st enclose the copies in co$ers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these -o$er 1exts: Front--o$er 1exts on the (ront co$er, and 4ack--o$er 1exts on the back co$er. 4oth co$ers m"st also clearly and legibly identi(y yo" as the p"blisher o( these copies. 1he (ront co$er m"st present the ("ll title with all words o( the title e2"ally prominent and $isible. Eo" may add other material on the co$ers in addition. -opying with changes limited to the co$ers, as long as they preser$e the title o( the Doc"ment and satis(y these conditions, can be treated as $erbatim copying in other respects. !( the re2"ired texts (or either co$er are too $ol"mino"s to (it legibly, yo" sho"ld p"t the (irst ones listed %as many as (it reasonably& on the act"al co$er, and contin"e the rest onto ad5acent pages. !( yo" p"blish or distrib"te 9pa2"e copies o( the Doc"ment n"mbering more than ;==, yo" m"st either incl"de a machine-readable 1ransparent copy along with each 9pa2"e copy, or state in or with each 9pa2"e copy a comp"ter-network location (rom which the

general network-"sing p"blic has access to download "sing p"blic-standard network protocols a complete 1ransparent copy o( the Doc"ment, (ree o( added material. !( yo" "se the latter option, yo" m"st take reasonably pr"dent steps, when yo" begin distrib"tion o( 9pa2"e copies in 2"antity, to ens"re that this 1ransparent copy will remain th"s accessible at the stated location "ntil at least one year a(ter the last time yo" distrib"te an 9pa2"e copy %directly or thro"gh yo"r agents or retailers& o( that edition to the p"blic. !t is re2"ested, b"t not re2"ired, that yo" contact the a"thors o( the Doc"ment well be(ore redistrib"ting any large n"mber o( copies, to gi$e them a chance to pro$ide yo" with an "pdated $ersion o( the Doc"ment.

