01 Iec t1s1 Oops Session 01

Object-Oriented Programming Using C#
Rationale
Object-oriented concepts form the base of all modern

programming languages. Understanding the basic concepts
of object-orientation helps a developer to use various
modern day programming languages, more effectively. C#
(C-Sharp) is an object-oriented programming language
developed by Microsoft that intends to be a simple, modern,
and general-purpose programming language for application
development.
The course is applicable to students who want to enter the
world of object-oriented programming, using the C#
language. This course provides a strong foundation in
object-oriented programming approaches and the
fundamentals of C# programming language.
Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 1 of 45

Objectives
In this session, you will learn to:

Explain features of the object-oriented methodology
Describe the phases of the object-oriented methodology
Define classes in C#
Declare variables
Write and execute C# programs

Object-Oriented Methodology
Object orientation is a software development methodology

that is based on modeling a real-world system.
An object oriented program consists of classes and objects.
Let us understand the terms—class and objects

Object-Oriented Methodology (Contd.)
Class
Car
Suzuki Reno Toyota Camry Honda Acura
Objects

The Foundation of Object Orientation
An object means a ‘material thing’ that is capable of being

presented to the senses.
An object has the following characteristics:
It has a state
It may display behavior
It has a unique identity
Objects interact with other objects through messages.
Let us understand these concepts.

The Foundation of Object Orientation (Contd.)
Car positioned at one place defines it’s State
Movement of car defines it’s Behavior
Car number XX 4C 4546 shows

the Identity of the car

The Foundation of Object Orientation (Contd.)
Car is flashing the lights to pass

the message to the other car

Just a minute
Identify the possible states of the following objects:

1. A cell phone
2. A stereo
Solution:
1. States of a cell phone: Off, Ring, Vibrate, and Call
2. States of a stereo: Play, Pause, Rewind, and Forward

Just a minute
Dr. James and Mr. Hyde went to the railway station to book
tickets for 3rd December. At the railway station, they requested
the clerk at the ticket counter to book two tickets for the Flying
Express in the first class. Identify the following:
1. The possible receiver of the message in this situation.
2. The possible method that the receiver can use.
Solution:
1. The receiver of the message in this case will be the clerk at
the ticket counter.
2. The clerk will check if two tickets are available on the
requested train in the desired class and for the desired date. If
the tickets are available, the clerk will enter the details (name,
age, departure date, and seat), confirm the reservation, and
collect the required fare.
Characteristics of the Object-Oriented Approach
Realistic modeling
Reusability
Resilience to change
Existence as different forms

Just a minute
State whether the following situations demonstrate

reusability:
1. Recycling paper
2. Pump reusability (same pump is used in a well and in a fuel
station)
Solution:
1. It does not represent reusability because the unusable paper
is destroyed before paper is recycled for use. The unusable
paper loses its identity and cannot be considered the same as
recycled paper.
2. It represents reusability because a pump can be used for
suction of water as well as petrol. It is not necessary to use
the same pump in both the cases. Two separate machines
can be used because both belong to the ‘Pump’ class.

Phases of Object Orientation
The following phases are involved in the software

development:
The Analysis phase
The Design phase
The Implementation phase
Let us discuss the process of constructing a building.

Just a minute
As a member of a team that is developing software for

DialCom Telecommunications, Inc., you have been
assigned the task of creating a software module that
accepts and displays customer details such as name, age,
and phone number. Identify the class that you will create
and the methods of the class.
Solution:
As per the problem statement, the class required is:
Customer
The class should have the methods to:
Accept customer details
Display customer details

Introducing C#
A program is a set of instructions to perform a specific task.

Programming languages use programs to develop software
applications.
A compiler is a special program that processes the
statements written in a particular programming language
and converts them into a machine language.
This process of conversion is called compilation.

Introducing C# (Contd.)
C#, also known as C-Sharp, is a programming language

introduced by Microsoft.
C# is specially designed to work with the Microsoft’s .NET
platform.
Let us understand the structure of a C# program.

