Partial Discharge Detection For Gas-Insulated Switchgear in Service

Power Transmission and Distribution Service
Partial Discharge Detection for Gas-Insulated Switchgear in Service

PTD SE AS - Asset Services

CONTENT
Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
1. Introduction 2. Defects & PD Sources in GIS 3. PD detection and diagnostics 4. UHF PD Monitoring System Design and Installation 5. Service experience & references 6. GIS Modification 7. Summary 8. Discussion
PTD SE AS Page 2 / 38
MTBF for GIS (72,5 kV550 kV)
Introduction Introduction PD Sources PD Detection

MTBF [bay * years]
700 600 Siemens GIS 500 400 300

SC13-C.B.
PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
200
SC13-C.B.
(2nd inq.)
100 0 1971 1974 1977
(1st inq.)
SC23-GIS
1980
1983
1986 years
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
GIS Reliability and Availability
Introduction Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
Construction Development
Production Assembly
On-Site Assembly
Service Service
+
Maintenance, Maintenance, Diagnosis, Diagnostics, Monitoring Monitoring
= GIS
Type Tests
Routine Tests
On-Site Tests
GIS-Components Responsible for Major-Failures

Main GIS-components responsible for major failure Operating mechanism (motor, pump, energy storage) Control, protection and auxiliary voltage components SF6 gas sealing or density supervision Component at HV Insulation within GIS (solid or gas) Making and breaking units or other main contact assemblies Unknown
Source: Cigre WG 23-10; Paris 1998
Introduction Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
GIS commissioned after 01.01.1985
23.2% 10.7% 9.0% 16.0% 23.9% 8.2% 9.1%
42.9 %
Secondary Equipment, Cabling etc.
48.1 %
High Voltage Components
Possible Monitoring and Diagnostics Parameter
Introduction Introduction
dbc GM S-Nr 123-456
PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
Mechanical Mechanical parameters parameters
X4
X3
Electrical Electrical parameters parameters

Primary Primary voltage voltage & & current current Motor Motor running running time time Motor Motor voltage voltage & & current current Auxiliary voltage Auxiliary voltage Trip Trip coil coil current current
X1
X2
Temperature Temperature Switch Switch position position Operating Operating time time Travel Travel curve curve Spring Spring position position Charging Charging energy energy Charging time Charging time
Measuring point
Dielectric Dielectric parameters parameters

Partial Partial Discharges Discharges Arc-Detection Arc-Detection -pressure and density SF SF6 6-pressure and density -quality SF SF6 6-quality
Possible PD Sources and Defects in GIS
Introduction PD sources PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
ENCLOSURE
protrusion on earth part
floating potential
particle on spacer
SPACER
CONDUCTOR
protrusion on live part free moving particle
void
PD Sources and Defects in GIS
Introduction PD sources PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
In general GIS are very reliable
With regard to the insulation metallic particle contamination are the most critical defects. Sources for such contamination can be
mechanical abrasions movement of conductors under load cycling vibration during shipment and service
On-Site PD Detection Techniques

UHF PD detection (400 MHz - 2 GHz) well known method for PD detection on GIS for on-site testing and service monitoring Acoustic PD detection well known method for PD detection on GIS for localization of PD defects PD detection according IEC 60270 (100 kHz - 800 kHz) not suitable for on-site detection on GIS 245 kV (HV coupling capacitance is needed) and GIS equipped with SF6/air bushings
Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
Introduction of UHF PD Detection

PD with their fast rise time in SF6 emit a very wide band electrical signal spectrum, extending from DC to Gigaherz Below the so called cut-off frequency, PD signal propagation is usually wave guided by the conductors (TEM mode), the signal attenuation is low in gaseous media Above the cut-off frequency PD signals move as transversal electrical (TE) and magnetical (TM) waves, the signal attenuation is relatively strong
These PD signals can be coupled by PD couplers matched to the GIS design!

PD Coupler for UHF PD Detection
For measuring the PD pulses within the UHF range PD couplers (antennas) are needed.
UHF PD Signal Propagation within a GIS
ENC LO SUR E CONDUCTOR CO U PLER SPAC ER
U H F s ig nal =
sup erp osition of ele ctrom agn etic w ave s (reson ance freq uen cies)
P D pulse t < 1 ns
The magnitude and position of the maximum amplitude of the UHF signal picked up by a PD coupler is due to the superposition of multiple superposing electrical (TE) and magnetical (TM) waves more or less random.
Typical Locations of Field Couplers for UHF PD Detection
switchgear switchgear8DQ1 8DQ1
location 1 (outgoing feeder)
location 2 (busbar)
Typical PRPD Charts of UHF PD Detection
phase angle phase angle amplitude amplitude
Remark: color indicates the number of PD pulses
type of defect:
protruding tip on conductor
void in an epoxy spacer
Technical Data of the Coupler Heads
Head None UHF VFT DC
External Capacitance/Resistor earthed 50 6 nF / 10 M 500 nF / 10 M 500 nF / 1 G
Frequency Range --100 MHz - > 1.8 GHz 3 Hz - 70 MHz 0.03 Hz - 6 kHz 0.0003 Hz - 6 kHz
Sensitivity Verification: Procedure According to Cigr*

