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THE BIRTH & ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Prepared & Presented by:

Lawrence Z.E. Chinkhunda Roll No: 11-MBA(Hons)

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SESSION OBJECTIVE

By the end of the sessi on participants shall appreciate the birth and role of UN in international development.

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OVERVIEW
Background -UN Administration Hqrs Membership The purpose of UN The role of UN in international dev . Structure & organization Top 15 contributors to UN regular budget Top 10 facts about UN Observations & criticisms against UN Conclusion & Recommendations References
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BACKGROUND -UN
The League of Nations failed to prevent World War II (1939 1945). Formed in 1945: Because of the widespread recognition that humankind could not afford a third world war, To replace the flawed League of Nations in order
to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems.

The earliest concrete plan begun under the U.S. State Department in 1939. Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined the term UN to describe the Allied countries. The term was 1st officially used on 1 January 1942, when 26 governments signed the Atlantic Charter, pledging to continue the war effort.

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BACKGROUND -UN
On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on Internati onal Organization began in San Franc isco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the United Nations Charter. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the 5 then-permanent members of the Security Council
France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United Statesand by a majority of the other 46 signatories.

1st meetings of the General Assembly, (51 nations) and the Security Council, took place in Methodist Central Hall Westminster in London beginning 6 January 1946.) UN was based at the Sperry Gyroscope Corporation's facility in Lake Success, New York, from 1946 1952, before moving to the United Nations Headquarters building in Manhattan upon its completion.
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ADMINISTRATION HQRS
MOTTO & SLOGAN / FLAG & EMBLEM
United Nations Headquarters resides in international territory in New York City, with further main offices at Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna.

Its your World We the peoples A stronger UN for a better World

International territory in New York City, New York, United States

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WHO ARE THE MEMBERS?


193 Member States
Except
Taiwan
Palestine South Sudan Which have just been recognized as independent states

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WHY UN?
The UN has 4 main purposes To keep peace throughout the world; To develop friendly relations among nat ions; To help nations work together
to improve the lives of poor people, to conquer hunger, disease & illiteracy, and to encourage respect for each other s rights and freedoms;

To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations to achieve these goals.

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THE UN ROLE
UN and its System (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a better place.

The work of the UN reaches every corner of the globe. Best known f or
peacekeeping, peace building, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance,

Broad range of fundamental issues; from sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations 9

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STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION


Due to its
unique international character, and the powers vested in its founding Charter,

the Organization can take action on a wide range of issues, and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through

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the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other bodies and committees.
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STRUCTURE & ORGANISATION


The Charter established six principal organs of the United Nations:
the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

The United Nations family, however, is much larger, encompassing 15 agencies and several programmes and bodies .
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THE CHARTER
Establishment United Nations Charter signed 26 June 1945

Entry into force of Charter

24 October 1945

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THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY


General Assembly President Vuk Jeremi
The main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations, Provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter. Decisions on important questions, e.g
on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority.
Decisions on other questions are by simple majority.

From : SERBIA (Assumed office 18/09/2012)

Meets in regular session intensively from Sept.to December each year, (New York) and thereafter as required.

All the meetings of the General Assembly are broadcast live. (UN Photo) Current Session (67th) The Assembly has adopted its own rules of procedure and elects its President for each session
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Main Committees
The following Bodies report directly to the General Assembly. Subsidiary Bodies Committees Commissions Boards Councils and Panel Working Groups and other Advisory Subsidiary Body United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (1)

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Programmes and Funds


International Trade Centre (ITC) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) United Nations Volunteers (UNV) United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) United Nations World Food Programme (WFP)

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Research and Training Inst itutes United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Other UN Entities International Computing Centre (ICC) Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) United Nations System Staff College (UNSSC) United Nations University (UNU) UN Women
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SECURITY COUNCIL
Security Council President
(assumed office 01/01/2013)
The following bodies report directly to the Security Council. Subsidiary Bodies 1540 Committee Counter-Terrorism Committee International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) Military Staff Committee Peacekeepi ng Operations and Missions Sanctions Committees Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Commi ttees UN Compensati on Commission Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict Informal Working Group on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions Advisory Subsidiary Body United Nations Peacebuilding Commission (1)

Masood Khan
The Security Council chamber, a gift from Norway, was designed by Norwegi an artist Arnstein Arneberg. A large mural by Per Krohg (Norway), symbolizing the promise of future peace and individual freedom, covers most of the east wall. SOURCE:http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/

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CURRENT MEMBERS
Permanent and NonPermanent Members The Council is composed of 15 Members: 5 permanent members: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States,

non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term date): Argentina (2014) Azerbaijan (2013) Australia (2014) Guatemala (2013) Luxembourg (2014) Morocco (2013) Pakistan (2013) Republic of Korea (2014) Rwanda (2014) Togo (2013)
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MAINTAINING PEACE AND SECURITY


Complaint on a threat to peace, the Council s first action is usually to recommend that the parties try to reach agreement by peaceful means.