0% B"5I,I#ATI"D!
Eo" may copy and distrib"te a Iodi(ied .ersion o( the Doc"ment "nder the conditions o( sections < and G abo$e, pro$ided that yo" release the Iodi(ied .ersion "nder precisely this #icense, with the Iodi(ied .ersion (illing the role o( the Doc"ment, th"s licensing distrib"tion and modi(ication o( the Iodi(ied .ersion to whoe$er possesses a copy o( it. !n addition, yo" m"st do these things in the Iodi(ied .ersion: A% 0se in the 1itle Page %and on the co$ers, i( any& a title distinct (rom that o( the Doc"ment, and (rom those o( pre$io"s $ersions %which sho"ld, i( there were any, be listed in the History section o( the Doc"ment&. Eo" may "se the same title as a pre$io"s $ersion i( the original p"blisher o( that $ersion gi$es permission. E% #ist on the 1itle Page, as a"thors, one or more persons or entities responsible (or a"thorship o( the modi(ications in the Iodi(ied .ersion, together with at least (i$e o( the principal a"thors o( the Doc"ment %all o( its principal a"thors, i( it has (ewer than (i$e&, "nless they release yo" (rom this re2"irement. #% /tate on the 1itle page the name o( the p"blisher o( the Iodi(ied .ersion, as the p"blisher. 5% Preser$e all the copyright notices o( the Doc"ment. E% +dd an appropriate copyright notice (or yo"r modi(ications ad5acent to the other copyright notices. ,% !ncl"de, immediately a(ter the copyright notices, a license notice gi$ing the p"blic permission to "se the Iodi(ied .ersion "nder the terms o( this #icense, in the (orm shown in the +ddend"m below. G% Preser$e in that license notice the ("ll lists o( !n$ariant /ections and re2"ired -o$er 1exts gi$en in the Doc"mentBs license notice. :% !ncl"de an "naltered copy o( this #icense. I% Preser$e the section )ntitled 3History3, Preser$e its 1itle, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new a"thors, and p"blisher o( the Iodi(ied .ersion as gi$en on the 1itle Page. !( there is no section )ntitled 3History3 in the Doc"ment, create one stating the title, year, a"thors, and p"blisher o( the Doc"ment as gi$en on its 1itle Page, then add an item describing the Iodi(ied .ersion as stated in the pre$io"s sentence. P% Preser$e the network location, i( any, gi$en in the Doc"ment (or p"blic access to a 1ransparent copy o( the Doc"ment, and likewise the network locations gi$en in the Doc"ment (or pre$io"s $ersions it was based on. 1hese may be placed in the 3History3 section. Eo" may omit a network location (or a work that was p"blished at least (o"r years be(ore the Doc"ment itsel(, or i( the original p"blisher o( the $ersion it re(ers to gi$es permission. 1% For any section )ntitled 3+cknowledgements3 or 3Dedications3, Preser$e the 1itle o( the section, and preser$e in the section all the s"bstance and tone o( each o( the contrib"tor acknowledgements and/or dedications gi$en therein. L% Preser$e all the !n$ariant /ections o( the Doc"ment, "naltered in their text and in their titles. /ection n"mbers or the e2"i$alent are not considered part o( the section titles. B% Delete any section )ntitled 3)ndorsements3. /"ch a section may not be incl"ded in the Iodi(ied .ersion. D% Do not retitle any existing section to be )ntitled 3)ndorsements3 or to con(lict in title with any !n$ariant /ection. "% Preser$e any 6arranty Disclaimers. !( the Iodi(ied .ersion incl"des new (ront-matter sections or appendices that 2"ali(y as /econdary /ections and contain no material copied (rom the Doc"ment, yo" may at yo"r option designate some or all o( these sections as in$ariant. 1o do this, add their titles to the list o( !n$ariant /ections in the Iodi(ied .ersionBs license notice. 1hese titles m"st be distinct (rom any other section titles. Eo" may add a section )ntitled 3)ndorsements3, pro$ided it contains nothing b"t endorsements o( yo"r Iodi(ied .ersion by $ario"s parties--(or example, statements o( peer re$iew or that the text has been appro$ed by an organi ation as the a"thoritati$e de(inition o( a standard. Eo" may add a passage o( "p to (i$e words as a Front--o$er 1ext, and a passage o( "p to <D words as a 4ack--o$er 1ext, to the end o( the list o( -o$er 1exts in the Iodi(ied .ersion. 9nly one passage o( Front--o$er 1ext and one o( 4ack--o$er 1ext may be added by %or thro"gh arrangements made by& any one entity. !( the Doc"ment already incl"des a co$er text (or the same co$er, pre$io"sly added by yo" or by arrangement made by the same entity yo" are acting on behal( o(, yo" may not add another7 b"t yo" may replace the old one, on explicit permission (rom the pre$io"s p"blisher that added the old one. 1he a"thor%s& and p"blisher%s& o( the Doc"ment do not by this #icense gi$e permission to "se their names (or p"blicity (or or to assert or imply endorsement o( any Iodi(ied .ersion.

2% #"BEIDIDG 5"#KBEDT!
Eo" may combine the Doc"ment with other doc"ments released "nder this #icense, "nder the terms de(ined in section @ abo$e (or modi(ied $ersions, pro$ided that yo" incl"de in the combination all o( the !n$ariant /ections o( all o( the original doc"ments, "nmodi(ied, and list them all as !n$ariant /ections o( yo"r combined work in its license notice, and that yo" preser$e all their 6arranty Disclaimers. 1he combined work need only contain one copy o( this #icense, and m"ltiple identical !n$ariant /ections may be replaced with a single copy. !( there are m"ltiple !n$ariant /ections with the same name b"t di((erent contents, make the title o( each s"ch section "ni2"e by adding at the end o( it, in parentheses, the name o( the original a"thor or p"blisher o( that section i( known, or else a "ni2"e n"mber. Iake the same ad5"stment to the section titles in the list o( !n$ariant /ections in the license notice o( the combined work. !n the combination, yo" m"st combine any sections )ntitled 3History3 in the $ario"s original doc"ments, (orming one section )ntitled 3History37 likewise combine any sections )ntitled 3+cknowledgements3, and any sections )ntitled 3Dedications3. Eo" m"st delete all sections )ntitled 3)ndorsements.3

3% #"LLE#TI"D! ", 5"#KBEDT!


