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If a force Pj pulls on the joint, then the safety factor against separation is
nsj = Pi Pj (1 Ck )
( 15.32)
Pi = preload (Eq 15.33) Pj = external load Ck = joint constant (dimensionless stiffness parameter)
Ck =
bolt joint
Se/Kf
a= m-i i m m Sut
Se/Kf
aA a
A C B i m m Sut
a=
m - i
Se K f S a = e m Kf S ut
n fatigue =
aA S e K f S ut i = a a S ut + S e K f
Preload stress i may lower the safety factor. However, the safety factor can be much worse without adequate preload. Example showing relationship between preload and fatigue: Minimum external load = 0. Maximum external load = 3000 lb. Bolt and joint stiffnesses kb = 0.6Mlb/in. kj = 1.8Mlb/in. Tensile cross section area At = 0.0775 in2. Ultimate strength Su = 120 kpsi. Modified endurance limit Se/Kf = 14.21 kpsi. Calculate factor of safety against fatigue for: a)Preload = 4941 lb. b)Preload = 1200 lb (Remember joint separation).
Adequate preload P, lb 4.94k 3k 1.2k Defl, in Pmax = 4.94 + 0.25(3) = 5.69 klb. Pmin = 4.94 klb. Minimum bolt stress i = _____ Altern bolt stress a = _______
n fatigue = a
Inadequate preload P, lb
3k Defl, in Pmax = 3.0 klb. Pmin = 1.2 klb. Minimum bolt stress i = _____ Altern bolt stress a = ______
S ut i S ut + S e K f
Se K f
nfatigue = ________
nfatigue = ________
nsb =
At S p Pi PCk
Stiffness parameter
( 15.31)
Bolt loading
Preload reduces the safety factor against static failure. However, static failure seldom matters, and less important than joint separation. What is more important than static failure is fatigue.
nsb =
At S p Pi PCk
aA S e K f S ut i = a a S ut + S e K f
Against fatigue:
n fatigue =
All materials are steel. 1. Determine loads on bolts. 2. Choose bolt grade (5 or higher). 3. Choose bolt diameter based on load and strength. 4. Determine preload and pretorque. 5. Calculate joint stiffness parameter. 6. Determine safety factor against joint separation. 7. Determine safety factor against fatigue. 8. Go back to 3 until safety factors are good.