Classes in C#
Consider the following code example, which defines a class:

public class Hello
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!
\n");
}
}

Classes in C# (Contd.)
public class Hello The class Keyword

{ Is used to declare a
public static void class
Main(string[] args)
{
System.Console.WriteLine("He
llo, World! \n");
}
}

public class Hello The class Name

{ Is used as an identifier
public static void for a class
Main(string[] args)
{
llo, World! \n");
}
}

public class Hello The Main() Function

{ Is the entry point of an
public static void application
Main(string[] args)
Is used to create
{ objects and invoke
System.Console.WriteLine("He member functions
llo, World! \n");
}
}

public class Hello System.Console.WriteLine()

{ Displays the enclosed text on
public static void the screen
Main(string[] args)
{
llo, World! \n");
}
}

public class Hello The Escape Character

{ Displays New line
public static void character. Other special
Main(string[] args) characters can also be
{ displayed such as \t, \b
System.Console.WriteLine("He and \r
llo, World! \n");
}
}

Demo: Creating Classes
Problem Statement:
As a member of a team that is developing toys for JoyToys,
Inc., you have been assigned the task of creating a bike
module that accepts and displays bike details. Declare the Bike
class and its member functions. The member function that
accepts bike details should display the message “Accepting
Bike Details”. Similarly, the member function to display bike
details on the screen should display the message “Displaying
Bike Details”.

Declaring Variables
A variable is a location in the memory that has a name and

contains a value.
A variable is associated with a data type that defines the
type of data that can be stored in a variable.

Declaring and Initializing Variables
You can declare and initialize variables by using the

following syntax:
<data_type> <variable_name>=<value>;

Declaring and Initializing Variables (Contd.)
Consider the following Data Types in C#

example of declaring and Represents the kind of
initializing a variable:
data stored in a variable
int class_rank=2;
C# provides you with
various built-in data
types, such as:
• char
• int
• float
• double
• bool
• string

Data Types in C#
Let us now understand the various data types with the help
of examples.

Data Types in C# (Contd.)
string Name = “Peter”
float Marks = 83.56

int Age = 23
char Vowel = ‘a’

Data Types in C# (Contd.)
Consider the following Data types in C#

example of declaring and The following types of
initializing a variable: data types are supported
int class_rank=2; by C#:
• Value types
int Num;
Num
Num=5; 5
Memory allocated
Variable declared and Initialized
Memory Allocation in Value Type

Declaring and Initializing Variables
Consider the following Data types in C#

example of declaring and The following types of
initializing a variable: data types are supported
int class_rank=2; by C#:
• Reference types
string Str=“Hello”;
Address Str
H E L L O
0 1 2 3 4
Memory Allocation of the String Type Variable

Consider the following Naming variables in C#

example of declaring and The following rules are used
initializing a variable: for naming variables in C#:
int class_rank=2; • Must begin with a letter or
an underscore
• Should not contain any
embedded spaces or
symbols
• Must be unique
• Can have any number of
characters
• Keywords cannot be used
as variable names

Consider the following Examples and non-examples

example of declaring and of Naming Variables
initializing a variable:
Name
int class_rank=2;
#Score
Age
2Strank
Family_Size
Gender

Consider the Initializing Variables in C#

following example of Specifies the value that
declaring and needs to be stored in a
initializing a variable: variable. The value could be
int class_rank=2; an integer, a decimal, or a
character.

Accepting and Storing Values in Member Variables
To understand how to accept Console.ReadLine()

value in a variable, let us Is used to accept input
consider the following code from the user and store it
snippet: in the variable
int Number;
Number=
Convert.ToInt32(Console.Rea
dLine());

Accepting and Storing Values in Member Variables
(Contd.)
To understand how to accept Convert.ToInt32()

value in a variable, let us Converts the value
consider the following code entered by the user to
snippet: the int data type
int Number;
Number=
Convert.ToInt32(Console.Rea
dLine());

Writing and Executing a C# Program
Let us know learn to write, compile, and execute a C#

program.

Creating a Sample C# Program
A C# program can be written by using an editor like

Notepad. Consider the following code, which declares a
class Car and also creates an object MyCar of the same
class: The using keyword is used to include
using System; the namespaces in the program.
class Car Comments are used to explain the
{ code and are represented by //
//Member variables symbols.
string Engine; Member variables are used to store
int NoOfWheels; the data for a class.
//Member functions Member functions are declared inside
void AcceptDetails() the class that are used to perform a
specific task.