Eo" may make a collection consisting o( the Doc"ment and other doc"ments released "nder this #icense, and replace the indi$id"al copies o( this #icense in the $ario"s doc"ments with a single copy that is incl"ded in the collection, pro$ided that yo" (ollow the r"les o( this #icense (or $erbatim copying o( each o( the doc"ments in all other respects. Eo" may extract a single doc"ment (rom s"ch a collection, and distrib"te it indi$id"ally "nder this #icense, pro$ided yo" insert a copy o( this #icense into the extracted doc"ment, and (ollow this #icense in all other respects regarding $erbatim copying o( that doc"ment.

4% AGG/EGATI"D WIT: ID5EPED5EDT W"/1!


+ compilation o( the Doc"ment or its deri$ati$es with other separate and independent doc"ments or works, in or on a $ol"me o( a storage or distrib"tion medi"m, is called an 3aggregate3 i( the copyright res"lting (rom the compilation is not "sed to limit the legal rights o( the compilationBs "sers beyond what the indi$id"al works permit. 6hen the Doc"ment is incl"ded in an aggregate, this #icense does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themsel$es deri$ati$e works o( the Doc"ment. !( the -o$er 1ext re2"irement o( section G is applicable to these copies o( the Doc"ment, then i( the Doc"ment is less than one hal( o( the entire aggregate, the Doc"mentBs -o$er 1exts may be placed on co$ers that bracket the Doc"ment within the aggregate, or the electronic e2"i$alent o( co$ers i( the Doc"ment is in electronic (orm. 9therwise they m"st appear on printed co$ers that bracket the whole aggregate.

6% T/AD!LATI"D
1ranslation is considered a kind o( modi(ication, so yo" may distrib"te translations o( the Doc"ment "nder the terms o( section @. *eplacing !n$ariant /ections with translations re2"ires special permission (rom their copyright holders, b"t yo" may incl"de translations o( some or all !n$ariant /ections in addition to the original $ersions o( these !n$ariant /ections. Eo" may incl"de a translation o( this #icense, and all the license notices in the Doc"ment, and any 6arranty Disclaimers, pro$ided that yo" also incl"de the original )nglish $ersion o( this #icense and the original $ersions o( those notices and disclaimers. !n case o( a disagreement between the translation and the original $ersion o( this #icense or a notice or disclaimer, the original $ersion will pre$ail. !( a section in the Doc"ment is )ntitled 3+cknowledgements3, 3Dedications3, or 3History3, the re2"irement %section @& to Preser$e its 1itle %section ;& will typically re2"ire changing the act"al title.

7% TE/BIDATI"D
Eo" may not copy, modi(y, s"blicense, or distrib"te the Doc"ment except as expressly pro$ided (or "nder this #icense. +ny other attempt to copy, modi(y, s"blicense or distrib"te the Doc"ment is $oid, and will a"tomatically terminate yo"r rights "nder this #icense. Howe$er, parties who ha$e recei$ed copies, or rights, (rom yo" "nder this #icense will not ha$e their licenses terminated so long as s"ch parties remain in ("ll compliance.

$&% ,KTK/E /EVI!I"D! ", T:I! LI#ED!E


1he Free /o(tware Fo"ndation may p"blish new, re$ised $ersions o( the G:0 Free Doc"mentation #icense (rom time to time. /"ch new $ersions will be similar in spirit to the present $ersion, b"t may di((er in detail to address new problems or concerns. /ee http://www.gn".org/copyle(t/. )ach $ersion o( the #icense is gi$en a disting"ishing $ersion n"mber. !( the Doc"ment speci(ies that a partic"lar n"mbered $ersion o( this #icense 3or any later $ersion3 applies to it, yo" ha$e the option o( (ollowing the terms and conditions either o( that speci(ied $ersion or o( any later $ersion that has been p"blished %not as a dra(t& by the Free /o(tware Fo"ndation. !( the Doc"ment does not speci(y a $ersion n"mber o( this #icense, yo" may choose any $ersion e$er p"blished %not as a dra(t& by the Free /o(tware Fo"ndation.

E<ternal links

G:0 Free Doc"mentation #icense %6ikipedia article on the license& 9((icial G:0 FD# webpage

You might also like