1) Laboratory test: Comparable UHF signal for real PD off a free moving metallic particle with an apparent charge of 5 pC and for artificial pulses from signal generator Determination of the artificial pulse amplitude which is equivalent to 5 pc 2) On-site test: Injection of the artificial pulses into a GIS coupler and detection of the stimulated UHF signal at the adjacent couplers Detection sensitivity will be at least 5 pC
* Cigr TF 15/33.03.05: Partial Discharge Detection System for GIS: Sensitivity Verification for the UHF Method and the Acoustic Method, LECTRA No. 183, April 1999
Sensitivity Verification: 1) Laboratory Test
PRPD chart for a 5 pC moving particle UHF signal of artificial pulses with 20 V amplitude*
* Siemens GIS and PDM System: CAL 2B with 20 V is equivalent to 5 pC
Impulse of 20V is equivalent to 5pc regarding Siemens GIS and PDM.

Sensitivity Verification: 2) On-Site Test
Sensitivity verification for a typical HV test section of a 420 kV GIS.

PD Localisation by Travelling Time Measurement

L1
Introduction PD Sources
S2
PD Detection PD Detection
L2
S7
UHF field coupler
distance distance L2 L2= =18.2 18.2m m
PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion

equivalent cable length !
UHF preamplifier oscilloscope
S2
(bandwidth 1GHz)
L1 t)/2 0 ** L1= =((L2 L2--c c 0 t ) / 2
with 0.3 m/ns 0 == with cc 0.3 m/ns 0
L1 L1= =6.4 6.4m m 18ns ns t t==18 S7
Summary of UHF PD Detection
In general accepted method for PD detection in GIS Calibration of the measurement set-up acc. to IEC 60270 is not feasible, therefore measurement of the apparent charge is not possible, however sensitivity verification is possible Suitable for laboratory as well as for on-site tests, On-line monitoring is possible Small affection by external disturbances
Advantages of an On-Line PD Monitoring System

Service:
detection detectionof ofgrowing growingdefects defects PRPD PRPDchart chartanalysis analysis--risk riskassessment assessment accurate accuratelocalization localizationby bytravelling travellingtime time or oracoustic acousticPD PDdetection detection condition-based maintenance information on the service condition evaluate the remaining service life
Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
On-site high voltage test:

sensitive sensitivedetection detectionof ofdefects defects enhancement of GIS reliability
Introduction to the PDM System

The next slides illustrate a radial PDM System
The UHF signal from a moving particle propagates along the chamber, and divides at the tee connector. The signal in the vertical chamber passes through the cast resin barrier, and is picked up by the coupler. The coupler signals from the three phases are taken by low-loss coaxial cables to an Optical Converter Unit (OCU), where they are converted to a digital optical signal and sent via a optic fibre to the Equipment Cabinet. This is normally located in the Control Room. The Equipment Cabinet contains the main processing electronics of the PDM, and the PD pulses are stored, analysed and displayed on the monitor.
Radial PDM System
Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring PD Monitoring Experience
coupler
OCU GIS Modification Summary Discussion coupler OCU PDM equipment cabinet particle
Radial PDM System Schematically

coaxial cables
couplers
3 ph optical Rx buffer data bus
detector & optical Tx (OCU)
PCU
equipment rack
OCU (Optical Converter Unit)
OCU (Optical Converter Unit)
PDM Equipment Cabinet
Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Pattern
The PD Pulses are Shown on a 3D Display

amplitude
successive cycles (1-50)
point on cycle
Properties of UHF PD Monitoring System
Simultaneous PD measurement on up to 256 PD couplers Radial data transfer via optical fibre bus system (n-1 principle) Archiving of the entire switchgear service life Remote control and remote diagnosis via modem link Expert system for automatic classification of PD sources including identification of noise signals Alarm indicators and actuation of voltage-free relay contact
Example of a 420 kV GIS
Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
Overview about GIS with UHF PD Couplers and PDM