Creating a Sample C# Program (Contd.)
{
Console.WriteLine("Enter the Engine Model");
Engine = Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("Enter the number of Wheels");
NoOfWheels = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
}
public void DisplayDetails()
{
Console.WriteLine("The Engine Model is:{0}",
Engine);
Console.WriteLine("The number of wheels are:{0}",
NoOfWheels);
}
}

Creating a Sample C# Program (Contd.)
//Class used to instantiate the Car class

class ExecuteClass The Execute class is used as a class from
{ where the Car class can be instantiated.
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
Car MyCar = new Car();
MyCar.AcceptDetails();
MyCar.DisplayDetails();
}
}

Compiling and Executing C# Program
After writing the program in a Notepad, you need to compile

and execute it to get the desired output.
The compiler converts the source code that you write into
the machine code, which the computer can understand.
The following steps are needed to compile and execute a
C# program.
1. Save the code written in the Notepad with an extension .cs.
2. To compile the code, you need to go to the Visual Studio
2005 Command Prompt window. Select StartAll
ProgramsMicrosoft Visual Studio 2005Visual Studio
ToolsVisual Studio 2005 Command Prompt. The Visual
Studio 2005 Command Prompt window is displayed to
compile the program.
3. In the Visual Studio 2005 Command Prompt window, move
to the location where the programs file is saved.

Compiling and Executing C# Program (Contd.)
4. Compile the program file by using the following command:

csc ExecuteClass.cs
5. To execute the code, type the following in the command
prompt:
ExecuteClass.exe

Demo: Creating a C# Program
Problem Statement:
David is the member of a team that is developing the
Automatic Ranking software for a tennis tournament. You have
been assigned the task of creating a program. The program
should accept the following details of a tennis player and
display it:
Name, containing a maximum of 25 characters
Rank as an integer
Winning average as a decimal value
Help David to create the program.

Summary
In this session, you learned that:

According to the object-oriented approach, systems consist of
component objects that interact with each other.
An object is an entity that may have a physical boundary.
However, it should have the following characteristics:
State
Behavior
Identity
A class consists of a set of objects that share a common
structure and behavior.
If an object desires an action from another object, it sends a
message to that object.
The object that receives the message is called the receiver, and
the set of actions taken by the receiver constitutes the method.

Summary (Contd.)
The features of the object-oriented approach are:

Realistic modeling
Reusability
Resilience to change
Existence as different forms
A model of a system is built in the stages of analysis, design
and implementation.
The purpose of the model is to help developers understand the
reality that they are trying to imitate.
In C#, a class is created by using the keyword class. It is
identified by a name called the class name.
The Console.WriteLine() method is used to display text on the
screen.
Main() is the first function which is executed in a C# program.

Summary (Contd.)
Escape characters are used to display special characters such

as the newline character.
A variable is a named location in the memory, which contains a
specific value.
A datatype defines the type of data that can be stored in a
variable.
The two types of data type are Value type and Reference type.
The ReadLine() method is used to accept inputs from the
user.
The using keyword is used to include the namespaces in the
program.
A namespace contains a set of related classes.
Member variables are declared inside the class body.

Summary (Contd.)
Comment entries are notes written by a programmer in the

code so that others reading that code can understand it better.
An object is an instance of a class.
The compiler software translates a program written in a
language like C# into the machine language.

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Object-Oriented Programming Using C#

Object-oriented concepts form the base of all modern

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 1 of 45

In this session, you will learn to:

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 2 of 45

Object orientation is a software development methodology

Let us understand the terms—class and objects

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 3 of 45

Suzuki Reno Toyota Camry Honda Acura

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 4 of 45

An object means a ‘material thing’ that is capable of being

Let us understand these concepts.

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 5 of 45

Movement of car defines it’s Behavior

Car number XX 4C 4546 shows

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 6 of 45

Car is flashing the lights to pass

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 7 of 45

Identify the possible states of the following objects:

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 8 of 45

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 10 of 45

State whether the following situations demonstrate

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 11 of 45

The following phases are involved in the software

Let us discuss the process of constructing a building.

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 12 of 45

As a member of a team that is developing software for

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 13 of 45

A program is a set of instructions to perform a specific task.

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 14 of 45

C#, also known as C-Sharp, is a programming language

Let us understand the structure of a C# program.

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 15 of 45

Consider the following code example, which defines a class:

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 16 of 45

public class Hello The class Keyword

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 17 of 45

public class Hello The class Name

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 18 of 45

public class Hello The Main() Function

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 19 of 45

public class Hello System.Console.WriteLine()

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 20 of 45

public class Hello The Escape Character

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 21 of 45

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 22 of 45

A variable is a location in the memory that has a name and

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 23 of 45

You can declare and initialize variables by using the

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 24 of 45

Consider the following Data Types in C#

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 25 of 45

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 26 of 45

string Name = “Peter”

float Marks = 83.56

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 27 of 45

Consider the following Data types in C#

Variable declared and Initialized

Memory Allocation in Value Type

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 28 of 45

Consider the following Data types in C#

Memory Allocation of the String Type Variable

Ver. 1.0 Session 1 Slide 29 of 45

Consider the following Naming variables in C#