The Council may:


set forth principles for such an agreement; undertake investigation and mediation, in some cases; dispatch a mission; appoint special envoys; or request the Secretary-General to use his good offices to achieve a pacific settlement of the dispute. When a dispute leads to hostilities, the Council s primary concern is to bring them to an end as soon as possible.

First Session of the United Nations Security Council in London, United Kingdom on 17 January 1946. Credit: UN Photo/Marcel Bolomey SOURCE:http ://www.un.org/en/sc/about/

The Council may:


issue ceasefire directives that can help prevent an escalation of the conflict; dispatch military observers or a peacekeeping force to help reduce tensions, separate opposing forces and establish a calm in which peaceful settlements may be sought.
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MAINTAINING PEACE AND SECURITY


Beyond this, the Council may opt for enforcement measures, including: economic sanctions, arms embargoes , financial penalties and restrictions, and travel bans; severance of diplomatic relations; blockade; or even collective military action. A chief concern is to focus action on those responsible for the pol icies or practices condemned by the international community, while minimizing the impact of the measures taken on other parts of the population and economy
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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL COUNCIL


NEW FUNCTIONS OF ECOSOC
mandated to hold
Annual Ministerial Reviews (AMR) and a biennial Development Cooperation (DCF). Forum

PRESIDENT
His Excellency Nstor Osorio was elected sixty-ninth President of the Economic and Social Council on 28 January 2013. Ambassador Osorio is currently the Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations in New York. SOURCE:http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/president/

Annual Ministerial Review to assess progress in achieving


the internationally agreed development goals (IADGs) arising out of the major conferences and summits including those contained in their national MDGbased development strategies. Development Cooperation Forum

To enhance the coherence and effectiveness of activities of different development partners. By reviewing trends and progress in international development cooperation,
the Forum is to provide policy guidance and recommendations to improve the quality and impact of development cooperation.

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ECONOMIC & SOCIAL COUNCIL


The following bodies report directly to Economic and Social Council. Functional Commissions Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission on Narcotic Drugs Commission on Population and Development Commission on Science and Technology for Development Commission for Social Development Commission on the Status of Women Commission on Sustainable Development Statistical Commission United Nations Forum on Forests Regional Commissions Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)

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Standing Committees Committee on Negoti ations with Intergovernmental Agencies Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations Committee for Programme and Coordi nation Ad hoc bodies Ad hoc Open-ended Working Group on Informati cs Expert Bodies composed of governmental experts Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods and on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals United Nations Group of Experts on Geographi cal Names UN Commi ttee of Experts on Global Geospatial Informati on Management (GGIM) Intergovernmental Working Group of Experts on Internati onal Standards of Accounting and Reporti ng
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Expert Bodies composed of members serving in their personal capacity Committee for Development Policy Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Committee of Experts on Internati onal Cooperati on in Tax Matters Committee of Experts on Public Administration Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Other related Bodies Executive Board of the Internati onal Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women International Narcotics Control Board Committee for the Uni ted Nations Population Award Programme Coordinating Board of the J oint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
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ECOSOC MEMBERS

The Council's 54 member Govts. are elected by the GA for overlapping 3-yr terms. Seats on the Council are allotted based on geographical representation
14 to African States, 11 to Asian States, 6 to Eastern European States, 10 to Latin American and Caribbean States, 13 to Western European & other States.

SAMPLE MEMBERS India Malawi Nepal


are also members of this council THE PERMANENT MEMBERS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL
USA UK & Northen Ireland France China
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THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL The Trusteeship Council suspended operation on 1 November 1994, wi th the independence of Pal au,

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THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the UN. Established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United Nations and began work in April 1946.
The seat of the Court is at the Peace Palace in The Hague (Net herlands).

Of the six principal organs of the United Nations, it is the only one not located in New York (United States of America). The Court s role is
to settle, in accordance with international law,
legal disputes submitted to it by States and

to give advisory opinions on legal ques tions referred to it by authorized UN organs and specialized agencies.

The Court is composed of 15 judges,


who are elected for terms of office of 9yrs by the UN General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ.

Its official languages are English and Frenc h.