rated voltage 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 550 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 145 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 300 kV 230 kV no. of UHF PD couplers 35 9 9 6 27 15 9 39 69 39 2 27 18 2 21 51 21 6 84 X X GIS extension test: buried version X X X X test: tunnel version GIS extension continuous PDM
no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
country UK GER GER GER CAN DAN DAN GER GER AUT GER DAN GER GER DAN GER GER CH SIN
GIS type 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 GIL 8DQ1 8DN9 GIL 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 GIL 8DP3
year 1992 1994 1994 1995 1995 1997 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2001 2001
remark
Overview about GIS with UHF PD Couplers and PDM
no. 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
country SAR BRA SIN CH SIN GER GB MAL AUS AUS CH CH E IND MEX GB E E CH
GIS type 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DN8 8DP3 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DP3 8DQ1 8DN8 8DN9 8DN8 8DN9 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DQ1 8DN9 8DN9 8DN8
rated voltage 420 kV 550 kV 420 kV 145 kV 230 kV 420 kV 420 kV 300 kV 420 kV 145 kV 245 kV 145 kV 245 kV 420 kV 420 kV 420 kV 245 kV 245 kV 145 kV
year 2001 2001 2001 2001 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004 2004
no. of UHF PD couplers 93 54 57 5 129 39 15 141 30 34 17 2 18 66 54 48 22 26 11
continuous PDM X X X X
remark
GIS modification GIS extension Mobile PDM Mobile PDM
X Mobile PDM X
Steps for GIS Modification
Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification GIS Modification Summary Discussion
1. Definition of the project 2. On-site investigation 3. GIS Modification (Installation of the couplers) 4. Installation of the PDM System 5. Commissioning 6. On-line evaluation of the GIS condition by Siemens
General Aspects for Decision of GIS Modification

Decision Aspects
Importance of the Substation
145 kV
245 kV
420 kV
Rated Voltage Further Criterion: service experience, risk potential, costs

Installation of the PD Couplers, Example 8D.4 GIS

New PD Coupler
Rupture Diaphragm

Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion
For GIS UHF PD detection is generally accepted for on-line monitoring purposes Detection of growing defects with a high sensitivity and small affection by external disturbances are possible Furthermore Monitoring enables
Evaluation of service condition Risk assessment Condition-based maintenance Evaluation of the remaining service life
GIS Modification on already delivered GIS is possible

Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion Discussion
1) What do you expect from a PD on-line Monitoring System?
2) Which advantages does a PD on-line Monitoring System have?
3) Which disadvantages does a PD on-line Monitoring System have?
4) Is PD on-line Monitoring System the only means to increase the reliability of a GIS substation?
5) Does PD on-line Monitoring replace the preventive maintenance?

Partial Discharge Detection For Gas-Insulated Switchgear in Service

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Power Transmission and Distribution Service

Partial Discharge Detection for Gas-Insulated Switchgear in Service

Partial Discharge Detection for Gas-Insulated Switchgear in Service

MTBF for GIS (72,5 kV550 kV)

Introduction Introduction PD Sources PD Detection

700 600 Siemens GIS 500 400 300

PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion

100 0 1971 1974 1977

GIS Reliability and Availability

GIS-Components Responsible for Major-Failures

GIS commissioned after 01.01.1985

23.2% 10.7% 9.0% 16.0% 23.9% 8.2% 9.1%

Possible Monitoring and Diagnostics Parameter

PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion

Mechanical Mechanical parameters parameters

Electrical Electrical parameters parameters

Dielectric Dielectric parameters parameters

Possible PD Sources and Defects in GIS

protrusion on earth part

protrusion on live part free moving particle

PD Sources and Defects in GIS

In general GIS are very reliable

On-Site PD Detection Techniques

Introduction of UHF PD Detection

These PD signals can be coupled by PD couplers matched to the GIS design!

PD Coupler for UHF PD Detection

UHF PD Signal Propagation within a GIS

Typical Locations of Field Couplers for UHF PD Detection

switchgear switchgear8DQ1 8DQ1

location 1 (outgoing feeder)

Typical PRPD Charts of UHF PD Detection

Remark: color indicates the number of PD pulses

protruding tip on conductor

void in an epoxy spacer

Technical Data of the Coupler Heads

Head None UHF VFT DC

External Capacitance/Resistor earthed 50 6 nF / 10 M 500 nF / 10 M 500 nF / 1 G

Sensitivity Verification: Procedure According to Cigr*

Sensitivity Verification: 1) Laboratory Test

Impulse of 20V is equivalent to 5pc regarding Siemens GIS and PDM.

Sensitivity Verification: 2) On-Site Test

Sensitivity verification for a typical HV test section of a 420 kV GIS.

PD Localisation by Travelling Time Measurement

UHF field coupler

distance distance L2 L2= =18.2 18.2m m

PD Monitoring Experience GIS Modification Summary Discussion

UHF preamplifier oscilloscope

L1 t)/2 0 ** L1= =((L2 L2--c c 0 t ) / 2

with 0.3 m/ns 0 == with cc 0.3 m/ns 0

L1 L1= =6.4 6.4m m 18ns ns t t==18 S7

Summary of UHF PD Detection

Advantages of an On-Line PD Monitoring System

On-site high voltage test:

Introduction to the PDM System

Radial PDM System

Introduction PD Sources PD Detection PD Monitoring PD Monitoring Experience

Radial PDM System Schematically

3 ph optical Rx buffer data bus

detector & optical Tx (OCU)

OCU (Optical Converter Unit)

OCU (Optical Converter Unit)

PDM Equipment Cabinet

Phase Resolved Partial Discharge Pattern