REACTIONS OF HYDROCARBONS

Karlo L. Pintor De La Salle University-Dasmarias Dasmarias City, Cavite, Philippines

ABSTRACT There is a difference involving the reactions of saturated hydrocarbon from unsaturated hydrocarbon. Saturated hydrocarbons generate four single covalent bonds attached with other atoms on each carbon atom. They are single bonded and have greater compliment of hydrogen. While unsaturated carbons are double bonded which does not cover the total amount of hydrogen. Using Bayers reagent reaches the materialization of alcohol for alkenes, and carboxylic acids for alkynes. In Tollens reagent, a feeble oxidizing agent that reacts with alkynes. The accumulation of halide constituents like bromine is called Halogenation; eventually occurs by means of different method with unlike hydrocarbons.

INTRODUCTION Compounds that comprises only of carbon and hydrogen, known as Hydrocarbons, can be categorized into numerous types conditional to their structure. Hydrocarbons which are commonly divided into three kinds: Alkanes that only have a single bond and also saturated; Alkenes and Alkynes consists of carbon-carbon double bond in alkenes and triple bonds alkynes that are both unsaturated. Whereas aromatic hydrocarbons are cyclic compounds that exhibits the structure of benzene, illustrated with cyclic hexene. Variations in color serves as a test to determine the alkyl group of the compound.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 1. Prepare the set-up for acetylene generation

Two unknown hydrocarbons will be tested in five methods. All tests contains 5 drops of hexane, eugenol and the unknown hydrocarbon, placed in separate test tubes for each test. The first test will need 5 drops of Bayers reagent to both unknown hydrocarbon that will be shaken then observed. Bromination with light is the second test, same procedure with the Bayers test shall be followed. Bromination without light is also needed to see the contrast in the result. Previous method will be taken except that the compound cannot be exposed to light for five minutes. The Tollens Test will conclude all the tests which also follows the first and second procedure. Compare the results from all the tests, determine the compound.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The unknown hydrocarbons are both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon 1 showed characteristics of cyclohexene, an unsaturated hydrocarbon. While hydrocarbon 2 displayed characteristics of a hexane, a saturated hydrocarbon. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive than saturaded hydrocarbons which will be presented in the table below.

A. Chemical Test Results Bayers Test Visible + result SAMPLES Hexane Eugenol Acetylene Unknown 1 Unknown 2 Legend: ++ Br2 Test (light) Br2 Test (dark) Tollens Test

+ + fast reaction; +

+ + + + slow reaction; no reaction

+ + + +

+ -

Identities of Unknown Hydrocarbons Sample 1: Cyclohexene Sample 2: Hexane

B.Pertinent General Reactions (1)Bayers oxidation: a. ethene ethylene glycol

KMnO4 NaOH

HO

OH

b. ethyne ethanedioic acid

KMnO4
H H

NaOH
HO OH

(2)Bromination (light): a. ethane bromoethane + hydrobromic acid

H H H

H H H

H Br

Br-Br

UV
H H H

HBr

b. ethene trans-dibromoethane
H H Br H H H H H Br

Br-Br

UV
H

c. ethyne trans-dibromoethene

H H H

Br

Br-Br

UV
Br H

(3)Bromination (dark) a. ethene trans-dibromoethane

Br H

+
H H

Br Br

H Br H

HBr

b. ethyne trans-dibromoethene

H H H

Br

Br Br Br H

(4)Tollens Test ethyne + silver nitrate silver acetylide + nitric acid

2AgNO 3

NH3

Ag

Ag

2NHO 3

ACETYLENE GENERATION:

CaC2

2H2O

Ca(OH) 2

Structures of Organic Samples Used

CH3

H3C

Figure 2: Hexane Structure

H3C

CH2

HO

Figure 3: Eugenol Structure

HC

CH

Figure 4: Acetylene Structure

Figure 5. Cyclohexene Structure