International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN

N 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), pp. 98-107 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2013): 5.7731 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

IJMET
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ESTIMATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR (SIF) ON CRACK COMPONENT BY USING FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
M. D. Nikam(1),
1

G. V. Patil(2),

G. N. Thokal(3),

V. H. Khatawate(4)

(Mechanical Engineering, Pillais institute of Information and Technology, Mumbai University, New Panvel, India) 2, 3, 4 (Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Pillais institute of Information and Technology, Mumbai University, New Panvel, India)

ABSTRACT Theoretical solutions are available for idealized cases such as Infinite flat plate with edge crack, central crack etc. However main limitation of these theoretical solutions is they are very restrictive and while analyzing a normal component, a lot of assumptions go into it. Finite Element Analysis on the other hand provides good tool to determine Stress Intensity Factor. Cracks generally initiate at geometric discontinuities (such as notches, holes, weld toes, voids etc.) that induce large stress (stress concentration). Since crack growth is related to the effective stress intensity factor (SIF) which is at crack tip, the evaluation of Stress Intensity Factors. The present work would aim to fulfill this gap and generate more information thereby increased understanding on fracture behavior in 3D Components. Finite element analysis has been performed to support the results on fracture parameters like Location and Size of Cracks and results has been compared with available theoretical solutions. It is concluded that magnitude of critical Stress Intensity Factor can be used as a fracture criterion for thin Plates. Same procedure has been adapted for Analysis of connecting rod to find Stress Intensity Factor at various lengths of crack Keywords: Fracture Mechanics, Finite Element Analysis, Critical Stress Intensity Factor (SIF). 1. INTRODUCTION Crack extension (i.e., fracture) occurs when the energy available for crack growth is sufficient to overcome the resistance of the material. The material resistance may include the surface energy, plastic work, or other types of energy dissipation associated with a propagating crack.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME The cause of most structural failures generally falls into one of the following categories: 1. Negligence during design, construction, or operation of the structure. 2. Application of a new design or material, which produces an unexpected (and undesirable) result. The field of fracture mechanics has prevented a substantial number of structural failures. We will never know how many lives have been saved or how much property damage has been avoided by applying this technology, because it is impossible to quantify disasters that dont happen.[3] Prime goal of studying is to predict whether a crack is likely to grow or not. If the Stress Intensity Factor of a crack approaches or exceeds an upper limit of stress intensity factor, the crack may grow. The upper limit is known as critical stress intensity factor which is a material property. Stress is a parameter which represent internal loading within the solid and yield stress is the limit on stress, beyond which the material is regarded to have failed by many designers. Similarly, stress intensity factor is parameter of measure the severity of stress at the crack tip. The critical stress intensity factor is limit on SIF, if the SIF exceeds the critical stress intensity factor, the crack may grow. In order to predict the growth of crack in a component, the designer should find two values: 1. 2. The SIF determined through analysis for the geometry of the component, crack orientation and applied load. The critical SIF determined through experiments for material of component.

If Stress intensity factor exceeds the critical stress intensity factor, the designer should do something such as reducing the load on the component, modifying the geometry of component, or choosing the material of higher toughness. The objective of the work is to estimate whether the variation in SIF can be quantified into a relation, which will be useful in Damage Tolerance field. The length of the cracks will be varied to understand the change in SIF due to crack growth. To find out stress concentrated at crack tip and estimation of stress intensity factor for 2-D Edge crack and 2-D Central crack. Compare results with theoretical solutions. Apply same procedure for 3-D crack modelling, SIF calculation and the result validation on Connecting rod. Hence procedure has developed to analyze Stress Intensity factor to find. 2. STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR (K) Designers are always interested to know whether a crack is likely to grow or not if the geometry of crack, loads and other boundary conditions of a structural component are known. Therefore parameter is available to measure crack effectiveness or crack extension force. The fracture problem is analyses through different approaches, each approach having its own parameter. One approach for crack effectiveness is Stress Intensity Factor (SIF). It is applicable only for Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics. In comparison to Energy Release Rate, Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) is simpler for designer and easier for laboratory measurements. The SIF develops analysis of linear material only, the analysis does not account for plastic deformation close to the crack tip. Critical Stress Intensity Factor of a material depends on many factors, such as 1. Heat treatment which control the yield stress of material. 2. Speed of the crack. 3. Temperature of specimen.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME 4. Process of manufacturing (as cast or rolled). 5. Orientation of crack with respect to the grains at the crack tip. [4] 3. ESTIMATION OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR Analytical calculations are performed using Irwin's formula and 2D finite element analyses (FEA) are conducted in parallel using ANSYS. Methodology followed to find out Stress Intensity Factor for a two dimensional and three dimensional components is as follows. In theoretical Solution, Initially stress intensity factor for both central and edge crack of plate component is estimated. Stress intensity factor for Mode I fracture KI, has the following form: K = f() Where, = Applied stress a = Crack length and f() = A non-dimensional function depending on the size and geometry of the crack, size and geometry of the structural component, and the type of loading. Elastic modulus i.e. youngs Modulus , Poissons ratio, Crack length, point loads and boundary conditions as per problem statement are require for Finite Element Analysis of Crack Propagation. Material Properties: Density Young's modulus Poissons ratio Element shape Element type Material

