ninth edition

TORTORA FUNKE CASE

MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction

Part A

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Prokaryotic Cells
Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus. Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for

true nucleus.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Prokaryote
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane No histones

Eukaryote
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane Histones

No organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls Binary fission

Organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls Mitotic spindle

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 Average size: 0.2 -1.0 m 2 - 8 m Basic shapes:

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figures 4.1a, 4.2a, 4.2d, 4.4b, 4.4c

 Unusual shapes Star-shaped Stella

Square Haloarcula
Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.5

Arrangements
Pairs: Diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: Staphylococci Chains: Streptococci, streptobacilli

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figures 4.1a, 4.1d, 4.2c

Glycocalyx
Outside cell wall Usually sticky A capsule is neatly organized A slime layer is unorganized

and loose
Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach Capsules prevent phagocytosis
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.6ab

Flagella
Outside cell wall Made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein

hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.8a

Flagella Arrangement

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.7

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.8b

Motile Cells
Rotate flagella to run or tumble Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Motile Cells

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.9

Motile Cells

PLAY

Animation: Bacterial Motility

Figures 4.9a, 4.23d

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Axial Filaments
Endoflagella In spirochetes Anchored at one end of a cell

Rotation causes cell

to move

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.10a

 Fimbriae allow attachment Pili are used to transfer DNA from

one cell to another

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.11

Cell Wall
Prevents osmotic lysis Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.6ab

Peptidoglycan
Polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Linked by polypeptides

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.13a

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.13bc

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

Thick peptidoglycan Teichoic acids In acid-fast cells, contains mycolic acid

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

Thin peptidoglycan No teichoic acids Outer membrane

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

Teichoic acids Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan May regulate movement of cations.

Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.13b

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Protection from phagocytes, complement, and

antibiotics
O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7 Lipid A is an endotoxin Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane.
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.13c

Gram Stain Mechanism

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell. Gram-positive Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan CV-I crystals do not leave

Gram-negative
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan. CV-I washes out
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Atypical Cell Walls

Mycoplasmas Lack cell walls Sterols in plasma membrane Archaea

Wall-less or
Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids)

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Damage to Cell Walls

Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan. Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan. Protoplast is a wall-less cell. Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-positive cell.
L

forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular

shapes. Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.14a

Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer Peripheral proteins Integral proteins Transmembrane proteins

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.14b

Fluid Mosaic Model

Membrane is as viscous as olive oil. Proteins move to function. Phospholipids rotate and move laterally.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.14b

Plasma Membrane
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules Enzymes for ATP production Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called

chromatophores or thylakoids

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement Across Membranes

Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement Across Membranes

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.17

Movement Across Membranes

Osmosis: The movement of water across a selectively

permeable membrane from

an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water. Osmotic pressure: The

pressure needed to stop the

movement of water across the membrane.
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.18a

Movement Across Membranes

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.18ab

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.18ce

Movement Across Membranes

Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP. Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP.

PLAY

Animation: Membrane Transport

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the substance inside the plasma membrane.

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.6ab

Nuclear Area
Nuclear area (nucleoid)

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.6ab

Ribosomes

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.6ab

Ribosomes

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.19

Inclusions

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.20

Inclusions
Metachromatic granules (volutin) Phosphate reserves

Polysaccharide granules
Lipid inclusions Sulfur granules Carboxysomes

Energy reserves
Energy reserves Energy reserves Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for CO2 fixation

Gas vacuoles Magnetosomes

Protein covered cylinders Iron oxide (destroys H2O2)

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Endospores
Resting cells Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals Bacillus, Clostridium Sporulation: Endospore formation

Germination: Return to vegetative state

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 4.21b