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SPECIALIZED AGENCIES, RELATED ORGANIZATIONS, FUNDS, AND OTHER UN ENTITIES


Specialized Agencies Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Labour Organization (ILO) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Universal Postal Union (UPU) World Bank Group
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) International Development Association (IDA) International Finance Corporation (IFC) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Tourism Organization (UNW TO)

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SPECIALIZED AGENCIES, RELATED ORGANIZATIONS, FUNDS, AND OTHER UN ENTITIES


Related Organizations International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (2) Preparatory Commission for the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) (3) Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW ) (3) World Trade Organization (WTO) Secretariats of Conventions Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) UN Trust Funds United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) (4) United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) (5) NOTES: (1) The United Nations Peacebuilding Commission has a direct reporti ng relationship with the Security Council and the General Assembly, and non-subsidiary relationship with the Economic and Social Council and the Office of the Secretary-General. (2) The IAEA reports to the Security Council and the General Assembly (GA). (3) The CTBTO Preparatory Commission and OPCW report to the GA. (4) UNDEF s Advisory Board recommends funding proposals for approval by the Secretary-General. (5) UNFIP is an autonomous trust fund operating under the leadership of the United Nations Deputy Secretary-General.

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THE SECRETARIAT
Secretary General
Ban in January 2008, at a World Economic Forummeeting in Davos, Switzerland. Secretary-General of the United Nations Incumbent (from S.Korea)
Assumed office 1 January 2007

Head: Secretary-General, appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a fiveyear, renewable term.

An international staff working in duty stations around the world services the other principal organs administers the programmes and policies laid down Secretariat staff also inform the world's communications media about the work of the UN; organize international conferences on issues of worldwide concern; interpret speeches and translate documents into the Organ.'s official languages.
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THE SECRETARIAT
4th Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations Incumbent (From Sweden) Assumed office 1 July 2012

As of 30 June 2011, the Secretariat had 43,747 staff members around the world (source: Secretary-General's report A/66/347). As international civil servants, staff & SG are answerable to UN alone and take an oath not to seek or receive instructions from any Government or outside authority. UN offices: New York, Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago and Vienna, and has offices all over the world.

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FORMER SECRETARY GENERALS

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Top 15 contributors to the UN budget, 2012


Member state Contribution
(% of UN budget)

United States Japan Germany United Kingdom France Italy Canada China Spain Mexico South Korea Australia Netherlands Brazil Russia Other member states

22.000% 12.530% 8.018% 6.604% 6.123% 4.999% 3.207% 3.189% 3.177% 2.356% 2.260% 1.933% 1.855% 1.611% 1.602% 18.536%

Gross contributions for 2012 = USD2 585 230 800 (REGULAR CONTRIBUTIONS)
SOURCE:
http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol =ST/ADM/SER.B/853

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TOP 10 FACTS ABOUT UN

1. Vaccinates 58% of the worlds children, saving 2.5mill lives a year 2. Keeps the peace with 120,000 peace keepers in 16 operations on 4 continents 3. Advances democracy assisting some 30 countries a year with their elections
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4. Provide food to 90mill people in 73 countries 5. Combats climate change & heads campaign to end leaded fuel use in over 100 nations 6. Assists over 36mill refugees & people fleeing war, famine or persecution
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TOP 10 FACTS ABOUT UN

7. Protects & promotes human rights on site and thru 80 treaties/declarations 8. Fights poverty helping 370 mill rural poor achieve better lives in the last 30 yrs

9. Mobilizes US$ 12.4billion in humanitarian aid to help people affected by emergencies 10. Promotes maternal health, saving the lives of 30mill women a year
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OBSERVATIONS & CRITICISMS AGAINST UN


Philosophical and moral criticisms Moral relativism Allegations of globalism Debates surrounding population control and abortion Administrative criticisms Role of elite nations Membership in the UN Security Council Veto power Fait accompli Democratic character of the UN
Diplomatic and political criticisms Inability to prevent c onflicts Handling of the Cold War Attention given to the Arab-Israeli conflict Allegations of anti-Zionism and antisemitism Alleged support for Palestinian militancy UN admits Sri Lanka civil war failure criticisms about scandals Oil-for-Food Programme scandal Peacekeeping child sexual abuse scandal

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RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION


UN has assisted improve our world across the board.

However
Permanent membership and power to veto should be extended to small economies Quick and rapid response should be exercised other than wait until the last man is destroyed Representation in key positions should be taken considering the compliance of member country s compliance with the charter
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REFERENCES
http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/index.shtml http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1 http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/ http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/members.shtml http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/president/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Jeremi%C4%87 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masood_Khan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Eliasson http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=ST/ADM/SER.B /853
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DHEERE! DHEERE!

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