: 7850 kg/mm^3 : 200000 MPa : 0.30 : Tetra, Hex, Penta : Solid : Steel (generic)

Model: The dimension of Edge crack plate is 10050mm and Centre crack plate is 20050 mm and both plates is modeled using BLC4 command. Plate Dimensions: 1. Dimensions : 100505m Crack Location : Edge Crack Dimensions : 10%W to 60%W (W=50mm) 2. Dimensions : 200505mm Crack Location : Center Area Loc. Crack Dimensions : 10%W to 60%W (W=50mm) Symmetric Distribution Mesh: a) PLANE82 is a higher order version of the 2-D, four node element (PLANE42) has used for Central crack plate. b) PLANE183 is a higher order 2-D, 8-node or 6-node element has used for central crack. PLANE183 has quadratic displacement behavior and is well suited to modeling irregular meshes has used for Edge crack plate.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME 4. ANALYSIS OF STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR Stress intensity factors are a measure of the change in stress within the vicinity of the crack tip. Therefore, it is important to know the crack direction and crack propagating in engineering component. The stress intensity factor is compared with the critical stress intensity factor (KIc) to determine whether the crack will propagate in the component or it will not propagate. 4.1 Theoretical Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) Dimensional analysis can be used to show that the stress intensity factor for Mode I fracture K , has the following form:
I

K=

*f ()

Where, = Applied stress a = Crack length and f () = A non-dimensional function depending on the size and geometry of the crack, size and geometry of the structural component, and the type of loading. [3] Theoretical solutions are available for idealized cases such as Infinite flat plate with edge crack, central crack etc. However main limitation of these theoretical solutions is that they are very restrictive and while analyzing a normal component, a lot of assumptions go into it. Ansys on the other hand provides good tool to determine SIF. 4.2 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Material Properties Code Name (Internal)

Modulus of Elasticity (E) Poisson's Ratio Yield Strength Element used Density Young's modulus Plate Dimensions 1) Dimensions Crack Location Crack Dimensions 2) Dimensions Crack Location Crack Dimensions

: GTS-65-02 CI : Fe Rest, C 2.0-2.6, Si 0.90-1.60, Mn 0.40-0.50 (Wt. %) : 180 GPa : 0.32 : 380MPa : Plane183 : 7400 kg/m : 180000MPa : 100505mm : Edge : 10%W to 60%W (W=50mm) : 200505mm : Center Area Loc. : 10%W to 60%W (W=50mm) Symmetric Distribution

4.2.1 Pre-Processing PLANE183 is a higher order 2-D, 8-node or 6-node element. PLANE183 has quadratic displacement behavior and is well suited to modeling irregular meshes (such as those produced by various CAD/CAM systems). This element is defined by 8 nodes or 6 nodes having two degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x and y directions.
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

Figure 4.3: Mesh model In Model file dimension of Edge crack plate is 10050mm and Centre crack plate is 20050 mm and both plates is modeled using BLC4 command.

Figure 4.4: Edge-Cracked plate

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

Figure 4.5: Stress intensity close to the crack tip in edge crack. 4.2.3 Post-Processing It displays result graphically. Graphics displays are perhaps the most effective way to review results. In the plate model the stress intensity is shown in red color, there is a sharp rise in stress in the vicinity of crack. And similarly following the steps for central crack stress intensity factor can be estimated. For estimation of crack in 3D component same procedure has been followed. We have taken Connecting rod as sample case study for this work to find out stress intensity factor. Which is explain in next chapter. 5. CRACK PROPAGATION ANALYSIS OF CONNECTING ROD It is a part of the engine, which is subjected to millions of repetitive cyclic loadings. It should be strong enough to remain rigid under loading, and also be light enough to reduce the inertia forces which are produced when the rod and piston stop, change directions and start again at the end of each stroke. 5.1 Hypermesh Connecting rod mode is made by using CATIA V5 software. Meshing of connecting rod is done using HyperMesh v12.0. The problem is to find Stress intensity factor of Cracked Connecting rod and this is solved by using ANSYS software. 5.1.1 Material Properties Density Young's modulus Poissons ratio Element used Material

: 7.85e-06 kg mm^-3 : 200000 MPa : 0.3 : Solid 187 and Solid 186 : Steel (generic)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME 5.1.2 Mesh Meshing of connecting rod by using Hypermesh software. Warpage aspect ratio :5 Square angle : 600(>=900) Jacobian : 0.7 Quadrilateral faces : Min angle is less than 450 : Max angle is greater than 135 Total No. of element : 9557 Order : 2nd order element critical shape Force : 14000N Element A) Solid 187 : Tetrahedron : 4 faces

: B) Solid 186 : Hexa-Dominants : 6 faces C) Surf 154 : Penta : 5 faces

: Solid 187- tetra-3mm : Solid 187-tetra-1mm : Solid 186 Hex dominant - 0.2mm

Figure 5.1 Connecting rod mesh view

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME

Figure 5.2 Crack meshing of connecting rod (close view)

6. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Theoretical calculations and Ansys simulation results are compared with each other as shown in Table 6.1 for edge crack and central crack. Table 6.1: Comparison of Theoretical and APDL SIF result in Edge and central crack Comparison of Theoretical and APDL SIF result Comparison of Theoretical and APDL in Edge crack SIF result in Central crack Crack length Theoretical SIF APDL SIF Theoretical SIF APDL SIF (mm) 5 18.76 18.7275 11.33 11.26 10 30.72 30.5070 16.26 16.01 15 45.25 45.3899 20.45 19.76 20 66.70 66.7738 24.71 24.07 25 100.20 99.8654 29.63 29.15 30 156.33 155.9892 35.74 35.16

Figure 6.1 Comparison of Theoretical and APDL SIF result in Edge crack

Figure 6.2 Comparison of Theoretical and APDL SIF result in Central crack

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME For Edge crack the variation in SIF value in between Theoretical and APDL SIF is ranging in between -0.1% to 0.8%. From figure 6.1 we can observe as crack length increase, stress intensity factor also increases. For Centre crack the variation in SIF value in between Theoretical and APDL SIF is ranging in between 0.6% to 3.4% from figure 6.2. Form Table 6.1 it has been observed that values of Stress intensity factor increasing as crack length increases. This stress intensity factor is compared with the critical stress intensity factor KIc (the capacity) to determine whether crack will propagate or not. According to basic Fracture Mechanics theory if actual crack SIF is greater than this critical value it results in crack propagation. Variation of stress intensity factor with respective crack length in connecting rod is observed elliptical in nature inside the connecting rod from figure 5.6.

Figure 5.6: Severity of crack propagation in the connecting rod with respect to distance. 7. CONCLUSION Theoretical values of Stress Intensity Factor and the values of Stress Intensity Factor by using ANSYS for central and horizontal crack are compared and analyze results for plate two dimensional components. Using the same Methodology for connecting rod (3D component) we estimated the Stress intensity factor and finding out the severity of crack in connecting rod. Hence by inference if we employ the same process we should achieve reasonable accuracy. If Stress intensity factor exceeds the critical stress intensity factor, the designer should reduce the load on the component, modifying the geometry of component, or choosing the material of higher toughness. REFERENCES [1] SIFs of part-through mode I crack for uniform crack surface Pressure G. S WANG the Aeronautical Research Institute of Sweden, Structures Department, Bromma Sweden. Engineering Fracture Mechanics Vol. 43, No. 3. pp. 353-378. 1992. Evaluation of mode I stress intensity factors for edge cracks from 2-D V-notches using composition of constituent SIF weight functions L.S. Teh, F.P. Brennan. International Journal of Fatigue 29 (2007) 12531268
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 5, Issue 1, January (2014), IAEME [3] Fracture mechanics-Fundamentals and Applications by T.L.Anderson published by Taylor and Francis group 2005. [4] Crack-tip stresses and their effect on stress intensity factor for k propagation. S. Stoychev, D. Kujawski *.Engineering Fracture Mechanics 75 (2008) 24692479. [5] M. Perl and R. Atone, "Stress intensity factors for large arrays of radial cracks in thick-walled cylinders", Eng. Fract. Mech. 25 (3), pp. 341-348, 1986. [6] Effect of overload on fatigue crack retardation of aerospace Al-alloy laser welds using crack-tip plasticity analysis S. Daneshpour *, M. Koak, S. Langlade, M. Horstmann, GKSS Research Centre, Institute of Materials Research, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. [7] Akash.D.A,, Anand.A, G.V.Gnanendra Reddy, Sudev.L.J, Determination of Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack Emanating from a Hole in a Pressurized Cylinder Using Displacement Extrapolation Method, Journal Impact Factor (2011), Volume 4, Issue 2, March - April (2013), pp. 373-382. [8] Manjeet Singh, Dr. Satyendra Singh, Estimation of Stress Intensity Factor of a Central Cracked Plate, Journal Impact Factor (2011), Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), pp. 310-316. [9] I.M.Jamadar, S.M.Patil, S.S.Chavan, G.B.Pawar and G.N.Rakate, Thickness Optimization of Inclined Pressure Vessel Using Non Linear Finite Element Analysis using Design by Analysis Approach, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 3, 2012, pp. 682 - 689, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359. [10] Akash.D.A, Anand.A, G.V.Gnanendra Reddy and Sudev.L.J, Determination of Stress Intensity Factor for a Crack Emanating from a Hole in a Pressurized Cylinder using Displacement Extrapolation Method, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 373 - 382, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359. [11] Manjeet Singh and Dr. Satyendra Singh, Estimation of Stress Intensity Factor of a Central Cracked Plate, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology (IJMET), Volume 3, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 310 - 316, ISSN Print: 0976 6340, ISSN Online: 0976 6359.

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